2016 Bienniallnternational Conference on Power and Energy Systems:Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE)
Harmonie Suppression in a Non-Linear Load
using Three Phase Shunt Aetive Power Filter
Priyashree SI, Pooja A B 2 , Mahesh E & Vidya H A
Department ofEEE, BNM Institute ofTechnology, Banashankari 11 stage, Bengaluru, India.
l priyashree_suresh@yahoo.com, 2 abpooja05@gmail.com
Abstract- Reliability and quality are two most important
facets of power delivery system. Wide use of nonlinear and
electronieally switched deviees in distribution systems hinders the
quality of supply. The problems of power quality include voltage
fluctuations, flicker, harmonies, and asymmetries of voltages.
Specific analysis of power quality issues and their solutions have
generated tremendous amount of interest amongst power system
engineers. So me of the tuned passive filters were developed to
bypass specific harmonie frequencies. Since the passive filters
were found to operate only over a fixed range, the attention is to
be given towards compensating devices Iike active filtering that
can effectively eliminate the harmonie currents. In this paper,
analysis is carried out on an industry based induction furnace
using power quality analyzer. The total harmonie distortion was
found to be beyond the permissible limits as per IEEE 519
standard. MATLAB/SIMULINK model of the induction furnace
is developed to analyze the reduction of harmonies using active
filters. Effective reduction in source current harmonics is
observed and compared based on Fourier analysis for both
Hysteresis current control (HeM) and Sliding mode current
(SMC) control methods.
Index Terms- Active Power Filters, Harmonics, Hysteresis
Control, lnduction Furnace, Power Quality, Sliding Mode control.
I. INTRODUCTION
Power quality has serious economic implications for
consumers, utilities and electrical equipment manufacturers.
Most of the loads connected in power distribution systems are
non-linear loads, where impedance changes with the applied
voltage. These non-linear loads contribute to the problems of
power quality such as voltage fluctuations, flicker, harmonics,
notching, DC offset and other voltage deformities. Moreover,
some of the modern high-tech industrial equipments are also
more sensitive to these power quality problems. Therefore,
there is a stringent need ofbetter quality power supply because
if acceptable power quality levels are not achieved, it may
result in costly downtimes.
In recent epoch, engineering advances in the medium
frequency induction melting rates have grown at a faster rate in
modern foundries. Efficient melting using the modern
induction furnace can improve operating flexibility and
production yield, higher efficiency, amended reliability, lower
capital investment as weIl as reduce the cost of environmental
protection. Induction furnace is one of the common loads in
many industries like the steel industry. The problem with the
induction furnace is that it deteriorates the power quality by
introducing harmonic distortion into the power system network
978-1-4673-6658-8116/$3l.00 ©20 16 IEEE
[I]. An induction furnace located at M/s General Foundries
Pvt. Ltd. is analyzed using power quality analyzer (PQA). It is
observed that the harmonics produced by the furnace exceeds
the permissible limits as per IEEE 519.
Different mitigation methods are available for resolving
harmonic in induction furnaces that include de-rating of power
system devices, passive filters, active filters, hybrid filters,
custom power devices etc. Though the passive filters are
simple, low cost, they are subjected to changes of line
impedance and load variations [2]. While the active power
filters (APF) possess the advantage of compensating for both
voltages and currents. Further, APFs are c1assified as series,
shunt, combined series - shunt and hybrid topologies. Shunt
APFs are most commonly used as they not only eliminate
current harmonics but also provide reactive power
compensation with balanced current in the system. In this
work, the suppression of harmonics is carried out using three
phase shunt active power filters (SAPF). The performance of
harmonic reduction is investigated by implementing different
PWM control strategies like Hysteresis current control (HCC)
and sliding mode control (SMC) [3]. Comparison ofthe above
control strategies is also carried out with the conventional
Sinusoidal PWM technique (SPWM).
11. INDUSTRY BASED CONVENTIONAL CONVERTER füR
INDUCTION FURNACE
The block diagram of an induction furnace at the installation
located in M/s General Foundries Pvt. Ud. is as shown in
Fig. l. Induction furnace can be analyzed as an inductive load
where the three phase ac input supply is fed through an AC to
OC converter. The ac voltage is converted into dc voltage; the
output so obtained is fed to the DC to AC voltage source
inverter (VSI) which leads to production of high frequency ac
voltage and current. These high frequency ac components are
fed to the induction furnace coil, which works on the principle
of electromagnetic induction.
power
rectifier
high
frequency wor1c:ing load
inverter coil
AC from the power souree high frequency AC high frequency
magnetic field
Fig. 1. Block Diagram of induction furnace.
 Fig. 2. Simulink model of induction furnace with filter.

