Filipino Made Psychological Test

PANUKAT NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO

(PPP) Annadaisy J. Carlota, UP Department of Psychology

 What does the PPP measure? The PPP assesses 19 dimensions grouped as follows, each group
comprising :
o Porma K/ Form K (Personality dimensions relevant to interpersonal relationships) – 90 items
which assess the following: Pagkamaalalahanin/ Thoughtfulness Pagkamadaldal/ Social
Curiosity Pagkamagalang/ Respectfulness Pagkamaramdamin/ Sensitiveness
Pagkamasunurin/ Obedience Pagkamatulungin/ Helpfulness Pagkamaunawain/ Capacity to
be Understanding Pagkapalakaibigan/ Sociability
o Porma S/ Form S (Personal traits) – 80 items which assess: Pagkamaayos/ Orderliness
Pagkamahinahon/ Emotional Stability Pagkamapagkumbaba/ Humility Pagkamasayahin/
Cheerfulness Pagkamatapat/ Honesty Pagkamatiyaga/ Patience Pagkaresponsable/
Responsibility Porma KS/ Form KS (Intelligence and creativity) – 40 items which assess:
Pagkamalikhain/ Creativity Pagkamapagsapalaran/ Risk Taking Pagkamasikap/ Achievement
Orientation Pagkamatalino/ Intelligence

 How was the PPP developed?

o Sixteen (16) of the traits included in the PPP were identified on the basis of the results of a
survey which asked a heterogeneous group of persons: (a) to describe themselves, someone
they liked and someone they disliked; (b) to define traits mentioned; and (c) to provide a
description of a behavior that exemplified a particular trait.
o 425 items in the form of statements were constructed for the 16 traits identified by the
survey and 3 others which were a personal interest to the author were included (for a total
of 19 traits across the three forms) – the items were pretested on a sample comparable to
the survey respondents.
o Pretest scores were analyzed using item-total correlations - for every dimension, the
relevant items were correlated with the subtotal scores yielded by the group of items
constituting the subtest of that dimension.
o The internal consistency reliabilities for varying subgroups of items for each subtest, the
initial item pool was reduced to 220 items; after further examination of subtest reliability
coefficients, the total number of items was reduced to the present 210 (across the 19
subscales).

 What data are available about the PPP’s reliability and validity?
o In its present form, the internal consistency reliabilities of the subtests in each the three
Forms, K, S and KS, range from:
 Form K : .56 to .84 Mean reliability coefficient: .69
 Form S : .70 to .89 Mean reliability coefficient: .81
 Form KS: .51 to .78 Mean reliability coefficient: .72

o Among others, validity studies on the PPP include:

  Correlations of various PPP subtests with parallel subtests of existing personality
measures such as the Panukat ng Ugali’t Pagkatao (PUP), the Gordon Personal
Inventory (GPI) – correlations were in the predicted direction although not all of
them were statistically significant;
 Correlations of PPP scores on risk taking and sociability with scores on the
behavioral criteria of risk taking on a card guessing game and behavioral
manifestations of sociability in a contrived situation, respectively;
 A multitrait-multimethod study which obtained convergent and divergent validity
for the PPP subtests on sensitiveness and patience.

o Current researches on the PPP: Based on analysis of data obtained from college students in
2012

 How is the PPP used?

