Ee101 RL 1 PDF

EE101: RC and RL Circuits (with DC sources)
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Capacitors
i
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111 i
insulator 0000000000000
1111111111111
0000000000000
1111111111111
t v C=
ǫA
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)

Capacitors
i
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111 i
insulator 0000000000000
1111111111111
0000000000000
1111111111111
t v C=
ǫA
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)
* In practice, capacitors are available in a wide range of shapes and values, and
they differ significantly in the way they are fabricated.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor)

Capacitors
i
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111 i
insulator 0000000000000
1111111111111
0000000000000
1111111111111
t v C=
ǫA
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)
* To make C larger, we need (a) high , (b) large area, (c) small thickness.

Capacitors
i
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111 i
insulator 0000000000000
1111111111111
0000000000000
1111111111111
t v C=
ǫA
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)
* For a constant capacitance,
dQ dv dv
Q(t) = C v (t) , =C , i.e, i(t) = C .
dt dt dt

Capacitors
i
Q
conductor 1111111111111
0000000000000
0000000000000
1111111111111 i
insulator 0000000000000
1111111111111
0000000000000
1111111111111
t v C=
ǫA
t
conductor 0000000000000
1111111111111
Q
Unit: Farad (F)
* For a constant capacitance,
dQ dv dv
Q(t) = C v (t) , =C , i.e, i(t) = C .
dt dt dt
* If v = constant, i = 0, i.e., a capacitor behaves like an open circuit in DC
conditions as one would expect from two conducting plates separated by an
insulator.

Example
Plot v, p, and W versus time 20
for the given source current.
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
dv
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z
v(t) = i(t) dt
C
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C
p(t) = v(t) × i(t)
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C 0.2
p(t) = v(t) × i(t) power (Watts) 0.1
−0.1
−0.2
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C 0.2
Z
W(t) = p(t) dt 0
−0.1
−0.2
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C 0.2
Z
W(t) = p(t) dt 0
−0.1
−0.2
0.2
energy (J)
0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (sec)
Example
Assume v(0) = 0 V, C = 5 mF.
i (mA)
0
i
−20
v
8
v (V)
dv 0
i(t) = C
dt
1 Z −4
v(t) = i(t) dt
C 0.2
Z
W(t) = p(t) dt 0
−0.1
Z
W(t) = p(t) dt −0.2
Z dv 0.2
= C v dt
Z
dt
energy (J)
= C v dv 0.1
1
= C v2
2 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (sec)

Home work
i i (mA)
20
0 1 2 time (sec)

Home work
i i (mA)
20
0 1 2 time (sec)
* For the given source current, plot v (t), p(t), and W (t), assuming v (0) = 0 V ,
C = 5 mF .

Home work
i i (mA)
20
0 1 2 time (sec)
* For the given source current, plot v (t), p(t), and W (t), assuming v (0) = 0 V ,
C = 5 mF .
* Verify your results with circuit simulation.

Inductors
core Magnetic field lines Symbol

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)
* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

dφ d d µN i
* V =N =N (B · A) = N A .
dt dt dt l
di
Compare with v = L .
dt
A A
⇒ L = µ N2 = µr µ0 N 2 .
l l

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

dφ d d µN i
* V =N =N (B · A) = N A .
dt dt dt l
di
dt
A A
⇒ L = µ N2 = µr µ0 N 2 .
l l
* To make L larger, we need (a) high µr , (b) large area, (c) large number of turns.

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

dφ d d µN i
* V =N =N (B · A) = N A .
dt dt dt l
di
dt
A A
⇒ L = µ N2 = µr µ0 N 2 .
l l
* For 99.8 % pure iron, µr ' 5, 000 .
For “supermalloy” (Ni: 79 %, Mo: 5 %, Fe): µr ' 106 .

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

dφ d d µN i
* V =N =N (B · A) = N A .
dt dt dt l
di
dt
A A
⇒ L = µ N2 = µr µ0 N 2 .
l l
* For 99.8 % pure iron, µr ' 5, 000 .
* If i = constant, v = 0, i.e., an inductor behaves like a short circuit in DC
conditions as one would expect from a highly conducting coil.

Inductors

v
i L
Units: Henry (H)

dφ d d µN i
* V =N =N (B · A) = N A .
dt dt dt l
di
dt
A A
⇒ L = µ N2 = µr µ0 N 2 .
l l
* For 99.8 % pure iron, µr ' 5, 000 .
* If i = constant, v = 0, i.e., an inductor behaves like a short circuit in DC
conditions as one would expect from a highly conducting coil.
* Note: B = µ H is an approximation. In practice, B may be a nonlinear function
of H, depending on the core material.
RC circuits with DC sources
A
Circuit
(resistors, i
voltage sources,
v
current sources, C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B
* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

dv
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + v → VTh = RTh C +v.
dt

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

dv
dt
* Homogeneous solution:
dv 1
+ v = 0 , where τ = RTh C is the “time constant.”
dt τ
→ v (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

dv
dt
dv 1
dt τ
→ v (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* Particular solution is a specific function that satisfies the differntial equation. We
know that all time derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making i = 0, and we get
v (p) = VTh as a particular solution (which happens to be simply a constant).

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

dv
dt
dv 1
dt τ
→ v (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

dv
dt
dv 1
dt τ
→ v (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* v = v (h) + v (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh .
* In general, v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from
known conditions on v .
RC circuits with DC sources (continued)
A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B
* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RC .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RC .
1

dv
* i(t) = C = C × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RC .
1

dv
dt τ
* As t → ∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all
derivatives vanish.

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v
C
≡ VTh v
C
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

v (t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = RC .
1

dv
dt τ
* As t → ∞, i → 0, i.e., the capacitor behaves like an open circuit since all
derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in
the circuit can be expressed as
x(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ ) + K2 ,
where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).

RL circuits with DC sources
A
Circuit
(resistors, i
voltage sources,
v
current sources,
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B
A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

di
* KVL: VTh = RTh i + L .
dt

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

di
dt
di 1
+ i = 0 , where τ = L/RTh
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

di
dt
di 1
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
know that all time derivatives will vanish as t → ∞ , making v = 0, and we get
i (p) = VTh /RTh as a particular solution (which happens to be simply a constant).

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

di
dt
di 1
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh /RTh .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

di
dt
di 1
dt τ
→ i (h) = K exp(−t/τ ) .
* i = i (h) + i (p) = K exp(−t/τ ) + VTh /RTh .
* In general, i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , where A and B can be obtained from
known conditions on i.
RL circuits with DC sources (continued)
A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/R .

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/R .
1

di
* v (t) = L = L × A exp(−t/τ ) − ≡ A0 exp(−t/τ ) .
dt τ

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/R .
1

di
dt τ
* As t → ∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all
derivatives vanish.

A RTh A
Circuit
(resistors, i i
voltage sources,
current sources,
v ≡ VTh v
CCVS, CCCS,
VCVS, VCCS)
B B

i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B , τ = L/R .
1

di
dt τ
* As t → ∞, v → 0, i.e., the inductor behaves like a short circuit since all
derivatives vanish.
* Since the circuit in the black box is linear, any variable (current or voltage) in
the circuit can be expressed as
x(t) = K1 exp(−t/τ ) + K2 ,
where K1 and K2 can be obtained from suitable conditions on x(t).

RC circuits: Can Vc change “suddenly?”
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t
* Vs changes from 0 V (at t = 0− ), to 5 V (at t = 0+ ). As a result of this

change, Vc will rise. How fast can Vc change?

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

* For example, what would happen if Vc changes by 1 V in 1 µs at a constant
rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1 A.
dt s

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1 A.
dt s
* With i = 1 A, the voltage drop across R would be 1000 V ! Not allowed by KVL.

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1 A.
dt s
* We conclude that Vc (0+ ) = Vc (0− ) ⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt
changes in Vc if there is a finite resistance in the circuit.

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs Vc
C = 1 µF
Vc (0) = 0 V 0V t

rate of 1 V /1 µs = 106 V /s?
dVc V
* i =C = 1 µF × 106 = 1 A.
dt s
* We conclude that Vc (0+ ) = Vc (0− ) ⇒ A capacitor does not allow abrupt
changes in Vc if there is a finite resistance in the circuit.
* Similarly, an inductor does not allow abrupt changes in iL .

Analysis of RC /RL circuits with a piece-wise constant source
* Identify intervals in which the source voltages/currents are constant.

For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2


For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2
* For any current or voltage x(t), write general expressions such as,
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .


For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .
* Work out suitable conditions on x(t) at specific time points using


For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .

(a) If the source voltage/current has not changed for a “long” time
(long compared to τ ), all derivatives are zero.
dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt


For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .

dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,
Vc (t) or iL (t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t0+ ) = Vc (t0− ) , and iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0− ) .


For example,
Vs
(1) t < t1
(2) t1 < t < t2
(3) t > t2
0 t1 t2
x(t) = A1 exp(−t/τ ) + B1 , t < t1 ,
x(t) = A2 exp(−t/τ ) + B2 , t1 < t < t2 ,
x(t) = A3 exp(−t/τ ) + B3 , t > t2 .

dVc diL
⇒ iC = C = 0 , and VL = L = 0.
dt dt
(b) When a source voltage (or current) changes, say, at t = t0 ,
Vc (t) or iL (t) cannot change abruptly, i.e.,
Vc (t0+ ) = Vc (t0− ) , and iL (t0+ ) = iL (t0− ) .
* Compute A1 , B1 , · · · using the conditions on x(t).

RC circuits: charging and discharging transients
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)
Conditions on v(t):
(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V
v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)
Conditions on v(t):
(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V
v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)
Conditions on v(t):
(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V
v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0
t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)
Conditions on v(t):
(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V
v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0
t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t
Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A) Let v(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B, t > 0 (A)
Conditions on v(t):
(1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = 0 V
v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = 0 V
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0
t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t
Conditions on v(t): Conditions on v(t):

− −
(1) v(0 ) = Vs (0 ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0
−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
−
+
Note that we need the condition at 0 (and not at 0 ) Note that we need the condition at 0+ (and not at 0− )
because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0. because Eq. (A) applies only for t > 0.
(2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = V0 (2) As t → ∞ , i → 0 → v(∞) = Vs (∞) = 0 V
t = 0+ : 0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t

− −
(1) v(0 ) = Vs (0 ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0
−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
−
+
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
+
t = 0 : 0 = A+B, t = 0+ : V0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B . t → ∞: 0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0 i.e., A = V0 , B = 0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t

− −
(1) v(0 ) = Vs (0 ) = 0 V (1) v(0− ) = Vs (0− ) = V0
−
+
v(0 ) ≃ v(0 ) = 0 V v(0+ ) ≃ v(0− ) = V0
−
+
Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get Imposing (1) and (2) on Eq. (A), we get
+
t = 0 : 0 = A+B, t = 0+ : V0 = A + B ,
t → ∞: V0 = B . t → ∞: 0 = B .
i.e., A = V0 , B = −V0 i.e., A = V0 , B = 0
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] v(t) = V0 exp(−t/τ )

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t
Compute i(t), t > 0 .

R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ )
τ R
R
Vs
i
V0
Vs v
C
0V t

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
τ R
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
Using these conditions, we obtain
V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t
Compute i(t), t > 0 . Compute i(t), t > 0 .

d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
dt
CV0 V0
τ R
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t

d d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] (A) i(t) = C V0 [exp(−t/τ )]
dt dt
CV0 V0 CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ ) =− exp(−t/τ ) = − exp(−t/τ )
τ R τ R
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R R
R R
Vs Vs
i i
V0 V0
Vs v Vs v
C C
0V t 0V t

d d
(A) i(t) = C V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )] (A) i(t) = C V0 [exp(−t/τ )]
dt dt
CV0 V0 CV0 V0
= exp(−t/τ ) = exp(−t/τ ) =− exp(−t/τ ) = − exp(−t/τ )
τ R τ R
(B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 . (B) Let i(t) = A′ exp(−t/τ ) + B′ , t > 0 .
t = 0+ : v = 0 , Vs = V0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = V0 /R . t = 0+ : v = V0 , Vs = 0 ⇒ i(0+ ) = −V0 /R .
t → ∞: i(t) = 0 . t → ∞: i(t) = 0 .
Using these conditions, we obtain Using these conditions, we obtain
V0 V0 V0 V0
A′ = , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) A′ = − , B′ = 0 ⇒ i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R R R

R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v
C = 1 µF
0V t
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ )
R
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v
C = 1 µF
0V t
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
R
5
Vs
v
v (Volts)
0
R=1k
Vs
i
5V
Vs v
C = 1 µF
0V t
v(t) = V0 [1 − exp(−t/τ )]
V0
R
5
Vs
v
v (Volts)
5
i (mA)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v Vs v
C = 1 µF C = 1 µF
0V t 0V t

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R
5
Vs
v
v (Volts)
5
i (mA)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v Vs v
C = 1 µF C = 1 µF
0V t 0V t

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R
5 5
Vs
v Vs
v (Volts)
v (Volts)
v
0 0
5
i (mA)
−2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec)
R=1k R=1k
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v Vs v
C = 1 µF C = 1 µF
0V t 0V t

V0 V0
i(t) = exp(−t/τ ) i(t) = − exp(−t/τ )
R R
5 5
Vs
v Vs
v (Volts)
v (Volts)
v
0 0
5 0
i (mA)
i (mA)
0 −5
−2 0 2 4 6 8 −2 0 2 4 6 8
time (msec) time (msec)
Significance of the time constant (τ )
x e −x 1 − e −x
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933

x e −x 1 − e −x
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For x = 5, e −x ' 0, 1 − e −x ' 1.

x e −x 1 − e −x
0.0 1.0 0.0
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933
* For x = 5, e −x ' 0, 1 − e −x ' 1.

* In RC circuits, x = t/τ ⇒ When t = 5 τ , the charging (or discharging) process
is almost complete.

x e −x 1 − e −x
1
0.0 1.0 0.0 1 − exp(−x)
1.0 0.3679 0.6321
2.0 0.1353 0.8647
exp(−x)
3.0 4.9787×10−2 0.9502
4.0 1.8315×10−2 0.9817 0
5.0 6.7379×10−3 0.9933 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

x
* For x = 5, e −x ' 0, 1 − e −x ' 1.

* In RC circuits, x = t/τ ⇒ When t = 5 τ , the charging (or discharging) process
is almost complete.

R R
Vs Vs
i i
5V 5V
Vs v Vs v
C = 1 µF C = 1 µF
0V t 0V t
R = 100 Ω
5 5
R = 1 kΩ
v (Volts)
v (Volts)
R = 1 kΩ
0 0
R = 100 Ω
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
time (msec) time (msec)

RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
There are three intervals of constant Vs :
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
There are three intervals of constant Vs :
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RTh seen by L is the same in all intervals:
RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1
τ = L/RTh
R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω
Vs
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
There are three intervals of constant Vs : ⇒ i(t− +
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
(2) t0 < t < t1
(3) t > t1
RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1
τ = L/RTh
R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω
Vs
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
If Vs did not change at t = t1 ,
(2) t0 < t < t1
we would have
(3) t > t1
Vs
10 V
RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1 t
τ = L/RTh t0 t1
R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
Vs
= 0.1 s
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(0) = 0 A, Find i(t).
At t = t−
0 , v = 0 V, Vs = 0 V .
0 ) = 0 A ⇒ i(t0 ) = 0 A .
(1) t < t0
If Vs did not change at t = t1 ,
(2) t0 < t < t1
we would have
(3) t > t1
Vs
10 V
RTh = R1 k R2 = 8 Ω
R1 t
τ = L/RTh t0 t1
R2
= 0.8 H/8 Ω v(∞) = 0 V, i(∞) = 10 V/10 Ω = 1 A .
Vs
= 0.1 s
Using i(t+
0 ) and i(∞), we can obtain
i(t), t > 0 (See next slide).

RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
1
i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
1
i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 ,
and we need to work out the
solution for t > t1 separately.
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
For t0 < t < t1 , i(t) = 1 − exp(−t/τ ) Amp.

1
Consider t > t1 .
i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)
i(∞) = 0 A.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)
i(∞) = 0 A.
Let i(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)
i(∞) = 0 A.
0 It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 i(t) = A′ exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] + B.
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1

1
Consider t > t1 .
−
i(t+
1 ) = i(t1 ) = 1 − e
−1
= 0.632 A (Note: t1 /τ = 1).
i (Amp)
i(∞) = 0 A.
0 It is convenient to rewrite i(t) as
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 i(t) = A′ exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] + B.
time (sec)
Using i(t+
1 ) and i(∞), we get
In reality, Vs changes at t = t1 , i(t) = 0.693 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A.

RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(t) = 0.693 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A.
1
i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
RL circuit: example
R1
Vs R1 = 10 Ω
i R2 = 40 Ω
10 V
Vs v R2 L = 0.8 H
t0 = 0
t t1 = 0.1 s
t0 t1
i(t) = 0.693 exp[−(t − t1 )/τ ] A. Combining the solutions for t0 < t < t1 and t > t1 ,
we get
1
1
i (Amp)
i (Amp)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0
time (sec)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
time (sec)
(SEQUEL file: ee101_rl1.sqproj)

RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k
t=0
i ic
5k 1k
R2 vc
R1
5 µF
6V
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
t = 0− : capacitor is an open circuit, ⇒ i(0− ) = 6 V/(5 k + 1 k) = 1 mA.
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Let i(t) = A exp(-t/τ ) + B for t > 0, with τ = 10 k × 5 µF = 50 ms.

RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.
Using i(0+ ) and i(∞) = 0 A, we get

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.
i (mA)
0 time (sec) 0.5

RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA.
1 0 5
i (mA) ic (mA)
vc (V)
0 0
−0.5
0 time (sec) 0.5 0 time (sec) 0.5 0 time (sec) 0.5
RC circuit: example
R3 = 5 k 5k 5k
t=0
i ic i ic i ic
5k 1k 5k 1k 5k
R2 vc vc AND vc
R1
5 µF 5 µF 5 µF
6V 6V
t<0 t>0
vc (0− ) = 6 V − 1 mA × R2 = 5 V ⇒ vc (0+ ) = 5 V.
⇒ i(0+ ) = 5 V/(5 k + 5 k) = 0.5 mA.

i(t) = 0.5 exp(-t/τ ) mA. (SEQUEL file: ee101_rc2.sqproj)
1 0 5
i (mA) ic (mA)
vc (V)
0 0
−0.5
0 time (sec) 0.5 0 time (sec) 0.5 0 time (sec) M. B. Patil,0.5
IIT Bombay
RC circuits: home work
10 Ω
i2 i1 ic
10 V 10 Ω vc
200 µF

10 Ω
i2 i1 ic
10 V 10 Ω vc
200 µF
* Given vc (0) = 0 V , find vc (t) for t > 0. Using this vc (t), find i1 , i2 , ic for t > 0.
Plot vc , i1 , i2 , ic versus t.

10 Ω
i2 i1 ic
10 V 10 Ω vc
200 µF
* Find i1 , i2 , ic directly (i.e., without getting vc ) by finding the initial and final
conditions for each of them (i1 (0+ ) and i1 (∞), etc.) and then using them to
compute the coefficients in the general expression,
x(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.

10 Ω
i2 i1 ic
10 V 10 Ω vc
200 µF
* Find i1 , i2 , ic directly (i.e., without getting vc ) by finding the initial and final
conditions for each of them (i1 (0+ ) and i1 (∞), etc.) and then using them to
compute the coefficients in the general expression,
x(t) = A exp(−t/τ ) + B.
* Verify your results with SEQUEL (file: ee101 rc3.sqproj).

2Ω 3Ω
t=0 i1 ic
24 V 5Ω vx 1 mF vc 0.1 vx

2Ω 3Ω
t=0 i1 ic
* Find vc (0− ), vc (∞).

2Ω 3Ω
t=0 i1 ic
* Find vc (0− ), vc (∞).

* Find RTh as seen by the capacitor for t > 0.

2Ω 3Ω
t=0 i1 ic
* Find vc (0− ), vc (∞).

* Solve for vc (t) and i1 (t), t > 0.

2Ω 3Ω
t=0 i1 ic
* Find vc (0− ), vc (∞).

* Solve for vc (t) and i1 (t), t > 0.
* Verify your results with SEQUEL (file: ee101 rc4.sqproj).

RL circuits: home work
20 Ω 20 Ω
t=0 i
5V L=0.1 H 10 V

20 Ω 20 Ω
t=0 i
5V L=0.1 H 10 V
* Find i(0− ), i(∞).

20 Ω 20 Ω
t=0 i
5V L=0.1 H 10 V
* Find i(0− ), i(∞).

* Find RTh as seen by the inductor for t > 0.

20 Ω 20 Ω
t=0 i
5V L=0.1 H 10 V
* Find i(0− ), i(∞).

* Solve for i(t), t > 0.

20 Ω 20 Ω
t=0 i
5V L=0.1 H 10 V
* Find i(0− ), i(∞).

* Solve for i(t), t > 0.
* Verify your results with SEQUEL (file: ee101 rl2.sqproj).

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EE101: RC and RL Circuits (with DC sources)

Department of Electrical Engineering

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

core Magnetic field lines Symbol

* An inductor is basically a conducting coil wound around a “core.”

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), we have

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* If all sources are DC (constant), VTh = constant .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay