SCIENCE- 4TH QUARTERLY EXAMINATION REVIEWER:

TOPIC: FORCE
Force- is a push or pull that can affect an object. Force itself is invisible, cannot be seen but its
effects can be.
If the forces on an object is balanced, the object will continue to do what it is already doing
without change.
If the forces on an object are unbalanced, the speed and the direction of motion will change.
Forces All Around- some forces are useful to people. For example, wind exerts a force that can
propel sailing boats and windmills.
Forces in Nature- Examples: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and strong winds.
Gravitational Force/Gravity- is the force that exists between any two masses, attracting them
toward each other.
Mass Weight
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter Weight is a force due to the pull of gravity on
that makes up an object. It is not a force. an object.
The mass of an object is always the same. The weight of an object will vary depending
on where it is in the universe.
Can be measured: platform balance, beam Can be measured with: weighing scales,
balance, and an electronic balance. spring balance, bathroom/kitchen scale.
Units: grams (g), and kilograms (kg) Units: newtons (N), and dynes (d)
TOPIC: FRICTION
1. Frictional Force/Friction: is a force that opposes motion. It acts on object that are in
contact with each other. It has many effects, these include:
 Slow down and stop moving objects.
 Prevent an object from moving.
 Affect the movement of objects on different surfaces.
In some sitatuions, friction is very important and beneficial, these situations include:
 Walking
 Writing and holding objects
 Driving and parking a car
 Heat from frictional force
But, friction can also cause problems or be a nuisance, these situations include:
 Difficult movement
 Waste of energy
 Heating of parts
 Wearing things out
STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE IN CONDUCTING THE EXPERIMENT:
1. State the Problem
2. Develop a Hypothesis
3. Design and conduct the experiment.
4. Gather information and data.
5. Analyze the information and data.
6. Draw and conduct a conclusion
 AIR AND WATER RESISTANCE
Air Resistance- force that pushes against you when you walk or run against the wind.
Water Resistance- force that pushes against you when you swim.
Streamlining helps reduce friction when an object is moving through a liquid or a gas. A
streamlined body shape is one that is narrow at both ends and broad in the middle.
The more streamlined an object is, the lesser is the air and water resistance acting on it.
All objects fall at the same rate, regardless of their mass but air resistance acting on an object
with a parachute can slow it down.
TOPIC: ENERGY
Types of Energy:
1. Kinetic Energy: form of energy found in things (living or nonliving) that move. Present in
the motion of waves, electrons, atoms, molecules, substances, or objects.
2. Electrical Energy: movement of electrical charges. Electrical charges moving through a
wire is called electricity.
3. Light Energy: type of radiant energy. It is a form of energy that enables people to see. It
is emitted by luminous objects such as the sun.
4. Thermal Energy: internal energy in substances. The vibration and movement of the
atoms and molecules within substances. Form of energy that feels warm.
5. Sound Energy: movement of energy though substances in waves. Sound is produced
when an object vibrates, and it is a type of energy that people can hear.
6. Potential Energy: stored energy and the energy of position. One of the examples is the
energy stored in food.
According to the law of conservation of energy, energy is neither created nor destroyed. It can
only me transformed from one from to another.
7. Gravitational energy- energy involving altitude or height.
Mass of Object: Objects with more mass have more potential energy.
TOPIC: SIMPLE MACHINES
Simple Machines: mechanical device that helps people do work.
TYPES OF SIMPLE MACHINES
1. Lever: rigid bar, which may be straight or curved, that rotates around a fixed point
called a fulcrum. A lever has three parts:
 Load or Resistance: the object where the work of the machine is to be applied.
 Effort: amount of force applied to the machine.
 Fulcrum: the fixed or pivot point.
CLASSES OF LEVER
 First Class Lever: The fulcrum is between the load and the effort.
Examples: Seesaw, Shovel, Hammer’s Claws, and Scissors
 Second Class Lever: Fulcrum is at the end, with the load in the middle
Examples: Wheelbarrow, Stapler, and Nut Cracker
 Third Class Lever: The fulcrum is at the end, while the effort being in the middle
Examples: Fishing Pole, Tongs, Broom, and Tweezers
2. Inclined Plane: is an even sloping surface such as a ramp. This simple machine makes it
easier to move a weight (or load) to a higher elevation.
3. Wedge: is a modification of the inclined plane. It is an inclined planed that moves.
Examples are Axes, Zippers, Knives, Boat Sterns and Bottle Openers.
4. Screw: Also a modified version of the inclined plane. It is an inclined plane wrapped in a
spiral around a post. Examples are bolts, screws, lids, and spiral staircases.
5. Pulley: another type of simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel and a rope
(chain or cable) that turns freely in a frame called the block.
Fixed Pulley: changes the direction of a force but doesn’t lessen the effort needed to lift
an object.
Movable Pulley: rises and falls with the load that is being moved.
Examples: Ski Lift, Clothesline, and Flag poles.
6. Wheel and Axle: is a simple machine consisting of a large wheel rigidly secured to a
smaller wheel or shaft called axle. This machine helps people lift or move loads.
Examples of this are door knobs, screwdrivers, faucet handles, sharpeners, hand drills,
steering wheel, and spanners.
7. Gears: Wheels with teeth oh them. Gears are multiple wheels that interlock together;
thus, one turn of the larger wheel causes the smaller when to turn multiple directions.
Bigger: Counterclockwise, Smaller: Clockwise. Examples of these are clocks, watches,
and correction tapes.