Chili(Capsicum Annum) And Makabuhay(Tinospora Cordifolia) Stem extract As Molluscicide

A Science Investigatory Project

Presented to the SHS Research Teachers
In Fulfillment of the Requirements on
Practical Research-2

Jhanna Reah M. Ibarra

Aries Edison R. Dalagan
Jerome Argote
Researchers

BACUAG NATIONAL AGRO-INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL

March 2018
 Table of Contents

Page

Cover Page

Abstract i

Acknowledgement ii

I. Introduction 1

Significance of the Study 2

Conceptual Framework of Study 2

(Schematic Diagram)

Statement of the Problem 3

Hypotheses 3

Scope and Delimitation 3

Definition of Terms 4

II. Review of Related Literature 5-13

III. Research Methodology

Materials/ Equipment 14

Research Design 15

General Procedure 15

Data Analysis 16

Data Gathering Procedure 16

IV. Result and Discussion 17-18

V. Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation 19-20

 Acknowledgement

“Success is a continuing process. Failure is stoppage. The man who keeps moving and

working does not fail.”

First and foremost, we thank the almighty Father, Lord, God, for everything. For the life

given to us, for the strength, for the love, for giving us wonderful people surround us, most

especially to our family. We are humbled and glorified for everything that HE has given to us.

Second, is to our excellent, pleased and humble adviser Dr. Queen Ann M. Navallo for

imparting her expertise to make this research will done and successful.

To our classmates who help us also and share their knowledge to keep this study will done.

Lastly, we would like to express our heartfelt thanks to our parents, family, that without

their undying support we cannot step forward to reach our ambitions in life. Our gratefulness is

immeasurable.

To God be the Glory.

Jhanna Reah M. Ibarra

Aries Edieson R. Dalagan
Jerome Argote
 Abstract

This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem

extract.

Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared.

Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was

labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was

labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one

was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The

golden apple snail’s mortality was noted after a min.

Results revealed that the time death of the golden kuhol (ampullariidae) is at its highest

time reading at 50% and is at its lowest reading at 100%. However, the difference of the death time

may vary from its age. In the three (3) different concentration of extract, it is the 100%

concentration of chili and makabuhay stem extract has the lowest time reading of death time period

(in min.). In all percentage level of concentrations the recorded death time is in between 52 to 375

minutes.

The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the

most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within(average death time 63.2 minutes).

In view of the finding of the study it is recommended that present & prospective farmers,

and personnel in Bacuag agricultural office to follow the method stated in the study in able to

achieve the effectiveness of the extract as molluscicide.

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A certain mollusks has enormous damage to agricultural activities. Its perils is obviously seen

on rice fields. In the modern world, pests are largely controlled by chemicals that is disparaging to all

forms of living things. If spraying on rice fields will be continuously practiced, then a vast

environmental degradation will be experienced. The ozone layer will decrease its thickness that

leads to climate change. All inhabitants will tremendously be affected by the ill effect of global

warming. In some point will trigger to bad health conditions. However, if a single farmer will do away

with it and practice the traditional way, only then a positive change will be experience.

The mean reason why the researchers conducted this study is to highly improve medicinal

plant or natural toxins as molluscicides that will help to maintain the balance of the ecosystem, and

couldn’t kill non-target organisms.

The purpose of this paper is to assemble pertinent information and provide general

guidelines and recommendations to those target farmers who uses toxins and experience heavy

losses on rice yields.

The researcher was determined to have some experiments to test the effectiveness of the

plants. Golden apple snail will be used for the experiment, extract of the chili and makabuhay will be

applied and after that, results will show if there will be an effect on the golden apple snail. This is

what the researcher is trying to prove, to determine if the extract of Chili (Capsicum Annum) and

Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) is a potential extermination for golden apple snail, and to share

their study to be a help to those farmers.

Significance of the Study

This study was undertaken for the benefits of the following:

Present and Prospective Farmers: Farmers are the main beneficiaries of this research as this

provides an avenue in preventing escalation of mollusks.

Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office: Through this study, they can expand their campaign to

inform agriculturist regarding to the result of improving

Crop plants.

Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework

This study is anchored in the concept of killing competitor to the growth of rice in the rice

field based on the study of S.E Shawari, S.M Abd-Alla et. Al. (2013)

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Experimental Set-up

Chili and Makabuhay stem extract

Concentration Death of Golden Kuhol

50% in minutes

75%

100%

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

This study aimed to determine the potential of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract as

molluscicide.

Specifically, this study will sought to find answer to the following questions:

1. Can Chili and Makabuhay stem extract are effective to kill certain mollusks in the farm?

2. Is there significant difference between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill

golden kuhol? Considering the following concentration?

2.1 100%

2.2 75%

2.3 50%

3. Which of the different concentration is the most effective?

3.1 100% Chili and Makabuhay stem extract

3.2 75% Chili and Makabuhay stem extract

3.3 50% Chili and Makabuhay stem extract

Research Hypotheses

At 0.05 level of significance it is hypothesized that:

Null hypothesis: There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain

mollusks.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant relationship between the effect of Chili and Makabuhay

stem extract to kill golden kuhol (Ampolariidae).

Scope and limitation of the Study

The study covers on assessing the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem extract from

preventing and eliminating escalation of mollusks.

 The subject of the study is limited only to fifteen (15) golden kuhol taken in Poblacion,

Bacuag, Surigao del Norte.

A phytochemical analysis of chili &makabuhay extract was not secured because BAE permit

was not secured. Caraga State University and Mindanao State University – Iligan Institute of

technology did not accommodate the phytochemical screening as well due to lack of reagents.

The study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2018.

Definition of Terms:

Golden Kuhol (Ampullariidae)- Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are

qualitative. In its native area, the apple snail has been described as inhabiting

of mainly quiet stretches water, such as lagoons, ponds and swamps.

Mollusks - Any one of a large group of animals (such as snails and clams) that have a soft body

without a backbone and that usually lives in a shell.

Concentration - Refers to a liquid solution.

Extract - A solution ( as in alcohol) of essential constituents of a complex material (as meat or an

aromatic plant)

Chili ( Capsicum Annum) - A small pepper with a very hot flavor.

Molluscicide - Are pesticides which kill mollusks, an animal phylum of ten of thousands of

invertebrate creature. Mollusks include octopi and squid as well as snail or slugs,

which is a poison or a chemical that kills mollusks.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Chili (Capsicum Annum)

Chili(Capsicum Annum) plant is a small,

perennial shrub with a woody stem, growing up

to a meter in height. It is native to the Central

American region where it employed as one the

main spice ingredients in Mexican cuisine for

centuries. Later, it was introduced to the rest of

the world by Spanish and Portuguese explorers

during the 16th and 17th centuries. Today chili pepper is grown widely in many parts of the world as

an important commercial crop.

Several cultivars of chili peppers grown all around the world. Depending upon cultivar type,

it bears flowers which subsequently develop into fruit pods of variable size, shape, color, and

pungency. Moreover, again, depending on the cultivar type, their hotness ranges from mild, fleshy

(Mexican bell peppers) to fiery, tiny, Nag Jalokiya chili peppers of the Indian subcontinent. The

hotness of chili measured in “Scoville heat units” (SHU). On the Scoville scale, a sweet bell pepper

scores 0, a jalapeño pepper around 2,500-4,000 units, and Mexican habañeros may have 200,000 to

500,000 units. Inside, each chili fruit pod features numerous tiny, white, or cream colored, circular,

flat seeds which clinging on to the central white-placenta.

Chilies have a strong spicy taste that comes to them from the active alkaloid compounds:

capsaicin,capsanthin,and,capsorubin.

To get rid of burning feeling, it is advisable to take fat or greasy content like milk, curd, sugar, or ice

cream. Drinking water will not relieve the burning of your mouth because capsaicin is insoluble in
water.

Medicinal Value

 capsaicin is used for treatment for many diseases like arthritis.

