 Module:1

Definitions:
Urban (area):
 The definition of ‘urban’ varies from country to country, and, with periodic
reclassification, can also vary within one country over time, making direct
comparisons difficult.
 An urban area can be defined by one or more of the following: administrative
criteria or political boundaries, a threshold population size, population density,
economic function or the presence of urban characteristics.
 In 2010, 3.5 billion people lived in areas classified as urban.
Urban growth:
 The (relative or absolute) increase in the number of people who live in towns
and cities.
 The pace of urban population growth depends on the natural increase of the
urban population and the population gained by urban areas through both net
rural-urban migration and the reclassification of rural settlements into cities
and towns.
Urbanization: The proportion of a country that is urban.
Rate of urbanization:
 The increase in the proportion of urban population over time, calculated as the
rate of growth of the urban population minus that of the total population.
 Positive rates of urbanization result when the urban population grows at a
faster rate than the total population.
Urban agglomeration:
 The population of a built-up or densely populated area containing the city
proper, suburbs and continuously settled commuter areas or adjoining
territory inhabited at urban levels of residential density.
 Large urban agglomerations often include several administratively distinct but
functionally linked cities.
Metropolitan area/region:
 A formal local government area comprising the urban area as a whole and its
primary commuter areas, typically formed around a city with a large
concentration of people.
 In addition to the city proper, a metropolitan area includes both the
surrounding territory with urban levels of residential density and some
additional lower-density areas that are adjacent to and linked to the city.
Urban sprawl:
  Also ‘horizontal spreading’ or ‘dispersed urbanization’.
 The uncontrolled and disproportionate expansion of an urban area into the
surrounding countryside, forming low-density, poorly planned patterns of
development.
 Common in both high-income and low-income countries, urban sprawl is
characterized by a scattered population living in separate residential areas,
with long blocks and poor access, often overdependent on motorized
transport and missing well defined hubs of commercial activity.
Peri-urban area: An area between consolidated urban and rural regions.
Urban Morphology:
 Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation.
 The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of
a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its
component parts and the ownership or control and occupation.
 Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, plot pattern
and building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain.
 Analysis of specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic
sources and the process of development is deduced from comparison of
historic maps.
Bronze Age/Iron Age:
Survival Aspect: Food gatherer --- Hunter --- Cultivator --- Clothing --- Shelter
Social Aspect: Group --- Households --- Village --- Town
Urban Growth:
 ‘Urban growth’ refers to the process of growth and decline of economic
agglomerations.
 The pattern of concentration of economic activity and its evolution have been
found to be an important determinant, and in some cases the result, of
urbanization, the structure of cities, the organization of economic activity, and
national economic growth.
 The size distribution of cities is the result of the patterns of urbanization, which
result in city growth and city creation.
 The evolution of the size distribution of cities is in turn closely linked to
national economic growth.
The strategy for urban growth:

 City management, governance, and finance

 Urban poverty

 Cities and economic growth

  City planning, land, and housing

 Urban environment, climate change, and disaster management

Types of towns (on basis of demography):

