CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction

This chapter provides the information related to water pressure problems around
residential area. The cause and step on how to solve this severe and the objective
that need to be archive by the research also the scope of study where to conduct this
research.

1.1 Background of the Study

As can see, water flow rate is one of the problem that happen when water cannot be
reached to the residential area. So this study is the very important for the inhabitants
of Malaysia and all the beneficiaries of irrigation coming here. This study will provide
information to assist in providing relief to the lack of water in Malaysia’s residential
area.

The water scarcity issues for the region's present generation are primarily over
distribution of water within the society and preservation of water supplies. For future
generations, the concerns are to ensure adequate water supplies, preserve the quality
of the environment, and achieve greater equity in distributing water throughout the
region.

For the project or research that will be going to be conducted are on water flowrate
and piping for residential area. Water flowrate are the most important thing for the
residential area. It consists of pressure and the flow of the water as well. For the piping,
it need the correct size so that the pressure is correct and can transfer a correct
amount of water in it so it can all be the same pressure and can supply water around
all the residential area.

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1.2 Problem Statement and the Solution:

The main problem that has been going on from the observation is the pressure loss in
the residential area that are causing the water to not function very well or efficient.
Besides that the water cannot reach to all house especially the one that are far from
water tank. It just received a small amount or slower water supply that the other house.
The effect from these problems are daily activities such as bathing, cooking and others
that uses water will be the most problem. For the gardener and farmer, it will also effect
their business because the flora and fauna will die due to lack of water supply and
could effect the ecosystem. It will cause air pollution as well. The impact for this
problem are mainly hard as well, the residents forced or needed to bought water bins
and mineral water at nearby stores for the daily uses. The workers that supply water
will come to the resident that did not receive water to give them water. It will make
them work overtime so that the residents could get enough water.

As for the solution, serious action need to be taken to solve on this problem. For our
research, we need to optimize the consequence for minimal pressure drop, liquids
such as water. There are several method have been proposed in order to overcome
this matters. Perhaps the most popular of these is the simplest is to select properly the
size of pipes, valves and fitting in this piping system. The nature of path through the
valves and fitting determines the amount of energy losses. Therefore, a proper
selection of fitting is essential.

2
1.3 Objective

This research aims to:

1) To investigate the relation between water velocity and pipe diameter.

2) To measure the pressure or head loss in different pipe diameter.
3) To determine the suitable piping size to utilize on household.

1.4 Scope of Study:

The scope of study with our research are the relationship between the flowrate and
the pipe. Besides that, we all study about the size of the pipe and the diameter as well.
For the direction of study, we more specify around the residential area around
Malaysia. To study more on the flow and how much the pressure that needed to supply
water on all residential area. As the boundaries, we just focus in Malaysia, for the
residential area. We are conducting this research to measure/calculate the flow rate
and pressure of the piping system. So the all the residents can enjoy a fast and
smoother water at their living.

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1.5 Organization

Chapter one provides the information related to water pressure problems around
residential area. The cause and step on how to solve this severe and the objective
that need to be archive by the research also the scope of study where to conduct this
research.

Chapter two that is on the literature review, the research of each of journal author
aimed explanation & critical review of the complete and current state of knowledge on
journal that will be interpret. This approaches very important to prove that the objective
of the research can be archived and the improvements need to be made for the future.

In chapter three what are the method that will used in this research to get the result
that correlate to objective the instruments used in the research as well as the research
is conducted give the steps on how the research is done. And collect all data for the
analysis.

Chapter four where will explain about the results of our experiment. This chapter also
will explain about the flow rate of the water and pipe size. It was observed that the
water need to be flow correctly direct to the residential area. Besides that the pipe
diameter need to observer as well and sizing too. This experiment had been done to
find the correct pressure and the correct diameter. It is been shown in the table and
the graph.

The last chapter the chapter 5 explains about the conclusion and recommendation of
the experiment/testing for the project. The conclusion made consists of concluding all
the process involved and the overall sequence about the project. There are also some
recommendations in hope that the project can be improved in term of several aspects.

4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The literature review aimed explanation & critical review of the complete and current
state of knowledge on journal that will be interpret. This approaches very important to
prove that the objective of the research can be archived and the improvements need
to be made for the future.

2.1 Flowrate

The author of the Water sources diagram method in systems with multiple
contaminants in fixed flowrate and fixed load processes, Flávio S. Francisco et al state
that to developed a deal with water allocation problems (WAP), the Water Source
Diagram (WSD) method is here extended to be used in problems involving fixed
flowrate operations in multiple contaminant processes, as well as processes
formulated by the source and sink point of view. Therefore the WSD becomes a
complete methodology to solve WAPs without regenerating operations focusing
maximum water reuse. To illustrate the performance of the proposed extension, two
case studies handling hybrid systems from the pulp and paper industry are presented,
including industrial data from a Brazilian pulp and paper plant. This journal was publish
in Dec 2016.

2.2 Piping System

Štefan Rezničák et al state that in his journal the Measuring the Thermal Output of the
Piping System which is to investigate on thermal output of the piping system. The
system was formed from a tube of circular section, made of multilayer polyethylene -
aluminium. It was subsequently wound into a planar spiral. The paper contains the
calculation of the thermal output by a mathematical model, which replace the real
model. The experimental measurements were measured with a variable distance
winding. The paper compare heat output results with experimental measurements.
This Journal was publish in Feb 2017

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2.3 Conclusion

The first research on flowrate has come out with result as the simplicity in using the
WSD to obtain a water system network and the possibilities of assessing many
possible links between the water-using processes and considering industrial
constrains are important features of this method and must be kept in its future
development. Present researches are directed toward considering regeneration units
and batch processes with direct reuse or use of storage tanks.

Whereas the research on piping system, measuring values of thermal output are same
as in the second mathematical model, in which is the spiral replaced by horizontal and
vertical tubes. This is because the first mathematical model does not count with the
heat transfer coefficient. The heat transfer coefficient is different in the horizontal pipes
compare to vertical pipes.

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CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3.0 Introduction

Chapter three is going to cover on the method use get the result correlate to the
objectives the instrument used in the research, this chapter also going to cover the
steps on how the research is done and collect all data for the analysis.

3.1 Method

3.1.1 Fluid Friction Demonstrator

Fluid Friction Demonstrator as in figure 1 allows students to study flow, flow

measurement techniques and losses in a wide variety of pipes and fittings. The
equipment have four water circuits with instruments, pipes and pipe system
components. These allow students to examine and compare the different component
characteristics. The Digital Hydraulic Bench (H1F, available separately) supplies the
circuit with a controlled flow of water. A space-saving vertical panel holds all the parts
for easy use. To measure pressure loss across components, students use a
piezometer set and differential pressure gauge (included).

To perform experiments students record the temperature of water in the hydraulic

bench and set the hydraulic bench to pump water through a circuit. They measure
pressure losses across instruments or components. The hydraulic bench gives an
external flow rate for reference and comparison. The flow measurement instruments
show students the common methods of measuring water flow. They also give
applications of the steady flow energy equation (Bernoulli’s equation). Students use a
Venturi meter and an orifice plate meter and compare the losses of each. They also
find the losses in a rapid enlargement.

7
The equipment also includes a Pitot-static tube. By traversing the Pitot across the pipe
diameter, students can find the velocity profile and flow coefficients. They also find the
relationship between the flow rate and pressure differential. An artificially roughened
pipe allows students to study friction factor at different Reynolds numbers. They can
compare results to those predicted by Nickuradse’s results and a Moody chart in figure
2.

Figure 1: Fluid Friction Demonstrator

Figure 2: Moody Chart

8
3.2 Instrument Setup

This part will elaborate more on setup that been use in this experiment.

9
3.2.1 Component List

Here are some of the components that will be used, the function and description.

Component List Description/ Picture

Functional

1. Fluid Friction
Trainer

The pump in the

2. Water Pump cooling system of an
automobile that cause
the water to circulate.

3. Water Tank A water tank is a

container for storing
water.

4. Water Flow Meter A flow meter is a

device used to
measure the flow rate
or quantity of a gas or
liquid moving through
a pipe.
A sudden contraction
5. Sudden occurs when there is a
Contraction sudden reduction of
the cross- sectional

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 area along the length
of the pipe.
6. 10mm Piping Within industry, piping
7. 12.2mm Piping is a system of pipes
8. 17.4mm Piping used to convey fluids
(liquids and gases)
9. 19.2mm Piping from one location to
another.

10. Sudden
Enlargement

A ball valve is a form

11. Ball valve of quarter-turn valve
which uses a hollow,
perforated and
pivoting ball to control
flow through it.
Is designed for
12. In-Line Y-Strainer remove foreign matter
from pipe lines and
provides protection
for pumps

13. Y Tee Joint Is used to combine

(or divide) fluid flow.

11
14. Gate Valve is the sealing
surfaces between the
gate and seats are
planar

15. 90o Elbow PVC

Pipe

A tee joint refers to the

16. T-Joint joined in the same
plane at a 180°
combined angle with a
90° angle on either
side, forming the letter
"T".

17. 90o Long Bend

12
 Manometers are both
18. Digital pressure
Manometer measurement
instruments and
calibration standards.
They range from
simple U-tubes and
wells filled with liquid
to portable digital
instruments with a
computer interface.

Table 1: List of Equipment and Tool that being use during conduct the experiment

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3.3 Procedure

3.3.1 Procedure for Fluid Friction Demonstrator

1. Put the apparatus on the floor beside the water supply

2. Plug the 3 pin plug and turn on the switch that id 240VAC
3. Fill the water tank
4. Open all the valves to make sure the water flow
5. Turn on the differential pressure meter and plug the pressure part accordingly
to the symbol
6. Turn on the apparatus main power supply and the pump as well on the
selector switch. Make sure the water flow and let it running for about 1
minutes
7. Shut down or slide down the pipe that did not want to measure
8. Set the valve and control valve and start it from high to low such as 8GPM-
6GPM
9. Adjust the flow rate to get the reading
10. After done on the first pipe, move on to the others four pipes
11. Turn off before start to test other pipe
12. Continue the step 5 and also step 8-9 to get the different flow rate
13. Record and list all the data
14. Plot the graph on the head loss against flow rate

3.4 Safety and Precaution

1. Entering the lab, make sure to wear jacket and safety shoe.
2. Do not start the water pump when there is no water
3. Make sure the digital manometer is connected properly to the pressure point
4. Ensure when running the experiment, do not turn on the water pump too long.
It will raise the temperature of the water
5. The water flow rate must not exceed 8GPM

14
3.5 Calculation

𝑚3 𝐿𝑃𝑀 𝑥 10−3
1) 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑄 ( )=
𝑠 60

This is formula used to convert gallon per minute to cubic meters per second value in

Standard International (SI) units. The flow rate within the pipe is defined as the volume

of fluid each second that is passing through a cross-sectional slice of the pipe. It turns

out that under the assumption of uniform flow within the pipe, the flow rate, which is

often represented by the symbol Q, can be directly related to the fluid speed v and a

measure of the size of the slice the pipe's cross-sectional area, or A.

𝜋𝑑2
2) 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴(𝑚2 ) = 4

This is formula to find a pipe's area, where d is internal diameter of the pipe. Area is

the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape.

𝑚3
𝑚 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒,𝑄( )
𝑠
3) 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑉 ( 𝑠 ) = 𝑚
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎,𝐴 ( )
𝑠

Velocity of fluid in pipe is not uniform across section area. Therefore a mean velocity

is used and it is calculated by the continuity equation for the steady flow, where Q is a

flow rate and A is an area of the pipe.

15
 𝜌𝑉𝐷
4) 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑅𝐸 = 𝜇

This is formula used to calculate Reynolds number, where D is internal pipe diameter,

v is velocity, ρ is density and μ is dynamic viscosity. The Reynolds number is

depending on the pipe diameter, the density and viscosity of the flowing fluid and the

velocity of the flow. Dimensionless Reynolds number is used, and is combination of

these four variables and may be considered to be ratio of dynamic forces of mass flow

to the shear stress due to viscosity.

𝑙 𝜌𝑢2
5) 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑃𝐿 = 4 𝜑 ( )
𝑑 2

The pressure drop is the pressure difference that exists between points in a pipe. This

occurs when flow resistance resulting in frictional forces acts on the fluid while it is

flowing through the pipe. The formula that have been used in this experiment to

calculate pressure loss as above, where φ is friction factor, ρ is fluid density, I is length

of pipe, u is fluid velocity and D is inside diameter of pipe.

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3.6 Data Analysis

Pressure Loss Vs Flow Rate in Different Pipe

Diameter
60
50 10.3
Pressure Loss (kPa)

mm
40
13.5
30 mm
17.0
20
mm
10 18.0
mm
0
5 6 7 8
Flow Rate/Volume (GPM)

Figure 3: Graph Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate in Different Pipe Diameter

Based on graph in figure 3 Pressure Loss vs Flow Rate, the different of pipe diameter
are main cause of pressure loss in pipe. Pressure loss, also known as pressure drop,
is the decrease in pressure as measured between two points in a flowing fluid system.
Pressure drop occurring along the direction of flow in a pipe is caused by fluid friction,
both internal in the fluid itself, as well as with the piping surfaces, piping restrictions or
sudden changes in the geometry of the flow path. Pressure loss is directly related to
fluid velocity, specific gravity, viscosity and the size, shape, and roughness of the pipe
interior.

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 Pipe Size (mm) / Flow Rate
(GPM) 5 GPM 6 GPM 7 GPM 8 GPM

10.3 mm 18.8 26.8 35.8 47.8

13.5 mm 4.30 6.40 8.32 10.8

17.0 mm 1.05 1.25 1.60 2.10

18.0 mm 0.45 0.90 1.39 2.02

Table 2: Pressure Loss / Head Loss (in Pa) in Different Pipe Diameter with Different
Flow Rate.

The flow rate determines the pressure loss. Up to certain limits, the higher the flow
rate, and the greater the pressure drop, and vice versa. It is important to note that
pressure drop across a pipe is not created by the pipe alone. Pressure drop is a critical
element in pipe sizing and pipe selection. Potential pressure drop must be known by
the engineer designing the system in order to ensure proper pipe selection.

18
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.0 Introduction

This chapter will explain about the results of our experiment. This chapter also will
explain about the flow rate of the water and pipe size. It was observed that the water
need to be flow correctly direct to the residential area. Besides that the pipe diameter
need to observer as well and sizing too. This experiment had been done to find the
correct pressure and the correct diameter. It is been shown in the table and the graph.

4.1 Investigation the relation between water velocity and pipe diameter

Water Velocity VS Pipe Diameter

7
6
VELOCITY, V (M/S)

5
4
3
2
1
0
10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0
PIPE DIAMETER, D (MM)

Figure 4: Graph of Water Velocity vs Pipe Diameter

Pipe Diameter, d (mm) Water Velocity, v (m/s)

10.3 6.059

13.5 3.526

17.0 2.224

18.0 1.983

Table 3: Relationship between Pipe diameter and Velocity of fluid

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From the graph at figure 4, the flowrate that being use in this experiment is still the
same that is 8 GPM or 5.047 ×10-4. To answer the first objective that is to investigate
the relation between water velocity and pipe diameter, this can be conclude that if the
pipe diameter is getting larger, the parcels of fluid traveling through the pipe have to
be decelerating. So the downstream force pushing backwards (downstream pressure
times area) has to be greater than the upstream force pushing forwards (upstream
pressure times area). As the result, when pipe diameter increase the velocity will
decreases.

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4.2 Measure the Pressure or Head Loss in Different Pipe Diameter

Pressure Loss VS Pipe Diameter

160
140
PRESSURE LOSS , PF (KPA)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 17.0 18.0 19.0
PIPE DIAMETER, D (MM)

Figure 5: Graph of Pressure Loss vs Pipe Diameter

Pipe Diameter, mm Pressure Loss,kPa

10.3 142.28

13.5 38.6

17.0 12.78

18.0 9.593

Table 4: Relationship between Pipe Diameter and Pressure Loss

From the graph in figure 5, the flowrate that being use in this experiment is still the
same that is 8 GPM or 5.047 ×10-4. To answer the second objective that is to measure
the pressure or head loss in different pipe diameter. This can be conclude when the
inside diameter of pipe is made larger, the flow area increases and the velocity of the
liquid at a given flow rate is reduced. When the velocity is reduced there is lower
pressure loss due to friction in the pipe. As the result, when pipe diameter increase
occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure loss.

21
4.3 Determine the suitable piping size to utilize on household

Needed to optimize the consequence for minimal pressure drop, liquids such as water
by select properly the size of pipes, valves and fitting in this piping system. Therefore,
a proper selection of fitting is essential. Following are some regarding pipe sizes in
residential area are discussed

Factors Influencing Selection of Water Distribution Pipe Size in Residential Area:

1. Cost effectiveness.
2. Pressure at the source of water supply.
3. Required pressure at each outlet fixture (examples of outlet fixture are bathtubs,
channel drains, bidets, drinking fountains, kitchen sinks, bathroom sinks,
showers and others)
4. The loss of pressure of outlets placed above water source. Loss of pressure is
commonly caused by friction of water. The friction is occurred due to flow of
water in pipes, water flow meter, and backflow preventer.
5. Restriction on water flow velocity to avoid noises and pipe erosion.
6. Extra capacity of possible expansion in the future. Generally, the additional
capacity if around 10 percent.
7. Economic considerations govern the selection process to a great extent. But
other factors explained above may enforce the use specific pipe size other than
the most economical ones.

22
Procedures for Determination of Pipe Sizes for Water Distribution in Residential
Area.

1. Draw all suggested horizontal mains, risers and branch lines with necessary
information includes types and number of fixtures and flow that is needed.
2. Estimate equivalent length of the pipe for each stack in the system. This step
should start from the street main.
3. Determine average minimum pressure in the street main.
4. Specify minimum pressure required for the highest fixture
5. Calculate the loss of pressure in the pipes using the computed equivalent length
of the pipe.

4.4 Discussion

The piping system is normally made up of several connective components. However

all the fitting inevitably improve resistance on the flowing fluid. The energy lost
whenever direction flow in a pipe is attend, which is at the 90° bend of the connecting
pipe. A large radius of curvature of the bend will cause separation of the flow from the
boundary and energy losses in turbulence. The digital manometer must properly
connected to the pressure point, because it could an error when reading the
measurement of the fluid pressure.

23
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.0 Introduction

This final chapter explains about the conclusion and recommendation of the
experiment/testing for the project. The conclusion made consists of concluding all the
process involved and the overall sequence about the project. There are also some
recommendations in hope that the project can be improved in term of several aspects.

5.1 Conclusion

As the conclusion of this experiment, suitable piping size and the diameter in all the
residential area are needed. It is because if the pipe are not balance it will not make
the water flow fully to the house and maybe some of the residential could not have a
good water flow. Besides that, not only for the pipe, the motor that supply water need
to be in a good shape and can really make the water flow accordingly with the speed
to all the residential area.

This experiment had achieved the main objective which is make the water flow rate
and the pipe to be suitable with the residential area. This experiment look effective in
finding the piping size, diameter and the motor that supply water to maintain its flow
rate. With this research, the great size and flow rate will make the water flow
accordingly and equally to all residence area around Malaysia.

The outcome for studying that people/student be able learning how to measure the
water pressure in the pipes varies. Even pipes of different diameters and managed to
calculate the pressure loss in the pipe. Besides that learning about the state of flow in
a pipe either laminate or tube and learning about the friction of the fluid and how to
apply the formula to find the loss of pressure or head loss, learn how to use the Chart
Darcy Friction Factor and creating graphs. How can the water pressure loss / loss of
head (in Pa) different pipe diameters with different flow rates? Is because it can
distinguish pressure loss versus flow rate in different pipe diameter.

24
5.2 Recommendation

There are also some recommendations or improvements that can be done in order to
make the best sunshade for the user.

1. Experiment

From the result collected, it is very good to do a several time of this experiment for
one session because from the result, the average value can beget from that. This
is because when dealing with the water flow rate, and the size of the pipe maybe
difference. It need to be analyse more and can make an improvement in the future

2. Water flow rate and piping size

In the future, the way to improve this problem are to change the material of the
pipe, make the water pressure give water faster than usual pressure. Lastly, make
sure the pipe size and diameter are correct in the residential area.

25