Chapter 4

DESIGN OF SPLIT RING RESONATOR & EMBEDDED

WITH ANTENNA

4.1 INTRODUCTION

Metamaterials are the 21 th century electromagnetic they have a property of negative refractive
index and this property does not found in the nature. So we have to create the metamaterials in
the lab. They are artificially created materials. Dielectric properties of the material can be
classified into four category i.e.

DPS (Double Positive Material): in this type of material permittivity and permeability both are
positive. All the general materials have consisted this property.

MNG: (Mu negative materials): In this type of material permeability is negative and
permittivity is positive. Ferrite materials are come in this category.

ENG: (Epsilon negative materials): In this type of material permittivity is negative and
permeability is positive. Plasma materials are come in this category.

DNS (Double Positive Material): in this type of material permittivity and permeability both are
negative. These materials are not found in the nature.

In our dissertation we present design of a monopole antenna which is resonant at 2.8 GHz
frequency here we have use defective ground technique and also cut a slit in the defective
ground to create the another band of the antenna and then design a metamaterial structure &
embedded with the antenna with different configurations and see the results.
4.2 DESIGN OF SRR

We have use the metamaterial unit cell design from Ref [5] . The MM unit cell is designed by the
two concentric rings. These concentric rings are capacitive in nature. The outer ring is contain
the gap and the inner ring having no gap. Fig. 4.1 shows the projected and schematic layout of
the proposed unit cell and dimensions are also mention in the figure.

The SRR generate the circulating current and because of this circulating current a magnetic field
is produced which is perpendicular to the current. Or we can say it will produce the
perpendicular magnetic field. The SRR is a magnetically resonant structure which creates
negative permeability. Resonant frequency can also be control by the gap of the ring and gap
between the rings.

Fig. 4.1 Labled diagram of Metamaterial unit cell

To extract the parameter of above shown SRR, we have use the floquet port method.
Floquet port method is useful when we analyze the periodic structure. Master –slave
boundaries are applied at the tangential portion of the waveguide and floquet ports are
applied at the open end of the wave guide. Design is simulated in HFSS software.
Parametric extraction is done by Drude – Lorentz method. Script is also written in hfss
and generates the .vbs extension. MATLAB can be the alternative solution of the script
writing.
 Result of our simulation is showing in Fig. 4.2. Here we are getting the curve of S11 and
S21 parameters. At 23.5 GHz S21 is more negative and S11 is zero. This is the point of
magnetic resonance. Similarly 0 to approximately 8 GHz, S11 is negative and S21 is near
to zero. This is the region of electric resonance.

Fig 4.2 S11 & S21 parameters of SRR.

Fig. 4.3 is showing that real part of the epsilon effective is negative at from 15 GHz to 24.5 GHz
frequency and negative peak is at 23.5 GHz frequency. which is same as the resonant frequency
of S21 parameter of our result. Similarly mu is negative from 13.8 GHz to 16 GHz and peak is
appearing at 14 GHz.

Imaginary part of epsilon & mu and the refractive index curve is showing in Fig. 4.4 and Fig 4.5
respectively.

Fig 4.3 Real value of epsilon and mu of SRR

 Name X Y XY Plot 3 HFSSDesign1
35.71
m1 23.5000 0.2925 Curve Info
m2 23.5000 -6.2656 im(er_effective_mode1)
m3 14.0000 -0.1425 Setup1 : Sw eep
25.00
m4 14.0000 1.4504 im(ur_effective_mode1)
Setup1 : Sw eep

12.50

m4
m3 m1
Y1

0.00
m2

-12.50

-25.00

-35.03
1.18 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 24.76
Freq [GHz]

Fig 4.4 Imaginary value of epsilon and mu of SRR

n_effective_mode_2 HFSSDesign1
20.00
Curve Info
im(n_effective_mod_2)
Setup1 : Sw eep
15.00 re(n_effective_mod_2)
Setup1 : Sw eep

10.00

5.00
Y1

0.00

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Freq [GHz]

Fig 4.5 Value of refractive index of SRR

From Fig. 4.5 the negative refractive index is existing from 13GHz to 24 GHz. It is a wide band
characteristic of SRR. There is more negative band at 2.4 to 3 GHz where ‘n’ is negative. All the
parameters of the SRR is summarize in the table 4.1
 Table 4.1 Parametric values of SRR

Parameter Value
S11 0 dB at 23.5 GHz
S21 -24dB at 23.5 GHz
Value of permittivity (Re) 8GHz to 11 GHz
epsilon 15 GHz to 24.5 GHz
Value of permeability 13.8GHz to 16 GHz
‘mu’(Re)
Value of refractive index 13.5GHz to 24 GHz
‘n’(Re)

4.3 ANTENNA WITH SRR LOADING.

The proposed monopole antenna is loaded with the above mentioned SRR as show in Fig. 4.6 .
Here the SRR is attaching at the top of the monopole antenna and the fields of the SRR will
create the interference with the fields of the antenna and this arrangement will change the
antenna parameters. Result of this arrangement is shown in Fig 4.7.

Fig. 4.6 antenna with SRR

 Fig 4.7 Fabricated antenna

Fig 4.8 Simulated vs actual S11parameter plot

Fig. 4.8 is showing the return loss curve of metamaterial loaded antenna. Red curve is showing
the simulated result and blue curve is showing the actual result. we can see that it is resonant at
2.4 GHz frequency and its operating frequency band is 2.2 to 2.8 GHz. There is good agrement
in between the simulated and fabricated result. . Radiation pattern of the antenna is showing in
Fig 4.9 . The total gain of the antenna is -0.6 dB.

Fig 4.9

Fig. 4.9 Radiation pattern of SRR loaded antenna

4.3 ANTENNA WITH SRR LOADING WITH OTHER CONFIGURATION.

In the next configuration we change the orientation of the SRR. Now the SRR is not top loaded
on the antenna. In this configuration we insert the antenna slightly down to the top edge of the
patch antenna and also it is inserting in horizontal configuration.

Its simulation result is showing in Fig 4.11. Here this SRR is impacting the considerable effect
on the parameters of the antenna. There are two considerable results which are showing in the
Fig 4.11 i.e.

 Lower frequency band is shifted from 2.4 GHz to 2.6 GHz.

 Antenna showing the multiband characteristic. Antenna is resonant at three frequencies

i.e. 2.6 GHz, 7.6 GHz and 10 GHz.

Radiation characteristic of the antenna is showing in the Fig. 4.12. Here we are getting -2dB
gain.

Fig 4.10 Antenna with horizontally loaded SRR

Fig. 4.11S11 parameters of horizontally loaded SRR antenna

 Fig. 4.12 Radiation pattern of horizontally loaded SRR antenna

So here we have demonstrated a conventional monopole antenna with a slit and these antennas
was loaded with split ring resonator on the top of the antenna and in the other case slightly blow
from the top of the antenna in horizontal configuration. In every case we found the significant
changes in the resonant frequency of the antenna and the radiation pattern of the antenna. Table
4.1 summarize the all configurations and their outcomes.

Table 4.2 Comparison between all configurations

S.NO. Configuration Resonant frequency Gain in dB

GHz
1 Antenna without slit 2.4 -0.7

2 Antenna with slit 2.7 -2.3 at 2.7 GHz

7.6 frequency
3 Antenna with SRR at 2.4 -0.6 at 2.4 GHz
top of the antenna frequency
 4 Fabricated antenna 2.4

5. Antenna with SRR 2.6 -2.25 at 2.6 GHz

loading in horizontal 7.6 frequency
configuration 10.1

By table 4.2 we can say that if SRR is top loaded with the antenna it does not affect the resonant
frequency but it improves the return loss pattern of the antenna. Similarly if we embedding the
SRR slightly below from the top of the antenna it generates the multiple bands.