FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MARA

SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR

MEC532 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN 2

FINAL REPORT

PROJECT TITLE:
DESIGN & FABRICATE A SINGLE SEATER VEHICLE
(BRAKING SYSTEM)

NAME STUDENT
ID
MUHAMMAD AZAMMUDDIN BIN SALIMAN 2014876086

MUHAMMAD ALIF MUZAMMIL BIN NORDIN 2014874714

NURLIYANA SYAZWANI BINTI KAMARULNIZAM 2014437962

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN HANIZAR 2014410302

DINIE BIN ABDULLAH ZAMAWI 2014445934

PROJECT ADVISORS:

IR. RAZALI BIN HASSAN

 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful

Alhamdulillah, we were grateful to The Almighty God for establishing us to complete

this project. With a lot of effort and struggles during this 14 weeks, we had finally completed
our project successfully. There are so much knowledge and benefits that we had gain during
conducting this project. Nevertheless, all of these could not be achieved without the help of
others.

First and foremost, our most gratitude would go to the most kindest and loving
lecturer, Haji Razali Hassan for trusting us to handle this project. Truthfully, we were quite
scared at first when we were given this project, but with the help and guidance from him we
could overcome the feeling and become more confident to give our very best to complete this
project. We really want to thank him for correcting us when we made mistakes and also for
his advices to make us become a good engineer in the future.

Then, a big thanks to our most hardworking and committed team members,
Muhammad Azammuddin Bin Saliman, Muhammad Alif Muzammil Bin Nordin,
Muhammad Afiq Bin Hanizar, Dinie Bin Abdullah Zawawi and Nurliyana Syazwani Binti
Kamarulnizam. Without everyone help this report would not be exist. We had sacrifices our
time, money, energy and sleep just to make this project a successful one. Thank you for
supporting each other’s back and we were so happy that all of our efforts had shown a
successful result. Of course every project has its own problems but we manage to overcome
all of those problems by helping each other. All of us had shown such a great teamwork and
it was such a good moment working together.

Lastly, not to be forgotten, we were highly indebted and thoroughly grateful to our
love ones: our parents (families) and also our friends. Truthfully, no words could describe our
gratefulness to those who had helped us, but we still want to thank them for supporting us and
always encouraging us whenever we were having tough times and feel like giving up. We
hope this project could be a benefit to others.
 ABSTRACT

A single seated car is a compulsory project for student Mechanical design II

(MEC532) as a continuation form Mechanical design I. From the blueprint design that we
have done last semester, this semester we fabricated it. Through this project, we realized that
we have implement certain subject that we have learn from previous semester such as subject
mechanics material, vibration, thermodynamic, dynamic and computer aided design. For our
department, braking system we have to make sure the safety of the driver is prioritized. We
are given 14 weeks to complete this task and test the whole system during week 14. So beside
to learn the real application in engineering, our target is to complete the task given between
the times and make it function well.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

1. INRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1
A. Background
B. Objectives
C. Scope of Project
D. Project Planning
i. Organization & Management Team
ii. Project Schedule
iii. Budget

2. DESIGN REVIEW............................................................................................. 7
(Reevaluation, reselection & refinement of product & blue print)
A. Design Background
B. Product Modification
C. Engineering Analysis
D. Final Blue Print
E. Band marks

3. ACQUIRING OF MATERIALS........................................................................ 15
(Tests of Workability of Standard Parts)
A. Motor
B. Bearing
C. Fan
D. Etc.

4. MANUFACTURING PROCESS....................................................................... 19
A. Fabrication
B. Assembly
C. Inspection & Modification
D. Testing
E. Finishing

5. COSTING & MARKETING …………………………………………………… 27

A. Budget & Actual
i. Manpower
ii. Materials
iii. Machining
iv. Subcontract

6. DISCUSSION ………………………………………………………………… 28
7. CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………… 29
8. REFERENCES & CITATIONS …………………………………………………. 30
9. APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………… 31