Village: Population less than 5,000

Town: Population between 5,000 – 1,00,000

City: Population between 1,00,000 – 10,00,000

Metro City: Population between 10,00,000 – 1,00,00,000

Mega City: Population more than 1,00,00,000

Types of towns (on basis of different stages of development by Patrick

Geddes):
 Primary Town: It produces human necessities such as agricultural villages
 Secondary Town: which functions as entry of such exchanges as marketing
towns
 Tertiary Town: which provides residential, educational and recreational
facilities
Types of towns (on basis of different stages of development by Lewis
Mumford):
 Eopolis: Town grows as entire unit. Its economy is based on agriculture.
 Polis: Town grows into small urban units of self-contained community. It has
commerce and industry.
 Metropolis: The city grows to its full stature, with high population density and
large potentialities, with all facilities like water supply, drainage, electricity,
transport, commerce and industry. E.g. Mumbai of India.
 Megalopolis: It is an over grown city into a mess due to growing expansion of
industries, high rise buildings, mass housing, mass transportation and multi
tracks roads. In its over grown nature, lie the germs of its decay which began
to creep entire city. E.g. New York of USA.
 Tyranopolis: The city shows further decay in all fields like trade, commerce,
military power, etc. E.g. Pripyat of Ukraine.
 Necropolis: The city in the worst case and unfit for dwelling. It is the city of
dead where one finds epidemics, diseases, famine etc. E.g. Giza of Egypt.
Elements of Cities:
Path
 Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally, or
potentially moves.
 They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads.
  For many people, these are the predominant elements in their image.
 People observe the city while moving through it, and along these paths the
other environmental elements are arranged and related.
Edge
 Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by the
observer.
 They are the boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity:
shores, railroad cuts, edges of development, walls.
 They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes.
 Such edges may be barriers, penetrable, which close one region off from
another; or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and
joined together
Districts
 Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as having
two-dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters "inside of" and
which are recognizable as having some common, identifying character.
 Always identifiable from the inside, they are also used for exterior reference if
visible from the outside.
 Most people structure their city to some extent in this way, with individual
differences as to whether paths or districts are the dominant elements.
Node
 Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can
enter and which are the intensive foci to and from which he is traveling.
 They may be primarily junctions, places of a break in transportation, a
crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to
another.
 Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from
being the condensation of some use or physical character. as a street-comer
hangout or an enclosed square.
Landmark
 Landmarks are another type of point reference, but in this case the observer
does not enter within them, they are external.
 They are usually a rather simply defined physical object: building, sign, store.
or mountain.
 Their use involves the singling out of one element from a host of possibilities.
 Some landmarks are distant ones, typically seen from many angles and
distances, over the tops of smaller elements, and used as radial references.
 They may be within the city or at such a distance that for all practical
purposes they symbolize a constant direction
Metropolitan City
  Metropolitan can be defined as a large residential centre that consists of a
large city and some in the surrounding area with one or more major cities that
serve as a point of contact (hub) to the towns in the surrounding areas.
 A metropolitan area is an agglomeration of several settlements, settlements
should not be the city, but the overall form a unity in nature activities and lead
to the city centre (a large city that is the core) that can be seen from the flow
of labour and commercial activities.
The characteristics of the Metropolitan are:

 Population
 Economic activity
 Mobility of people's activities
 Infrastructure
 Transportation
 Finance
 Education

Impact of urban growth on National Development:

 Urbanization is not a side effect of economic growth; it is an integral part of

the process.
 As in most countries, India's urban areas make a major contribution to the
country's economy.
 Indian cities contribute to about 2/3 of the economic output, host a growing
share of the population and are the main recipients of FDI and the originators
of innovation and technology
 Over the next two decades are projected to have an increase of population
from 282 million to 590 million people.
 India's towns and cities have expanded rapidly as increasing numbers migrate
to towns and cities in search of economic opportunity.
 Hence accompanying India's rapid economic growth will be a fundamental
shift in terms of a massive urban transformation, possibly the largest national
urban transformation of the 21st century.

