Physics 121 Advancing Physics II

Nau mai, haere mai! Please check the seat map.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Today

1. Meet the team!

2. Right course for you? Introduction

3. How the course works

4. Vectors
Review and practice
5. Electric Charges (22.1 - 22.3)

6. Accessing Mastering Physics Account set up

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

 Additional teaching staff

Meet the team!

M / W 9.00 – 11.00, F 13.00 – 15.00

Instructor

Nathan Musoke Nikolett Nemet Taiyo Serge

Course coordinator Technical staff

Scott Parkins

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018 Anna Yang Negar Zoka

 Additional teaching staff

Meet the team!

M / W 11.00 – 13.00, F 15.00 – 17.00

Instructor

Alex Nielsen Alex Smith

Course coordinator Technical staff

Neil Broderick

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018 Anna Yang Negar Zoka

Meet the team!
Kia ora neighbour! Take a few minutes Write your name here and on the back
to introduce yourselves. 5 min

• Your name

• Why you’re taking the course

• Previous physics studies

(e.g. Physics 120, 160)

• A hobby

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Right course for you? Semester 2 Semester 1

I’m new to physics or I’d like to

consolidate the basic concepts.
Physics 102

I am studying Biomedical Science (or

other life sciences) or I did relatively Physics 160 Physics 121
well in physics and calculus in school
(NCEA Level 2 equivalent).

I passed Physics 120 or I excelled in Physics 121 Physics 2XX

Physics 160 or I did well in physics
and calculus in school (NCEA Level 3
equivalent).

For more info, see the university calendar and come chat with us.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Course topics

Physics 120 Topics Physics 121 Topics

• Mechanics • Electromagnetism

• Oscillations & waves • Ray optics & wave optics

• Thermodynamics • Nuclear, quantum & relativity

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

 Mark the important dates on your course schedule now. 
How the course works The course outline and schedule are on Canvas.

Quizzes Tests Exam

In-class
Homework Practicals
Activities

Pre-readings

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018 If you have any physical impairment or special learning need, please contact us.
Course text
Knight, R. (2017). Physics for Scientists
and Engineers: A Strategic Approach
with Modern Physics (4th edition).
Pearson. [Global edition].

Hard copies of the textbook are available

for lending at the university library and
for purchase at “ubiq”, the bookshop on
campus. It is also available as an
electronic textbook (eText) for purchase
online.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Review: Vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵

magnitude and direction

𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ + (−𝐵) 2𝐴Ԧ − 2𝐵 = 2(𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵)

𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Review: Vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵

𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ + (−𝐵) 2𝐴Ԧ − 2𝐵 = 2(𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵)

𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Review: Vectors 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵

𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴Ԧ𝑥 + 𝐴Ԧ𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

𝐴Ԧ

𝐴𝑦 = 𝐴Ԧ sin 𝜃 𝜃

𝐴𝑥 = 𝐴Ԧ cos 𝜃 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ

𝐴𝑦
𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴2𝑥 + 𝐴2𝑦 𝜃 = tan−1 (check the quadrant)
𝐴𝑥

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

 𝐴Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ
Review: Vectors

𝐴Ԧ + 𝐵 = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ 𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ + (−𝐵) 2𝐴Ԧ − 2𝐵 = 2 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 2 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ

= 𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ = 𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + −3𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ = 2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ − (6𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗)Ƹ
= 4𝑖Ƹ = 𝑖Ƹ − 3𝑖Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ = 2𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ
= −2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ = −4𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ
= 2 −2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ
= 2(𝐴Ԧ − 𝐵)

Try 𝐵 + 𝐴Ԧ and check the result from graphical addition.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Example (Going 3D)

Another way to express vectors is in the (x, y, z) notation:

෠
𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤 = 𝑢𝑖Ƹ + 𝑣𝑗Ƹ + 𝑤𝑘.