In order to approach with better overview and operational

ica"
behaviors of induction furnace, a Simulink model is developed i~
ia
abc o~ aßO
in MATLAB/SIMULINK [4]. Fig. 2 represents the Simulink lb
10 10 10
dQ
model ofinduction furnace. An approximate model is designed iL- aß O abc

based on the schematic diagram of the induction furnace at the 10

installation, which depends on the power range and
trans former ratings ofthe furnace.
III. APF CONTROL STRATEGY
The control scheme is implemented for induction furnace
using SRF (synchronous reference frame) theory [5]. The
synchronous reference frame theory is used to extract the
fundamental positive sequence component of the load current
by transformation of i L., i Lb , i Lc into d-q reference frame.
Reference Frame transformation is the transformation of
coordinates from a three-phase a - b - c stationary
co ordinate system to the 0 - d - q rotating co ordinate system.
This transformation is important because it is in 0 - d - q
reference frame where the signal can effectively be controlled
to get the desired reference signal.
To implement the SRF method, a kind of synchronizing
system called as phase-Iocked loop (PLL) is used. The
10
Fig. 3. Block Diagram far SRF Algarithm.
In this method, the source currents (ia, ib, ie) are first
detected and transformed into two-phase stationary frame (a-ß-
0) given in Eq.(1). Now, the two phase current quantities ia and
iß of stationary a-ß-axes are transformed into two-phase
synchronous reference frame d-q-axes using Eq.(2), where
cose and sine represents the synchronous unit vectors which
are generated using phase-Iocked loop system (PLL).
( ~dJ = (CO~B
1q
SinBJ(~aJ
-SmB CosB 1ß
(2)

harmonics appear like ripple and harmonie isolation of the d-q

transformed signal is achieved by removing the dc offset. This
is accomplished using high pass filters (HPF). In spite of a
high pass filter, a low pass filter is used to obtain the reference
source current in d-q coordinates.
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram which explains three-phase
SRF-theory, used for harmonie component extraction.
1 1
2 2
This harmonie component can be easily extracted from id
and iq using a high pass filter as implemented in Fig. 3. The d-
axis current is a combination of active fundamental current
(idde) and the load harmonie current (ih). Thus, AC component
idh can be obtained by subtracting idde part from the total d-axis
current (id), which leaves behind the harmonie component
present in the load current. Inverse transformation is performed
to trans form the currents from two - phase synchronous frame
d-q into two-phase stationary frame a-ß as per Eq.(3).

li"j-Fz 0
f3 f3 (1)
( ~aJ = (C~SB - SinBJ(i~h I
5mB CosB (3)
l::J
lp -
3 2 2 1ß 1q )
io 1 1 1
Thus, the current from two phase stationary frame a-ß-O is
J2 J2 J2 transformed back into three-phase stationary frame a-b-c as per
Eq.( 4) and the compensation reference currents ica *, icb * and
icc * are obtained.
[::::ccjI~
(T"k {:: J (4)
1 10
Where,
I
0 suppressing the current harmonics present in the line.
J2
J2 I .J3 I (5)
(Tahe) = 3 --
2 2 J2
.J3 I
2 2 J2
The ca1culated currents from Eq.(4) are the fundamental
positive sequence reference supply currents, which meets the
fundamental positive sequence load to maintain constant dc
bus voltage. This ensures compensation of harmonics, reactive
power and unbalancing. Hence different components in the
load currents are extracted successfully using SRF theory. The
source current is controlled to follow these reference
fundamental positive sequence currents by switching the VSI
through different control strategies like hysteresis current
controller and sliding mode controller.
A. HCC Methodfor APF
The hysteresis current control (HCC) technique is used for
pulse generation in current controlled VSIs. The control
method offers good stability, gives a very fast response,
provides good accuracy and has got a simple operation [6].
The HCC technique employed in an active power filter for the
control of line current is shown in Fig. 4. It consists of a
hysteresis band surrounding the generated error current. The
current error is obtained by subtracting the actual filter current
from the reference current. The reference current used here is
obtained by the SRF method as discussed earlier which is
represented as labe * in Eq.(4). The actual filter current is
represented as Ifabc . The error signal is then fed to the relay
with the desired hysteresis band to obtain the switching pulses
for the inverter.
la be '
SWITCH IN G
P ULSES
Fig. 4. Hysteresis band current controller.
The operation of APF depends on the sequence of pulse
generated by the controller. A band is set above and below the
generated error signal. Whenever this signal crosses the upper
band, the output voltage changes so as to decrease the input
current and whenever the signal crosses the lower band, the
output voltage changes to increase the input current.
Accordingly switching signals are generated, such that they lie
within the hysteresis band ±h of the reference signal as given
in Eq. (6).
If (X-Xref) > h then u = - k
Eiseif (X-Xref) :S h then u = +k (6)
The switching signals thus generated are fed to the power
circuit which comprises of a three phase three leg VSI with a
OC link capacitor across it. Based on these switching signals
the inverter generates compensating current in phase
opposition to the line current. The compensating current is
injected back into the power line at the PCC and thus
B. SMC Methodfor APF
In control theory, sliding mode control or SMC, is
a nonlinear control method that changes the dynamics of
a non-linear system by application of a discontinuous control
signal that forces the system to "slide" along a cross-section of
the system's normal behavior. Such a switching design is most
suitable for higher order systems [7]. In this approach the
sliding mode is defined as given in Eq. (7) and the system
slides along this line to a stable equilibrium point. Here x is
defined as the difference between the output voltage of the
inverter and the reference voltage to obtain appropriate
switching [8], [9].
x=-ax+u (7)
The sliding surface varying with respect to time can be
expressed as in Eq. (8). For S=O, it indicates a linear
differential equation that provides a unique solution for x = O.
Thus the regulating problem is reduced such that S is kept at
zero for t > o. The system motion on the sliding surface can be
given as an average of the system dynamics on both sides of
the surface. A simple form of control action using sliding
mode theory is a relay function which is given in Eq. (9).
s = X+ ßx (8)
u = -k . sgn( X + ß x) (9)
The sliding condition of the inverter, ß can be selected as
given in Eq. (10).
1
X = --x (10)
ß
The main focus ofthe above concept is in converging to the
sliding line, which requires exponential convergence with time
constant ß. If a sliding surface (Je is used to synthesis a
command current 1*, where 1* is as given in Eq.(11)
]* = k· sgn(oJ (11)
The reference current 1* used here is obtained by the SRF
method as discussed earlier which is represented as Iabc * in
Eq.(4). The sliding mode control technique employed is
schematically shown in block diagram of Fig. 5. The
discontinuous high frequency switching control that produces
'chattering phenomenon' during switching operations is
overcome in SMC controller with smooth approximations
using sigmoid function as shown in Fig. 6.
 ...
Fig. 5. Sliding Mode Current Controller.
u obtained for the source current is found to be [5.23%. The
-u s ign(a)
- U sat{O" ; ~)
- u .............
Fig. 6. Smooth Approximations of SMC Switching.
The generated output signal of the SMC controller is the
desired amplitude of the supply current. By multiplying the
DC signal with the sinusoidal waveform produced from the
sinusoidal waveform generator, the reference current signal is
obtained. The amplitude of this reference current is equal to
harmonics in induction furnace and results obtained are well
within the limits as per IEEE 519-1992.
A. Without APF
Experimental analysis is carried out in the industry using
PQA without any shunt or series controllers. The THD data
induction furnace model as shown in Fig. 2 that matches with
the industrial standards is executed using
MA TLAB/SIMULINK platform where the THD of the source
current as obtained from the Fourier analysis is approximately
16.38% which is in good agreement with practical data
obtained.
The distorted source current waveform obtained from
simulation is as shown in Fig. 7. According to [EEE 519-1992
the harmonic current limits should be typically less than 5%
based on the maximum demand load current of the system.
The source current THD is effectively reduced with suitable
design of HCC controller and SMC controller are as discussed
below.

!-
the amplitude of the fundamental component of the load
current plus or minus the error signal obtained from the Ss l sc t sd s i gna l : 35 cycls s . FF T 'Wi n do'W' ( i n r ed): 5 cyc l ss

voltage control loop. [f the detected amplitude of the DC

capacitor is less than the reference DC voltage, this implies
that the supplied real power from the mains has to be increased
o
in order to compensate the demand from the load, and vice
0.1 0 _2 0 _3 0 .4 0 .5 0 _6 0 _7
T i trl El ( s )

versa [10]. Fund a mental (50H z ) = 5_ 7 3 6 . THD= 1 6_380/0

[v. SIMULATION OF APF WITH CONTROLLERS

This work focuses on modelling of shunt APFs for reduction ~ 12

of harmonics for a non-linear load like induction furnace. The

J 10

~ 8
simulation model of induction furnace is as shown in Fig. 2.
The three phase six step pulse width modulated (PWM)
inverter is very simple but associated with switching losses. [t
is possible to control the output voltage as weil as optimize the
2 .1. "I. J •
harmonics by performing multiple switching within inverter Fig. 7. Source Current waveforrn and THD without APF.
for a constant DC voltage Vde' This paper presents PWM
techniques such as HCC PWM and SMC PWM control
techniques applied to investigate the percentage reduction of
~
~
. - - - - -+l D

Fig. 8. Induction furnace with Shunt APF.

 ;-
B. With Conventional SPWM Technique S ig n "'l

Se lec ted s ignal : 35 c y cles . FFT w indow (in red): 5 cyc l es

Induction furnace with shunt APF is as shown in Fig. 8. The

Conventional SPWM technique is applied for PWM control in
the block diagram of Fig. 3 is realized in
MA TLAB/SIMULINK for the shunt APF as shown in the Fig.
0 .1 0.2 0 .3 0.4 0 .5 0 .6 0.7
8. The source current waveform and its THD are as shown in Tim e (s)

Fig. 9, where the waveform is found to be more sinusoidal than FFT .. n ..lysios

Fu ndame ntal (5 0H z) = 9 . 452 . THD= 4 .4 5%

the source current waveform shown in Fig. 7. [t is observed 45
that the THD reduced from 16.38% to 8%, with a net reduction
of 51.1 %. 35

~ 3

~
"' 2 .5

~ 2

::W 1.5

0.5 JII, I J B 10
J 12
.... 14 16 18 20
Harmoni e order

r
.f
I
Fig. 11. Source Current waveform and THD with HCC based Shunt APF.

D. WithSMCAPF
Induction furnace with shunt APF is as shown in Fig. 8.
SMC technique as discussed in Fig. 5 is implemented in
' I 1~

--
111 .......... .
20 M

Fig. 9. Source Current waveform and THD with Conventional SPWM based
Shunt APF.
C. With HCC APF
[nduction fumace with shunt APF is as shown in Fig. 8. The
HCC technique as discussed in the block diagram of Fig. 3 is
realized in MA TLAB/S[MULINK for the shunt APF as shown
in the Fig. [0. The source current waveform and its THD are
as shown in Fig. 11, where the waveform is found to be more
sinusoidal than the source current waveform shown in Fig. 7. It
is observed that the THD reduced from 16.38% to 4.45%, with
a net reduction of72.8%.
D
D
MATLAB/S[MULINK for the shunt APF is as shown in the
Fig. [2. The source current waveform and its THD are as
shown in Fig. 13, where the waveform is found to be more
sinusoidal than the source current waveform shown in Fig. 7. It
is observed that the THD of source current is reduced from
[6.38% to 2.62%, with a net reduction of 84%.
Table I shows the comparitive analysis of percentage
reduction of THD for both the HCC and SMC controllers.
SMC controller provides a faster dynamic speed response than
HCC controller, where the error between compensating and
reference current approaches zero in each switching interval at
a faster rate.

,.
SMC

,.

'"

Sco~2
Operato6
Fig.12. SMC Controller for Shunt APF.
Fig. 10. HCC Controller for Shunt APF.
 Selectell signal: 50cycles. FFTwindow(in red): 3 cycles [2] Priyashree S, Vidya H. A. and Triveni M. T., "Implementation of

2000~
1000
wavelet trans form technique for detection and reduction of harmonics in
an induction fiunace", ICITCE, lRAJ Research Forum, Bengaluru, July
.,00:
05,2014.
.2 { ) O O . [3] Siddharth Singh K. Chauhan, Mihir C. Shah, Ram Ratan Tiwari and P .
0~~0~
. ' --~0~2--~0~)--~0~
.4 ---0~
.5 ---0~.6--~
O.l--~
0.8--~0.9~~' N. Tekwani, "Analysis, design and digital implementation of a shunt
Tlme (s)
active power filter with different schemes of reference current
- FFTanalysis
generation", lET Power Electron., vol. 7, Issue 3, March 2014.
Fundamental (50Hz) = 1512 , T'rlD= 2.62% [4] Swapnil Arya and Bhavesh Bhalja, "Simulation of steel melting furnace
2.5 in MATLAB and its effect on power quality problems", National Conf.
on Recent Trends in Eng. & Technology, B. V. M. Engineering College,
V. V. Nagar, Gujarat, May 13-14,2011.
[5] Ashish Srivastava, Ravi Dixit and Ashish Kumar Pandey, "Method of
improving voltage quality using modern power electronics", HETAE,
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I
C 1
vol. 3, Issue 5, May 2013.
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I • active power filter using hysteresis current control method", Int. 1. of
Freque ncy{HI )
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8% 51.1%
SPWM Technique [10] J. G. Pinto, Pedro Neves, Ricardo Pregitzer, Luis F. C. Monteiro and
WithHCCAPF 4.45% 72.8% Joao 1. Afonso, "Single-phase shunt active filter with digital Control",
ICREPQ'07 - Int. Conf. on Renewable Energies and Power Quality,
With SMC APF 2.62% 84%
Seville, Spain, March 28-30, 2007.

V. CONCLUSION

Harmonie analysis for a conventional converter based

induction furnace is carried out at M/s General Foundries Pvt.
Ud. using HIOKI PW3198 Power Quality Analyzer (PQA).
The THD for an induction furnace is found to be beyond the
IEEE 519-1992 harmonie current limits. Shunt APF is
modeled using MA TLAB/SIMULINK in order to provide
compensation for harmonie currents at the source. Control
techniques like Hysteresis current controller and Sliding mode
current controller with suitable design startegies is applied for
APF. Fourier analysis was conducted to evaluate THD of
source current for three phase shunt APF with both HCC and
SMC controllers. It is observed that SMC method reduces the
THD of the source current better than HCC method as applied
to shunt APF.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are indebted to BNM Institute of Technology

and its R&D center in Electrical & Electronics Department for
providing lab facility in conducting and analyzing experiments
with PQA for proposed harmonie suppression in non-linear
loads using three phase shunt active power filter. The authors
also extend warm regards to M/S General Foundries,
Electronic City, Bangalore, for facilitating data collection and
harmonie analysis of Induction Furnace.

REFERENCES

[1] Angela lagar, Gabriel Nicolae Popa and Corina Maria Dinis,
"Assessment of power quality for line ffequency coreless induction
fiunaces", WSEAS Trans. on Circuits and Syst., vol. 8, Issue 1, pg. 115-
124, January 2009.