FLAT THE PHASES OF RADICALIZATION AS AGAINTS THE 3 FORMS OF

TERRORIST OF THE COUNTRY –

1) ISLAMISM (New Terrorism) WITH REGARDS TO THE FOLLOWING

PHASE OF RADICALIZATION:

AGITATION
Poverty,
Trauma, Mindanao regions consistently poorest in PH
Injustice,
And
Personal Four out of the top 5 poorest regions in the Philippines are in Mindanao,
Vulnerabil according to data from the 2015 Family Income and Expenditure Survey
ities (FIES) released by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).

Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), Region X (Northern Mindanao), Region

XII (Soccsksargen), Region XIII (Caraga), and the Autonomous Region in
Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) registered poverty incidence above 39% in
2015.

Meanwhile, Region XI (Davao Region) had a poverty incidence of 26.7%.

The poverty figures in these regions in 2015 are above the national average
of 26.3%.

ARMM, where Lanao del Sur is located, is the poorest region with at least
59% of its 3,781,387 population living below the poverty threshold.

REGION POVERTY INCIDEN

ARMM 59%

CARAGA 43.9%

SOCCSKSARGEN 44.5%

DAVAO REGION 26.7%

NORTHERN MINDANAO 40.9%

ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 39%

Lanao del Sur's poverty worsened in the past decade

The widespread poverty is also evident in the fact that 8 out of the 10
poorest provinces in the country in 2015 were in Mindanao. From 2006 to
2015, a Mindanao province had the highest poverty incidence rate.

While considered poorest in 2006 and 2009, Zamboanga del Norte

managed to improve. It dropped to 5th place in 2012 and then to 8th spot
in 2015.

This is not the case with Lanao del Sur where Marawi City – the center of
the clashes between government forces and the Maute Group – is located.

The poverty rate in the province, which has a population of 1.05 million,
drastically rose in the past decade.

From just 44% in 2006, 74.3% of residents in Lanao del Sur lived below the
poverty threshold in 2015, making it the poorest among all provinces in the
Philippines, according to data from the FIES.

Based from that above data the people of Mindanao which majority were
having religion of Islam is experiencing poverty. In relation to that as you
can also examine that most of the extremist is originated from that Island
of the Philippines and to mentioned these: Maute Group from Lanao del
Sur and Abu Sayaff Group from Basilan.

I strongly believe that the root cause of terrorism in the Philippines

particularly in Mindanao is Poverty.

Unlike in other countries with huge terrorism problems, in the Philippines:

 There is no big sectarian issues with the Shiites and Sunni

Muslims
 There is no conflict with the Muslims and predominant Christians.

But when 18 Million Filipinos earn only less than P50/day (US$
1/day) and most of that are in Muslim Mindanao, then that is a huge
vacuum which ISIS and other terrorist organizations will fill.
 The Maute-ISIS recruits in Marawi get P30,000/month (US$ 600/month) as
salary. They also get firearms. And for those who will reinforce the
beseiged Maute members, they are promised P100,000 (US$ 2k). These
are peanuts compared to Western standards. But take note that many of
them get only P1,500/month (US$ 30/month) from their previous livelihood.

The Abu Sayaff Group has engaged in kidnapping hostages to be

exchanged for ransom for many years, this means of funding grew
dramatically beginning in 2014, providing funds for the group's rapid
growth.

So, it is not enough to only bomb their hiding places to oblivion. When
people continue to be dirt poor and with nothing to eat, they will do and join
anything just to survive.

But not just poverty but also Trauma, Injustice and Personal Vulnerabilities
I said this because since then the Moros had a history of resistance against
Spanish, American, and Japanese rule for 400 years. They are in
consistent armed conflict and open hostilities. And the latest that causes
the trauma, injustice and personal vulnerabilities are the Marawi Seige,
Zamboanga Seige, all-out war declared by the former President Estrada
and the everyday skirmish.
Reference: https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/171135-fast-facts-poverty-mindanao

2. ETHNICITY BASED MOVEMENT (old terrorism)

SELF IDENTIFICATION
Peer pressure, The Jabidah Massacre was one of the most important events in
Belongingness, Philippines that ignited the Muslims uprising during Marcos’
Identification regime notwithstanding the truth behind the massacre. Despite
undergoing numerous trials and hearings, the officers related to the
massacre were never convicted and which was a clear indication to the
Muslim community that the Christian government had little regard for
them. This created a furore within the Muslim community in the
Philippines, especially among the educated youth. The Muslim
students saw the need through this incident to unite in protests and
organised demonstrations and rallies in Manila with financial backing
from Muslim politicians and university intellectuals. One such
demonstration was situated near the Malacañang Palace, where the
President and his family resided. The students held a week-long
protest vigil over an empty coffin marked ‘Jabidah’ in front of the
palace.
The massacre significantly brought the Muslim intellectuals, who, prior
to the incident had no discernible interest in politics, into the political
 scene to demand for safeguards against politicians who were using
them. Apart from the intellectuals, Muslims in Philippines in general
saw that all opportunities for integration and accommodation with the
Christians were lost and further marginalised. The strong feelings and
unity of the Muslim intellectuals were seen as the immediate reaction
to the establishment of the MIM which carried far-reaching impacts
such as the formation of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
and continued armed struggle in the Southern Philippines until today.
Because of Identification and Belongingness of being a Muslim then
MNLF created.

Unfortunately to achieve greater Bangsamoro autonomy in the

southern Philippines. The MNLF took part in terrorist attacks and
assassinations to achieve their goals.

Reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/

3. MAOIST LEFT WING EXTREMISM

INDOCTRINATION
Capability building, personal The strategic plan of this MAOIST LEFT WING
assurance EXTREMISM particularly the CCP-NDF-NPA of
the Philippines is to target the university students
by “social immersion” courses in training camps in
the hills during the summer vacation when
students are on academic break.

Its Capability building like of the organization,

much of its support came from the youth sector.
The CPP formed the Kabataang Makabayan (KM),
the youth sector which focused on staging
peaceful protests. However, in later years, the
tactics of the youth sector changed to that of
terrorist activities.

References:http://edgedavao.net/the-big-
news/2018/03/31/parents-warned-v-npa-recruitment/and
http://www.searcct.gov.my/publications/
VIOLENT EXTREMISM
Action, Sacrifice, Personal Fulfilment Action - A retired soldier was executed by
members of the New People’s Army in
front of his horrified wife and children in
an upland village in Magpet, North
Cotabato. They did this because of their
 Personal Fulfilment of revenge after three
communist rebels were also killed on their
part.

Human sacrifice through suicide bombing

committed by Islamic State extremists
claimed responsibility for a similar attack
on June 16 in the Nangarhar region, in
which at least 36 people were killed and
65 others wounded at a gathering of
Taliban and government armed forces.

References: https://www.rferl.org/a/death-toll-
from-suicide-bombing-in-afghanistan-rises-to-36
and http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/

SIEGE OF MARAWI

On May 23, 2017, Maute rebels took siege of Marawi, following gunfight with the
personnel of Philippine Army and Philippine National Police. According to authorities, the
Maute Group was believed to be harboring Hapilon, who was then-ISIS’s leader in
Southeast Asia and allegedly working to unite ISIS-supporters in the Philippines, including
the Maute Group. Intelligence reported that some of the ISIS-linked fighters in Marawi
traveled from abroad, including from Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Middle East. The
presence of foreign fighters raised concerns that the Philippines could become an ISIS
hub. (Sources: Standard, ABS-CBN News, Reuters, Reuters, ABS-CBN)

The Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict reported that ISIS funneled tens of
thousands of dollars from Syria to militants in the Philippines in January 2017 in advance
of the siege of Marawi. According to an October 2017 interview with the Philippine military
chief, ISIS sent at least $1.5 million to finance the siege, and fighters used the 2014 ISIS
capture of Mosul, Iraq as a blueprint. (Sources: Rappler, New York Times, Benar
News, New York Times, Associated Press)

On October 16, 2017, Philippine government forces launched an offensive to

recapture the last areas of Marawi held by militants, killing leaders Hapilon and
Omarkhayam Maute. The following day, Duterte declared the city liberated. On October
23, after 154 days of the siege, Defense Secretary Lorenzana declared that the military
had ceased combat operations in the city. The five-month siege reportedly left more than
1,100 fighters and civilians dead, including more than 900 militants, and has displaced at
least 400,000 residents. The Philippine Congress voted on December 13, 2017 to grant
President Duterte’s request to extend martial law on the southern island of Mindanao
through the end of December 2018. (Sources: New York Times, Rappler)
https://www.counterextremism.com/countries/philippines

Maoist CPP-NPA, Quiapo Plaza Miranda Bombing and the 2017 Quiapo
Bombing

INTRODUCTION:

Quiapo is a district of Manila, Philippines. It derives its name from the water
cabbage (Pistia stratiotes), which is named quiapo or kiapo in the Tagalog language.
Referred to as the "Old Downtown of Manila", Quiapo is home to the Quiapo Church,
where the feast of the Black Nazarene is held with millions of people attending annually.
Quiapo has also made a name for itself as a place for marketplace bargain hunting.
Plaza Miranda, in the heart of the Quiapo district, is a town square named after
Jose Sandino y Miranda, who served as secretary of the treasury of the Philippines from
1853 to 1863.[2] It is located in front of the Quiapo Church, and has become a popular site
of political rallies. On August 21, 1971, while the Liberal Party held their miting de
avance in the plaza, a bomb exploded, killing nine and injuring almost 100 civilians.
The Quiapo district is also home to a sizable Muslim population in Manila. The
Golden Mosque and Green Mosque are located here.
A large population of self-described fortune tellers and stores offering herbal
products surround the Quiapo church. Ongoing sales of illegally copied media[3][4] and
thievery are prevalent in the district.
In recent years, the local government of Manila, spearheaded by then Mayor Lito
Atienza, launched the Buhayin ang Maynila ("Revitalize Manila") project which greatly
rehabilitated Quiapo and its vicinities, most especially Plaza Miranda, Quinta Market,
the Arsenio Lacson Underpass and the University Belt. Parts of Rizal Avenue, starting
from Carriedo Street to Recto Avenue, were converted into pedestrian shopping arcades.
Quiapo is geographically located at the very center of the city of Manila. It is
bounded by the Pasig River and Estero de San Miguel to the south, San Miguel to the
east, Recto Avenue to the north and Rizal Avenue to the west.

HISTORY OF CPP-NPA

The New People's Army (NPA) (Filipino: Bagong Hukbong Bayan) is the armed
wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP). It was formed and founded
by Bernabe Buscayno ("Commander Dante") and Lucio Manlapaz on March 29, 1969.
The Maoist NPA conducts its armed guerrilla struggle based on the strategical line
of protracted people's war. The Philippine Army estimated the NPA's strength at 3,200
fighters at the end of 2015. And its current leader Jose Maria Sison.
Maoist principles, aimed at creating a socialist state through a national democratic
revolution by launching a protracted people's war.
(a) The Plaza Miranda bombing occurred during a political campaign rally of
the Liberal Party at Plaza Miranda in the district of Quiapo, Manila in the Philippines on
August 21, 1971. It caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent
Liberal Party politicians.
(b) The 2017 Quiapo bombings which occurred amid the ongoing gathering of
Southeast Asian leaders in the 30th ASEAN Summit which was happened on late April
and early May 2017 in Manila District of Quiapo.

References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPPNDF_rebellion;
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Quiapo_bombings

DISCUSSION

VIOLENT EXTREMISM refers to the beliefs and actions of people who support or use
ideologically motivated violence to achieve radical ideological, religious or political
views. Violent extremist views can be exhibited along a range of issues, including
politics, religion and gender relations.

1. Their ACTIONS as highlighted:

1.1 The real story of the Plaza Miranda bombing, along with other long-
held secrets of the Communist Party of the Philippines, was pieced together from
separate interviews with eight of its former senior officials during more than a year of
research on the rebel movement. The former officials, four of whom were members of the
party's governing Central Committee prior to their arrests in the 1970s, acknowledged
that the bombing was the work of party operatives acting on orders of the guerrilla
organization's founding chairman, Jose Maria Sison. They described how the party
leadership planned -- and three operatives carried out -- the attack in an attempt to
provoke government repression and push the country to the brink of revolution.
According to four former ranking party officials, chairman Sison had become
convinced by early 1971 -- less than three years after the party was founded -- that it
would take only a well-timed incident to spark a great upheaval leading to an early
Communist victory.

1.2 The 2017 Quiapo bombings were a series of blasts which took
place in late April and early May 2017 in the Manila district of Quiapo in the Philippines.
The first bombing occurred along Quezon Boulevard at around 10:58 PM on April 28,
2017. At least 14 people were injured during the explosion. On May 6, 2017, just one
week since the first blast, twin bombings took place about two and a half hours apart in
the same district. The first explosion occurred at around 5:40 PM at Gunao Street near
the office of Imamate Islamic Center which instantly killed two people and injured at least
four others. The second blast happened around 8:30 PM at Norzagaray and Elizondo
Streets which injured two police officers.

Formerly PNP NCR Director Oscar Albayalde confirmed the

explosion which was caused by a pipe bomb made with powder used in pyrotechnics, but
ruled out terror as a motive behind the incident. Albayalde said it had nothing to do with
any terror groups or the ASEAN Summit. In April 29, 2017, the PNP said that revenge
was the motive of the attack. Former PNP NCR Director Oscar Albayalde said the first
explosion originated from a package delivered to the office of Atty. Nasser Abinal,
president of the Imamate Islamic Center in Quiapo. The second explosion was almost the
same spot of the first explosion. The PNP has denied ISIS' links to the attacks saying
there are no sufficient evidence to their involvement and is using the incident to advance
its own causes. Also, Armed Forces of the Philippines, echoed the police's stance and
dismissed ISIS' claims as "pure propaganda" describing the incident as an isolated case.
References:
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-behind-manila-
bombing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Quiapo_bombings

2. Their PERSONAL FULFILMENT as highlighted:

Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his
opponents, thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground, the
former party officials said. Recruits were urgently needed, they said, to make use of a
large influx of weapons and financial aid that China had already agreed to provide. To
this end, Sison in February 1971 presented his plan for "disrupting" a Liberal Party rally
in a meeting in Manila with three trusted Central Committee colleagues, including
Secretary General Jose Luneta and Politburo member Ibarra Tubianosa, according to a
former ranking party official who was briefed later. Sison "explained that by forcing Marcos
to be tyrannical, we could in fact push the left as well as the more numerous moderate
forces over to the side of the revolution," said an ex-official of the party who attended a
strategy session in 1971. "If the moderates were pushed over to our side, that would solve
our problem of manpower to match the thousands of firearms coming from China." By the
end of July 1971, the 10 members of the secret delegation assigned to arrange the arms
transfers had slipped into China through the Portuguese colony of Macao. Led by
Politburo member Tubianosa, the delegation set up a mission in a Beijing compound
provided by Chinese officials. Meanwhile, the party leadership had drafted Cordero to
execute the Plaza Miranda attack, the former officials privy to the plan said. The party
firebrand had built a strong underground network among students, factory workers and
fishermen in the northern Manila suburbs, earning him a seat on the newly formed Manila
party committee. In the early evening of Aug. 21, 1971, about the same time Cordero and
two accomplices were making their way to Plaza Miranda, Sison was meeting in a party
safehouse in the suburb of Paranaque with Central Committee members Reuben
Guevarra, Manuel Collantes and Hermenigildo Garcia. Guevarra, then the party secretary
for northeastern Luzon, recalled in an interview that Sison told the group: "We are
going to execute a delicate plan that will intensify the split between the ruling class
to the point that they are going to kill each other.

In that bombing, at least three hand grenades arched toward the speaker's
platform. Two of them exploded among the tightly packed crowd, killing a press
photographer, two children and six other persons. Among the wounded were all eight
Liberal Party Senate candidates. Cordero and his two accomplices -- Cecil Apostol and
a party activist named Danny -- quickly vanished from Manila, turning up three days later
at a National People's Army camp in the northern province of Isabela. After the bombing,
Sison's calculations proved remarkably accurate. Liberal Party supporters led by
Benigno Aquino, who had not attended the rally, blamed the attack on Marcos, who in
turn cracked down on leftist political activists. Within a few weeks, the Communist guerrilla
army had hundreds of new recruits, mostly students. Eleven months after the bombing,
the first shipment of Chinese arms, including 1,200 copies of U.S. M-14 rifles, was brought
ashore near the Isabela Province town of Palanan.

Reference:https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-
behind-manila-bombing

3. SACRIFICE

One of the three NPA’s who executed the attacked on Plaza Miranda Bombing
in the name of Cordero boast to comrades about his role in the plaza bombing it became
common knowledge among the small group of NPA. When Cordero began openly to
denounce party officials in Isabela, Guevarra, the regional party secretary, convened a
military tribunal. He urged that Cordero be sentenced to death on charges of inciting
rebellion, sabotaging the arms operation and slandering the party by claiming
responsibility for the Plaza Miranda attack. During the guerrilla trial, Cordero swore that
he had bombed the Liberal Party rally under orders from high party officials, according to
Ariel Almendral, a former student activist and guerrilla appointed to defend Cordero
before the tribunal. But in the end, the tribunal voted 6-3 for the death penalty. Cordero
was led deep into the Isabela forest and executed with a pistol shot to the head,
Guevarra and Almendral recalled in separate interviews. Cordero's two accomplices died
in combat in the 1970s, according to former officials who served in the Isabela front.
 Reference:https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/04/ex-communists-party-
behind-manila-bombing

4. CONCLUSION

CPP-NPA violent extremism in the bombing at Plaza Miranda Quiapo. They

adapted the Maoism ideology to suit the conditions of developing countries in their
struggle against capitalism and imperialism (the ruling class). They also believed
that “political power comes from the barrel of a gun.” for them to achieve their mission.
They developed the strategy of guerrilla warfare to provide a practical solution
for a smaller and weaker revolutionary force to defeat a much stronger and powerful state
like what they did in Quiapo Plaza Miranda Bombing.
They bombed the political campaign rally of the rival (Liberal Party) of the
current Administration (Pres. Marcos) which were the ruling class that time because of
their plans to divide the said ruling class while promoting their Maoist ideology,
considering that there will be massive injuries and death of civilians from their actions of
violent extremism.
Maoist rebels of the CPP-NPA bombed and killed nine persons and wounded
95 others.
PINSP GRINGO VENIEGAS
PINSP ALLEN WILLIAM RABINO IV
PINSP CARLO JASON TURQUEZA
PINSP RENE ZABLAN JR
PINSP SHERWIN ROMERO
PINSP BALDWIN REYES
PINSP ROBERT TAN