1. Add the vectors 𝑎Ԧ = (3, 7, 11) and 𝑏 = (2, 9, 4).

𝑎Ԧ + 𝑏 = 3, 7, 11 + 2, 9, 4 = 3 + 2, 7 + 9, 11 + 4 = 5, 16, 15

2. What is the magnitude of the vector 𝑐Ԧ = (1, −2, −3)?

𝑐Ԧ = 12 + (−2)2 +(−3)2 = 1 + 4 + 9 = 14

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Whiteboard practice (3D, then going 4D)

1. Suppose two vectors 𝑎Ԧ = (3, 7, 11) and 𝑐Ԧ = (1, −2, −3).

a) Calculate 𝑑Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ + 2𝑐.
Ԧ

Ԧ
b) Calculate the magnitude of the vector 𝑑.

c) Sketch the resultant vector.

2. Subtract the vector 𝑝Ԧ = (5, 6, 7, 8) from the vector 𝑞Ԧ = (6, 6, 6, 6).

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑞Ԧ − 𝑝Ԧ = ⋯ Hard to draw this one!

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Review: Vectors Physics 120. p. 237 -239.

Multiplying two vectors 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐴𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

• Dot product (or scalar product)

• Cross product (or vector product)

𝐵 = 𝐵𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝐵𝑦 𝑗Ƹ

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos 𝜃

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Dot product of two vectors Physics 120

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 Physics 120

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

 Physics 120

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

 Physics 120

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Dot product of two vectors

To find the angle between two 3D vectors,

you can make use of

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴Ԧ 𝐵 cos 𝜃

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐴𝑦 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐴𝑧 𝐵𝑧

𝐴Ԧ ⋅ 𝐵
𝜃= cos −1
𝐴Ԧ 𝐵
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Review: Vectors Physics 120

Multiplying two vectors

• Dot product (or scalar product)

• Cross product (or vector product)

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Cross product of two vectors

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018 LucasVB, 2014. Wiki Commons. (gif.)

Cross product of two vectors Physics 120

What about 𝑗Ƹ × 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑘෠ × 𝑗,Ƹ 𝑖Ƹ × 𝑘?

෠
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
 Physics 120

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Exercise 12.39
Physics 120
෠
Vector 𝐴Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ and vector 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘.

What is the cross product 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵?

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Exercise 12.39

෠
Vector 𝐴Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ and vector 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘.

What is the cross product 𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵?

𝐴Ԧ × 𝐵 = 3𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ × 3𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑘෠

= 9𝑖Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑖Ƹ × 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑖Ƹ × 2𝑘෠ + 3𝑗Ƹ × 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ × 𝑗Ƹ + 2𝑗Ƹ × 𝑘෠

= 0 − 6𝑘෠ + 6 −𝑗Ƹ + 3 −𝑘෠ − 0 + 2𝑖Ƹ
= 2𝑖Ƹ − 6𝑗Ƹ − 9𝑘෠
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018 Got it? Solve Example 12.16 using ij-notation.
Whiteboard practice

Two vectors 𝑃 = 4𝑖Ƹ + 7𝑘෠ and 𝑄 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 𝑗Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ are shown

in the diagram.

a) Use vector components to find 𝑃 ⋅ 𝑄.

b) Use vector components to find 𝑃 × 𝑄.

c) Use your answer from a) to determine the angle

between the vectors 𝑃 and 𝑄.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Activity
1. Using the coordinate system provided,
with the instructor podium as the origin,
express the vector starting from the
podium to the centre of your table in
three forms:
• In (x, y, z) notation.
• In magnitudes and unit vectors.
• With a magnitude and direction.
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
2. Ask a group at another table what
their vector is.
Use this vector and your original vector
to write a vector from the centre of their
table to the centre of your table using the
(x, y, z) notation.
Compare your answer with their answer.
How do they compare? Does this make
sense?
Discussion
Which of the following effects are fundamentally electrical in nature? Briefly discuss
the origin of each effect.

a. Tension in a spring g. Auroras

b. “Crackles” when taking a sweater off h. Pressure in a gas

c. “Crackles” from walking on dry leaves

d. The spiral structure of galaxies

e. Nerve conduction

f. Nuclear fission
Knight, 2017. “Aurora”. p. 818.
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Experimenting with charges

ElectricityWallis, 1875.
1 | Semester Thales.
2, 2018 Wiki Commons. The Franklin Institute. Benjamin Franklin.
 Experimenting with charges

Electric charges exist and have

the following properties:
• Like charges repel, opposite
charges attract.
• The total charge in an isolated
system is conserved.
• Charge is quantised (Millikan,
1909). More next time.
Science Buddies, 2012. Static Electricity. Scientific American.
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
Experimenting with charges further

How do charged objects exert an attractive force on a neutral object?

Equipment: Van de Graaff generator, bubble mix, loop for blowing bubbles.

Procedure: Blow some bubbles towards the generator.

• Are the bubbles initially charged?

• What do the bubbles do?

• Why do they behave like this?

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Charge polarisation

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Charging by induction

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Quick Check

A rod attracts a positively-charged hanging ball. The rod is

A. Positive.
B. Negative.
C. Neutral.
D. Either A or C.
E. Either B or C.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Quick Check

Metal spheres 1 and 2 are touching. Both are initially neutral.

a. The charged rod is brought near.
b. The charged rod is then removed.
c. The spheres are separated.
Afterward, the charges on the sphere are

A. Q1 is + and Q2 is +.
B. Q1 is + and Q2 is –.
C. Q1 is – and Q2 is +.
D. Q1 is – and Q2 is –.
E. Q1 is 0 and Q2 is 0.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Quick Check

Metal spheres 1 and 2 are touching. Both are initially neutral.

a. The charged rod is brought near.
b. The spheres are separated.
c. The charged rod is then removed.
Afterward, the charges on the sphere are

A. Q1 is + and Q2 is +.
B. Q1 is + and Q2 is –.
C. Q1 is – and Q2 is +.
D. Q1 is – and Q2 is –.
E. Q1 is 0 and Q2 is 0.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Quick Check

Based on the last experiment, where two spheres were charged by

induction, we can conclude that

A. Only the – charges move.

B. Only the + charges move.
C. Both the + and – charges move.
D. We can draw no conclusion about which charges move.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Accessing Mastering Physics
This is for pre-readings (due before each class, first one due by 8 am on Wed 18 July),
homework (due by 8 am on Mondays from Week 3 onwards) and in-class activities.

To get access to Mastering Physics:

• Go to Canvas → Physics 121 → MyLab and Mastering (side menu) →Welcome to

Mastering Physics.

• When prompted to enter an access code, please use the code:

ISNMPR-FLAIL-EMMEN-VAGUE-SLANT-RULES

• When prompted to enter your username, please enter your UoA username / UPI.

For step-by-step instructions, go to Canvas → Physics 121 → Module → “Mastering

Physics Student Registration Instructions”.
Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018
To-do

 Leave the name card on your table at the end of this class.

 Complete the pre-reading for “Electricity 2” by 8 am on Wed 18 July (Mastering Physics).

 Complete the UoA Academic Integrity Course online if you haven’t yet. This is part of
your graduation requirement.

 Get a notebook for Physics 121.

 Start a summary sheet (A4-sized, double-sided).

Next class: Coulomb’s law and electric fields (22.4 and 22.5). Ka kite anō!

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018

Learning objectives

By the end of this class, you should be able to:

• Understand and express 2D and 3D vectors in graphical form, in magnitude-
direction form, in (x, y, z) notation, and in terms of unit vectors.
• Add and subtract vectors, and multiply them by scalars -- using both graphical
and component methods.
• Calculate the dot product and cross product of two vectors and interpret them
geometrically.
• Describe the process of charging an object by contact and by induction.
• Describe how charged objects attract neutral objects through polarisation.

Electricity 1 | Semester 2, 2018