LIST OF TABLE

TABLE 1: JOB SCOPE

TABLE 2: GANTT CHART

TABLE 3: BILL OF MATERIAL

TABLE 4: LIST OF COMPONENTS AND MATERIAL SELECTION

TABLE 5: BILL OF MATERIALS

LIST OF FIGURE

FIGURE 1: ORGANIZATION CHART

FIGURE 2 : BRAKING SYSTEM

FIGURE 3 : PEDA BOXL DRAWING

FIGURE 4 : PEDAL DRAWING

FIGURE 5 : BRACKET

FIGURE 6 : BOX DRAWING

FIGURE 7 : PEDAL RATIO

FIGURE 8 : PEDAL ANALYSIS

FIGURE 9 : BRACKET ANALYSIS

FIGURE 10: METAL CUTTING MACHINE

FIGURE 11:1 HAND CUTTING MACHINE

FIGURE 12: PLASMA CUTTING PROCESS

FIGURE 13: HAND DRILLING PROCESS

FIGURE 14: FLOOR DRILL PRESS PROCESS

FIGURE 15: PEDESTALS GRINDING MACHINE

FIGURE 16: HAND GRINDING PROCESS

FIGURE 17: GMAW PROCESS

FIGURE 18: WELD BETWEEN BOX AND BRACKET

FIGURE 19: WELD BETWEEN HOLDER AND BRAKE CALIPER

FIGURE 20: ASSEMBLY BOX TO BODY

FIGURE 21: ASSEMBLE PEDAL AND BRACKET

FIGURE 22: ANALYSIS OF PEDAL

FIGURE 23: ANALYSIS OF BOLT

FIGURE 24: ANALYSIS OF BRACKET

FIGURE 25: TEAM MEMBERS

 1. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

In making single seated car for completed the project of mechanical design II,
our class had been grouping into 6 departments: (1) Department of Chassis, (2)
Department of Power Train, (3) Department of Suspension System, (4) Department of
Braking System, (5) Department of Steering System and (6) Department of Bodywork
and Safety. Thus, for our group we have been selected to design a braking system for
our class single seated car. We take this as a challenge and try our best to completed
our task

The brake system is probably the most important system for vehicle. There are
two types of mechanical brakes which is brake disc and brake drum. We choose to use
the brake disc because it is more powerful to stop a high speed car. Brake disc is made
of cast iron, with a ground surface on each side against which the pads are applied. The
disc is shaped to fit over the wheel hub and has a drilled hole to fit the wheel.

To design the suitable braking system for single seated car, we must depend on
the speed of the vehicle, maximum weight of the driver and body. The most suitable
braking system to be used is the motorcycle RXZ braking system or the Go Kart
braking system. The motorcycle and Go Kart braking system is simple and efficient for
the single seated car and the system is not complicated and it is easy for maintenance.
Hydraulic oil is used by the brake disc to transmit force and also to increase the force.
The braking system operated with fluid (oil). Hydraulics is part of the more general
discipline of fluid power to function the braking system

B. Objectives

1. To fabricate the pedal that follows the requirement given.

2. To make sure that brake system to withstand the force of 2000 N without failure and act
to all tires.
3. To increase safety features of the single seated car fabricated.

1
C. Scope of Project

The braking department must follow the requirement and specification in order to
fabricate the brake on the car for this semester these were the requirement and
specifications that had to be followed in fabrication process:

b) The car must be equipped with a braking system that acts on all four wheels and
operated by a single control.
c) “Brake-by-wire” systems are prohibited.
d) The system comprising of a single command control which is pedal, command
transmission and activators which is calipers.
e) The brake pedal must be fabrication from steel or aluminums or machined from steel
or aluminums.
f) The brake pedal that designed to withstand a force of 2000 N without any failure of
the brake system or pedal box.
g) The car must be equipped with red brake light of at least 15 watts and must be
mounted between the wheel centerline and driver’s shoulder level vertically and
approximately on vehicle centerline laterally.

2
 D. Project Planning

i. Organization & Management Team

TEAM LEADER
MUHAMMAD AZAMMUDDIN BIN SALIMAN

ASSISTANT LEADER DESIGN AND ANALYSIS

MUHAMMAD ALIF MUZAMMIL MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN
BIN NORDIN HANIZAR

SECRETARY DESIGN AND RESEARCH

NURLIYANA SYAZWANI BT DINIE BIN ABDULLAH
KAMARULNIZAM ZAWAWI

FIGURE 1: ORGANIZATION CHART

3
 ii. Job scope

MEMBER JOB DESCRIPTION

TEAM LEADER  Representative of the department to communicate

and discuss with another department
MUHAMMAD AZAMMUDDIN  Divide the tasks to each of group members
BIN SALIMAN
 Fabrication task : do dimension on material and
grinding

ASSISTANT LEADER  Collect all the information from several sources

MUHAMMAD ALIF
MUZAMMIL BIN NORDIN
regarding braking department.
 Analyze the assembly of braking system to meet our
target.
 Fabrication task : fabrication of pedal and pump’s
stand

 Compile and gather all the data collected on the

SECRETARY braking system
 Ensure the agenda of the minutes meetings
NURLIYANA SYAZWANI BT implemented properly
KAMARULNIZAM
 Fabrication task : metal cutting and welding

 Analyze the concepts of braking system and

DESIGN AND RESEARCH highlight the important things needed in the system.
 Conduct research on what type of component that
DINIE BIN ABDULLAH needed to increase the performance of brake
ZAWAWI
 Calculate completely full system so that we can
implement it in CATIA for analysis.
 Fabrication task: fabricate child part and handle
brake disk to fit the wheel hub.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN
HANIZAR
 Drafting the budget for the system that has been
planned.
 Done a complete dimension and analysis the data on
the CATIA software to see how our system works.
 Decide whether our system can work properly or not
and proceed with the necessary materials to make a
system
 Fabrication task: inspection, analysis and do the test
of the system to make it work.

TABLE 1: JOB SCOPE

4
iii. Project Schedule

PLANNING ACTUAL

TABLE 2: GANTT CHART

5
iv. Budget

TABLE 3: BILL OF MATERIAL

6
 2. DESIGN REVIEW

DESIGN BLUEPRINT

Braking system is designed with three units of brake disc and brake calipers also one
fabricated part which is pedal box. Figures below show drawing of braking system.

FIGURE 2 : BRAKING SYSTEM

7
Figure 3 : Peda Boxl Drawing

Figure 4 : Pedal Drawing

8
Figure 5 : Bracket
Drawing

Figure 6 : Box Drawing

9
ENGINEERING ANALYSIS

ANALYSIS BY CALCULATION

The critical part in braking system is to make sure that the car will stop immediately
and safely. Some calculation such as braking force and time taken to car stop are perform and
shown below.

Braking distance means a distance that car will travel to complete stop when braking
system are applied. It is depends on coefficient of friction between tire and road, the car’s
velocity and the air drag. In this analysis, the coefficient of friction used is 0.75 which are
the surface of tire and road are in good condition.

= 87 km/h

The equation for work friction :

Where ;

𝜇 = coefficient of friction between tyre and road

M = mass of car

𝑣0 = initial velocity of car

𝑚𝑣02
−𝜇𝑚𝑔𝑑 = −
2

𝑣02
−𝜇𝑔𝑑 = −
2

10
 𝑣02
𝑑=
2𝜇𝑔

(24.16)2
𝑑 = 2(0.75)(9.81) = 37.18 m

Next, determine the value of deceleration. Deceleration is rate of change of velocity

when slow down. The value of deceleration is negative and it is oppose the acceleration.

𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎𝑑

Where; 𝑣𝑓2 = final velocity is zero because of completely stop

𝑣𝑖2
𝑎=
−2𝑎𝑑

(24.16)2
𝑎 = −2(41.32) = −𝟕. 𝟖𝟓 m/𝒔𝟐

Then, the time taken for complete stop can be determined. The equation also
assumes that final velocity is zero.

𝑣−𝑢
𝑡=
𝑎

Where; a = deceleration

0−24.16
𝑡= = 3.08s
−7.85

Next, calculate disk effective radius. Disk effective radius is a radius of brake disc
center to brake pad center.

𝑑𝑜 + 𝑑𝑖
𝑟𝑒 =
2

210+162
𝑟𝑒 = = 0.09 m
2

11
After that, the value of total braking force can be obtained. Note that the factor of safety is
1.5.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑔

𝐹𝐵 = (170)(0.71992)(9.81) = 1200 N

Factor of safety = 1.5

𝐹𝐵 X 1.5 = 1800 N
After the value of braking force is calculated, the value of brake torque can be defined.
Brake torque is a force that acts to wheel to stop the car.

𝑇 = 𝐹𝐵 𝑟𝑒 𝜇𝑓 Where, 𝜇𝑓 = coefficients of friction between disc and pads

𝑇 = (2400)(0.09)(0.4) = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟖𝟎 Nm

Clamping load is the force that brake caliper needed to stop the brake disc. So, the
value of clamping load is

𝑇 (86.44)
𝐶 = 𝑟 𝑛𝜇 = (0.09)(2)(0.4) = 900 N
𝑒 𝑓

Pascal’s laws are applied to this braking system. Based on that principle, the pressure
at the brake caliper is equal to pressure in the master cylinder. Then, the force that acting in
the master cylinder is equal to the force needed by the pedal.

𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹
= 𝐴𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝
𝐴𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

𝐹
𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝐴𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝

1200(0.005)
= = 1125 N
0.004

𝐹𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐹𝑃𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑙 = 1125 N

Figure 7 : Pedal Ratio

12
 In designing a brake pedal, the pedal ratio had to be considered. The ratio is important
to achieve a good designed pedal that can give a suitable force to stop the motion of the car.

Pedal Ratio = 4: 1

= 40 mm: 160 mm

ANALYSIS BY SOFTWARE

When braking system is applied to the whole system, some forces are existed to
ensure that the system is fully stopped from its initial velocity. Analysis had to be done in
each critical part of braking system to ensure this system is safe for human used. Based on
CATIA software, the part responses due to forces acting on it can be visualized. Assumes that
standard parts like brake disc and brake calipers are not analyzed because it had been
manufactured well in industry so the part is safe.

The most critical parts in this system are pedal and bracket. All this parts cannot fail
because it will fail all the braking system.

Figure 8 : Pedal Analysis

13
 Based on analysis of pedal, 1125 N is applied to the pedal. The value of force is gain
from the calculation that had been made. Thus, the maximum Von Mises stress occurs at this
pedal is 137 mpa. So, this designed pedal will not be fail because the value of stress is lesser
than the yield strength of this pedal which is 250 mpa.

Figure 9 : Bracket Analysis

Next, 1125 N is applied to the bracket that holds the pedal to base pedal box. So, the
maximum Von Mises stress occurs at this part is 5.5 kpa. The value of stress is lesser than the
yield strength which is 250 mpa so this designed bracket is safe.

14
 3. ACQUIRING OF MATERIALS
For the braking system there are some part that we can fabricate and some other that we had
to buy because there is no facilities or machine that can make those part. Here are the list of
material how we get all the material whether fabricate on our own or buying.

Table 4: List of Component and Material Selection

No Components Quantity Sources Material used

1 Front brake disc (Honda Wave 125) 2 Buy Cast iron

2 Rear brake disc 1 Buy Cast iron

3 Clutch pump (Proton Wira) 2 Buy Aluminium

15
4 Brake caliper (Honda Wave 125) 3 Buy The piston is
made of plastics
The brake pads
are made of semi-
metallic

5 Front brake hose 3 Buy Rubber

6 Rear brake hose 1 Buy Rubber

7 T-joint/ Splitter 1 Buy Stainless steel

16
8 Steel Senjo 2 Buy Stainless steel

9 Steel screw 1 Buy Stainless steel

10 Brake light 1 Buy Plastics

11 Bolts & Nuts - Buy Stainless steel

17
12 Brake Switch 1 Buy Plastics

13 Brake Pedal 2 Fabricate Mild steel

14 Brake spring 1 Buy Stainless steel

By doing this list, we can organize our system to prevent us from any mistake such as
forgotten part, unneeded part and the most important thing we can categorize the part that we
have to fabricate and to buy. By splitting up the part we can focus more on the fabricate part
because its needed individual skill during the workshop to make the part work effectively
without any problem or defect that may occur when we testing the car. Also, this will make
our job distribution of getting the material are more organize and more efficient.
Furthermore, it also can save our time because we only have limited time to finish this
project.

18
 4. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Fabrication,Assemble ,Test And Inspection

 Fabrication

a) Cutting

Cutting is one of the main process that involves in the fabrication of braking
system. Generally said, this process was used in almost all of the parts or materials
which involves in fabrication. There are three machines that we used for this project
which are plasma cutter, hand cutting machine and metal cutting machines. The
function of this machine is to cut metal into smaller pieces or desired shape. Plasma
cutter is the easiest machine in order to cut the metal whether a simple shape or
complex shape. As for hand cutting machine, it is used to cut small metal into
smaller pieces and metal cutting machine is used to cut metal with great length.

