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KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
1.1 Real Numbers
1.2
Complex Numbers
1.3
Indices, Surds and
Logarithms
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) define natural numbers , whole numbers ,
integers , prime numbers, rational numbers
and irrational numbers .
(b) represent rational and irrational numbers in
decimal form.
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(c) represent the relationship of number sets in a
real number system diagrammatically showing
N W Z Q and Q Q .
(d) represent open, closed and half-open intervals
and their representations on the number line.
(e) find union, intersection, of two or
and
more intervals with the aid of number line.
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INDUCTION SET
101 – 102 = 1
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Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
1. N N={ 1,2,3,….} Positive numbers that are
Natural used for counting.
Numbers
Natural number that are
a) Prime { 2,3,5,7,…..} greater than one that can
be divided by itself and 1
Numbers only.
b) Non Prime { 1,4,6,8,..…..} Natural numbers other
number than prime numbers
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Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
2. Whole W W={ 0,1,2,3,….} Natural number including
numbers zero
3. Integers Z Z = {..-2,- Whole number including
1,0,1,2,3,..} their negatives
a. Positive
Integers Z+ Z+ = {1,2,3,….}
b. Negative
Integers Z- Z- = {..-3,-2,-1}
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Types of Real Number
5. Irrational For an irrational number the
numbers
Q decimal representation is non-
repeating.
3 1.732050808...
-eg:
e 2.71828182845...
3.14159...
6. Real R The combination of rational
numbers numbers and irrational numbers
form the real numbers system
R Q Q
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Relationship of Number Sets
Q
Z W N
Q
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 10
Real Number,
Integer, Z
Negative Integer, Z
Whole Number, W
Zero
Positive Integer, Z Natural Number, N
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Example 1
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Example 2
Given
2 1
S = { -9, 7 , ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4 , ,
2 ,5.1212…}
5 3
identify the set of :
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Solution:
2 1
S = { -9, 7, ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4, ,
2 ,5.1212…}
5 3
(a) N
(b) W
(c) Z
(d) Q
(e) Q
(f) R 14
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The Number Line
2
Real numbers such as –3.5, 3
and can be represented on
a real number line
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
3.5 2
3
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a
n
All sets of real numbers between a and b can be
d
Representation on
a
n
w
the number line
axb
r
i
t
t
e
n
[a,b]
axb
i
(a,b)
n
t
h
e
axb
f
(a,b]
o
r
m
[a,b) axb
OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b) HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b]
CLOSED INTERVAL : [a,b]
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 [a,b)
16
Inequalities Representation on
Type of Interval
the number line
(, b) xb a b
(, b] xb a b
(a, ) xa
[a, ) xa a b
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Solution
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Intersection and Union of Intervals
If A = [1,6) and B = (-2,4) ; then
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Relationship of Number Sets
Q Z W N
Q
NWZQR
and
R Q Q 26
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The Number Line
Real numbers can be represented on
a real number line
• (a, b) - open interval
• [a, b] - closed interval
• [a, b) & (a, b] - half-open intervals
• [a, ∞) & (-∞, b] - half-open intervals
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 27
EXERCISE :
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
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INDUCTION SET
Look at this equation
x2 + 1 = 0
This equation does not have real roots as we cannot find the value for
x since x = 1 .
This problem was encountered by Heron Alexandra.
One hundred years later, Mahavira from India stated that a
negative value does not have square root because there is no number
that can be squared to produce it.
In 1637, Descrates of France, introduced
‘real numbers’ and ‘imaginary numbers’.
This idea was used by Euler from Switzerland who defined
imaginary numbers as real multiples of 1 in 1948.
However ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ was introduced hundred years later
by Gauss from Germany (1832).
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Complex Numbers
C
Q Z W N
Q
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What is i
i 1 R
2
1 1
i ii
2
1
1 1
1 i i i i i i
15 4 4 4 2 1
i i i
3 2 1 1 1 1 i
1 i i
i
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Example 1
Express the following in terms of i .
(a) 4 (b) 7
9
(c) (d ) 96
4
(e) 9 8
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Solution :
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Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(a) Addition/Subtraction
(i) 2 3i 4 5i 2 4 3 5i
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(b) Multiplication
(i) 2 3i 2 3i 4 6i 6i 9
RC
(ii)
3 2i 10 3i 30 9i 20i 6i 2
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EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
a + bi = c + d i
eg : x yi 2 3i
x 2, y 3
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CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
If z = a + bi, then its conjugate is
z = a – bi.
The conjugate of a complex number is obtain
by changing the sign of the imaginary part.
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Example 2:
State the conjugate of the following
complex numbers.
(a) z 2 i,
(b) z 3 8i ,
(c)
z 8 6i ,
(d) z i 3,
(e) z i 4, 42
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NOTES :
Any complex number a + bi has a complex
conjugate a - bi and
( a +bi )( a- bi ) = a2+b2 is a real number.
a –
2
( a + bi )( a - b i ) = abi + abi – 2
bi 2
= a – b i (real number)
2 2 2
=a +b2 2
eg : (2 3i )(2 3i ) 4 9i
2
49
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44
Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(c) Division
Example 3 : Simplify the expressions.
2 4 5 3i
a) b) c)
3i 1 10i 7 6i
Solution:
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Solution:
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Example 4 :
Given z1 2 5i and z 2 3 2i .
Find :
z1 1
a) b) z1
z2 z2
in the form of a + bi .
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Solving equations
We can also solve equations with complex numbers:
Example 5 :
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real the
part imaginary
Complex Number
part
x, y R z=x+yi
RC
COMPLEX NUMBERS
i 1
2
i 1 52
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EXERCISE :
1) Write the following complex numbers in the form x + yi .
x y
(a) 1 4
ANS : (a) x , y
5
1 i 1 2i 3 3
x yi 2 (b) x 4 , y 6
(b)
2 i i 3 1 i
4) Express (3 i )(1 2i ) in the form of a bi .
(1 3i ) 2
1 7
ANS : i
10 10
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
a a a ........ a a n
n factors of a
a = base a to the
n = exponent or power or index power
of n
an = an exponential expression
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
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Definition 2
a
m
a
m
a n n n m
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NOTE
(a) a 1
0
n 1
(b) a n
a
1
(c ) a a
n n
m
(d ) a a ( a )
n n m n m
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m n
1. a a a
m n
4. n
(ab) a b n n
m
a mn
2. a a a
n n
a n 5. n
b b
3. a
m n
a mn
,b 0
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Example 1
(a) 3 3
5 6
(b) 18 x y 2 5
4 4
3 3x y
n2
2 3 9 n
(c)(3m ) 4m
2 3
(d)
n
27
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Solution:
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What is a SURD?
n
a
3
Irrational numbers which are SURD: 2, 7, 5
Irrational numbers which are NOT SURD: ,e
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 64
Is 9 known
as a surd ?
No, because 3 is
n
a not an irrational
number.
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RULES OF SURD
1. a b ab
a a
2.
b b
3. a b c b a c b
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
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CAUTION
a b ab
2 5 2 5 10
2 5 (2)(5) 10
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
2 5 2 i 5 i
10 i 10 2
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CAUTION
ab a b
a b
2 2 2
a b
Note : a b a b a b
2
a ab ab b
a b 2 ab
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DEFINITION 1
Surd conjugate of a b is a b
a b a b
a a b a b b a b
a b a b a b a b Q
R Q Q
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 69
EXAMPLE 2
b. 6 7 2 7
c . 5 3 27
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SOLUTION
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RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
When square roots occur in quotients, it is
customary to rewrite the quotient so that the
denominator contains no square roots.
In rationalising the denominator of a quotient,
be sure to multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the same expression.
a numerator
b deno min ator
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RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
IF DENOMINATOR TO OBTAIN
CONTAINS THE MULTIPLY BY DENOMINATOR FREE
FACTOR FROM SURDS
3 3 3 3 2
3 1 3 1 3 1 2
2
2
23 23 2 3 7
2
2
5 3 5 3 5 3 2
2 2
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a b a b
a b a b
These expressions
are conjugates of
a b a b
one another
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SOLUTION
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LOGARITHM
Definition:
If a, n R+ and n = a x, then log a n = x
where a 0.
log 10 n = log n
ln e = 1 & log 10 = 1
log a n
a n 78
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Index Logarithm
100 10 2
log10 100 2
y 5 x
log5 y x
a
1 logb a 1
b
m
log 5 n
m 2(5 ) n
2
ye 3x
ln y 3x 79
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NOTES 2 8 log 2 8 3
3
3 1 1
2 log 2 3
8 8
2 3 log 2 (3) x
x
because 2 0
x
If a, M, N R+ and p R, then
a) log a MN log a M log a N
b)
c) log a M
p
p log a M
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(a) log a MN log a M loga N
M x y
a
N
M
log a x y
N
M
log a logaM - logaN 83
N KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
(c) log a M p
p log a M
Let logaM = x
Then M = ax
Mp = (ax)p
Mp = apx
logaMp = px
logaMp = p logaM
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CAUTION!
(log a M ) p log a M
p
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Example 4
Simplify the following logarithm:
1
a) log 16 log 32
2
b) log 21 log 7 log 3
c) log 81 log 2 32
d)
log 9
log 2 4
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Solution
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Solution
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A general formula for changing
from base a to base b
logb M
log a M
log b a
x logb a
log b M
x
log b a
log b M
log a M
log b a 90
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If M=b, then
logb b
log a b
logb a
1
log a b
logb a
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Example 5
Given that log 2 0.301and log 7 0.8451
Evaluate:
a) log 2 7
b) log 2 28
c) log 7 98
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Solution
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 93
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Laws of logarithm
If a, M, N R+ and p R, then
log b M
a)loga MN loga M loga N log a M
log b a
If b=M, then
1
log a M
c)loga M p loga M
p log b a
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EXERCISE :
1) Without using calculator, simplify log 2 log 3 81 .
ANS : 4
z xy
1 1
Ans : (a ) log x log y log z
2 2
(b) log x log y
(c) 2 log x 3 log y
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3) Simplify the following.
1
(a ) log16 log 2
2
1
(b) log 64 2 log 4 log 18
3 3 3
2
log 81
(c )
log 9
ANS : (a) log 2 (b) 2 (c) 2
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