Module: 2

Garden City Concept

The garden city movement is a method of urban planning that was initiated in 1898
by Sir Ebenezer Howard in the United Kingdom. Garden cities were intended to be
planned, self-contained communities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing
proportionate areas of residences, industry and agriculture.
1. Town – The pull of ‘Town Magnet’ are the opportunities for work and high
wages, social opportunities, amusements and well – lit streets. The pull of
‘Country Magnet’ is in natural beauty, fresh air, healthfulness. It was closing
 out of nature, offered isolation of crowds and distance from work. But it came
at a cost of foul air, costly drainage, murky sky and slums.
2. Country – It offered natural beauty, low rents, fresh air, meadow but had low
wages and lack of drainage. Country has dullness, lack of society, low wages,
lack of amusements and general decay.
3. Town- Country – it was a combination of both town and countryside with aim
of providing benefits of both and offered beauty of nature, social opportunity,
fields if easy access, low rent, high wages and field of enterprise.
Main components of Howard’s Garden city movement were:
 Planned Dispersal
 Limit of Town – size
 Amenities
 Town and Country Relationship
 Planning Control
 Neighbourhoods
Some of the important features of Garden City are:
 1000 acres of towns designed for healthy living and industry
 5000 acres if permanent green belt which surrounds the whole town
 Density of 12 families per acre
 A large central park having public building.
 limited size of approx. 32000 people, planned and land in single ownership
to eliminate overcrowding.
Letchworth Garden City
 The first garden city developed in 1903 by Barry Parker & Raymond Unwin
after having won the competition to build first garden city.
 It is 34 miles away from London. It has an area of 5000 acres with 3000 acres
of green belt.
 It had an agricultural strip at periphery to check the invasion of urban area i.e.
the sprawling.
 Its plan was based on population of 30000 with living area of 1250 acres and
2500 acres of rural green belt.
 Communities ranged from 12000 – 18000 people, small enough which
required no vehicular transportation.
 Industries were connected to central city by rapid transportation.
Geddisian Traid Concept
 Design by Sir Patrick Geddes
 New approach to develop existing towns with new techniques of planning
 A town is integration of Folk, Work and Place
 Planning must consider
 The no. and kind of people
  Their need for work
 Space
 Geographical space shapes folk & work
 People with work shapes environment
 Environment shapes society
 All Data must be analysed and then developed
 Survey before Plan and Plan before Develop
Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915:

 Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial beautification.

 Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages.
 Purchasing land suitable for building.
 Promoting trade and commerce.
 Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
 Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities.
 Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than
focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.
 Control over future growth with adequate provision for future requirements.

Neighbourhood Planning Concept

 The concept of the neighbourhood unit, crystallised from the prevailing social
and intellectual attitudes of the early 1900s by Clarence Perry, is an early
diagrammatic planning model for residential development in metropolitan
areas.
 It was designed by Perry to act as a framework for urban planners attempting
to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighbourhoods in the early
20th century in industrialising cities.
 It continues to be utilised as a means of ordering and organising new
residential communities in a way that satisfies contemporary "social,
administrative and service requirements for satisfactory urban existence".

Principle of Ideal Neighbourhood Unit:

 Centre the school in the neighbourhood so that a child's walk to school was
only about one-quarter of a mile and no more than one half mile and could be
achieved without crossing a major arterial street.
Size the neighbourhood to sufficiently support a school, between 5,000 and
9,000 residents, approximately 160 acres at a density of ten units per acre.
Implement a wider use of the school facilities for neighbourhood meetings and
activities, constructing a large play area around the building for use by the
entire community.
 Place arterial streets along the perimeter so that they define and
distinguish the "place" of the neighbourhood and by design eliminate
unwanted through-traffic from the neighbourhood. In this way, major arterials
define the neighbourhood, rather than divide it through its heart.
  Design internal streets using a hierarchy that easily distinguishes local
streets from arterial streets, using curvilinear street design for both safety and
aesthetic purposes. Streets, by design, would discourage unwanted through
traffic and enhance the safety of pedestrians.
 Restrict local shopping areas to the perimeter or perhaps to the main
entrance of the neighbourhood, thus excluding nonlocal traffic destined for
these commercial uses that might intrude on the neighbourhood.
 Dedicate at least 10 percent of the neighbourhood land area to parks
and open space, creating places for play and community interaction".