Figure 20: Metal cutting machine Figure 11:1 Hand cutting machine

Figure 12: Plasma cutting process

19
b) Drilling

Drilling is another process that played the main roles in this project. The
main function of drilling process is to create holes according to the diameter
required. For braking system, drilling process take places in some of the parts
such as pedal, pedal box, bracket, front brake caliper holder and rear brake
caliper housing. Most of the holes are used as medium for bolts and nuts to take
place. There are two type of drilling machine that we used which are hand drill
and floor drill press. Hand drill was used to create holes on the floor because it
can go through small space while other parts used floor drill press because it is
more powerful compared to hand drill.

Figure 13: Hand drilling process

Figure 14: Floor drill press process

20
 c) Grinding

Grinding process is another process that is very important to our department.

Grinding process was used to reduce small amount of materials or works as
finishing process where it is needed to give a smooth surface and prevents any sharp
edges of material. Basically, grinding process was used to all the parts for smoother
surfaces and increase the safeness of the part. There are two types of grinding
machines that we used which are pedestral grinding machine and hand grinding
machine.

Figure 15: Pedestals grinding machine

Figure 16: Hand grinding process

21
d) Welding

Welding is a joining process that joins two different metals together. In our
project, it is used to attach two metals to complete the pedal, complete the bracket and
attach the brackets and pump housing to pedal box. There are two types of welding
method that we used which are Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and Gas Metal
Arc Welding (GMAW).

Figure 17: GMAW process

22
  Assemble

In braking system, most of the parts are made separately. To achieve final product, assemble
process need to be done. There are two types of joint used in assembly process, which are
permanent and non-permanent joint.

a) Permanent joint

The type of permanent joint used in assembly process is only welding. Welding mostly used
in assembling the brake pedal, pedal bracket and master cylinder bracket to the chassis of the
car. The type of welding joint used is gas metal arc welding (GMAW). GMAW was used
because it much easier compare to shielded metal arc welding (SMAW). Besides, GMAW
process is faster and has better surface finish compare to SMAW.

Figure 18: weld between box and bracket

Figure 19: weld between holder and brake caliper

23
 b) Non-permanent joint (bolt and nut)
Non-permanent joint is important in assembly process. Usually, this types of joint used for
the parts that need to be disassembled periodically for maintenance or other reason. In
braking system, parts that need to be maintenance periodically is brake caliper. Therefore,
assembly of callipers used nuts and bolts as joint. Next, assembly of disc to the rim used
button head cap screw to joint them together. This type of bolts was selected because it much
easier to assemble or disassemble compare to hexagon head bolt. Besides, standard bikes also
use this type of bolt to join the disc to rim.

Figure 20: assembly box to body

Figure 21: assemble pedal and bracket

24
  Testing and Inspection

When braking system is applied to the whole system, some forces are existed to
ensure that the system is fully stopped from its initial velocity. Analysis had to be done in
each critical part of braking system to ensure this system is safe for human used. Based on
CATIA software, the part responses due to forces acting on it can be visualised. Assumes that
standard parts like brake disc and brake calliper are not analyse because it had been
manufactured well in industry so the part is safe.

The most critical parts in this system are bolts, bracket and pedal. All this parts cannot
fail because it will fail all the braking system.

Figure 22: analysis of pedal

Based on analysis of pedal, 1125 N is applied to the pedal. The value of force is gain
from the calculation that had been made. Thus, the maximum Von Mises stress occurs at this
pedal is 137 mpa. So, this designed pedal will not be fail because the value of stress is lesser
than the yield strength of this pedal which is 250 mpa.

Figure 23: analysis of bolt

25
 Next, the maximum Von Mises stress occurs at the bolt when 1125 N is applied to the
part is 15.4 mpa. Thus, the bolt will not fail because the value of stress is lesser than yield
strength which is 500 mpa.

Figure 24: analysis of bracket

Lastly, 1125 N is applied to the bracket that holds the pedal to base pedal box. So, the
maximum Von Mises stress occurs at this part is 5.5 kpa. The value of stress is lesser than the
yield strength which is 250 mpa so this designed bracket is safe.

26
 5. COSTING & MARKETING

To be noted, there is no material or items that are given by faculty were used
in this project. All the items required were bought ourselves. At the beginning, there
is RM500.00 collected from our department. However, the overall cost exceeded the
collected amount due to increase in items needed.

 Material

No. Item Status Quantity Price per Overall price

Quantity (RM)
(RM)
1 Front brake disc (Honda Wave 125) New 2 40.00 80.00
2 Rear brake disc Used 1 10.00 10.00
3 Clutch pump (Proton Wira) New 2 45.00 90.00
4 Brake caliper (Honda Wave 125) New 3 70.00 210.00
5 Front brake hose Used 3 - 140.00
6 Rear brake hose New 1 170.00 170.00
7 T-joint/ Splitter New 1 80.00 80.00
8 Steel Senjo New 2 30.00 60.00
9 Steel Screw New 1 30.00 30.00
10 Brake light New 1 20.00 20.00
11 Brake oil(DOT 4) New 1 25.00 25.00
12 Brake oil (DOT 4)_2 New 1 12.00 12.00
13 Long Nose Plier New 1 10.50 10.50
14 Bolts & Nuts New - - 30.50
15 Brake Switch New 1 5.00 5.00
Total cost 973.00

Table 5: bill of materials

 Manpower
- There are five manpower involves in braking department and there is no cost
claim by us for the work we did.

 Machining
- All the machines needed for our project was prepared by the faculty, thus no cost
for machining is allocated by us.

 Subcontract
- We successfully finished our project without the need of subcontract. Therefore,
there is no money spend on subcontract.

27
 6. DISCUSSION

After going through 14 weeks by sacrificing time, energy, tears and blood, we able to
present our product of single seated cars on time. Even through the process we have delay in
some weeks, but at the end, we are able to finish it and our system function very well. And
during the testing day, our systems pass the test on brake the car when down the hill, dynamic
and static test.

Some delay processes occur as we need to have the recognition from our panel and
redesign our system to make it better. Also there are some part that we need to fabricate that
need more time to finished it, and some problem occur especially when we want to fit our
brake disk to the wheel hub we need to grind, and do some renovation to make it fit perfectly.
In addition, when we want to place our pedal box, we have to make sure it does not interfere
with steering system and driver will comfortable with it. We also have problem with
choosing some material such as for the pedal box. We need to find the material that easy to
cut, can be weld and not too heavy to avoid car reach more than maximum weight tolerance.
Final process is when we testing our system by doing “bleeding test”. We need to redo it
several times because it is leaking at the cylinder pump. After doing some improvement,
finally it is not leaking and the system function perfectly.

For the cost, we can see that our department exceeded the budget. This happened
because there are some part such as child part is not included in the budget. The hose also not
included in the budget and it is costly. Also, there is a part that we plan to fabricate but end
up we buy it. The part is T-joint that worth RM 80.00. We decided to not fabricate it because
we come to sense that it is a critical part. If we cannot fabricate it correctly and perfectly, the
entire system will not work and the time we have also approaching limits.

Despite all the problem occur, at the end we manage to solve it together and manage
to make our system functioning.

28
 7. CONCLUSION
By completing this project of single seated car for MEC532,we are officially have use basic
concept of design and have completely fabricate it even with no experience. But with help of
all people around us, we have completely done it and the braking system also functioning
well.

Figure 25: team members

29
 8. REFERENCES & CITATIONS
For gather information regarding our system, we had referred to this:

1) Journal :
 Design and Fabrication of Super-Kart HD-250, Hemank Dabhade.
 Design of A Land Speed Record Go-Kart, Maieri Gianluca, Urbinati Marco.
 De Vries, L., & Wierda, G. J. (1987). U.S. Patent No. 4,708,656. Washington, DC:
U.S.
Patent and Trademark Office.
 Renfroe, D. A. (1997). U.S. Patent No. 5,653,304. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent
and
Trademark Office.
 Serizawa, M., Sato, M., & Akuta, Y. (1992). U.S. Patent No. 5,097,917.
Washington,
DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
2) Book :
 MEC531 Mechanical Design Hand-out
 Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design, Tenth Edition In SI Unit, published by
mcgraw-Hill Education, 2 Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121. Copyright on 2015
by mcgraw-Hill Education.
 Willey’s Engineering Mechanics - Dynamics, Eighth Edition SI Version by By:
James L. Meriam, L. G. Kraige, J. N. Bolton
 W.F. Milliken, D.L. Milliken, “Race Car Vehicle Dynamics”, SAE (1995).
3) Website :
 Http://www.anewtoronto.com/wheel%20alignment.html
 Http://yospeed.com/wheel-alignment-explained-camber-caster-toe/
 Http://midnighttouge.blogspot.com/2013/04/camber-caster-toe-in-out.html
 Http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/techpage.jsp?Techid=4

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 9. APPENDIX

Standard Part Catalogue and Specification

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