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Examples:
Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine
Lithium, Sodium and Potassium
Calcium, Strontium and Barium
Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium
Manganese, Iron and Cobalt
group no.
4. Period no. or series no. corresponds to the outermost main energy
level occupied by the valence electrons
Period 1
Period 2
Period 3
Period 4
Period 6
5. Block-type of elements
s – block type – elements that have their outer electrons occupying the
s- orbital
p – block type – elements that have their outer electrons occupying the
s- orbital and ending in p-orbital
d – block type – elements that have their electrons occupying the s and
p-orbitals and ending in d-orbital
f – block type – elements that have their outer electrons occupying the
s, p, d-orbitals and ending in f-orbital
6. Generally, all s, d and f-block type elements are metals and all p-block
type elements are non-metals
7. If the period no. is greater than the group no. , the element is a metal; If the
period no. is less than the group no. , the element is a non-metal; If the period
no. is equal to the group no. or the group no. is greater than the period no. by
1, the element is a metalloid
Examples:
Metals : Na, Ca, Ba, Rb
Xe
1
Ar Kr
e
0.5 Ne
He
0
0 20 40 60
Examples:
No. of Energy Levels occupied by electrons:
Period 2 10 Ne = 2 ) 8 2 energy levels
Z eff = Z - S
NOTE: An increase in the nuclear charge of the atoms in the same period
causes the atoms to shrink
Exercises
1. Choose the biggest element
a. Sr , Ba , Ca
b. Ge , Si , C
c. Fe , Ti , Ga
d. S , Na , Si
2. Arrange the elements in order of decreasing atomic size
a. Ni , K , O , Sn , V
b. Pb , S , Ba , Cl , Mn
2. Ionization energy – energy required to remove an electron from a neutral
atom
Examples:
Na + energy Na + + e-
Neutral atom cation
First Ionization energy – is the amount of energy needed to remove the first
electron from a neutral atom
Trend in the Periodic Table
Within a group / Top to Bottom :
- As the atomic no. increases, ionization energy decreases
NOTE:
Low ionization energy means that a low amount of energy is needed to
remove an electron from a neutral atom and high ionization energy means that
the atom is stable and requires a high amount of energy to remove an electron
from that atom
Across a period / Left to right :
- As the atomic no. increases, ionization energy increases
Exercises :
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300 I
-350 F Br
Cl
-400
Trend in the Periodic Table
Within a group / Top to Bottom
-As the atomic no. increases, electron affinity decreases
Across a period / Left to Right
-As the atomic no. increases, electron affinity also increases
Examples
Na + energy Na + + e-
Cl + e- Cl - + energy
Non-metallic strength
From top to bottom of the periodic table, non-metallic
strength decreases ; From left to right of the periodic table, non-
metallic strength increases.