 When chilly is eaten, it makes the brain to release endorphins, a natural painkiller present in

the body. The endorphin lowers blood pressure and helps to fight against cancer.

 Chilly contains lots of vitamin A, vitamin B, and vitamin C

 Sore throat, varicose ulcers, and laryngitis can be cured by using antibacterial chilly. Man

made capsaicin called "Guafenesein" is used in cough syrups.

 Chilly helps cure many diseases like blood pleasure, insomnia, hay fever, flu(Andrews 1984).

Benefits of Chili

Chilies are excellent source of Vitamin, A, B, C and E with minerals like molybdenum, manganese,

folate, potassium, thiamin, and copper. Chili contains seven times more vitamin C than orange.

According to Proulx (1985) ever since its introduction to India in 1498, chilies have been included in

Ayurvedic medicines and used as tonic to ward off many diseases. Chilies are good for slimming

down as it burns the calorie easily. Chilies stimulate the appetite, help to clear the lungs, and

stimulate digestive system.

 Capsaicin : Chilies have vitamin C and Vitamin A containing beta-carotenoids which are

powerful antioxidant. These antioxidants destroy free radical bodies. Usually, these radical
 bodies may travel in the body and cause huge amounts of damage to cells. These radical

bodies could damage nerve and blood vessel in diabetes.

The antioxidants present in the chili wipe out the radical bodies that could build up

cholesterol causing major heart diseases such as atherosclerosis.

Chilies have antioxidants that can destroy cholesterol which could cause major disease like

atherosclerosis and other heart diseases. Other disease like cataract and arthritis like

osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It also dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma

andwheezing.

 Detoxicants : Chilies acts as detoxifiers as they removes waste products from our body and

increases supply nutrients to the tissues. It also acts as gastrointestinal detoxicants helping

in digestion of food.

 Pain killer : Chilies stimulates the release of endorphins that are natural pain killers. It

relieves pain caused due to shingles (Herpes Zoster), bursitis, diabetic neuropathy and

muscle spasm in shoulders, and extremities. It also helps in relieving arthritic pains in the

extremities.

 Antibiotic : Chilies brings fresh blood to the site of the infection. The fresh blood fights

infection. The white blood cells and leukocytes present in the fresh blood fights viruses.

 Brain : Capsaicin stimulates brain to excrete endorphin and gives a sense of pleasure when

ingested. This is the reason people get addicted to chili.

  Cancer : It has been noted that vitamin C, beta-carotene and folic acid found in chili reduces

the risk of colon cancer. Chilies such as red pepper have cartonoid lycopene, which prevents

cancer disease.

 Heart Attack : Chilies have vitamin B6 and folic acid. The vitamin B reduces high

homocysteine level. High homocysteine levels have been shown to cause damage to blood

vessels and are associated with a greatly increased risk of heart attack and stroke. It also

converts homocysteine into other molecules which is beneficial to lower cholesterol level.

 Lung disease : Chilies gives relief from nasal congestion by increasing the metabolism. It also

dilates airway of lungs which reduces asthma and wheezing. It relieves chronic congestion in

people who are heavy drinkers.

Cigarette smoke contains benzopyrene which destroys the vitamin A in the body. The

vitamin A present in chili reduces inflammation of lungs and emphysema caused due to

cigarette smoking.

Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia)

The makabuhay(Tinospora Cordifolia)

plant is a clinging vine, and the name

itself suggests the primary purpose of

such plant. Makabuhay is a Filipino

translation of the English term ‘pro-

life or to give life’. It is commonly

known as the paliahan in the Visayas region. The plant belongs to the family of

Menispermaceae, and can grow, or rather climb, up to fifteen meters long. The makabuhay

leaves are thin sheets that are heart-shaped, and its flowers look distinct as they only have

three petals. The makabuhay plant is known for its bitter nature, and the fruits of this plant

are held in clusters, which can be as long as two centimeters. This plant may be propagated

by planting its stem, which contains a bitter sap. However, it is important to note that

makabuhay can be found in most forests all over the Philippines. It grows in tropical areas,

and it is of little wonder why it is abundant in a country like the Philippines. The fruits of this

plant have not been utilized nor established to have medicinal values. Only the leaves and the

stems of makabuhay have been found to cure particular health concerns. For the stems, both

the dried and the fresh stems are found to be beneficial.

Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) as it is called in the Philippines has a long, history of

medicinal use in India alsa called Guduchi. Makabuhay has long been used in Ayurveda medicine

(traditional medicine in India) for thousands of years. Ayurvedic practitioners in India used

Makabuhay to promote longevity, prevent diseases and to treat various illness from arthritis to

treatment cancer.

In the Philippines, Makabuhay plant extract is traditionally combined with coconut oil to treat

rheumatism and arthritis, abdominal pains (kabag), scabies, skin ulcers and others.

Makabuhay (Tinospora Cordifolia) contains many chemicals that are known to have

antioxidant activities while a few can even fight cancer cells in animal studies. However, most of the

scientific studies that are made on the medicinal uses of Makabuhay are limited to animals or in test

tubes. Scientific studies on humans are insufficient.

Makabuhay Traditional Medicinal Uses

Makabuhay is largely used in traditional herbal medicine for various conditions.

 Makabuhay roots, stems and leaves are used as herbal treatment for fevers, malaria.

Makabuhay leaves and roots are pounded then dissolved in cold water. Applied with a soft

cloth over the nape, forehead, underarms and other body parts to bring down the body

temperature.

 Makabuhay poultice is used to treat gout, arthritis, and rheumatism by reducing pain and

edema.

 Makabuhay is used to treat skin diseases (athlete’s foot, scabies, etc.), promotes wound

healing and alleviate skin itching.

 Makabuhay tonic is believed to promote over all good health and longevity, improves

memory, improves skin tone and texture, and provides energy.

 Makabuhay tonic is also used to treat fever and malaria.

 Makabuhay tonic is used to treat gastrointestinal and digestive problems, which includes

diarrhea, hyperacidity, abdominal pains, gas pains (kabag), vomiting, dyspepsia, dysentery,

colitis, constipation, loss of appetite and even worm infestation.

 Makabuhay is also used in the treatment of diabetes, heart problems, hepatitis, anemia,

impotence,tuberculosis,jaundice.

Other Scientific Studies Relating to Makabuhay (Tinospora cordifolia)

Diabetes and Tinospora Cordifolia

A research conducted in the Indian Medicine research laboratory in Sri Ramachandra

University, studied the mechanism of the active ingredients of Tinospora cordifolia against key

marker cells of insulin dependent glucose transporter-4 (Glut-4) and the predominant protein
 that influences glucose metabolism. According to results, the Glut-4 and the dominant protein

were modulated by Tinospora cordifolia. Moreover, the uptake of glucose was likewise

mediated suggesting the anti-diabetic properties of TC compounds. (Phytomedicine Feb 2013:

Anti-diabetic Property of Tinospora Cordifolia)

Anti-Cancer Properties of Tinospora Cordifolia

The Division of Ethnopharmacology of Loyola College in India conducted a study on the effects

of Tinospora cordifolia extracts against induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in rats to

determine its potential use in cancer therapy. Results have shown that those treated with

Tinospora cordiflia extract (TCE) exhibit an increased level of antioxidants and detoxification

enzymes, and decreased serum transaminase level and hepatic marker enzymes to near

normal. TCE likewise reduced tumor incidence and reversed the damaged hepatocytes to

normal. The study concludes that TCE exhibits preventive effect against chemically induced

hepatocellular carcinoma in rats and further suggests that Tinospora cordifolia extract can be

a potent chemopreventive drug for HCC. (Investigational New Drugs, August 2011:

Chemopreventive potential of Epoxy clerodane diterpene from Tinospora cordifolia against

diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma)

Effects of Tinospora cordifolia to Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis

The Division of Endocrinology, University of Gottingen in Germany conducted a laboratory

investigation of the effects of beta-Ecdysone (ECD), a steroid found in Tinospora cordifolia extract on

joints, epiphyseal cartilage and trabecular tissues in rats. The study has shown that rats subjected to

treatment of ECD have developed thicker joint cartilage and thicker epiphyseal growth plate. The

study suggests that Tinospora cordifolia has antiosteoporotic effects and may be of value in the

prevention and treatment osteoporosis and osteoarthritis which is of increasing importance due to
aging and obesity among individuals. (Phytomedicine, April 2010: Beneficial effects of beta-Ecdysone

on the joint, epiphyseal cartilage tissue and trabecular bone in ovariectomized rats).

Golden Apple snail (Ampullariidae)

The golden apple snail was

introduced from Florida and Latin America to

Taiwan (Province of China) and the

Philippines in the early 1980s by private snail

farmers hoping to reap big profits exporting

snails to Europe. Easy to rear and fast

breeding, the snail's high protein content also

apparently made it an ideal supplement to the low-protein diet of the rural poor. Unfortunately, the

snails were not a success with consumers, and although they were initially expensive, their market

value soon plummeted.

The escaped and discarded snails quickly spread through waterways and irrigation canals.

When they reached the rice fields they found an ideal habitat, feeding by night and at dawn on

young succulent plants such as newly transplanted rice crops and weeds. With only a few natural

enemies to constrain them, the snails rapidly developed into a serious pest in many areas of

cultivated rice land in Asia. Their fast growth and reproduction - females lay egg masses of up to 500

eggs once a week - leads to population levels that can destroy entire rice crops.

Most description of the habitat of the golden apple snail are qualitative. In its native area,

the apple snail has been described as inhabiting mainly quiet stretches of water, such as lagoons,

ponds and swamps (Scott 1957, Bachmann 1960). However, field research suggest that the snail is

frequently found in streams in its native area (Martin et. Al. 2001). In Japan, the snail is found in a
wide variety of habitat , including rivers, ponds, swamps, reservoirs, creeks, drainage canals and

paddy fields (Hirai 1987).

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

Materials/ Equipment

Materials for the Mortality Testing:

100g chili extract

100g Makabuhay

15 Golden Kuhol

Apparatus:

Triple Beam Balance

Beaker

Mortar and Pestle

Lab gown

Goggles

Gloves

Vial

Scissors

Clean cloth

Laboratory
Research Design

This study used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the

effect of independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is

manipulated through treatment or interventions. Experimental research designs are familiar to most

people as the classic science experiment, much like those performed in high school science class.

Imagine that golden kuhol that is affected by the chili and makabuhay stem extract as molluscicide in

different concentration, though all subjects affected of the extract. If the golden kuhol that affected

of the highest concentration of extract than those that effected of higher and high concentration of

extract, the researchers can conclude that the chili and makabuhay stem extract is effective as

molluscicde. Further, if we are certain that all subjects in both percentage concentration of extract

were identical at the start of the experiment and that affecting molluscicide was the only way they

differed; the researchers can conclude that molluscicide will cause the death of all golden kuhol.

General Procedure:

Collection and Preparation of Samples and Materials

Extracting of Chili and Makabuhay

Experimentation on the Golden Kuhol

Results and Observations

Data Analysis

This study used the following statistical tools to analyze the gathered data:

1. t-test- use to differentiate if there is a significant difference the two means from two variables.

Data Gathering Procedure

Collection and preparation of Samples and Materials

Step 1. The researchers collects chili and makabuhay planst that will be used.

Step 2. The different equipment’s will be prepared in the clean table.

Step 3. The chili and makabuhay plant both weighs 100 grams.

Step 4. The chili and makabuhay plants will be extracted with the use of mortar and pestle.

Step 5. The chili and makabuhay extract will be divided into different composition.

Step 6. The chili and makabuhay extract will be orally applied to golden kuhol.

Step 7. Gathering the results of the experiment will be made.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results and provides comprehensive discussion on the effect of

chili and makabuhay stem extract from varied composition of plant extract.

Time Recorded as to the Death of golden Kuhol after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as

molluscicide

Shown in Table 1 is the time recorded death of golden apple snail after chili and makabuhay extract

used as mollscicide.

Table 1. Time Recorded Death of Golden Apple Snail after Chili & Makabuhay Extract Used as
molluscicide

Different Concentrations of Chili & Makabuhay Extract

(in minutes)
50% 75% 100%
Kuhol
240 180 60
1
250 178 70
2
318 216 52
3
226 22 75
4
375 200 59
5
281.8 159.2 63.2
Average

Results reveal on a variation of percentage mortality of golden apple snail treated with the

different concentration of the plant extract throughout the entire exposure period. It is noted that

the golden apple snail exposed to different concentration showed highest percentage of golden

apple snail’s mortality, in mins

Table 2. Significant Difference among the Different Concentration Percentage of Chili & Makabuhay

Extract as Molluscicide

Group 1 Group 2 t Df p Decision on H0 Remarks

75% 2.73 8 0.023 Reject Significant

50%
100% 7.68 8 0.000 Reject Significant

75% 100% 2.72 8 0.026 Reject Significant

** Significant at p<0.05

Based on the result in Table 2, reveals the computed the p-value of different percentage

composition of chili and makabuhay extract. The data in said table tell that the computed the p-

value of 0.023 at 0.05 level of significance. Result shows a significant difference: therefore the null

hypothesis, “There is no effect of using Chili and Makabuhay stem extract to kill certain mollusks” is

rejected. Statistically, this means that chili and makabuhay which are in different percentage

composition is preferably used as pesticidal and molluscicidal.

 Chapter V

Summary, Conclusion, Recommendation

Summary

This research study aimed to determine the effectiveness of chili and makabuhay stem

extract as molluscicide.

Plants were extracted and varied percentage compositions of the extract were prepared.

Golden apple snails are separated in three (3) different cages for mortality test. The first cage was

labeled A is consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 50%, second was

labeled B consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 75%, while the third one

was labeled C consist of 5 snail which will be tested using the concentration of 100% extract. The

golden apple snail’s mortality was noted after a min.

It used experimental research design because it concerned with examining of the effect of

independent variable on the dependent variable, where the independent variable is manipulated

through treatment or interventions. T-test, are used to analyze the data.

The findings revealed that 100% concentration of the chili and makabuhay extract is the

most effective molluscicide which kills the golden kuhol within 63.2 minutes.

The data gathered also revealed that there is a significant difference on the efficacy of chili

and makabuhay extract considering the following concentration: (1) 100%, (2) 75%, (3) 50%.

Conclusions

Based on the results and discussions, the following conclusions are made:

1. The three (3) different percentage compositions could either be used as potential

molluscicide but 100% extract is the most effective.

2. Pure chili and makabuhay extract is preferable to be used in killing golden kuhol.
Recommendations

Based on the results and calculations, the following recommendations are offered:

1. The Present and Prospective Farmers should use chili and makabuhay extract as an

alternative medicine for pest control.

2. The Personnel in Bacuag Agricultural Office should recommend the use of the newly

discovered molluscicide which cheap yet effective.

3. For the future researchers that they should consider other plants to be used in making

extracts that would kill mollusks.

 Appendix A

A.) Preparation for Samples and Materials

B.) Extracting Chili and Makabuhay

C.) Different Concentration of Chili and Makabuhay Extract

D.) Mortality testing on Golden Apple Snail

 References

Electronic sources of chili and makabuhay

(Andrews 1984) Retrieve from: http://www.chilly.in/chili_facts.htm

Retrieve from: http://www.chilly.in/chili_benefits.htm

Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html

Retrieve from: philippineherbalmedicine.org,trc.gov.ph,stuartxchange.org

Retrievefrom:http://rullanamador.blogspot.com/2010/01/makabuhay-tinospora-rumphii-boerl.html

Retrieve from: http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110712080302)