RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Anatomy and Physiology of Human practicum with

title “Measuring Volume and Capacity of Lung” that arranged by:
Name : Haslinar
ID : 141 4441 009
Class : Biology ICP A
Group : IV
After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was accepted.

Makassar, May 2017

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Andi Citra Pratiwi, S.Pd, M.Ed Muhammad Nur ARsyad, S.Pd

Known,
Lecturer of Responsibility

Dr. Drs. A. Musyawwir Taiyeb, M.Kes

ID : 19640416 198803 1 002
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
Respiration is a process of exchange of oxygen gas (O2) from the air
by living organisms used for a series of metabolism that will produce carbon
dioxide (CO2) that must be removed because it is not needed by the body.
Every living thing does breathing to obtain O2 oxygen used for burning
nutrients in the body's cells.
In many circumstances, oxygen can be adjusted according to need,
depending on the activity performed. Everyone is very dependent on oxygen
for survival, if the lungs do not get oxygen for more than four minutes it will
cause damage to the brain that can not be repaired and can cause a person to
die. If oxygen in the blood is not enough then the red color of the blood will
disappear and become bluish, lips, ears, arms, and legs of someone lacking
oxygen will be blue as well. Therefore, measuring lung volume is very
important to know whether there is a disturbance in the respiratory system.
Measurable pulmonary volume comprises a tidal volume of 500 ml in adult
males, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual
volume. Everyone has different lung volumes. It is caused by several factors,
including age, sex, weight, and height and activity of a person.
Lung volumes can also be combined to describe events in the lung
cycle. One is the vital capacity of the lungs. Vital capacity is equal to the
volume of inspiration reserves plus tidal volume and expiratory reserve
volume. Or in other words, vital capacity is the incoming and outgoing air
when the body is inspiring and expiratory as strong as possible and the
amount of about 3.5 liters. The vital capacity of the lung can be measured
using a device called a spirometer. Based on this, we need to conduct an
experiment to understand the process of respiration.
B. Purpose
To find out respiration volume on man and women of their capacity
C. Benefit
To determine the volume of respiratory probandus men and women based on
the activities undertaken
 CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The respiratory system consists of the nose, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice
box), trachea (windpipe), bronchi, and lungs. Its parts can be classified according
to either structure or function. Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two
parts: (1) The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, and associated
structures. (2) The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi,
and lungs. Functionally, the respiratory system also consists of two parts: (1) The
conducting zone consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both
outside and within the lungs. These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea,
bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm,
and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs. (2) The respiratory zone consists of
tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs . These include the respiratory
bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli; they are the main sites of
gas exchange between air and blood (Tortora, 2009).
The respiratory system provides an airway for movement of air into and
out of the body. It is also the site where atmospheric oxygen diffuses into the
bloodstream to be delivered to all body cells, and carbon dioxide produced by
these cells diffuses out of the bloodstream to be exhaled into the atmosphere. This
gas exchange takes a coordinated effort of the respiratory and cardiovascular
systems. The main organs of the respiratory system are the nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Clinically, the nose and pharynx are organs of the
upper airways, and the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs comprise the lower
airways. Functionally the respiratory system is divided into the conducting zone
(nose to the terminal bronchioles) and the respiratory zone (respiratory
bronchioles to the alveoli)(Allen,2009).
According Marieb (2012) The major function of the respiratory system is
to fulfill these needs—that is, to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of
carbon dioxide (CO2). To accomplish this, the following processes, collectively
called respiration, must occur:
1. Pulmonary ventilation. Air must be moved into and out of the lungs so that
the gases in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs are continuously replaced.
This movement is commonly called ventilation, or breathing.
2. External respiration. Gas exchange must occur between the blood and air
at the lung alveoli. Oxygen in the air sacs diffuses into the blood; CO2 in
blood diffuses into the air sacs.
3. Transport of respiratory gases. Oxygen and carbon dioxide must be
transported between the lungs and the cells of the body. This is
accomplished by the cardiovascular system, with blood serving as the
transporting fluid.
4. Internal respiration. At the systemic capillaries, gases must be exchanged
between the blood and the tissue cells.
Inspired and expired lung volumes measured by spirometry are useful for
detecting, characterising and quantifying the severity of lung disease.
Measurements of absolute lung volumes, residual volume (RV), functional
residual capacity (FRC) and total lung capacity (TLC) are technically more
challenging, which limits their use in clinical practice. The role of lung volume
measurements in the assessment of disease severity, functional disability, course
of disease and response to treatment remains to be determined in infants, as well
as in children and adults. Nevertheless, in particular circumstances, measurements
of lung volume are strictly necessary for a correct physiological
diagnosis(Wanger,2005).
Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor for overall survival rates in
both genders. Schunemann et al. state the relation of pulmonary function with
mortality in general population having results from prospective study with 29-year
follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study cohort of people aged 20 to 89 years.
However, Sanatana et al. studied 97 men aged 67–78 years and study data showed
a significant association between body composition, fat distribution, and lung
function in elderly men( Mihailova,2016)
 According Ashkar (2003) The components of the respiratory cycle are
labeled as lung volumes and lung capacities (a capacity is the sum of one or more
volumes; We are mainly concerned with three of these measures:
a. The forced vital capacity (FVC). Aspirometric maneuver begins with the
patient inhaling as deeply as he or she can. Then the patient exhales as long
and as forcefully as possible; the amount exhaled in this manner is the FVC.
b. The forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) is the amount of air
exhaled during the first second of the FVC maneuver. It tends to be lower in
diseases that obstruct the airway, such as asthma or emphysema.
c. The FEV1/FVC ratio is used to determine if the pattern is obstructive,
restrictive, or normal.
Respiratory-induced fluctuations in heart rate—respiratory sinus
arrhythmia—and similar fluctuations in arterial blood pressure have been
intensively investigated.Heart rate increases and systolic blood pressure decreases
during inspiration but there is strong variability in the relationship between heart
rate or systolic blood pressure and the respiratory changes in chest circumference.
The origin of these respiratory-induced fluctuations is not decisively known. They
have been attributed to fluctuations in central autonomic activity caused by
spontaneous oscillations in respiratory center activity or by respiratory-induced
mechanical effects on the aortic baroreceptors and the pulmonary stretch
receptors. The direct mechanical effect of respiratory-induced thoracic pressure
changes on arterial blood pressure and on central veins may also be
significant(Nitzan,2011).
Respiration refers to the exchange of gases between a living organism and
its environment, while breathing is the process that moves air into and out of the
lungs. Breathing (or pulmonary ventilation) has two phases – inspiration (or
inhalation) and expiration (or exhalation). It is a mechanical process that depends
on volume changes in the chest cavity. The volume changes result in pressure
changes, which lead to the flow of gases to equalise the
pressure(Richardson,2006).
 CHAPTER III
METHODS PRACTICUM

