Simply Supported Beam with

a Centered Load
Relationships:
R1 = R2 = F / 2
VAB = R1
VBC = -R2
Fx
MAB 
2
F  (l  x )
MBC 
2
Nomenclature:
F = Loading force
R = Reaction force
V = Shear force
M = Moment
l = beam length
x = location

Simply Supported Beam with

an Intermediate Load
Relationships:
R1 = F . b / l
R2 = F . a / l
VAB = R1
VBC = -R2

F b  x
MAB 
l
F  a  (l  x )
MBC 
l

1
 Simply Supported Beam with
a Moment Load
Relationships:
R1 = -R2 = MB / l
V = MB / l
MB  x
MAB 
l
MB  ( x  l)
MBC 
l

Simply Supported Beam with

an Overhang Load
Relationships:
R1 = -F * a / l
R2 = F / l * (l + a)
VAB = -F * a / l
VBC = F
Fa x
MAB 
l
MBC  F  ( x  l  a )

2
 Simply Supported Beam with
an Uniform Load
Relationships:
R1 = R2 = w . l / 2

w l
V wx
2
wx
M (l  x )
2

Simply Supported Beam with

Twin Loads
Relationships:
R1 = R2 = F
VAB = F
VBC = 0
VCD = -F
MAB = F . x
MBC = F . a
MCD = F (l -x)

3
 Cantilever Beam with End
Load
Relationships:
R1 = V = F
M1 = -F . l
M = F (x - l)

Cantilever Beam with

Intermediate Load
Relationships:
R1 = V = F
M1 = -F . a
MAB = F (x - a)
MBC = 0

4
Cantilever Beam with Uniform
Load
Relationships: wl
R1 = w. l
M1 = -(w. l 2 ) / 2
V = w (l - x)
w
M  (l  x )2
2

Cantilever Beam with a

Moment Load
Relationships:
R1 = 0
M1 = MB
M = MB
V =0

5
 >>Bending Stress

Bending Stress
Strain s  x x  r
  lim
Straight member (regangan) x 0 x s  (r  y )

(r  y )  r y
  lim 
x  0 r r

 y /r

r max c /r

y
 max
c
y
 max
c
x
c y s

6
 Bending Stress

Force equilibrium
y max
0   dP    dA   c max dA   ydA
A A A c A
max
 0, so  ydA  0
c A
Moment
max 2
M   y dP   y dA 
c y dA if I   y 2dA
A A A
A
Mc
 max 
I My
Stress at any intermediate distance y is: 
I

Bending Stress
Example:
Aluminum beam with rectangular
cross section (4 x 4 cm)
experience force F = 100 N as
shown in figure. If length of beam
l = 2 m, find the maximum
bending stress.

Solution: t 50 Nm
c
Gambar penampang
batang A-C
Mc 50  0,02 t
max    4.69  106 N / m2  4.69 MPa
I 1 4 8
4  10
12
PR : t = 0,5 cm

7
 Bending Stress
Example:
Aluminum beam with rectangular
cross section (4 x 4 cm)
experience force F = 100 N as
shown in figure. If length of beam
l = 2 m, find the maximum
bending stress. t

Solution: t 50 Nm

Gambar penampang
batang A-C
Mc 50  0,02
max    4.69  106 N / m2  4.69 MPa
I 1 4 8
4  10
12
PR : t = 0,5 cm

Bending Stress
Example:
Stress distribution

8
 PR III : tgl. 26-11-08 (Simply Supported Beam with Twin Loads)
b

h
F = dua angka terakhir NPM anda.
l = 15 m
a=5m
b=2 cm ; h = 3 cm
Ditanya :
1. Bending moment diagram
2. Shear force diagram
3. Tegangan maksimum
4. Panjang baja maksimum yang
tersedia adalah 12 m, tentukan
letak terbaik
penyambungannya, dilihat dari
engineering consideration.

Mechanical Properties of
Materials
Material Density Modulus of Yield Ultimate Ductility, Poisson's
Elasticity Strength strength %EL in ratio
(GPa) (MPa) (MPa) 2 in
Iron 7870 207 130 260 45 0.29

Low Carbon 7860 207 295 395 37 0.30

steel (AISI 1020)
Stainless steels 7500 200 345 552 20 0.30
Ferritic, type 446
Alumunium 2710 69 17 55 25 0.33
(>99.5%)
Copper (99.9%) 8940 110 69 220 45 0.35

Source: Machine Elements, BJ, Hamrock

9
 >> Torsion

Torsion
Concept:

max
c 
o
 dA


 c max dA T
A

max
2 dA  T
c A

10
 Torsion
Cont.

max
 2 dA  T
c A
2
if  dA  Ip = area polar moment of inertia
A

So,
Tc
max 
Ip

For general relationship: T


Ip

Torsion
Power Transfer
Power is the rate of doing work or
hp = Force x Velocity
hp = F . u

hp = T . 

or
hp
T

Where :
F = force, N
u = velocity, m/s
T = torque, Nm
 = 2f = rotational speed, rad/s
f = frequency, hertz

11
 Torsion
Example:
A shaft with diameter 10 mm carries a torque of 30 Nm.
Find the maximum shear stress due to torsion!

Solution:
c c
4 c 4  (0.005) 4
2 3
I p    dA   2 d  2    9.82  10 10
A 0
4 0
2 2

Tc 30  0.005
 max    152.8 MPa
I p 9.82  10 10

Torsion
Angle of twist

 max dx  c d B
A d c
max
dx
Hooke’s law:
 Tc
 max  max  max 
G IpG

then: Tc
dx  c d
I pG

12
 Torsion
Angle of twist

B
A
d c
max
Tdx dx
d 
IpG

B B
T dx
   d   Ix
A A px G

Torsion
Example:
A 50 mm-long, circular, hollow shaft made of carbon steel must carry
a torque of 5000 Nm at maximum shear stress of 70 MPa. The inside
diameter is 0.5 of the outside diameter 72.94 mm. If the shear
modulus rigidity (G) for carbon steel is 80 GPa, find the angle of twist !
4 4
 ro  ri  36.47 4.10 12  18.2354.10 12
I p    2 dA      1.737  10 6 m 4
A
2 2 2 2
B
Tx dx T L TL
  I G I G  dx  I G

A px p 0 p

5000  0.05
  1.799  10 3 rad
1.737  10 6  80  10 9

  0.00179  57.296  0.103o

13
 Torsion

Problem:
1. A shaft is used for electric motor with power 8 kilowatts at
frequency 40 Hz. Find the maximum shear stress if the
diameter of shaft is 16 mm!

2. A 50 mm-long, circular, hollow shaft made of carbon steel

must carry a torque of 5000 Nm at maximum shear stress of
70 MPa. The inside diameter is 0.5 of the outside diameter.
Find the minimum outside diameter !

Torsion
Solution (1):

hp 8000
T   31.83 Nm
 2  40

c 4 (0.008 )4
Ip   2 dA    6.434  10 9 m 4
A 2 2

Tc 31.83  0.008
max    39.58 MPa
Ip 6.434  10 9

14
 Torsion
Solution (2):
4
r   r  
ro 4 4 4
 ro r
Ip   2 dA   2 3 d   i  o 1   i  
A ri 2 2 2   ro  
 

di r r do
 i  i  0. 5 c  ro 
d0 ro c 2

Ip T 5000
   71.43  10 6 m3
c max 70  10 6

Torsion
Solution (2) cont.:

4
ro   ri  
3
1      71.43  10 6 m3
2   ro  
 
3
ro  48.51 10 6 m3
ro  0.03657 m

So, the minimum outside diameter is 72.94 mm

15
PR:
Sebuah motor listrik dengan daya 100 kW, putaran 1500
rpm, menggerakan
Sebuah pompa centrifugal dihubungan dengan sebuahruk
poros pejal (solid shaft). Bahan poros adalah stell st 40
dengan modulus elastisitas geser (G) =70 GPA, dan
tegangan geser adalah 70 MPA. Panjang poros 40 cm.
Tentukan
1. Diameter Poros
2. Sudut puntir poros.

PR
Pilihlah profil baja yang sesuai (cukup aman dari sudut engineering
consideration) dari struktur seperti pada soal UTS, dengan ketentuan
sbb.:
1. Profil baja (termasuk dimensinya) diambil dari tabel yang ada.
2. Data mechanical properties bahan dipersilahkan mencari sendiri
asalkan masih dalam batas kewajaran dan disebutkan ref. nya.

16