City Beautiful Movement:

 Conceptualized by Daniel Burham
 Utopian idea
 Introduce in World Fair, Chicago (1893)
 Make no little plan
 Big, Broad & Beautiful City

Satellite Town Concept:

 Mostly residential, with provision of some commercial activities
 Usually satellite town have no industries or major commercial area for worker
and people would go to parent city for work
 It is serviced by the local train & buses
 It is connected with the parent city by one or two atrial road
 There is no concept of fixed density
Modern Industrial City Concept:
 “Une Cite Industrille” is designed by tony Garnier
 Modern Industrial city
 ‘Green belt’ separate civic centre and residential centre from factory
 Highways and railways was established form transfer of goods
 The residential area is made up of rectangular blocks running east-west which
gives the city its characteristic elongated form.
Linear City Concept:
 “La Ciudad Lineal” was developed by Soria Y. Mata
 The city would consist of a series of functionally specialized parallel sectors.
 Generally, the city would run parallel to a river and be built so that the
dominant wind would blow from the residential areas to the industrial strip.
 The sectors of a linear city would be:
 o A purely segregated zone for railway lines
o A zone of production and communal enterprises, with related scientific,
technical and educational institutions
o A green belt or buffer zone with major highway
o A residential zone, including a band of social institutions, a band of residential
buildings and a "children's band"
o A park zone
o An agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms

Contemporary City Concept:

 Designed by Le Corbusier
 Industry / Commerce / Administration residential area lurked up for easy
access
 Two super highways at cross centre of city
 Multi-level change
 24 glass & steel structures
 60 storeys high
 5% ground coverage and 95% open spaces
Module: 3
Metropolitan Growth:
Approach: -
Locational Approach
 Physical characteristics
 Evolution of culture
 Role of cities in cultural landscape
 Spatial pattern
 Non-Static
Spatio - Structure Approach
 Spatial mobility of people engaged in day to day activities
 Wide spectrum of roads
 City’s physical identity
 Inter dependent and interacting component parts
 Market, professional, educational, medicine institution, etc.
 Heterogenous nature of city
Regional Approach:
 Concentration of city as cultural & economical form of region
 Mutual exchange of goods
 Service between city and village
 Rural and Urban linkage
Zoning:
 Zoning is a planning control tool for regulating the built environment and
creating functional real estate markets.
 It does so by dividing land that comprises the statutory area of a local
authority into sections, permitting particular land uses on specific sites to
shape the layout of towns and cities and enable various types of
development.
Purpose
 The purpose of zoning is to allow local and national authorities to regulate and
control land and property markets to ensure complementary uses.
 Zoning can also provide the opportunity to stimulate or slow down
development in specific areas.
 The planning and zoning process functions differently around the world and is
controlled by different levels of authority.
 The zoning regulation is usually developed in the form of a zoning ordinance,
which is the text specifying land use of specific blocks and even each
individual lot within a city block.
 Zoning regulations include specifications regarding lot size, density or bulk,
height, and floor area ratio (FAR).

Use Zoning:
Single-use zoning, also known as Euclidean zoning, is a tool of urban planning that
controls land uses in a city. The earliest forms of single-use zoning were practiced in
New York city in the early 1900s, to guide its rapid population growth from
immigration. Land uses were divided into residential, commercial and industrial
areas, now referred to as zones or zoning districts in cities.
Density Zoning:
Zoningordinances that restrict the maximum average number of houses per acre that
may be built within a particular area, generally in a subdivision.

Height Zoning:
Height zoning regulates the height and the no. of floors of the building which restricts
high rise structure near small houses.