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Tuesday / May 10th 2017
Time : 10.50 – 13.00 CIT
Place : Laboratorium Biology FMIPA UNM

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools
a. spyrometer
2. Material
a. Probandus
b. Water
c. Cotton
d. Alcohol
C. Work Procedure
1. Filled with water the spyrometer until specified limits
2. Cleaned the brass nozzle by alcohol
3. Controlled whole of spyrometer, especially air shelter
4. Measured tidal volume by usually breathing
5. Measured inspiration reserve volume, done a powerful inspiration and
normal expiration, which is measured reserves of inspiration and tidal
volume.
6. Measured inspiratory reserve volume, done the normal inspiration and
strong expiration
7. Measured inspiratory capacity , done strongest inspiration and normal
expiration
8. Measured vital capacity , done strongest inspiration and expiration
 CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result
Table 4.1 Observation Result Of Probandus
No Probandus F/ Age Body Volume
M position TV IRV ERV IC VC
1 Kurnia F 21 Stand 1,7 1,7 1,0 1,0 1,4
2 Dwi puji F 22 Stand 0,8 0,8 1,6 1,0 1,7

3 Yoel Sura M 20 Stand 0,6 0,6 2,0 2,4 2,6

4 Isnayah F 20 Stand 2,5 2,5 1,3 2,6 2,6

5 Wahyuni F 22 Stand 0,6 0,6 1,0 1,8 2,2

B. Discussion
These observation are used to measure the respiration capacity of a
person by giving five different treatments every experiment conducted by
individuals with different position or activity, ie there are standing, five
treatment that is normally breathing air and exhale normally, with normal
inspiration and strongest expiration, powerful inspiration and normal
expiration and Normal Inspiration and expiration. The result showed that the
volume of breathing exhibited by different probandus. In general, men have a
greater respiratory volume than women. From the result we can know that are
between man and women different with theory .
The treatment obtained different results in each person because of the
activities undertaken by each individual is also different. Activity that
requires the most energy to run because of the consumption of oxygen
required for expiration and inspiration is also much needed to perform
respiration in cells that lose energy. In addition to its activity, genders also
have different effect on observation. Probandus men use more oxygen than in
women. Its can proved that the capacity of respiration in each person is
different. Many factors can effect the respiratory air volume differences in
each person, both in terms of age, physical condition, body size, activity and
genders.
The volume of air in and out of the lungs during breathing movements
can be measured using spirometry. Which can be measured directly is the
tidal volume, inspiration reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, capacity
and vital capacity inspiration. By knowing where the vital capacity of greater
men than women. The amount of vital capacity depends on the shape of the
body, and the life of a great appraiser can be vital capacity, where greater
men than in women,
 CHAPTER V
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
After doing practical work can be concluded that respiration rate of each
individual is different, depending on age, genders, height, weight, and body
activities.
B. Suggestion
For the practitioner in order to be more careful in the future in the lab and
still be careful in using the tool so that the tool can still be used. keeping clean
in order to remain comfortable during practice runs, because the cleanliness
part of faith.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allen.2009.. Laboratory Manual for Anatomy and Physiology, 6th Edition. USA:
Wiley

Ashkar. 2003. “Interpreting Pulmonary Function Tests: Recognize the Pattern,

and the Diagnosis Will Follow”. Cleveland Clinic Journal OF Medicine
Volume 70 (10):866-881 (2003)

Marieb et al. 2012. Human Anatomy Sixth Edition. USA :Pearson Benyamin

Mihailova.2016. “Lung volumes related to physical activity, physical fitness,

aerobic capacity and body mass index in students” Int. Conf. SOCIETY.
HEALTH. WELFARE. 2014. SHS Web of Conferences 30, 00017 (2016)

Nitzan, Meir .2011. “Pattern of Respiratory-Induced Changes in Fingertip Blood

Volume Measured by Light Transmission”. Biomedical Science and
Engineering, 4: 529-534(2011)

Richardson.2006. “The Respiratory System Part 4: Breathing”. Nursing Times

102 (24):26-27(2006)

Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B. (2009). Principle of Anatomy and Physiology.

America : Phoenix color corporation

Wanger.2005. “Standardisation of the Measurement of Lung Volumes”European

Respiratory Journal 26 ( 3): 511–522 (2005)