o Target users of the PPP: Age range of 13 years and older
o Uses of the PPP: For research, for screening for employment, screening for acceptance into
programs, for counseling
o Language of the PPP: The test was originally constructed in Pilipino; an English version is also
available
o Administration of the PPP:
 The test may be administered to groups or to individual; for test takers who are
proficient in reading and writing in Pilipino and/or English, the test may be
selfadministered. Test booklets are reusable; responses are written on answer
sheets.
 All three forms may be administered as a set to produce a 19-trait personality
profile; or each form may be administered individually for a profile on a selected
cluster of traits; or items pertaining to traits of interest may be selected from across
the different forms and combined into a single test form.
 Each of the longer forms (Form K and Form S) usually takes 20 to 30 minutes to
administer; Form KS in 10 to 20 minutes.
If all three forms (total of 210 items) are administered, it usually takes about 50
minutes to 1 hour (maximum of 1 and 30 minutes) to complete the testing. d.
 Scoring of the PPP: The scoring of the PPP is done manually with the use of scoring
stencil
 Each item is scored on a 5 point scale - positively stated items are scored 5
to 1 from the Lubos na sumasang-ayon/ Strongly agree to the Lubos na di
sumasang-ayon/ Strongly disagree; scoring is reversed for negatively stated
items
 The total score for each personality trait is obtained by summating the
scores from the relevant items of for that particular trait.

 Interpreting the PPP:

  The PPP has two types of norms that may used for the interpretation of
scores obtained: percentiles, and normalized standardized scores with a
mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10.
 A graphic personality profile maybe drawn on the profile chart on the first
page of the answer sheet.

 How is the PPP accessed?

 Available for purchase - A PPP set includes the following: reusable test
booklets, answer sheets, scoring stencils and a test manual through the UP
Department of Psychology
 For educational institutions, the PPP may also be accessed through the
services of the Center for Educational Measurement (CEM)

PANUKAT NG UGALI AT PAGKATAO

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez sought to construct a test in Filipino that measured Filipino-oriented traits,
behaviors, and attitudes, primarily to identify inventive talent, the main objective of a National Science
and Development Board (NSDB)-sponsored research project in the early 1970s. The research team
wrote items to measure personality characteristics judged by them to be salient for Filipinos, which
were culled from Filipino dictionaries, proverbs, social science studies, word associations, and interviews
with college students and other informants. The resulting test, the Panukat ng Ugali at Pagkatao (PUP),
was presented to the international scientific community in 1981 (in the International Conference on
Personality Assessment), after which work on the test continued over the years. In its present form, the
160-item PUP is in Filipino with English translations for all of its items, 141 items of which are organized
into 24 trait scales and 2 validity scales. The scales have an average of 6 items. Respondents indicate
their level of agreement with each item using a 5-point bipolar scale (Hinding-hindi or definitely no,
Hindi or no, Walang masabi or nothing to say, Totoo or true, and Totoong totoo or definitely true). In
addition, there are 19 “identifier items” on self-claimed personality traits which were included in the
PUP for personality research purposes.

The PUP’s validity scales indicate a respondent’s tendency to deny basic truths (Pagkakaila) and to reject
cultural values typically held by Filipinos (Kaugalian). When a test taker’s responses on items belonging
to these 2 scales indicate these response tendencies, his or her responses on the rest of the items are no
longer analyzed or interpreted.

English translations of the scale names indicate that the PUP seeks to measure the following traits:
ambition, coyness or unapproachability, thriftiness, perseverance, guts/daring, thoughtfulness,
respectfulness, shyness, creativity, generosity, humility, self-control/restraint, criticalness, sensitiveness,
helpfulness, inquisitiveness, belligerence, low tolerance for teasing, responsibleness, fickle-mindedness,
non-risk-taking, excessive conformity, moodiness, and stubbornness. These scales have been clustered
into 5 personality domains corresponding to the cross-culturally validated Big 5 personality factors of
extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and intellect or openness to
experience.

In addition to the 24 personality scales and 2 validity scales, 19 items were designed to assess culturally-
relevant behaviors and attitudes for use as criterion variables in personality research studies, such as
gambling behavior: “I am prone to gambling,” drinking behavior: “I am prone to drinking alcohol,”
praying behavior: “I do not forget to pray, even when I have no particular wish or problem,” and
accident-proneness: “I don’t know why, but I often get hurt or meet accidents.”

The PUP is scored either manually, using 15 scoring acetates, or using the computerized system
developed for scoring the test. The test takes about 30-45 minutes to finish.

MASAKLAW NG PANUKAT NG LOOB

 Started in 2010, completed in 2013: 5 semesters

 Administered to more than 4,000 participants during scale development
 Total sample mostly of students from UP Diliman, but final sample made up also of students
from 3 other institutions in Metro Manila and Luzon, plus an adult sample: N=576
 188 items: 22 scales with 8 items each, 12-item Social Desirability scale
 The Five-Factor Model : A breakthrough model
 Put an end to 40 years of inquiry into the structure of the trait universe: Neuroticism,
Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness  A powerful
model, comprehensive and consensual, that has organized findings related to work,
health, intimate relationships, creativity, political attitudes, problem behaviors,
psychopathology, etc.
 Scales of the Mapa ng Loob
 Neuroticism – Hina ng Loob, Pagkamaramdamin, Pagkamapag-alala, Pagkasumpungin
 Extraversion – Pagkamasayahin, Pagkapalakaibigan, Pagkamasigla, Pagkamadaldal
 Openness to Experience – Kakaibang pag-iisip, Hilig sa Bagong Kaalaman,
Pagkamakasining, Pagkamaharaya
 Agreeableness – Pagkadimayabang, Pagkamapagtiwala, Pagkamaunawain,
Pagkamapagparaya
 Conscientiousness – Pagkamasikap, Pagkamapagplano, Pagkaresponsable,
Pagkamaingat
 Also: NA Dalas Makaramdam ng Galit; AC Pagkamatapat; Social Desirability
 Significance of the study
 The Mapa: sought to measure its target constructs, but also the five factors
 Method
 Participants: Two hundred forty-five (245) introductory psychology students from UP
Diliman, 71% were female; Mean age: 19.01 (1.66)
 Instruments: the Mapa ng Loob and the PPP
  Procedure: The participants were administered the online version of the Mapa at the
beginning of the semester.

PHILIPPINE INVENTORY AND 5 FACTOR MODEL

The authors addressed the culture specificity of indigenous personality constructs, the generalizability of
the 5-factor model (FFM), and the incremental validity of indigenous measures in a collectivistic culture.
Filipino college students (N 508) completed 3 indigenous inventories and the Filipino version of the
Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO–PI–R). On the basis of the factor and regression analyses, they
concluded that (a) most Philippine dimensions are well encompassed by the FFM and thus may not be
very culture specific; (b) a few indigenous constructs are less well accounted for by the FFM; these
constructs are not unknown in Western cultures, but they may be particularly salient or composed
somewhat differently in the Philippines; (c) the structure of the NEO–PI–R FFM replicates well in the
Philippines; and (d) Philippine inventories add modest incremental validity beyond the FFM in predicting
selected culture-relevant criteria.
Ebreo, Jeanne Elyanna S.
BS Psychology
Filipino Psychology

What does this theory contributes in understanding your future clients

Filipino psychology and it's theories explained thoroughly well what Filipinos are.
They focused on collective description of how and what we think. Compared to other
western countries, they focused on individualism.

In this theory however, contributes and adds to my knowledge and my observation

to my fellow Filipinos. I love to observe people. I just want to be there and just
observe and hear them. This way makes me understand them without even asking.

I just think that these kinds of Filipino psychology approach and theories are
introduced to us psychology majors earlier because I think this is the most helpful
foundation if ever we want to achieve the clinical setting in the future. And if we want
to have more pure culture based approach. After all, we are serving our country in
the near future. For obviously, Filipino psychology as far as I know mostly contains
and emphasizes cultural and or philosophical rather than scientific.

This also led to more thorough understanding of the Filipino's role in mental health
aftercare, their attitudes toward mental health issues, and their interpretation of,
and reaction to, in their everyday lives.

Not only will this contribute to a healthy and open relationship between the therapist
and client, it provides the client and the therapist with a model of good
communication with one another.

Nevertheless, it'll help me understand more of most Filipino's beliefs are and how
will I be able to incorporate those to accurate interventions and diagnosis to my
future clients.