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The Secure Socket Layer protocol was created by Netscape to ensure secure
transactions between web servers and browsers. The protocol uses a third party, a
Certificate Authority (CA), to identify one end or both end of the transactions. This is in
short how it works.
One of the problem left is to know the public key of your correspondent. Usually you
will ask him to send you a non confidential signed message that will contains his
publick key as well as a certificate.
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number: 1 (0x1)
Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=FJ, ST=Fiji, L=Suva, O=SOPAC, OU=ICT, CN=SOPAC Root
CA/Email=administrator@sopac.org
Validity
Not Before: Nov 20 05:47:44 2001 GMT
Not After : Nov 20 05:47:44 2002 GMT
Subject: C=FJ, ST=Fiji, L=Suva, O=SOPAC, OU=ICT,
CN=www.sopac.org/Email=administrator@sopac.org
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus (1024 bit):
00:ba:54:2c:ab:88:74:aa:6b:35:a5:a9:c1:d0:5a:
9b:fb:6b:b5:71:bc:ef:d3:ab:15:cc:5b:75:73:36:
b8:01:d1:59:3f:c1:88:c0:33:91:04:f1:bf:1a:b4:
7a:c8:39:c2:89:1f:87:0f:91:19:81:09:46:0c:86:
08:d8:75:c4:6f:5a:98:4a:f9:f8:f7:38:24:fc:bd:
94:24:37:ab:f1:1c:d8:91:ee:fb:1b:9f:88:ba:25:
da:f6:21:7f:04:32:35:17:3d:36:1c:fb:b7:32:9e:
42:af:77:b6:25:1c:59:69:af:be:00:a1:f8:b0:1a:
6c:14:e2:ae:62:e7:6b:30:e9
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
X509v3 extensions:
X509v3 Basic Constraints:
CA:FALSE
Netscape Comment:
OpenSSL Generated Certificate
X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
FE:04:46:ED:A0:15:BE:C1:4B:59:03:F8:2D:0D:ED:2A:E0:ED:
F9:2F
X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
keyid:E6:12:7C:3D:A1:02:E5:BA:1F:DA:9E:37:BE:E3:45:3E:
9B:AE:E5:A6
DirName:/C=FJ/ST=Fiji/L=Suva/O=SOPAC/OU=ICT/CN=SOPAC
Root CA/Email=administrator@sopac.org
serial:00
Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
34:8d:fb:65:0b:85:5b:e2:44:09:f0:55:31:3b:29:2b:f4:fd:
aa:5f:db:b8:11:1a:c6:ab:33:67:59:c1:04:de:34:df:08:57:
2e:c6:60:dc:f7:d4:e2:f1:73:97:57:23:50:02:63:fc:78:96:
34:b3:ca:c4:1b:c5:4c:c8:16:69:bb:9c:4a:7e:00:19:48:62:
e2:51:ab:3a:fa:fd:88:cd:e0:9d:ef:67:50:da:fe:4b:13:c5:
0c:8c:fc:ad:6e:b5:ee:40:e3:fd:34:10:9f:ad:34:bd:db:06:
ed:09:3d:f2:a6:81:22:63:16:dc:ae:33:0c:70:fd:0a:6c:af:
bc:5a
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
As You may have noticed, the certificate contains the reference to the issuer, the public
key of the owner of this certificate, the dates of validity of this certificate and the
signature of the certificate to ensure this certificate hasen't been tampered with. The
certificate does not contain the private key as it should never be transmitted in any form
whatsoever. This certificate has all the elements to send an encrypted message to the
owner (using the public key) or to verify a message signed by the author of this
certificate.
1.2.6. Signing:
Signing a message, means authentifying that you have yourself assured the authenticity
of the message (most of the time it means you are the author, but not neccesarily). The
message can be a text message, or someone else's certificate. To sign a message, you
create its hash, and then encrypt the hash with your private key, you then add the
encrypted hash and your signed certificate with the message. The recipient will recreate
the message hash, decrypts the encrypted hash using your well known public key stored
in your signed certificate, check that both hash are equals and finally check the
certificate.
The other advantage of signing your messages is that you transmit your public key and
certificate automatically to all your recipients.
There are usually 2 ways to sign, encapsulating the text message inside the signature
(with delimiters), or encoding the message altogether with the signature. This later form
is a very simple encryption form as any software can decrypt it if it can read the
embedded public key. The advantage of the first form is that the message is human
readable allowing any non complaint client to pass the message as is for the user to
read, while the second form does not even allow to read part of the message if it has
been tampered with.
1.2.7. PassPhrase:
“A passprase is like a password except it is longer”. In the early days passwords on
Unix system were limited to 8 characters, so the term passphrase for longer passwords.
Longer is the password harder it is to guess. Nowadays Unix systems use MD5 hashes
which have no limitation in length of the password.