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KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
1.1 Real Numbers

1.2
Complex Numbers

1.3
Indices, Surds and
Logarithms
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
(a) define natural numbers , whole numbers ,
integers , prime numbers, rational numbers
and irrational numbers .
(b) represent rational and irrational numbers in
decimal form.
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(c) represent the relationship of number sets in a
real number system diagrammatically showing
N  W  Z  Q and Q  Q   .
(d) represent open, closed and half-open intervals
and their representations on the number line.
(e) find union,  intersection, of two or
and 
more intervals with the aid of number line.

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INDUCTION SET

TRY THIS OUT !!!


MOVE ANY ONE DIGIT TO CORRECT THE FOLLOWING :

101 – 102 = 1
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Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
1. N N={ 1,2,3,….} Positive numbers that are
Natural used for counting.
Numbers
Natural number that are
a) Prime { 2,3,5,7,…..} greater than one that can
be divided by itself and 1
Numbers only.
b) Non Prime { 1,4,6,8,..…..} Natural numbers other
number than prime numbers

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Types of Real Number
Types of real Symbol Number set Description
number
2. Whole W W={ 0,1,2,3,….} Natural number including
numbers zero
3. Integers Z Z = {..-2,- Whole number including
1,0,1,2,3,..} their negatives
a. Positive
Integers Z+ Z+ = {1,2,3,….}
b. Negative
Integers Z- Z- = {..-3,-2,-1}

Even numbers { 2k, k  Z }


Odd numbers { 2k + 1, k  Z }
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Types of Real Number
4. Rational a -The digit(s) ends as fix
numbers
Q Q , answer or accurate value:
b
Eg: 1 3
a and b  Z  0.5  0.75
2 4
b0
-The digit(s) after the decimal
points repeats itself
Eg: 5
 0.4545...  0.45
11
7
 2.3333...  2.3
3

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Types of Real Number
5. Irrational For an irrational number the
numbers
Q decimal representation is non-
repeating.

3  1.732050808...
-eg:

e  2.71828182845...
  3.14159...
6. Real R The combination of rational
numbers numbers and irrational numbers
form the real numbers system

R  Q Q

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Relationship of Number Sets

Q
Z W N


Q

This diagram show that N  W  Z  Q  R


and R  Q  Q

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Real Number, 

Rational Number, Q Irrational Number, Q

Integer, Z


Negative Integer, Z
Whole Number, W
Zero

Positive Integer, Z Natural Number, N
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Example 1

For the set of {-5, -3, -1, 0, 3, 8}, identify the


set of : Answers:
(a) natural numbers
(b) whole numbers
(c) prime numbers
(d) even numbers
(e) negative integers
(f) odd numbers

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Example 2

Given
2 1
S = { -9, 7 ,  ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4 , ,
2 ,5.1212…}
5 3
identify the set of :

(a) N (b) W (c) Z

(d) Q (e) Q (f) R

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Solution:
2 1
S = { -9, 7,  ,e, 0, 4, 0.16, 4, ,
2 ,5.1212…}
5 3
(a) N
(b) W
(c) Z
(d) Q
(e) Q
(f) R 14
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The Number Line
2
Real numbers such as –3.5, 3
and  can be represented on
a real number line

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

3.5 2 
3
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a
n
All sets of real numbers between a and b can be
d

b written in the form of intervals as shown below.


c

Representation on
a
n

b Type of Intervals Inequalities


e

w
the number line
axb
r
i
t
t
e
n
[a,b]
axb
i

(a,b)
n

t
h
e

axb
f

(a,b]
o
r
m

[a,b) axb
OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b) HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : (a,b]
CLOSED INTERVAL : [a,b]
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 [a,b)
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Inequalities Representation on
Type of Interval
the number line
(, b) xb a b

(, b] xb a b

(a, ) xa
[a, ) xa a b

OPEN INTERVAL : (, b) , (a, )


HALF-OPEN INTERVAL : (, b] , [a, ) 17
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Example 3

State the type of intervals


and represent it on the real number line.

(a) [-1, 4] (b) (2, 5)


(c) [2, ) (d) {x : x ≤ 0, x  R}

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Solution

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Intersection  and Union  of Intervals
If A = [1,6) and B = (-2,4) ; then

A ∩ B = [1, 4) is a half-open interval


A U B = (-2, 6) is an open interval
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Example 4

Simplify the following using the number line.

(a) [0,5) U (4,7)


(b) (-∞, 5) ∩ (-1,9)
(c) (-∞,0] U [0, )
(d) (-∞,0] ∩ [0, )
(e) (-∞,0) ∩ (0, )
(f) ((-4,2) U (0,4]) ∩ [-2,2)
(g) (-∞, -3) U (-3, ∞)
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Solution

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Relationship of Number Sets


Q Z W N


Q
NWZQR
and
R  Q Q 26
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The Number Line
Real numbers can be represented on
a real number line
• (a, b) - open interval
• [a, b] - closed interval
• [a, b) & (a, b] - half-open intervals
• [a, ∞) & (-∞, b] - half-open intervals

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EXERCISE :

1. Given A = [2, 5], B = (-3, 5], C = (-7, 7) and D = [-3, ).


Find :
(a) A  B (b) A  B
(c) A C  D (d) C  D  A
ANSWERS : (a) [2, 5] (b) (-3, 5]
(c) [2, 5] (d) [2, 5]

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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:


(a) represent a complex number in Cartesian form.
(b) define the equality of two complex numbers.

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INDUCTION SET
Look at this equation
x2 + 1 = 0
This equation does not have real roots as we cannot find the value for
x since x =   1 .
This problem was encountered by Heron Alexandra.
One hundred years later, Mahavira from India stated that a
negative value does not have square root because there is no number
that can be squared to produce it.
In 1637, Descrates of France, introduced
‘real numbers’ and ‘imaginary numbers’.
This idea was used by Euler from Switzerland who defined
imaginary numbers as real multiples of  1 in 1948.
However ‘COMPLEX NUMBER’ was introduced hundred years later
by Gauss from Germany (1832).
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Complex Numbers

Complex number consist of two parts,


the real part - Re(z) and the imaginary part – Im(z)
If z is a complex number, then z can be written
as z = x + y i , where x is a real part and yi is the
imaginary part and x,y  R

real part Imaginary


part
x, y  R
z=x+yi
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 RC31
Complex number are not ordered and cannot be
represented on a real number line

C

Q Z W N

Q
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What is i
i  1  R
2

Consider this equation


i 1  R
x  1
2

Since the square of any real number is


non-negative, the above equation has
no solution in the set of real numbers.
  1 is called the imaginary number
i = 1 33
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Lets try this:
i 1 i  i i
4 2 2

 1  1
i  ii
2
1
  1  1
 1 i  i i i i i
15 4 4 4 2 1

i  i i
3 2  1 1 1 1 i
 1  i  i
 i
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Example 1
Express the following in terms of i .

(a) 4 (b) 7

9
(c)  (d )  96
4

(e) 9 8
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Solution :

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Basic Operation of Complex Numbers

(a) Addition/Subtraction

(i) 2  3i   4  5i   2  4  3  5i

(ii) 10  2i   5  i   10  5  2i  i

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(b) Multiplication

(i)  2  3i  2  3i   4  6i  6i  9
RC
(ii)
3  2i 10  3i   30  9i  20i  6i 2

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EQUALITY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS

a + bi = c + d i

If and only if a = c and b = d

eg : x  yi  2  3i
x  2, y  3

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CONJUGATE OF COMPLEX NUMBER
If z = a + bi, then its conjugate is

denoted by z or z and written as

z = a – bi.
The conjugate of a complex number is obtain
by changing the sign of the imaginary part.

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Example 2:
State the conjugate of the following
complex numbers.

(a) z  2  i,
(b) z  3  8i ,
(c)
z  8  6i ,
(d) z  i  3,
(e) z  i  4, 42
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NOTES :
Any complex number a + bi has a complex
conjugate a - bi and
( a +bi )( a- bi ) = a2+b2 is a real number.

This fact is used in simplifying expressions


where the denominator of a
quotient/fraction/ratio is a complex number.
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Product of a Complex Number
and its Conjugate

a –
2
( a + bi )( a - b i ) = abi + abi – 2
bi 2

= a – b i (real number)
2 2 2

=a +b2 2

eg : (2  3i )(2  3i )  4  9i
2

 49
 13
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Basic Operation of Complex Numbers
(c) Division
Example 3 : Simplify the expressions.
2 4 5  3i
a) b) c)
3i 1  10i  7  6i
Solution:

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Solution:

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Example 4 :
Given z1  2  5i and z 2  3  2i .
Find :
z1 1
a) b) z1 
z2 z2
in the form of a + bi .

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Solving equations
We can also solve equations with complex numbers:
Example 5 :

Solve the following equations for the complex


number z.
6  2i  (1  3i )  z

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real the
part imaginary
Complex Number
part
x, y  R z=x+yi
RC
COMPLEX NUMBERS

IMAGINARY NUMBER REAL NUMBER

i  1
2

i 1 52
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EXERCISE :
1) Write the following complex numbers in the form x + yi .

(a) (3 +2i) + ( 2 + 4i) Ans: (a) 5 + 6i


(b) (4 + 3i) - ( 2 + 5i) (b) 2 – 2i
(c) (3 + 2i)( 4 - 3i ) (c) 18 – i

2) Solve for z when


4 7
ANS : (a )  i
(a) z( 2 + i) = 3 – 2i 5 5
(b) (z + i)(1 – i) = 2 + 3i 1 3
(b)   i
2 2
1 1 3
(c)   11 17
(c )  i
z 2  i 1 i 41 41
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3) Find the values of the real numbers x and y
in each of the following :

x y
(a)  1 4
ANS : (a) x  , y 
5
1  i 1  2i 3 3
x yi 2 (b) x  4 , y  6
(b)  
2  i i  3 1 i
4) Express (3  i )(1  2i ) in the form of a  bi .
(1  3i ) 2

1 7
ANS :   i
10 10
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LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:


(a) express the rules of indices .
(b) explain the meaning of a surd and its conjugate.
(c) perform algebraic operations on surds.
(d) express the laws of logarithms.
(e) change the base of KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
logarithm 55
Definition 1

For all a R and n  Z (positive integer),
and a  0

a  a  a  ........  a  a n

n factors of a
a = base a to the
n = exponent or power or index power
of n
an = an exponential expression
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Definition 2

For all a  R and n  Z , Zero


 index
a  1
n
, n0
 Positive
a  a  a  a  ...  a , n  0
n
index
 1
n
a  n Negative
 a index
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Definition 3
If a is a real number, m and n are integers for
which n a is real then ;
Ratio index

 a
m
 a
m
a n  n n m

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NOTE
(a) a  1
0

n 1
(b) a  n
a
1
(c ) a  a
n n

m
(d ) a  a  ( a )
n n m n m
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m n
1. a a a
m n
4. n
(ab)  a b n n
m
a mn
2. a a a
n n
a n 5.    n
b b
3. a  
m n
a mn
,b  0
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Example 1

Simplify the following :

(a) 3 3
5 6
(b) 18 x y 2 5

4 4
3 3x y
n2
2 3 9 n
(c)(3m )  4m
2 3
(d)
n
27
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Solution:

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What is a SURD?

A surd is an irrational number in the form of


n
a where and which is expressed
in terms of root signs.

n
a
3
Irrational numbers which are SURD: 2, 7, 5
Irrational numbers which are NOT SURD:  ,e
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Is 9 known
as a surd ?

No, because 3 is
n
a not an irrational
number.

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RULES OF SURD

1. a b  ab
a a
2. 
b b
3. a b  c b   a  c  b
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
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CAUTION

a b  ab
2 5  2  5  10
2  5  (2)(5)  10
NOTE : a and b are positive real numbers
 2   5   2 i  5 i 
 10 i   10 2
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CAUTION

ab a b
    a   b
2 2 2
a b
Note :  a  b    a  b  a  b 
2

 a  ab  ab  b
 a  b  2 ab
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DEFINITION 1
Surd conjugate of  a b  is a b 
 a b  a b 
 a  a b  a b b  a b

 a b  a b   a  b a  b Q
R  Q Q
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EXAMPLE 2

Simplify the following


a. 24

b. 6 7  2 7

c . 5 3  27

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SOLUTION

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RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
When square roots occur in quotients, it is
customary to rewrite the quotient so that the
denominator contains no square roots.
In rationalising the denominator of a quotient,
be sure to multiply both the numerator and the
denominator by the same expression.

a numerator

b deno min ator
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RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
IF DENOMINATOR TO OBTAIN
CONTAINS THE MULTIPLY BY DENOMINATOR FREE
FACTOR FROM SURDS

3 3  3  3 2

3 1 3 1  3  1  2
2
2

23 23  2   3  7
2
2

5 3 5 3  5    3  2
2 2

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a b a b
a b a b
These expressions
are conjugates of
a b  a b
one another

NOTE: The choice of multiplier is by no means


accidental. When more complicated expressions
need rationalising the multiplier is simply the
conjugate of the original denominator.
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EXAMPLE 3 :

Rationalise the following ;


14 1
(a) (b)
7 7 2

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SOLUTION

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LOGARITHM
Definition:
If a, n  R+ and n = a x, then log a n = x
where a  0.

If a=10, log 10 n = x “common


logarithm”
If a=e , log e n = x “ natural logarithm”
or
“ Napier logarithm”
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NOTES
log e n = ln n

log 10 n = log n

ln e = 1 & log 10 = 1

log 1 = 0 & log a a=1

log a n
a n 78
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Index Logarithm
100  10 2
log10 100  2
y 5 x
log5 y  x
a
1 logb a  1
b
m
log 5    n
m  2(5 ) n
2

ye 3x
ln y  3x 79
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NOTES 2  8  log 2 8  3
3

3 1 1
2   log 2  3
8 8
2  3  log 2 (3)  x
x

2  3 Doesn’t exist or no solution


x

because 2 0
x

Log of a negative number does not exist.


Log of a positive number can have negative
value.
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Laws of logarithm

If a, M, N  R+ and p  R, then
a) log a MN  log a M  log a N

b)

c) log a M
p
 p log a M

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(a) log a MN  log a M  loga N

logaMN = logaM + logaN


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M
log a  log a M  log a N
(b) N
Let logaM = x and logaN = y
Then M = ax and N = ay
M  N  a a x y

M x y
a
N
M
log a  x y
N
M
log a  logaM - logaN 83
N KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
(c) log a M p
 p log a M

Let logaM = x
Then M = ax
Mp = (ax)p
Mp = apx
logaMp = px
logaMp = p logaM
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CAUTION!

log a (M  N )  log a M  loga N

(log a M )  p log a M
p

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Example 4
Simplify the following logarithm:
1
a) log 16  log 32
2
b) log 21  log 7  log 3


c)  log 81  log 2 32
 d)
 log 9 
  log 2 4
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Solution

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Solution

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A general formula for changing
from base a to base b

 logb M 
log a M   
 log b a 

PROVE: Let log a M  x


M  a x
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Take log base b on both sides,
logb M  logb a x

 x logb a
log b M
x 
log b a
 log b M 
 log a M   
 log b a  90
KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19
If M=b, then
logb b
log a b 
logb a
1
 log a b 
logb a
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Example 5
Given that log 2  0.301and log 7  0.8451
Evaluate:
a) log 2 7
b) log 2 28

c) log 7 98
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Solution

KMS/SM015_MATH/2018_19 93
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Laws of logarithm
If a, M, N  R+ and p  R, then
 log b M 
a)loga MN  loga M  loga N log a M   
 log b a 
If b=M, then
1
log a M 
c)loga M  p loga M
p log b a
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EXERCISE :
1) Without using calculator, simplify log 2 log 3 81 .
ANS : 4

2) Express each of the following in terms of log x, log y and log z .


xy 2
1
(a) log (b) log  (c) log x y 2 3

z  xy 
1 1
Ans : (a ) log x  log y  log z
2 2
(b)  log x  log y
(c) 2 log x  3 log y
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3) Simplify the following.
1
(a ) log16  log 2
2
1
(b) log 64  2 log 4  log 18
3 3 3
2
log 81
(c )
log 9
ANS : (a) log 2 (b) 2 (c) 2

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