Decentralization:
 The process of transferring and assigning decision making authority to lower
level of an organizational hierarchy.
 Information and ideas flow from bottom to top level of organization
  Developed during the industrial revolution leding to the formation of concept
like satellite town.
Globalization:
 The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international
influence or start operating on an international scale.
Urbanization in India:
 377 million people (2011)
 600 million people (2031)
 53 million plus cities
 Lop sided urbanization
 Issues:
o Rural to urban migration
o Emergence of slums
o Urban transportation
o Waste disposal
o Water supply, sanitation and drainage
o Urban poverty
o Haphazard growth of real estate
 Problems:
o Slums
o Poverty
o Migration
o Exploitation
Module: 4
Central Business District:
 A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of
a city. In larger cities, it is often synonymous with the city's "financial district".
 Geographically, it often coincides with the "city centre" or "downtown", but the
two concepts are separate: many cities have a central business district
located away from its commercial or cultural city centre or downtown.
Role
 Shopping
 Entertainment
 Finance
 Offices
Characteristics
 Most expensive land
 Tallest buildings
 Busiest place
 Focus for road & rail transport
Threats
 Too little parking space
 Too much parking congestion
 Pollution from automobiles
 Danger from traffic
 Crime at night
Metropolitan Planning Component:
Master Plan:
 A master plan is a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a
conceptual layout to guide future growth and development.
 Master planning is about making the connection between buildings, social
settings, and their surrounding environments.
 A master plan includes analysis, recommendations, and proposals for a site’s
population, economy, housing, transportation, community facilities, and land
use.
 It is based on public input, surveys, planning initiatives, existing development,
physical characteristics, and social and economic conditions.

Town Planning:
 Town planning is used to regulate land use and construction.
 A plan defines how residential areas, workplaces, green areas, transportation
and traffic and other components of the city are laid out.
 Town planning is divided into different planning levels. The more general plan
dictates planning on more detailed levels.
City Plan:
 A city plan is the overall plan for land use and the organization of
transportation and traffic.
 It covers the entire city.
 The city plan is revised at about ten-year intervals. The city plan steers
detailed planning. The city plan can be complemented or revised with a partial
city plan prepared for a more limited area.
Detailed plans:
 Detailed plans regulate the uses of the area and scope of construction.
 The regulations define building heights, street widths and other matters that
impact the structure of the area and cityscape.
 A detailed plan can cover an entire residential area or only one site.
  A detailed plan process usually takes at least a year but can take as long as
several years.
 Construction can begin after a detailed plan has been approved by the City
Council, goes into effect and is legally binding.
Action Plan:
 An action plan is a detailed plan outlining actions needed to reach one or
more goals. Alternatively, businessdictionary.com defines an action plan as a
"sequence of steps that must be taken, or activities that must be performed
well, for a strategy to succeed".
 Producing an action plan can be beneficial not only for individual basis but
also for businesses.
 The advantage of doing this is, it allows you to execute a structured plan for
the end goal you intend to achieve.
 Furthermore, it provides the team with appropriate foundations, therefore
prioritising the amount of time you spend on each task.
Annual Plan:
An annual plan is an organization's plan for the year.
Importance of public Transport in Metro Planning:
 Public transport is transport of passengers by group travel systems available
for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on
established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip
 Any transportation mode that brings people to a certain place could promote
agglomeration, but public transit makes it especially possible because it
moves so many people within such a confined space.
 Urban space is a precious commodity and public transport utilises it more
efficiently than a car dominant society, allowing cities to be built more
compactly than if they were dependent on automobile transport.
 If public transport planning is at the core of urban planning, it will also force
cities to be built more compactly to create efficient feeds into the stations and
stops of transport.
 This will at the same time allow the creation of centres around the hubs,
serving passengers' daily commercial needs and public services. This
approach significantly reduces urban sprawl.
 Public land planning for public transportation can be difficult but it is the State
and Regional organizations that are responsible to planning and improving
public transportation roads and routes.
 With public land prices booming, there must be a plan to using the land most
efficiently for public transportation to create better transportation systems.
 Inefficient land use and poor planning leads to a decrease in accessibility to
jobs, education, and health care.
Metropolitan Economy:
 A metropolitan economy refers to the cohesive, naturally evolving
concentration of industries, commerce, markets, firms, housing, human
capital, infrastructure and other economic elements that are comprised in a
particular metropolitan area.
 Rather than the definition of distinct urban and suburban economies that
evolve and function independently, a metropolitan economy encompasses all
interdependent jurisdictions of particular regional clusters.
 This type of economy has all its units functioning together in a trans-boundary
landscape that often crosses city, county, state, province, and even national
lines.
 Metropolitan economies expand from the parochial view taken in urban
economics which focuses entirely on a city's spatial structure, and broadens it
into a metropolitan's spatial and social/economic structure.
Module:5
Urban Hierarchy:
 The Urban hierarchy ranks each city based on the size of population residing
within the nationally defined statistical urban area.
 Because urban population depends on how governments define their
metropolitan areas, urban hierarchies are conventionally ranked at the
national level
 However, the ranking can be extended globally to include all cities.
 Urban hierarchies tell us about the general organization of cities and yield
some important insights.
 First, it tells us that within a system of cities, some cities will grow to be very
large, but that number will be small relative to the universe of cities.
 Second, it refutes the expectation of an optimally sized city.
 Lastly, it establishes cities as belonging to an inter-related network where one
city's growth affects others'.
Central Place Theory:
Public Choice Theory:

Grid Model / Hippodamian model Theory:

Concentric Zone Model:
 The concentric zone model, also known as the Burgess model or the CCD
model, is one of the earliest theoretical models to explain urban social
structures. It was created by sociologist Ernest Burgess in 1925.
 Based on human ecology theory done by Burgess and applied on Chicago, it
was the first to give the explanation of distribution of social
groups within urban areas.
 This concentric ring model depicts urban land usage in concentric rings:
the Central Business District (or CBD) was in the middle of the model, and the
city expanded in rings with different land uses.
The zones identified are:

 The centre with the central business district

 The transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses or the zone of
transition
 Working class residential homes (inner suburbs), in later decades called inner
city or zone of independent working men's home
 Better quality middle-class homes (outer suburbs) or zone of better housing
 Commuter zone.

Model:
 Burgess's work helped generate the bid rent curve. This theory states that the
concentric circles are based on the amount that people will pay for the land.
 This value is based on the profits that are obtainable from maintaining a
business on that land.
 The centre of the town will have the highest number of customers so it is
profitable for retail activities.
 Manufacturing will pay slightly less for the land as they are only interested in
the accessibility for workers, 'goods in' and 'goods out'.
 Residential land use will take the surrounding land.
Limitation:
 The model has been challenged by many contemporary urban geographers.
 First, the model does not work well with cities outside the United States, in
particular with those developed under different historical contexts.
 Even in the United States, because of changes such as advancement in
transportation and information technology and transformation in global economy,
cities are no longer organized with clear "zones"

Sector Model Theory:

Multiple Nuclei Model:
 The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by Chauncy
Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The Nature of Cities".
 The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago.
 It says that even though a city may have begun with a central business
district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near
the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts
of the city.
 This creates nodes or nuclei in other parts of the city besides the CBD thus
the name multiple nuclei model.
 Their aim was to produce a more realistic, if more complicated, model.
Their main goals in this were to:
  Move away from the concentric zone model
 To better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger
size
Effects:
 As multiple nuclei develop, transportation hubs such as airports are
constructed which allow industries to be established with reduced
transportation costs.
 These transportation hubs have negative externalities such as noise pollution
and lower land values, making land around the hub cheaper.
 Hotels are also constructed near airports because people who travel tend to
want to stay near the source of travel.
 Housing develops in wedges and gets more expensive the farther it is from
the CBD.
Multiple nuclei develop because:

 Certain industrial activities require transportation facilities e.g. ports, railway

stations, etc. to lower transportation costs.
 Various combinations of activities tend to be kept apart e.g. residential areas
and airports, factories and parks, etc.
 Other activities are found together to their mutual advantage e.g. universities,
bookstores and coffee shops, etc.
 Some facilities need to be set in specific areas in a city - for example the CBD
requires convenient traffic systems.

Assumption:

 Land is not flat in all areas

 Even Distribution of Resources
 Even Distribution of people in Residential areas
 Even Transportation Costs

Core Frame Model: