Pretest -- Choose the best answer.

Defining Culture and Society (as Anthropological

and Sociological Concepts)
1. The following are examples of material
except. “ Culture is the process by which a person becomes all
that they were created capable of being” –Thomas
A. Tools B. Weapons C. Dwelling units D. Customs Carlyle

2. These are guides or models of behavior which There are different ways of defining culture and
tell us what is proper and which are society. Each definition is always associated with
appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong. man’s relationship to the environment. Hence, man’s
social interaction serves as an average for creating
A. Folkways B. Norms C. Beliefs D. Laws patterns of behavior that will guide the members of
society to live in an organized and orderly manner.
3. These are customary patterns of everyday life Society in this context, refers to a group of people
that specify what is socially correct and sharing a common culture within a defined territorial
proper in everyday life. boundaries. Likewise, every human society is
organized in such a way that there are rules of
A. Mores B. Norms C. Laws D. Folkways conduct, customs, traditions, folkways and mores, and
expectations that ensure appropriate behavior among
4. They embody the code of ethics and members (Palispis, 2007 p. 254). Thus, every society
standards of morality in society. is unique in terms of culture.

A. Mores B. Norms C. Folkways D. Fads What is Culture?

5. They represent the standards we use to CULTURE

evaluate the desirability of things.  Language
 Working Schedules
A. Fads B. Values C. laws D. Mores  Clothing and Dressing
 Manners
6. The following statements are characteristics  Jokes
of culture except  Celebrations
 Folk Art
A. It is learned and acquired  Medical Cure
B. It is deliberated and enacted  Religion
C. It is shared and transmitted  Food
D. It gratifies human needs
Culture is a composite or multifarious areas that
7. This arise from the fact that culture differ and comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
each culture defines reality differently. norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge, and everything
that a person learns and shares as a member of
A. indoctrination C. Ethnocentrism society. Therefore, culture is:
B. Relativism D. imitation
 A product of human interaction.
8. The following are four principal ways of  A social heritage that is complex and socially
cultural adaptation except transmitted.
 Provides socially acceptable patterns for
A. Ethnocentrism . C. Fission meeting biological.
B. Convergence D. Parallelism  A distinguish factor.
 An established pattern of behavior.
9. The following are modes of learning and  Cumulative
acquiring culture except  Meaningful to human beings

A. Diffusion C. Indoctrination Types of Culture

B. Imitation D. Conditioning
Culture is composed of material and non-material
elements. Material culture consist of tangible things
10. It is an attempt to judge behavior according whereas non-material elements consist of intangible
to its cultural context things.

A. Cultural indoctrination C. Cultural relativity Non-Material Culture

B. Subcultures D. Culture shock  Ideas
 Behavior, gestures, habits
 Language and symbols
 Religion
Material Culture
 Architectural Structures
 Fashion and Accessories
 Technological Tools
 Food
Elements of Culture
To understand culture, it is necessary to understand
the different elements that compose it:
Knowledge –It refers to any information received and
perceived to be true.
Beliefs –The perception of accepted reality.
--Reality refers to the existence of things whether
material or non material.
Social Norms—These are established expectations of
society as to how a person is supposed to act
depending on the requirements of the time, place, or
situation.
Indeed, social norms are very important in
umderstanding the nature of man’s social relationship.
In the social interaction process, each member
possesses certain expectations about the responses
and reactions of another member (Palispis, 2007 p.
44). How it is essential to determine the different
forms of social norms:
Folkways – The patterns of repetitive behavior which
becomes habitual and conventional part of living.
Mores—The set of ethical standards and moral
obligations as dictates of reason that distinguishes
human acts as right or wrong or good from bad.
Values—anything to be relatively worthy, important,
desirable,or valuable.
Technology—The practical application of knowledge in
converting raw materials into finish products.
Aspects of Culture
Since culture is very complex, there are important
aspects of culture that contribute to the development
of man’s social interaction.
 Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
 Shared and contested
 Learned through socialization or enculturation
 Patterned social interaction
 Integrated and at times unstable
 Transmitted through socialization
 Requires language and other forms of
communication
Adaptations of Culture -- One major characteristics
of culture is its being adaptive. It can be said that
culture has existed whenever human beings have lived
in group life. Its origin as a whole is simultaneous with
the origin of the society. However, culture vary greatly
from one society to another, from one period to
another, and to lesser degree, a culture may vary
internally from one institution to another.
Man is one, but cultures are many. This is so since
there are any factors involved in the process of culture
adaptation. According to Joseph Fichter, here are four
principal ways in which this process of culture
adaptation occurs:
1. Parallelism – refers to the independent
development of a culture characteristics in two
widely separated cultures. There is no historical
evidence that the use of the wheel, or the arch of
buildings, or of domesticated dogs, pigs, and other
animals was originated by one people in only one
place. Even in the modern world, the same
mechanical invention or scientific discovery occurs
in places that are very far apart.
2. Diffusion – is the much more common process of
patterns and traits passing back and forth from
one culture to another. Examples of these are
behavior patterns, food, customs, religious
practices, rituals, festivities.
3. Fission – is a process that can be traced
historically when a long established society breaks
up into two or more independent units. For
instance, the various tribes of North American
Indians, the Eskimos, and the Appalachian hill
folks, the Aetas of Zambalez, the Manobos, the
Igorots of Bontoc province, the Dumagats of
Palanan, Isabela, and the Baluga of Bulacan are
examples of people who have broken away from
their cultures origins and have developed different
internal culture traits.
4. Convergence – is the fusion of two or more
cultures into a new one which is somewhat
different from its predecessors. Examples of this
process may include the Norman invasion of
England, the fusion of the Moorish and Spanish
cultures, and the convergence of Roman and
Cermantic traits.
As described by Fichter, diffusion and convergence of
culture are the two most important forms of adaptation
in the modern world. The physical intermingling of
people from different backgrounds has increased
tremendously because of both forced and voluntary
migration. People transport with themselves the
behavior patterns from their original culture. More
important than physical intermingling, however, is the
rapid communication of ideas from one culture to
another.
Modes of Acquiring Culture (3 ways by which
culture may be acquired )
1. Imitation- The process of socialization plays a
very important role in the development of
every individual.As the child grows, he imitates
the things around him.
2. Indoctrination-This may take the form of
formal teaching or training.
3. Conditioning-Through the social norms
prevailing in one’s social and cultural milieu,
the individual acquires a certain pattern of
beliefs,values,behavior,and actions through the
process of conditioning.
Cultural Variability - “the range of variations Activities
between cultures is almost endless and yet at the
same time cultures resemble one another in many A. Knowledge
important ways”. – Dean and his associates. Directions: Identify the following-

Ethnocentrism-having or based on the idea that your
own group or culture is better or more important than
others
Example- racial discrimination arises because of those
tendency of one group to regard his own race as
superior to those of the others.
Example of Ethnocentrism -- White supremacy or white
supremacism is a racist ideology centered upon the
belief, and promotion of the belief, that white people
are superior in certain characteristics, traits, and
attributes to people of other racial backgrounds
Cultural relativity-s the principle that an individual's
beliefs and activities should be understood by others in
terms of that individual's own culture.
Subcultures are those groups that have values and
norms that are distinct from those held by majority.
This would include differences in interest, behaviors or
beliefs, like religion, ethnicity, and social or economic
status.
Ex. Fandom - can be fans of movies, a celebrity, or
any shared interest.
LGBT - sometimes referred to as the gay culture,
includes lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people
Otaku - people obsessed with anime and manga
Kpopper-people obsessed/loves korean pop music
1. It refers to a group of people sharing a
common culture within a defined territorial
boundaries.
2. A composite or multifarious areas that
comprise beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge,
and everything that; a person learns and
shares as a member of society.
3. It consists of tangible things used by man in
his everyday life.
4. The patterns of repetitive behavior which
becomes habitual and conventional part of
living.
5. The set of ethical standards and moral
obligations as dictates of tease: that
distinguishes human acts as right or wrong or
good from bad.
6. It refers to anything held to be relatively
worthy, important, desirable or valuable.
7. It refers to the practical application of
knowledge in converting raw materials into
finished products.
8. It refers to the differences in social behaviors
that different cultures exhibits around the
world.
9. It is a perception that arises from the fact that
cultures differ and culture defines reality
differently
10. The attempt to judge behavior according to its
cultural context.

The following are important features of subcultures; B.

1. Collect as many concepts and definitions of
1. Subcultures provide sense of belonging and culture as you can from different sources.
Identity. Acknowledge the sources by using
2. Each subculture develops unique features. bibliography.
3. Even if they are ridiculed by other groups in
society,subculture members knows that upon 2. In your own way, illustrate how the following
returning to their own group,they will receive characteristics of culture work in you.
the social support and approval need.
4. Special signals such as language,dress or a. Culture is learned
handshakes are often used so that subculture b. Culture gratifies human needs.
members can identify each other without being c. Culture is a product of social interaction.
noticed by outsiders. d. Culture is integrated.
e. Culture is ideational.
Culture shock- is experienced by migrants,or even by
professionals who go to other countries whose culture 3. Identify specific components of Filipino culture
they are not familiar with. as regards

Cultural lag- expounded first by William Ogburn a. Folkways

--Inability of a given society to adopt a culture b. mores
immediately. Example: when the village folks,for c. customs
instance cannot accept innovations in scientific farming d. values
because they cannot give up the antiquated methods e. beliefs
they learned from their fore fathers this is because
they have practiced the traditional system for years. 4. Interview ten of your neighbors. Ask them to
prioritize the different aspects of Filipino
culture. Make a list of these cultural aspects
after getting the average or mean.