CHAPTER 4 INDEPENDENCES AMONG LIVING

FORM 2 SCIENCE
ORGANISMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
1. Species - Same kind of organisms that can make to produce youngs.
2. Population - A group of organisms which is same species living in a particular habitat.
3. Community - Several populations of plants and animals living together in a habitat.
4. Habitat - A natural living place where organisms live and reproduce.
- Provides food, shelter and space for breeding to the organisms.
5. Ecosystem.
i. Interaction of a few community interact one another and also with non-living things.
ii. Is made up of living things and non-living things components in the environment.
iii. Ecosystem
Living things Non-living thing
Animals Plants Decomposers Soil Air Water light
(bacteria, fungi, mushroom)
iv.

v. Photosynthesis – plant depends on non-living things to produce food.

– carbon dioxide + water → glucose (food) + oxygen
sunlight

6 c. Saprophytism – are organism eats dead organism such as mushroom lives on dead tree.
7. Food chain - transfer of energy from one organism to another organism.
- the sun is the main source of energy.
i. sunlight (main source of energy)

Grass Worm Chicken Snake

return (Producer) (Primary consumer (Secondary consumer (Tertiary consumer
simpler or herbivore) or carnivore) or carnivore.
substances / dead dead dead dead
minerals to the soil
Bacteria / fungi (decomposers)

i. If snakes are killed, the population of chickens will increase, worm decrease but grass increase.

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 ii. If chicken increases, the chicken will compete for food and the population of worm decrease but
grass increase. However, the population of snake increases.

- fungi and bacteria that break down dead organisms / change complex
a. Decomposers substance to simple substance.
- return simpler substances / minerals to the soil.
- green plants that can make their own food through photosynthesis from
b. Producers sunlight.
- change simple substance to complex substance.

c.

8.Food web - combination of several food chains linked together.

9. a. Moving up a pyramid number shows:

i. a decrease in number of organisms.
ii. An increase in organism size.
iii. 90% energy loss between one level to another level
b. The number of organisms at each level must be maintained so that there are enough organisms
to support the next level of organisms.

d i. ii.

N→K→P→L

iii. Producer – which is the most number is put at the base of the pyramid.
iv. Tertiery –which is the least number is put at the summit of the pyramid (predator).

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 v. vi.

10. a. Important of photosynthesis

- Produce food / glucose
- Increase oxygen in the atmosphere
- Reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
b.

#The leaf turn blue-bleck when tested iodine solution because presence of starch

11. Stomata on a leaf surface b. Factors affect the rate of

a. Stomata pores (to release of water
vapour and exchanging of gasses)
i. Release oxygen but absorb carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis
(daytime)
ii. Release carbon dioxide but absorb
oxygen during respiration (day
and night)
iii. Release water vapour during
transpiration.
transpiration:
i. humidity of air
(humidity ↓ , transpiration ↑ )
ii. surrounding temperature
(temperature ↑ , transpiration ↑ )
iii. intensity of light
(intensity ↑ , transpiration ↑ )
iv. movement of wind
(movement ↑ , transpiration ↑ )
c. Functions of transpiration
i. to remove excess water
ii. to cool down the plant/leaves
iii. to help the plant to absorb water
from the roots up to the leaves.

12. Transpiration
a. Releasing of water vapour through
stomata on the leaves.

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d. Plant wilts because transpiration / loss of
water / insufficient of water.
Inference
The higher the temperature, the higher
the rate of transpiration.
Farmer needs to water the plant early in
the morning to supply sufficient water for
the plant to carry out transpiration process
in the afternoon.
e. Excessive logging
i. carbon dioxide increase / cause
greenhouse effect
ii. oxygen decrease
iii. destroy water catchment area
iv. cause soil erosion
v. extinction of flora and fauna
f. Ways to reduce excessive logging
i. management of forest (FRIM)
ii. enforcement of law
iii. establish forest reserved area
iv. prevent illegal logging

13. Photosynthesis is peak during day time

14. Respiration (24 hours) – Animals / Plant (day and night)

15.a. i.

ii.

iii. Photosynthesis and respiration balance the composition of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere.
15 (b) Important of photosynthesis process
i. reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

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 ii. increases the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere
iii. produce food / glucose

16. Experiment to show that plant needs b. Steps taken

carbon dioxide to carry out
photosynthesis process.
18. Role of rainforest
17 a. Important of conservation and
preservation of environment
i. To maintain the balance of
ecosystem.
ii. prevent extinction of animals and
plants
iii. ensure continuous supply of food
i. Enforcement of law to prevent
illegal hunting and logging.
ii. Tree replanting or reforestation.
iii. Declare forest reserved area.
iv. Education / awareness campaigns
i. maintain water catchment area
ii. Habitat for flora and fauna
iii. Prevent soil erosion
iv. Balance the composition of carbon
dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere
v. Reduce greenhouse effect.

19. Process Uses Release

a. Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide Oxygen
b. Respiration Oxygen Carbon dioxide
c. Transpiration Oxygen Water vapour
d. Combustion Oxygen Carbon dioxide

20.

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