Chapters

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
The basic needs of human existence are food, clothing and shelter.
From time immemorial men have been making effort in improving their
standard of living. The point of these efforts is to attain an economic and
efficient shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic need gives
a feeling of security, responsibility and shows the social status of a man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment
needed for his pleasant living, this is achieved by having a place of living
situated at a safe and convenient location, and such a place for comfortable
and pleasant living requires a peaceful environment, safety from climate
conditions and the general facilities.
An engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye
laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement,
provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc,.
1.2 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS
A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as

opposed to industrial and commercial areas. These include single-family
housing, multi-family residential, or mobile homes. Zoning for residential
use may permit some services or work opportunities or may totally exclude
business and industry. It may permit high density land use or only permit
low density uses. Residential zoning usually includes a smaller FAR (floor
area ratio) than business, commercial or industrial/manufacturing zoning.
The area may be large or small.
1
1.3 MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
1.3.1 Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens and can bind
other materials together. Portland cement is the most common type of
cement in general use around the world, used as a basic ingredient of
concrete, mortar and most non speciality grout. It is caustic and hence can
cause chemical burns, irritation or with severe exposure lung cancer, and
contains some toxic ingridients such as silica and chromium. In this project
ordinary Portland Cement (43 Grade) with 28 percent normal consistency
Conforming to IS: 8112-1989 was used.
Table 1 Properties of cement
S.No Properties Result Obtained
1 Specific gravity 3.15
2 Initial setting time (min) 52

3 Final setting time (min) 330
1.3.2 Fine Aggregate (Natural River Sand)
Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed stone, or crushed

slag screenings. It is used in making thin cocrete slabs and other structural
members and where a smooth surface is desired. In this project river sand
having density of 1460 kg/m3 and fineness Modulus (FM) of 2.51 was used.
The specific gravity was found to be 2.6.
2
Table 2 Properties of fine aggregate (natural sand)
S.No Characteristics Value Test Method

1 Specific gravity 2.60 IS2368 (part III )1963
2 Bulk relative density 1460kg/m3 IS2368 (part III )1963
3 Absorption Nil IS2368 (part III )1963
4 Moisture content 1.50% IS2368 (part III )1963
5 Fine particle less than 6% IS2368 (part III )1963
0.075mm
1.3.3 Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate consists of gravel, pebbles, fragments of broken

stones, slag, and other coarse substances. It is used for more massive
members. In this project natural granite aggregate having density of
2700kg/m3 and fineness modules (FM) of 6.80 was used. The specific
gravity was found to be 2.60 and water absorption as 0.45%.
Table 3 Properties of coarse aggregate
S.No Properties Value

1 Specific gravity 2.74
2 Fineness modulus 6.86
3 Water absorption 0.6%
4 Surface texture Rough
5 Particle shape Angular
3
1.3.4 Quarry Dust
Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as residue after the extraction and
processing of rocks to form fine particles less than 4.75mm. The utilization
of Quarry rock dust which can be called as manufactured sand has been
accepted as a building material in the industrially advanced countries of the
west for the past three decades .it has been used for different activities
in the construction industry such as road construction and manufacture of
building materials such as light weight aggregates, bricks, and tiles.
Crushed rock aggregates are more suitable for production of high
strength concrete compared to natural gravel and sand. High percentage
of dust in the aggregate increases the fineness and the total surface area of
aggregate particles.
The surface area is measured in terms of specific surface, i.e. the
ratio of the total surface area of all the particles to their volume. The main
objective is to provide more information about the effects of various
proportion of dust content as partial replacement of river sand. Attempts
have been made to investigate some property of quarry dust and the
suitability of those properties to enable quarry dust to be used as partial
replacement material for sand in concrete. The use of quarry dust in
concrete is desirable because of its benefits such as useful disposal of by
products, reduction of river sand consumption as well as increasing
the strength parameters and increasing the workability of concrete. It is
used for different activities in the construction industries such as road
construction, manufacture of building materials, bricks, tiles and autoclave
blocks. For this project The quarry dust was collected from
PALZHAVERI/ARUNGUNDRAM, Kanchipuram district.
4
Table 4 Properties of quarry dust
S.No Characteristics Value Test Method
1 Specific gravity 2.56 IS2368 (part III )1963
2 Bulk relative density 1820kg/m3 IS2368 (part III )1963
3 Absorption 1.3 IS2368 (part III )1963
4 Moisture content nil IS2368 (part III )1963
5 Fine particle less than 14% IS2368 (part III )1963
0.075mm
1.4 DETAILS OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
1.4.1 Site Description
The proposed building is Desiha’s “LOTUS“Apartments at No.53,

11th street, Vinayaganagar extension, Jai balajinagar, Anakaputhur,
Chennai 600070. The total plinth area of the building is 3202sqft of which
consists two blocks A and B of 2096sqft and 1106sqft respectively.
1.4.2 General Specifications
 Building Structure: RCC framed/loaded bearing structure on

individual column footing/ panel walls of bricks.
 Flooring: Vitrified tiles flooring inside the flat.
 Joinery Main Door: Teak wood frame and skin door shutters.
 Bedrooms Doors/Service Doors: Seasoned domestic grade country
wood frame with skin doors.
 Windows: UPVC windows with shutters with MS grills.
 Kitchen Platform: Polished black granite kitchen top for a
minimum length of 8 feet, Ceramic tile dado up to 2 inches above the
5
platform, single bowl stainless steel sinks, separate taps for metro
water and ground water supply.
 Toilets: White sanitary ware. Accessories will include low level
PVC cistern for European water closet glazed ceramic wall dado
upto a height of 7 inches. Ceramic tile flooring.
 Electrical Work: Electrical wiring designed for three phase power
supply. Supply through a distribution board incorporated with
miniature circuit breakers for each circuit. Complete concealed
wiring, PVC coated multi cored copper wire of suitable gauge. Cable
T.V, DVD, Telephone points. A/c point one at all bed rooms, Geyser
point at attached bathroom. Calling bell point, computer point,
exhausts fan point at kitchen. Modular switches and sockets.
1.4.3 Other Standard Specification And Features
 Wardrobe in bedroom shall be 1’3’’ deep, loft at 7’ level.
 All walls internal and external will be finished with emulsion paint
of predetermined shade; ceiling will be finished with emulsion paint.
 Metro water sump as specified by CMWSSB.
 Separate overhead tanks for metro and ground water.
 Paved drive way with rain water collection channel all around the
perimeter.
6
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
1. RECENT TRENDS IN REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SAND

WITH DIFFERENT ALTERNATIVES
Akshay C. Sankh, Praveen M. Biradar, Prof. S. J Naghathan, Manjunath

B. Ishwargol (International Conference on Advances in Engineering &
Technology – 2014 (ICAET-2014) 59 | Page)
Cement, sand and aggregate are basic needs for any construction
industry. Sand is a prime material used for preparation of mortar and
concrete and which plays a major role in mix design. The non-availability
or shortage of river sand will affect the construction industry; hence there is
a need to find the new alternative material to replace the river sand, such
that excess river erosion and harm to environment is prevented. Using
different proportion of these quarry dust along with sand the required
concrete mix can be obtained. The paper emphasize on the physical and
mechanical properties and strength aspect on mortar and concrete.
2. INFLUENCE OF QUARRY SAND ON THE PROPERTIES OF

HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE CONTAINING LOW CALCIUM
FLY ASH
SreekantanP, George Mathew (American Journal of Engineering

Research (AJER), e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN: 2320-0936, Volume-2 pp-
26-31)
Influence of the presence of higher percentage of fine particles in

quarry sand on the mechanical properties of high strength concrete
7
containing fly ash has been discussed in the present paper. A high strength
concrete of grade 50 MPa has been designed with conventional aggregates.
From this mixture proportion, the sand content has been replaced with
varying percentage of quarry sand (50 percent and 100 percent). The quarry
sand selected for the study had the highest percentage of finer particles
among the different samples considered. For each such modified mixture
proportion, the cement content has been further modified by replacing it
with different percentages of fly ash (10 percent to 45 percent). A total of
15 sets of mixes have been considered for the present study. It could be
concluded from the study that, the higher percentage of fine particles in
quarry sand does not affect significantly the engineering properties of high
strength concrete when river sand is replaced with 50percent quarry sand
along with a 25 percent replacement of cement with fly ash. Compared
with conventional concrete, the said combination will yield an economical
concrete also.
3. STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF SCC USING ‘QUARRY DUST’

AND ‘FLY ASH’
M.V.RamaRaju, K.V.Vivek , Dr. T. Siva Shankar Reddy and P.Srinivas

Reddy (International Journal of Engineering Sciences Research-IJESR,
Vol 02, Issue 04; August-September 2011)
The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement for
reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the increased
need to identify substitute material to sand as fine aggregates in the
production of concretes especially in Self Compacting Concrete. Quarry
dust, a by-product from the crushing process during quarrying activities is
one of such materials. Granite fines or rock dust is a by-product obtained
8
during crushing of granite rocks and is also called quarry dust. In recent
days there were also been many attempts to use Fly Ash, an industrial by
product as partial replacement for cement to have higher workability, long
term strength and to make the concrete more economically available.SCC
or Self Compacting Concrete that is not only workable at lesser water to
binder ratio but also cohesively flowable like a viscous fluid without
yielding to segregation, rendering compaction by self weight, ultimately
resulting to superior engineering properties. Due to these characteristics,
SCC is ideally suited for concreting structures, which have heavily
congested reinforcement or difficult access condition. This present work is
an attempt to use Quarry Dust and Fly Ash as partial replacement for Sand
and Cement respectively in SCC. Attempts have been made to study the
properties of such SCCs and to investigate some properties of Quarry Dust
& Fly Ash and the suitability of those properties to enable them to be used
as partial replacement materials for sand and cement in concrete.
4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE IN CORPORATING WITH QUARRY WASTES
T. Subbulakshmi, B. Vidivelli (International Journal of Engineering

and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-3 Issue-
6, August 2014)
Concrete is a stone like material obtained by designing a

carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other
aggregates and water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the
desired structure. A High performance concrete is something which
demands much higher performance from concrete as compared to
performance expected from routing concrete. The demand for natural sand
9
in the construction industry has consecutively increased which has resulted
in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation the
quarry dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. Therefore
the quarry dust should be used in construction works, then the cost of
construction would be saved significantly and the natural resources would
be used efficiently. An effort has been made to focus on the mechanical
properties of High performance concrete made with quarry dust material.
This paper presents the results of a study to use quarry dust in concrete as a
partial replacement of sand. The strength characteristics such as
compressive strength and flexural strength were investigated to find the
optimum replacement of quarry dust. The mechanical properties of High
performanceconcrete with quarry dust at the replacement levels of 0%,
50%, and 100% were studied at 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days and 60
days of curing. From the studies contained, it was observed that quarry dust
plays a vital role in improving the strength of concrete. The performance of
concrete ratio and quarry dust replacement level on the compressive
strength of quarry dust concrete was investigated.
5. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF QUARRY DUST AS PARTIAL

REPLACEMENT OF SAND IN CONCRETE
Lohani T.K., Padhi M., Dash K.P., Jena S. (International Journal of

Applied Sciences and Engineering Research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2012,
Research article ISSN 2277 – 9442)
Sand collected from aeolian deposit is expensive due to

unwanted cost of transportation from natural sources. Large scale
exploitation of natural sand creates environmental impact on society. River
10
sand is most commonly used fine aggregate in concrete but due to acute
shortage in many areas, availability, cost & environmental impact are the
major concern (Ahmed et.al., 1989). To overcome fromthis crisis, partial
replacement of sand with quarry dust can be an economic alternative. In
developing countries like India, quarry dust has been rampantly used in
different construction purposes but replacement technology has emerged as
an innovative development to civil engineering material. Design mix of
M20 grade concrete with replacement of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% of
quarry dust organized as M1, M2, M3, M4 and M5 respectively have been
considered for laboratory analysis viz. slump test, compaction factor test,
compressive strength (cube, cylindrical sample), split tensile strength,
flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, water absorption of hardened
concrete. The durability of concrete was studied by immersing the concrete
cube in 5% solution of MgSo4, 5% solution of NaCl and 2N solution of
HCl for 28 days and 91 days and results were compared with the standards
to achieve the desired parameters.
6. SUBSTITUTION OF QUARRY DUST TO SAND FOR MORTAR

IN BRICK MASONRY WORKS
AppukuttyP. ,Murugesan R. Adalberth, Karin (International Journal on

Design and Manufacturing Technologies, Vol.3, No.1, January 2009)
Substitution of crusher dust for sand in cement mortar for brick

masonry is experimented with brick masonry prisms cast in 2 2 different
ratios of 1:8, 1:6, 1:5 and 1:4. Bricks with basic compressive strength
above 3.5 N/MM and 7.5 N/MM were used to cast brick masonry prisms.
Three types of fine aggregates, i.e. Cauvery river sand, Crusher dust as is
11
available form stone crushers and crusher dust in which fines below 150
microns removed were used for mortar. Three samples of brick masonry
prisms in each mortar ratio were built, cured for 28 days and tested for the
basic compressive strength. The results of 12 prism tested in each fine
aggregate with different mortar ratios are compared with allowable
compressive strength requirements of brick masonry specified by IS 1905-
1989. The investigation indicates that the crusher dust can replace natural
sand completely in masonry construction with higher strength and cheaper
cost.
7. COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW ON USE OF

WASTE PRODUCT IN CONCRETE
B.V.Bahoria1, Dr.D.K.Parbat2, Dr.P.B.Naganaik3, Dr.U.P.Waghe4

(International jounrnal of application or innovation in engineering and
management(IJAIEM), Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013 ISSN 2319 – 4847)
This paper present literature review on replacement of natural

sand by by-products and recyclable waste materials which includes current
and future trends of research on the use of manufactured fine aggregate
(MFA) in Portland cement concrete. The above concerns, combined with
issues of preserving areas of beauty, recreational value and biodiversity, are
an integral part of the process of most local government agencies granting
permission to aggregate producers across the world. Crushed aggregate,
bottom ash, foundry sand and various by-products are replacing natural
sand and gravel in most countries. This paper emphasizes on the use of
material to be replaced by natural sand which will give new dimension in
concrete mix design and if applied on large scale would revolutionize the
12
construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and enable us
to conserve natural resources.
8. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND WITH QUARRY DUST IN

CONCRETE
ChandanaSukesh, KatakamBala Krishna, P.Sri Lakshmi SaiTeja,

S.KanakambaraRao (International Journal of Innovative Technology
and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-2,
Issue-6, May 2013)
The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement

for reduction in the cost of concrete production has resulted in the
increased need to identify substitute material to sand as fine aggregates in
the production of concretes especially in Concrete. This present work is an
attempt to use Quarry Dust as partial replacement for Sand in concrete.
Attempts have been made to study the properties of concrete and to
investigate some properties of Quarry Dust the suitability of those
properties to enable them to be used as partial replacement materials for
sand in concrete.
9. AN INNOVATIVE METHOD OF REPLACING RIVER SAND BY

QUARRY DUST WASTE IN CONCRETE FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Dr. P.B.Sakthivel, C.Ramya, M.Raja (International Journal of

Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 4, Issue 5, May-2013 -ISSN
2229-5518 , IJSER © 2013)
In the construction industry, there is a high demand for natural

river sand, especially in the production of concrete, which creates major
13
sustainablility issues. This paper deals with replacement of sand used in
concrete as fine aggregates by the waste generated by the stone quarry
industry. On experimentation, it was found that the partial replacement of
sand with 10% of quarry dust has given the optimum results. Therefore,
this study recommends that if partial replacement of sand with quarry dust
upto 10% in M35 grade of concrete is done, the effective waste
management can contribute towards saving of our environment. Similar
studies may be done with other concrete mix ratios and also cement mortar
mixes which is used for ceiling and wall plastering and tile-laying
purposes.
10. EFFECT OF QUARRY DUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

OF SAND IN CONCRETE
SudhirS.Kapgate and S.R.Satone (Indian Streams Research Journal,

Volume 3, Issue. 5, June 2013, ISSN:-2230-7850)
Natural river sand is one of the key ingredients of concrete, is

becoming expensive due to excessive cost of transportation from sources.
Also large scale depletion of sources creates environmental problems. To
overcome these problems there is a need of cost effective alternative and
innovative materials. Quarry dust is a waste obtained during quarrying
process. Also, the use of quarry dust as the fine aggregate decreases the
cost of concrete production in terms of the partial replacement for natural
river sand. Design mix of M25grade concrete with replacement of 0%,
20%, 25%, 30%, and 35% of quarry dust organized as M1, M2, M3, M4
and M5 respectively have been considered for laboratory analysis viz.
slump test, compaction factor test, compressive strength ,split tensile
14
strength and flexural strength of hardened concrete. In the present paper,
the hardened properties of concrete using quarry dust were investigated.
15
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF METHODOLOGY
LITERATURE
REVIEW
MATERIAL SITE SURVEY

COLLECTION
FRESH CONCRETE PLANNING AND

TESTS DESIGN
CASTING AND ANALYSIS

CURING
TESTS ESTIMATION
RESULTS
REVISED
ESTIMATION
Figure 1 Schematic representation of methodology
16
3.2 LIMIT STATE DESIGN
All structures have two basic requirements in common safety from

collapse and satisfactory performance of the structure for its intended use.
The limit state defines the various ways in which a structure fails to satisfy
these basic requirements. Ultimate limit state relates to safety and
corresponds to strength, stability and very large deformation. Serviceability
limit states relate to satisfactory performance and correspond to excessive
deflection, vibration and local deformation.
Limit state design refers to the calculations made by the designer to

ensure that these do not occur. The steps involved in checking a structure
or its components for any limit states.
The dead weight, wind, snow, temperature changes, etc .are expected to
act on a structure during its projected life. They are generally specified in
codes. Loads generally tend to cause failure, but sometimes they resist
failure as in the case of dead weight holding a structure in place during a
wind storm.
For the ultimate limit states, the loads are multiplied by load factors
which take into account the probability of deviations of the load from value
specified in the code. For example, dead weight is more predictable than
wind or snow load so its load factor is decreased by means of load
combinations factor to take into account the reduced probability of
different loads acting simultaneously. Finally, the load factor may be
adjusted by a importance factor to increase the safety of the structure when
the consequences of failure are very severe and to decrease it when they are
not. Nuclear containment structures, for example, are designed for much
greater safety then storage sheds. All load factors for the serviceability
17
limits states are made equal to 1.0 since these limit suites relate to
performance under normal use.
Once the loads are factored, the designer then calculates forces or
deformations within the structure. These calculations are based on a theory
of structural behavior which appropriately reflects the behavior of the
structures as the limit state is approached. For example, simple elastic
theory, which takes into account shrinkage and creep, is appropriate for
most structures for ultimate limit states. In the case of the ultimate limit
states, the component forces obtained are then compared with calculated
component resistances. These resistances are determined by analyzing the
strength of the component as a function of the material properties and
dimensions specified in the design. A component may be a member, a
connection or a material component in a composite structures or it may be a
mode of failure such as shear or compression. Resistance factor are applied
to component resistance and take into amount variability of material
property and dimensions , workmanship , type of failure and uncertainty in
the strength analysis. For example the yielding of steel is more gradual
factor is closer to 1.0. The resistance factor may be future adjust for a
certain member of take into accounts the important of these members of the
greater uncertainties involved in their application. Foundation piles, for
example, are associate with great and uncertainties in application than
column in buildings. In case of the serviceability limit state, a deflection,
stress or acceleration due to the loads is compared with a allowable
deflection stress are acceleration. The latter are based on user acceptability
and specific requirement such as for the operation of equipment.
18
Advantage of Limit State Design
1. The limit states provide a checklist of the basic structural

requirements for which design calculated may be required.
2. The limit states design, by providing consistent safety and
serviceability, ensure an economical use of material and a wide
range of application.
Limit state design provides both a basic calculation tool for designing and
evaluation of civil engineering structure and a means for unifying structural
code and standard.
3.3 SOFTWARES USED
3.3.1. Computer Aided Design
Computer aided design increase the productivity of the designer.

Computer can carry systematic reasoning. They can store large information
for a long time. Errors are very less so it improve the quality of design. It is
easy to create a database of particular project. It requires less time compare
to the analytical method. Hence in this project, the building frames is
analyzed using software’s some of the software’s available today are
 STAAD PRO
 GT STRUD
 ANSYS
 STRUDS
 SAP 2000
 RC DESIGN , etc
In this project the software STAAD PRO is used for analysis.
19
3.3.2 Staad Pro Structural Analysis and Design Program
STAAD PRO implements the most modern technologies in computer

aided engineering. A live unified associated database provides seamless
integration across all mission, critical, applications from concept design/
analysis to detail/designs, simulations and visualization. Some of the
general features of STAAD PRO are:
 It is a capable of both analyzing and designing the structures

considering of both frames and trusses.
 Analyzing and designing is done based on IS code.
 Almost all structures can be analyzed.
 Calculation of framed structures is very easy compared to a
analytical method.
 Joint, member/element, mesh generation with flexible user
control numbering scheme.
 It can easily generate comprehensive customs report and it can be
export to Microsoft word and Excel.
 Presentation quality printer plots of geometry and frames using
which model can be generated quickly.
 Industry fastest solution algorithm with least requirement of disc
space.
STAAD PRO is capable of performing static and dynamic analysis.
3.4 MIX DESIGN

There is no standard method of designing concrete mixes
incorporating Quarry Rock Dust as fine Aggregate. The method mix design
proposed by IS [8], ACI, USBR, RN No.4, BS were first employed to
20
design the Conventional Concrete mixes and finally natural sand was fully
replaced by Quarry Rock Dust to obtain Quarry Rock Dust concrete mixes.
The purpose of mix proportioning is to produce the required properties in
both plastic and hardened concrete by working out a combination of
available materials, with various economic and practical standards.
3.4.1 Calculation
Data:
 Cement used : OPC 53 Grade
 Specific gravity of cement : 3.15
 Specific gravity of fine aggregate : 2.6
 Specific gravity og coarse aggregate : 2.74
 Exposure : Moderate
 Zone : III Sand
 Compaction factor : 0.9
Standard Deviation:
M10- M15: 3.5MPa
M20-M25: 4.0MPa (from IS 10262-2009)
M30-M50: 5.0MPa
For the adopted mix standard deviation: 4.0MPa

fm= fck + 1.65 σ
fm = 25 + ( 1.65 × 4 )
= 31.6 ≈ 32MPa
21
Water cement ratio = 0.4
From table 2 , IS 10262-2009
Maximum water content = 186 litres (25-50 slump)
= 186 + ((6/100) × 186)
= 197 litres
Cement content = 197/ 0.4 = 492.5 kg/m3
From IS 456: 2000, table 5,

Minimum cement content = 300kg
492.5 > 300 kg. Hence O.K
Volume of concrete = 1m3

Volume of cement = ((Mass of cement / Specific gravity of cement)
× (1 /1000))
= ((492.5 / 3.15) × (1/1000))
= 0.1563 m3
Volume of water = ((Mass of water / Specific gravity of water) ×

(1 / 1000))
= ((197/1) × (1/1000))
= 0.197m3
Volume of total aggregate = (1 - (0.156 + 0.197))

= 0.6466m3
Zone factor = 0.64
22
From (IS 10262-2009) , volume of coarse aggregate corresponding
to 20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (Zone III) for water cement
ratio of 0.5 = 0.64
For the water cement ratio 0.4 = 0.66
Therefore volume of coarse aggregate = 0.66
Volume of fine aggregate = (1 - 0.62) = 0.34
Mass of coarse aggregate = e × Volume of coarse aggregate ×

Specific gravity of coarse aggregate ×
1000
= 0.6466 ×0.66× 2.74 × 1000
= 1169.311kg
Mass of fine aggregate = e × Volume of fine aggregate × Specific

gravity of fine aggregate × 1000 = 0.6466 × 0.34 × 2.6 × 1000
= 571.594kg
Mix ratio obtained = 1: 1.16:2.374
3.5 SAMPLING
According to the design mix , the mass of cement is
492.5 kg , the mass of fine aggregate is 638.8kg and the mass of coarse
aggregate is 1098.4kg. The natural sand is replaced with quarry dust for
10%, 20%, and 30%.
23
Table 5 Sampling of concrete
S.No Types Of Fine Aggregate Replacement With

Concrete Quarry Dust
1 S-1 Standard concrete
2 S-2 10% replacement
Table 6 Mix Proportions
Mix Cement Fine Coarse Quarry Water

(Kg) Aggregate Aggregate Dust (Litre)
(Kg) (Kg) (Kg)
S-1 3 3.48 7.122 0 1.2
S-2 3 3.132 7.122 0.138 1.2
S-3 3 2.784 7.122 0.696 1.2
S-4 3 2.436 7.122 1.044 1.2
24
3.6 TEST SPECIMENS AND TEST PROCEDURE
3.6.1Preparation of concrete
The mixing tray was cleaned and dried. First, the sand and
cement were mixed according to the proportion dryly. Then the coarse
aggregate and water were added according to the water cement ratio.The
size of coarse aggregate used is 20mm. And another mix is prepared by
replacing the sand with quarry dust in different proportions.The concrete
was mixed well and tested for workability. Slump cone test, Vee Bee
consistometer test, compaction factor test were done. The mould of size
150mm*150mm*150mm is dried free rom dust and applied with grease.
The concrete was poured into the mould and kept aside until the concrete
was hardened.Then the cubes were removed on were cured to optimum
level.
3.6.2 Fresh Concrete Tests
 Slump test
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring

consistency of concrete. The inner surface of the mould was thoroughly
cleaned and freed from moisture and any old set concrete before the
commencement of the test. The mould was then placed on a horizontal
layer and was filled in four layers. After sufficient tamping rodding the
mould was removed and the difference in level between the height of
mould and the subsided concrete was measured.
 Vee-Bee Consistometer Test
This test is also used to measure the workability of concrete. This

test consists of a vibrating table. The slump test as described earlier was
performed, placing the slump cone on the table. The electrical vibrator
25
was then switched on and simultaneously a stop watch was started. The
vibration was continued till such a time as the conical shape of the
concrete disappears and the concrete assumes a cylindrical shape. The
time required for the shape of concrete to change from slump cone to
cylindrical shape in seconds was noted down.
 Compaction Factor Test
This test works on the principle of determining the degree of

compacting achieved by a standard amount of work done by allowing
the concrete to fall through a standard height. The sample was placed on
the upper hopper and the trap was released and the concreter was
allowed to fall through the lower hopper and finally to the cylinder. The
weight of partially compacted concrete was noted down. Then the
cylinder was emptied and was refilled and was heavily rammed to
obtain full compaction. Then the weight of fully compacted concrete
was noted down and the compaction factor was calculated.
Table 7 Fresh concrete test
S.No. Mix Slump Value V-B Time Compaction

Tpye (mm) (Sec) Factor
1 S-1 85 6 0.88
2 S-2 88 6 0.85
3 S-3 90 5 0.80
4 S-4 95 4 0.78
26
3.6.3 Casting and Curing
The 150 mm size concrete cubes, concrete beams of size 100
mm x 100 mm x 500 mm were used as test specimens to determine the
compressive strength and flexural strength respectively. The ingredients of
concrete were thoroughly mixed in mixer machine till uniform consistency
was achieved. The cubes were compacted on a vibrating table while the
beams were compacted using needle vibrator. Compressive strength and
flexural strength were obtained as per IS: 516-1959.
3.6.4 Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is the maximum force per unit area, in

compression, which the material can withstand before breaking. The
purpose of the test is to determine the crushing strength of the hardened
concrete. Compressive strength is the most important and useful property
of the concrete as it reflects the overall quality of the concrete.
The specimens were removed from thewater and the excess water
was removed from the surface. The compressive strength tests were
performed on a 2000 kN capacity Universal Testing Machine (UTM) in
accordance to the relevant Indian Standards IS: 516-2000. The specimen
was placed in the testing machine and the sample was oriented such that the
load shall be applied on the opposite faces of the cast concrete. The load
was gradually applied at the rate of 140kg/cm2/min until the specimen
failed. The corresponding load was noted and the compressive strength was
calculated.
27
Table 8 Compressive strength for 7 days
Sample Mix Natural Quarry W/C Compressive Average
proportion sand dust ratio strength (MPa)
(%) (%) (MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 24.2 24.1 25.4 24.5
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 26.1 25.6 25 25.56
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 27.5 27.9 26.8 27.4
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 29.2 28.7 29.3 29

(%) (%) (MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 28.9 29.4 28.7 29
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 30.9 29.4 30.1 30.13
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 31.9 30.2 31 31.03
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 32.5 32.1 31.4 32
28
proportion sand dust ratio strength
(MPa)
(%) (%)
(MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 33.6 34.5 34.3 34.13
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 35.6 35.1 36.2 35.6
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 36.8 35.8 36.2 36.3
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 37.8 36.3 37.5 37.2
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
45
40
COMPRESSIVE STRNGTH
35
30
KN/mm2
25
20
15
10
5
0
S1 S2 S3 S4
7TH 26.8 27.1 28.5 31.4
14TH 31.2 32 33.8 34.7
28TH 36.4 37.1 37.5 38.1
Figure 2 Compressive strength of cubes
29
3.6.5 Split tensile strength
The tensile strength is one of the basic and important

properties of the concrete. The concrete is not usually expected to resist the
direct tension because of its low tensile strength and brittle nature.
However, the determination of tensile strength of concrete is necessary to
determine the load at which the concrete members may crack. The cracking
is a form of tension failure.
As the concrete is weak in tension even a small eccentricity of

load will induce combined bending and axial force condition and the
concrete fails at the apparent tensile stress other than the tensile strength. In
tensile tests in general a compressive force is applied to a concrete
specimen in such a way that the specimen fails due to tensile stresses
developed in the specimen. The tensile stress at which the failure occurs is
termed the tensile strength of concrete.
The splitting test is a well known test used for determining the
tensile strength of concrete sometimes referred to as split tensile strength of
concrete. The test consists of applying a compressive line load along the
apposite generators of a concrete cylinder placed with its axis horizontal
between the compressive platens. Due to the compression loading a fairly
uniform tensile stress is developed over nearly 2/3 of the loaded diameter
as obtained from an elastic analysis. Concrete cylinder of size 150mm dia
and 300 mm height were used as test specimens to determine the split
tensile strength.
30
Table 11 Split tensile strength for 7 days
Sample Mix Natural Quarry W/C Split tensile Average
(%) (%) (MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 2.48 2.53 2.54 2.5
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 2.68 2.72 2.6 2.66
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 2.83 2.79 2.78 2.8
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 3.5 2.9 3.1 3.2

Mix Natural Quarry W/C Split tensile Average
Sample proportion sand dust ratio strength (MPa)
(%) (%) (MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 2.85 2.8 2.87 2.84
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 3.01 2.98 3.03 3.01
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 3.18 3.07 3.09 3.11
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 3.32 3.29 3.28 3.3
31
Sample Mix Natural Quarry W/C Split tensile Average
(%) (%) (MPa)
S1 1:1.16:2.374 100 0 0.4 2.92 2.95 2.97 2.95
S2 1:1.16:2.374 90 10 0.4 3.2 3.4 3.1 3.2
S3 1:1.16:2.374 80 20 0.4 3.2 3.42 3.4 3.34
S4 1:1.16:2.374 70 30 0.4 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

4
3.5
3
2.5
MPa
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
S1 S2 S3 S4
7TH 2.5 2.66 2.8 3.2
14TH 2.84 3.01 3.11 3.3
28TH 2.95 3.2 3.34 3.5
Figure 3 Split tensile strength of the cylinders
32
CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
4.1 PLAN AND ANALYSIS
The analysis is done using STAAD. PRO., as follows.
Figure 4 Position of columns
33
4.1.1 Plan
Figure 5 Ground Floor Plan
34
Figure 6 First Floor Plan
35
Figure 7 First Floor Plan
36
Figure 8 Rendered View
4.1.2 Load cases
Figure 9 Dead load
37
Figure 10 Seismic load
Figure 11 Live Load
38
4.1.3 Analysis
Table 14 Section Properties
Prop Section Area Iyy Izz J Material

2 4 4 4
(cm ) (cm ) (cm ) (cm )
2 Rect 0.40x0.40 1.6E+3 213E+3 213E+3 360E+3 CONCRETE
3 Rect 0.45x0.30 1.35E+3 101E+3 228E+3 238E+3 CONCRETE
Table 15 Reactions
Node L/C Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Moment
Fx (KN) Fy (KN) Fz (KN) MX My Mz
(KNm) (kNm) (kNm)
24 1:LOAD -5.294 629.382 6.254 5.272 0.127 -1.094
CASE 1
25 1:LOAD 8.673 528.124 5.437 4.732 -0.126 -14.763
CASE 1
26 1:LOAD -0.681 323.063 4.362 3.943 -0.158 -5.661
CASE 1
27 1:LOAD -1.436 487.064 0.093 -0.238 -0.130 -4.617
CASE 1
28 1:LOAD 0.919 466.738 0.416 0.038 -0.123 -5.929
CASE 1
29 1:LOAD 0.101 462.449 0.212 -0.233 -0.073 -5.644
CASE 1
30 1:LOAD -1.154 334.123 -2.431 -2.866 -0.011 -4.345
CASE 1
31 1:LOAD 10.063 610.501 -0.410 -0.970 -0.083 -15.266
CASE 1
32 1:LOAD -8.101 810.135 -2.436 -3.182 -0.140 1.985
CASE 1
33 1:LOAD -9.029 788.053 2.448 1.654 -0.083 3.106
CASE 1
34 1:LOAD -17.811 1.17E+3 3.166 2.614 -0.028 12.032
CASE 1
35 1:LOAD 0.619 195.679 -13.993 -12.877 -0.099 -6.088
CASE 1
36 1:LOAD 5.939 598.744 -3.166 -3.593 -0.084 -11.739
CASE 1
37 1:LOAD 8.929 561.071 -0.247 -0.789 -0.088 -14.421
CASE 1
38 1:LOAD 8.989 562.925 0.221 -0.341 -0.089 -14.259
CASE 1
39
Table 16 Node displacement summary
Horizontal Vertical Horizontal Resultant Rotationa
l
Nod L/C X mm Y mm Z mm mm rX rad rY rad rZ rad
e
Max X 110 14 GENERATED 141.921 -1.28748 0.000 1.28748 0.000 0.000
INDIAN CODE E6 E6 803.052
GENRAL_
STRUCTURES 9
Min X 110 13 GENERATED -141.921 -1.28748 0.000 1.28748 0.000 0.000
INDIAN CODE E6 E6 803.052
GENRAL_
STRUCTURES 8
Max Y 55 2 WIND LOAD 0.006 0.009 0.214 0.214 0.000 -0.000 -0.000
Min Y 110 6 GENERATED 0.000 -1.28748 0.000 0.000 0.000
INDIAN CODE E6 1.28748E 803.052
GENRAL_ 6
STRUCTURES 1
Max Z 101 11 GENERATED -4.229 -8.778 2.547 10.071 0.001 -0.000 0.001
INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 6
Min Z 81 12 GENERATED 0.061 -7.496 -0.208 7.499 0.000 0.000 0.000
INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 7
Max 107 11 GENERATED -2.963 -36.441 2.506 36.647 0.020 0.000 0.000
rX INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 6
Min 9 12 GENERATED -0.349 -0.120 -0.058 0.374 -0.001 0.000 -0.000
rX INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 7
Max 23 14 GENERATED 0.134 -7.737 0.204 7.740 0.001 0.000 0.000
rY INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 9
Min 101 13 GENERATED -4.493 -8.730 2.171 10.056 0.001 -0.000 0.001
rY INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 8
Max 110 6 GENERATED 0.000 - 0.000 0.000 0.000
rZ INDIAN CODE 1.28748 1.28748E 803.052
GENRAL_STRUC E6 6
TURES 1
Min 9 14 GENERATED -0.294 -0.120 0.126 0.342 -0.000 0.000 -0.000
rZ INDIAN CODE
GENRAL_STRUC
TURES 9
40
Table 17 Beam load summary
Beam L/C N Fx N Fy N Fz N Mx My Mz
od kNm kNm kNm
e
Max 39 11 GENERATED 34 - - -
Fx INDIAN CODE 1.46585E 16918.90 1412.9 0.20 1.85 12.60
GENRAL_STRUC 6 3 77 4 0 7
TURES 6
Min 226 12 GENERATED 59 - -
Fx INDIAN CODE 38992.149 89187.91 669.17 1.18 2.37 84.65
GENRAL_STRUC 2 5 3 5 4
TURES 7
Max 190 11 GENERATED 46 809.079 -
Fy INDIAN CODE 99568.06 139.69 8.23 0.24 117.4
TURES 6
Min 200 11 GENERATED 51 989.692 - - - -
Fy INDIAN CODE 137.8355 2981.2 20.5 0.85 62.19
GENRAL_STRUC 9E3 97 92 5 1
TURES 6
Max 140 12 GENERATED 22 - -
Fz INDIAN CODE 72697.792 41952.70 48199. 0.00 81.2 78.76
TURES 7
Fz INDIAN CODE 408.40936 13064.42 33542. 0.41 55.2 19.15
GENRAL_STRUC E3 4 072 5 99 1
TURES 7
Max 270 11 GENERATED 81 -6681.846 - - -
Mx INDIAN CODE 42751.59 1439.8 26.4 2.03 16.61
TURES 6
Min 200 13 GENERATED 54 -284.530 - - - -
Mx INDIAN CODE 121.9295 2935.8 20.7 0.71 5.347
GENRAL_STRUC 4E3 76 86 2
TURES 8
Max 222 12 GENERATED 10 - -
My INDIAN CODE 4 61195.084 15211.91 42349. 0.32 70.4 23.45
TURES 7
My INDIAN CODE 72697.792 41952.70 48199. 0.00 81.2 78.76
TURES 7
Max 147 6 GENERATED 22 0.000 0.000 -
Mz INDIAN CODE 91661.26 0.00 0.00 138.7
GENRAL_STRUC 3 0 0 75
TURES 1
Min 118 12 GENERATED 47 - - - -
Mz INDIAN CODE 10310.670 25647.25 16462. 1.54 41.9 54.04
TURES 7
41
Table 18 Plate center stress summary
Principal Von Tresca
Mis
Plate L/C Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom
N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm2 N/mm N/mm2
2
Max 269 12 GENERATED 1.220 -0.003 1.222 1.243 1.223 1.257
Principal INDIAN CODE
(top) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 7
Min 268 13 GENERATED -1.869 - 11.041 11.027 11.856
Principal INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
(top) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 8
Max 259 13 GENERATED 0.482 0.292 0.420 0.432 0.482 0.480
Principal INDIAN CODE
(bottom) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 8
Min 268 13 GENERATED -1.869 - 11.041 11.027 11.856
Principal INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
URES 8
Max 268 14 GENERATED -1.864 - 11.043 11.033 11.856
Von Mis INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
(Top) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 9
Min Von 175 1 SIESMIC LOAD -0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002
Mis
(top)
Max 268 14 GENERATED -1.864 - 11.043 11.033 11.856
Von Mis INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
(Bottom) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 9
Min Von 175 2 WIND LOAD -0.000 -0.005 0.005 0.001 0.005 0.001
Mis
(bottom)
Max 268 13 GENERATED -1.869 - 11.041 11.027 11.856

Tresca INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
(top) GENRAL_STRUCT
URES 8
Min 157 1 SIESMIC LOAD 0.000 -0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Tresca
(top)
Max 268 14 GENERATED -1.864 - 11.043 11.033 11.856
Tresca INDIAN CODE 11.856 11.856
URES 9
42
4.2 DESIGN OF THE BUILDING
4.2.1 Design of roof slab
The roof slab design is done using STAAD.PRO.
Figure 12 Position of slab 259
Figure 13 Geometry of slab
43
Figure 14 Property constants of slab
Figure 15 Centre stresses of slab
44
Figure 16 Principal stresses and displacement
Figure 17 Corner stresses of slab
45
4.2.2 Design of beam
Beams are horizontal members of a structure. The
design of beam is done using STAAD. PRO. All the beams are provided
with a common dimension of 0.45m x 0.45m.
Figure 18 Position of beam 235
Figure 19 Geometry Of Beam
46
Figure 20 Property Of Beam
Figure 21 Loading Of Beam
47
Figure 22 Shear Bending Of Beam
Figure 23 Deflection Of Beam
48
Figure 24 Concrete Design Of Beam
Figure 25 Reinforcement summary of Beam 235
49
4.2.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN
Figure 26 Position of column 143
Figure 27 Geometry Of Column
50
Figure 28 Property Of Column
Figure 29 Loading Of Column
51
Figure 30 Shear Bending Of Column
Figure 31 Deflection Of Column
52
Figure 32 Concrete Design Of Column
Figure 33 Summary of column 143
53
4.2.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING
Table 19 Foundation Geometry

FOOTING FOUNDATION GEOMETRY
NO. GROUP ID
LENGTH WIDTH THICKNES
S
24 1 2.650m 2.650m 0.306m
25 2 2.550m 2.550m 0.306m
26 3 2.000m 2.000m 0.305m
27 4 2.350m 2.350m 0.305m
28 5 2.300m 2.300m 0.305m
29 6 2.300m 2.300m 0.305m
30 7 2.000m 2.000m 0.305m
31 8 2.700m 2.700m 0.306m
32 9 3.000m 3.000m 0.306m
33 10 3.000m 3.000m 0.306m
34 11 3.650m 3.650m 0.406m
35 12 1.750m 1.750m 0.305m
36 13 2.650m 2.650m 0.306m
37 14 2.600m 2.600m 0.306m
38 15 2.600m 2.600m 0.306m
54
Table 20 Footing Reinforcement
Footing Footing Reinforcement
No.
Bottom Bottom Top Top
Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement Reinforcement
(Mz) (Mx) (Mz) (Mx)
24 Φ8 @70mm c/c Φ8 @70mm c/c Φ8 @70mm c/c Φ6 @70mm c/c
55
Figure 34 Foundation Details
56
4.3 ESTIMATION
Table 21 Estimation
S.N Description Unit Nos L B D Quan Total Rate Amount

Ground Floor
Footing Earth
1 Work
F1 Cft 2 8.68 8.68 6 904.1088
F2 Cft 1 8.38 8.38 6 421.3464
F3 Cft 2 6.55 6.55 6 514.83
F4 Cft 1 7.7 7.7 6 355.74
F5 Cft 2 7.54 7.54 6 682.2192
F6 Cft 1 7 7 6 294
F7 Cft 2 9.84 9.84 6 1161.907
F8 Cft 1 11.97 11.97 6 859.6854
F9 Cft 1 5.74 5.74 6 197.6856
F10 Cft 1 8.53 8.53 6 436.5654
5828.088 10 58280.88
2 Sand Filling
F1 Cft 2 8.68 8.68 0.5 75.3424
F2 Cft 1 8.38 8.38 0.5 35.1122
F3 Cft 2 6.55 6.55 0.5 42.9025
F4 Cft 1 7.7 7.7 0.5 29.645
F5 Cft 2 7.54 7.54 0.5 56.8516
F6 Cft 1 7 7 0.5 24.5
F7 Cft 2 9.84 9.84 0.5 96.8256
F8 Cft 1 11.97 11.97 0.5 71.64045
F9 Cft 1 5.74 5.74 0.5 16.4738
F10 Cft 1 8.53 8.53 0.5 36.38045
485.674 50 24283.7
3 P.C.C Cft
F1 Cft 2 8.68 8.68 0.5 75.3424
F2 Cft 1 8.38 8.38 0.5 35.1122
F3 Cft 2 6.55 6.55 0.5 42.9025
F4 Cft 1 7.7 7.7 0.5 29.645
F5 Cft 2 7.54 7.54 0.5 56.8516
F6 Cft 1 7 7 0.5 24.5
F7 Cft 2 9.84 9.84 0.5 96.8256
57
F8 Cft 1 11.97 11.97 0.5 71.64045
F9 Cft 1 5.74 5.74 0.5 16.4738
F10 Cft 1 8.53 8.53 0.5 36.38045
561.0164 100 56101.64
4 Footing R.C.C
F1 2 8.68 8.68 1 150.6848
F2 1 8.38 8.38 1 70.2244
F3 2 6.55 6.55 1 85.805
F4 1 7.7 7.7 1 59.29
F5 2 7.54 7.54 1 113.7032
F6 1 7 7 1 49
F7 2 9.84 9.84 1 193.6512
F8 1 11.97 11.97 1 143.2809
F9 1 5.74 5.74 1 32.9476
F10 1 8.53 8.53 1 72.7609
971.348 200 194269.6
Pedestal
5 Column R.C.C
1’4’’ x 1’4’’ Cft 15 1.3 1.3 2.5 63.375
51.33375 200 10266.75
Plinth Bottom
6 Sand Filling
B1 Cft 5 12 1 0.5 30
B2 Cft 5 11.74 1 0.5 29.35
B3 Cft 4 11.18 1 0.5 22.36
B4 Cft 2 8.66 1 0.5 8.66
B5 Cft 2 12.85 1 0.5 12.85
B6 Cft 1 10.4 1 0.5 5.2
B7 Cft 1 11 1 0.5 5.5
113.92 50 5696
Plinth Bottom
7 PCC
B1 Cft 5 12 1.5 0.25 22.5
B2 Cft 5 11.74 1.5 0.25 22.0125
B3 Cft 4 11.18 1.5 0.25 16.77
B4 Cft 2 8.66 1.5 0.25 6.495
B5 Cft 2 12.85 1.5 0.25 9.6375
B6 Cft 1 10.4 1.5 0.25 3.9
B7 Cft 1 11 1.5 0.25 4.125
85.44 100 8544
Plinth Beam
8 R.C.C
B1 Cft 5 12 1 1.5 90
58
B2 Cft 5 11.74 1 1.5 88.05
B3 Cft 4 11.18 1 1.5 67.08
B4 Cft 2 8.66 1 1.5 25.98
B5 Cft 2 12.85 1 1.5 38.55
B6 Cft 1 10.4 1 1.5 15.6
B7 Cft 1 11 1 1.5 16.5

341.76 210 71769.6
Basement
Level (BRICK
9 WORK)
Up to 3’0’ Level
B1 Cft 5 12 0.75 3 135
B2 Cft 5 11.74 0.75 3 132.075
B3 Cft 4 11.18 0.75 3 100.62
B4 Cft 2 8.66 0.75 3 38.97
B5 Cft 2 12.85 0.75 3 57.825
B6 Cft 1 10.4 0.75 3 23.4
B7 Cft 1 11 0.75 3 24.75
Up to 1’0’ Level
B1 Cft 5 12 0.75 1 45
B2 Cft 5 11.74 0.75 1 44.025
B3 Cft 4 11.18 0.75 1 33.54
B4 Cft 2 8.66 0.75 1 12.99
B5 Cft 2 12.85 0.75 1 19.275
B6 Cft 1 10.4 0.75 1 7.8
B7 Cft 1 11 0.75 1 8.25
683.52 145 99110.4
10 R.C.C Column
1’4’’ x 1’4’’ Cft 15 1.3 1.3 12 304.2
304.2 210 63882
11 Earth Filling
Basement Level
(up to 3’0’) Cft 1 39.25 21.25 2.5 2085.156
Car Park Area –
1’0” Cft 1 39.25 20 1.5 1177.5
3262.656 25 81566.4063
Flooring Sand
12 Filling
For Basement
Level (up to
3’0’) Cft 1 39.25 21.25 0.5 417.0313
Car Park Area
(up to 1’0”) Cft 1 39.25 20 0.5 392.5
809.5313 50 40476.5625
13 Flooring P.C.C
For Basement
Level (up to Cft 1 39.25 21.25 0.5 417.0313
59
3’0’)
Car Park Area
(up to 1’0”) Cft 1 39.25 20 0.5 392.5
809.5313 110 89048.4375
Ground Floor
Roof Slab
14 R.C.C
Roof Beam
R.C.C
B1 Cft 5 12 1 1 60
B2 Cft 5 11.74 1 1 58.7
B3 Cft 4 11.18 1 1 44.72
B4 Cft 2 8.66 1 1 17.32
B5 Cft 2 12.85 1 1 25.7
B6 Cft 1 10.4 1 1 10.4
B7 Cft 1 11 1 1 11
Balcony Bottom
Beam Cft 4 2.75 0.75 1 8.25
Roof Slab
R.C.C Cft 1 43.5 29.7 0.5 645.975
Balcony area
Slab Cft 2 10 2.9 0.5 29
911.065 220 200434.3
Ceiling
15 Plastering
Car Parking
Area Sqt 1 29.7 17.5 519.75
Column 1’4’’
x 1’4’’ Sqt 15 5.32 10 798
Roof Beam
Plastering Sqt 2 62 1 124
1441.75 27 38927.25
Car Parking
16 Flooring Area Sqt 1 29.7 17.5 519.75
519.75 45 23388.75
Total 1066046
First Floor
Brick Work 9”
1 Wall
Long Wall (All
Round) Cft 1 176 0.75 9 1188
D/d For
Window (-) Cft -5 4.5 0.75 4 -67.5
D/d For
Window 1 (-) Cft -1 4 0.75 4 -12
D/d For K/W
(-) Cft -2 3 0.75 3 -13.5
D/d For Cft -4 2 0.75 2 -12
60
Venilator (-)
D/d For Main
Door Cft -2 3.25 0.75 7 -34.125
1032 158 163056
Brick Work
2 4.5”Wall
F1-Bed room1 Sqt 1 12.2 9 109.8
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 9.38 9 84.42
Toilet Sqt 3 4 9 108
Kitchen Sqt 1 9 9 81
Kitchen Sqt 1 6.38 9 57.42
Bed Room2 Sqt 2 9 9 162
Bed Room2 Sqt 1 10.3 9 92.7
F2- Bed Room
1 Sqt 1 9.38 9 84.42
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 12.2 9 109.8
Living Sqt 1 20.7 9 186.3
Bed Room2 &
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 10 9 90
Toilet Sqt 2 4 9 72
Balcony Wall Sqt 2 15.5 3 93
D/d For Open Sqt -2 4 7 -56
D/d For Door Sqt -8 3 7 -168
D/d For Door 1 Sqt -5 2.5 7 -87.5
d/d For window Sqt -2 4 4 -32
1149.36 92 105741.12
R.C.C Column
1’4’’ x 1’4’’ Cft 15 1.3 1.3 12 304.2
304.2 210 63882
First Floor
Roof Slab
3 R.C.C
Roof Beam
R.C.C
B1 Cft 5 12 1 1 60
B2 Cft 5 11.74 1 1 58.7
B3 Cft 4 11.18 1 1 44.72
B4 Cft 2 8.66 1 1 17.32
B5 Cft 2 12.85 1 1 25.7
B6 Cft 1 10.4 1 1 10.4
B7 Cft 1 11 1 1 11
Balcony Bottom
Beam Cft 4 2.75 0.75 1 8.25
Roof Slab
R.C.C Cft 1 43.5 29.7 0.5 645.975
Balcony area
Slab Cft 2 10 2.9 0.5 29
61
911.065 230 209544.95
Lintal Cum
4 Sunshade
R.C.C Concrete
(All Round) Cft 1 173.5 0.75 0.5 65.0625
Loft For Bed
Room Cft 4 10 2 0.25 20
Loft For
Kitchen Cft 2 9 2 0.25 9
Kitchen Top Cft 2 13 2 0.25 13
Sunshade Cft 9 5.5 1.5 0.25 18.5625
125.625 230 28893.75
4’5’ Lintel
F1-Bed room1 Sqt 1 12.2 0.375 0.5 2.2875
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 9.38 0.375 0.5 1.75875
Toilet Sqt 3 4 0.375 0.5 2.25
Kitchen Sqt 1 9 0.375 0.5 1.6875
Kitchen Sqt 1 6.38 0.375 0.5 1.19625
Bed Room2 Sqt 2 9 0.375 0.5 3.375
Bed Room2 Sqt 1 10.3 0.375 0.5 1.93125
F2- Bed Room
1 Sqt 1 9.38 0.375 0.5 1.75875
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 12.2 0.375 0.5 2.2875
Living Sqt 1 20.7 0.375 0.5 3.88125
Bed Room2 &
Kitchen Sqt 2 9 0.375 0.5 3.375
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 10 0.375 0.5 1.875
Toilet Sqt 2 4 0.375 0.5 1.5
29.16375 230 6707.6625
PlasteringInner
5 Side (1:5)
F1-Bed room1 Sqt 1 42.5 10 425
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 38 10 380
Living Sqt 1 52.3 10 523
Kitchen 1 Sqt 1 30 10 300
Tiolet 1 Sqt 1 20 10 200
Tiolet 1 Sqt 1 20 10 200
Foyar Sqt 2 14 10 280
Passage Sqt 1 15.5 10 155
F2-Bed room1 Sqt 1 42.5 10 425
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 38 10 380
Living Sqt 1 52.3 10 523
Tiolet 1 Sqt 1 20 10 200
Tiolet 1 Sqt 1 20 10 200
Foyar Sqt 2 14 10 280
62
Passage Sqt 1 15.5 10 155
Staircase Area Sqt 1 42 10 420
Balcony Wall Sqt 2 15.5 6.38 197.78
Loft For Bed
Room Sqt 4 10 4 160
Loft For
Kitchen Top Sqt 2 13 4 104
D/d For
Window Sqt -9 4 4 -144
Kitchen
Window Sqt -2 3 3 -18
D/d For Main
Door Sqt -2 3.3 7 -46.2
D/d For Door Sqt -8 3 7 -168
D/d For Door
D1 Sqt -4 2.5 7 -70
Opening Sqt -2 4.5 9 -81
Opening 1 Sqt -1 4 7 -28
Opening 2 Sqt -1 2.5 7 -17.5
Ventilator Sqt -4 2 2 -16
5291.08 27 142859.16
Ceiling
Plastering (CM
6 1:3)
F1-Bed room1 Sqt 1 12.2 9 109.8
Living Sqt 1 16.6 9.5 157.7
Tiolet 1 Sqt 1 4 6 24
Passage Sqt 2 4 3 24
Foyar Sqt 1 3.3 4.5 14.85
F2-Bed room1 Sqt 1 12.2 9 109.8
Living Sqt 1 16.6 9.5 157.7
Foyar Sqt 1 3.3 4.5 14.85
Staircase Area Sqt 1 7.3 13.6 99.28
Balcony Sqt 2 10 2.75 55
1150.98 30 34529.4
7 Tiles Work
Skerting Sqt 1 125 0.34 42.5
Toilet wall Sqt 4 18 7 504
63
Tiling
546.5 110 60115
Total 815329
Second Floor
1 Brick Work
Long Wall (All
Round) Cft 1 125 0.75 9 843.75
D/d For
Window Cft -5 4 0.75 4 -60
D/d For Kitchen
(kw) Cft -1 3 0.75 3 -6.75
D/d For
Ventilator Cft -2 2 0.75 2 -6
D/d For Main
Door D Cft -1 3.25 0.75 7 -17.0625
D/d For Door
D1 Cft -1 3 0.75 7 -15.75
738.1875 165 121800.938
Brick Work
2 (4’5’)
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 12.2 9 109.8
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 9.38 9 84.42
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 9.38 9 84.42
Kitchen Sqt 1 6.38 9 57.42
Tiolet Sqt 2 4 9 72
Balcony Wall Sqt 1 15.5 3 46.5
D/d For Doors Sqt -4 3 7 -84
d/d For Doors 1 Sqt -2 2.5 7 -35
Brick In Parapet
Wall Sqt 1 64 3 192
788.56 95 74913.2
Lintel Cum
3 Sun shade
9”Wall(All
Round) Cft 1 125 0.75 0.5 46.875
Sun Shade Cft 6 5.5 1.5 0.25 12.375
4 1/2” Wall (All
Round) Cft 1 75 0.38 0.5 14.25
Bed & Kitchen
Loft Cft 3 9 2 0.25 13.5
Kitchen Top
Slab Cft 1 12 2 0.25 6
93 230 21390
R.C.C Column
1’4’’ x 1’4’’ Cft 15 1.3 1.3 12 304.2
304.2 210 63882
64
Inner Wall
4 Plastering
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 42.5 10 425
Bed Room 2 Sqt 1 38 10 380
Living& Dining Sqt 1 74.3 10 743
Toilet Sqt 2 20 10 400
Foyer Sqt 1 9 10 90
Staircase Sqt 1 41.3 10 413
Balcony Wall Sqt 2 15.5 3.38 104.78
D/d For Main
Door Sqt -1 3.25 7 -22.75
Door(D1) Sqt -4 3 7 -84
Door(D2) Sqt -2 2.5 7 -35
Windows (W1) Sqt -5 4 4 -80
Kitchen window Sqt -1 3 3 -9
Ventiater(V) Sqt -2 2 2 -8
Loft For Bed
Room Sqt 2 9 4 72
Loft For
Kitchen top Slab
plastering Sqt 1 12 2 24
2749.03 27 74223.81
Ceiling
5 Plastering
Bed Room 1 Sqt 1 9 12.2 109.8
Living & Dining Sqt 1 0
Toilet Sqt 2 6 4 48
Staircase Sqt 1 13.6 7.3 99.28
Balcony Sqt 1 10 2.75 27.5
440.58 30 13217.4
Roof Slab
6 R.C.C
Roof Beam
R.C.C
B1 Cft 5 10.75 1.32 0.88 62.436
B2 Cft 5 10.5 1.32 0.88 60.984
B3 Cft 4 10 1.32 0.88 46.464
B4 Cft 2 7.75 1.32 0.88 18.0048
B5 Cft 2 11.5 1.32 0.88 26.7168
B6 Cft 1 9.3 1.32 0.88 10.80288
B7 Cft 1 9.87 1.32 0.88 11.46499
Balcony Bottom Cft 4 2.75 0.75 1 8.25
65
Beam
Roof Slab
R.C.C Cft 1 43.5 29.7 0.44 568.458
Balcony area
Slab Cft 2 10 2.9 0.42 24.36
837.9415 225 188536.831
7 Tiles Work
Skerting Sqt 1 225 0.34 76.5
Toilet wall
Tiling Sqt 2 18 7 252
328.5 115 37777.5
Parapet Wall
Inner Side
8 Plastering Sqt 1 64 3.5 224
224 29 6496
Weathering
9 Course Area Cft 1 29 17 0.34 167.62
167.62 85 14247.7
Weathering
Course Tile
10 Area Sqt 1 29 17 493
493 38 18734
Total 635219
Head Room
Brick Work
1 (All Round) Cft 1 44.3 0.75 9 299.025
d/d for Door Cft -1 3 0.75 7 -15.75
d/d for window Cft -1 4 0.75 4 -12
271.275 175 44760.375
Head Room
Plastering
2 InnerWall
Outer Wall Sqt 1 46 10 460
d/d for Door Sqt 1 50 11 550
d/d for window Sqt -1 3 7 -21
Ceilling Sqt -1 4 4 -16
Sqt 1 13.6 7.3 99.28
1072.28 28 30023.84
Parapet Wall
3 4.5” Sqt 1 144 3 432
432 95 41040
Parapet Wall
Inner
4 Plastering Sqt 1 144 3.5 504
504 28 14112
Weathering
5 Course Area Cft 1 28.2 24.5 0.34 234.906
66
234.906 85 19967.01
Weathering
Course Tile
6 Area Sqt 1 28.2 24.5 690.9
690.9 38 26254.2
Outer Wall
Plastering
Back Side Wall sqt 1 29.7 36 1069.2
Front Side sqt 1 32.5 36 1170
Side Wall sqt 2 43.5 26 2262
Sunshade
Plastering sqt 22 5.5 4 484
4985.2 28 139585.6
Door &
Windows
MD / 3.25*7*4
Nos Each 1 4
4 20000 80000
D – 3*7*16 Nos Each 1 16
16 15000 240000
D1 – 2.5*7*8
Nos (PVC
Door) Each 1 8
8 2500 20000
W – 4*4*20
Nos Each 1 20
20 10000 200000
KW – 4*3*4
Nos Each 1 4
4 7500 30000
V – 2*2*8 Nos Each 1 8
8 3500 28000
TOTAL 598000
TOTAL COST OF THE BUILDING 3114594.697
Electrical Work lumsump 15% OF THE TOTAL COST 2335946
Plumbing Work 15% OF THE TOTAL COST 464313.5
Steel 12570 50 628500

TOTAL 4447002.80
67
Table 22 Cost analysis of sand
S.NO DESCRIPTION QUANTITY RATE AMOUNT
1 Sand Filling 485.674 50 24283.70
2 Footing PCC 364.6606 50 18233.03
3 Footing RCC 536.66 50 26833.48
4 Column PCC 28.3639 50 1418.19
5 Plinth Sand Filling 113.92 50 3231.22
6 Plinth Bottom PCC 55.536 50 2776.80
7 Plinth Beam RCC 188.822 50 9441.12
8 Basement Level Brick Work 205.056 50 10252.80
9 RCC Column 168.0705 50 8403.53
10 Flooring Sand Filling 809.5313 50 40476.57
11 Flooring PCC 447.266 50 22363.30
12 GF Roof Slab 503.363 50 25168.17
13 Brick Work 1 344.808 50 17240.40
14 RCC Column 1 168.0705 50 8403.53
15 Roof Slab 2 503.363 50 25168.17
16 Lintel 1 16.1129 50 805.65
17 Brick Work 2 236.568 50 11828.40
18 Lintel 2 51.3825 50 2569.13
19 RCC Column 2 168.0705 50 8403.53
20 Roof Slab 3 461.305 50 23065.25
21 Head Room Brick Work 81.3825 50 4069.13
22 Parapet Wall 129.6 50 6480.00
TOTAL 6067.5862 303379.31
68
 Total quantity of sand used = 6067.5862 cft
 Total cost = 303380 Rs.
On 20% replacement of sand with quarry dust,
 Total quantity of sand used = 4854.0688 cft

 Total quantity of quarry dust = 1213.5174 cft
 Total cost = 4854.0688 × 50 = 242703.44

1213.5174 × 35 = 42473.109
= 285177 Rs.
Cost reduced = 18203 Rs.
69
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
One of the ways to improving sustainability is to reduce the

human consumption of natural resources. In order to protect the natural
resources such as river sand, this project has identified quarry dust, which
is a waste product from stone crushing industry, as partial replacement for
river sand. This study has brought out positive results that quarry dust can
be effectively used as a partial replacing material upto 20% of natural river
sand in M25 concrete. Experimental results show that workability,
compressive strength and flexural strength has been improved through
replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust. This method of reducing
the usage of river sand in concrete will not only cut down the cost of
construction, but also reduce the level of illegal extraction of sand from the
river beds but also will certainly help in preserving the natural resources
and solve some sustainability issues. Also, reusing industrial wastes such as
quarry dust will bring down the need for landfill disposal, and to a great
extent, avoid the conversion of fertile lands into dumping yards.
70
REFERENCES
 IS: 456-2000: Code Of Practice For Plain And Reinforced Concrete.

 SP 16 : Design Aids For Reinforced Concrete To IS 456-1978
 INDIAN STANDARD Code Of Practice For Design Load (Other
Than Earthquake ) For Building And Structure IS 875 (Part 3) :1987
 Ramamrutham S , Design Of Reinforced Concrete Structures,
DhnpatRai Publishing Company (P) LTD, 2011
 Vaidyanathan.RAndPerumal.P, Structural Analysis Volume-II,
Laxmi Publications (P) LTD, 2006.
 IS: 516-1959: Methods Of Tests For Strength Of Concrete.
 IS 10262 : 2009 : Concrete Mix Propotioning – Guidelines.
 IS 383-1970 : Specification For Coarse Aggregate And Fine
Aggregate From Natural Sources For Concrete.
 M.S.Shetty , Concrete Technology , S. Chand , 2005.
 Recent trends in replacement of natural sand with different
alternatives -akshay c. sankh, praveen m. biradar, prof. s. j
naghathan, manjunath b. ishwargol (international conference on
advances in engineering & technology – 2014 (icaet-2014) 59 |
page)
 Influence of quarry sand on the properties of high strength concrete
containing low calcium fly ash -sreekantan p , georgemathew
(american journal of engineering research (ajer), e-issn : 2320-0847
p-issn : 2320-0936, volume-2 pp-26-31)
 Study of properties of scc using ‘quarry dust’ and ‘fly ash’ -
m.v.ramaraju, k.v.vivek , dr. t. sivashankarreddy and p.srinivasreddy
71
(international journal of engineering sciences research-ijesr, vol 02,
issue 04; august-september 2011)
 Mechanical properties of high performance concrete in corporating
with quarry wastes - t. subbulakshmi, b. vidivelli (international
journal of engineering and advanced technology (ijeat), issn: 2249 –
8958, volume-3 issue-6, august 2014)
 Optimum utilization of quarry dust as partial replacement of sand in
concrete - lohanit.k., padhi m., dash k.p., jena s. (international
journal of applied sciences and engineering research, vol. 1, no. 2,
2012, research article issn 2277 – 9442)
 Substitution of quarry dust to sand for mortar in brick masonry
works - appukutty p. , murugesanr.adalberth, karin (international
journal on design and manufacturing technologies, vol.3, no.1,
january 2009)
 Comprehensive literature review on use of waste product in concrete
- b.v.bahoria1, dr.d.k.parbat2, dr.p.b.naganaik3, dr.u.p.waghe4
(international jounrnal of application or innovation in engineering
and management(ijaiem), volume 2, issue 4, april 2013 issn 2319 –
4847)
 Partial replacement of sand with quarry dust in concrete -
chandanasukesh, katakambalakrishna, p.srilakshmisaiteja,
s.kanakambararao (international journal of innovative technology
and exploring engineering (ijitee), issn: 2278-3075, volume-2, issue-
6, may 2013)
 An innovative method of replacing river sand by quarry dust waste in
concrete for sustainability - dr. p.b.sakthivel, c.ramya, m.raja
(international journal of scientific & engineering research volume 4,
issue 5, may-2013 -issn 2229-5518 , ijser © 2013)
72
 Effect of quarry dust as partial replacement of sand in
concretesudhirs.kapgate and s.r.satone (indian streams research
journal, volume 3, issue. 5, june 2013, issn:-2230-7850)
 IS 516-1959 : Methods of tests for strength of concrete
73

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CHAPTER 1

1.2 RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

A residential area is a land use in which housing predominates, as

Table 1 Properties of cement

S.No Properties Result Obtained

1 Specific gravity 3.15

2 Initial setting time (min) 52

1.3.2 Fine Aggregate (Natural River Sand)

Fine aggregate usually consists of sand, crushed stone, or crushed

S.No Characteristics Value Test Method

1.3.3 Coarse Aggregate

Coarse aggregate consists of gravel, pebbles, fragments of broken

Table 3 Properties of coarse aggregate

S.No Properties Value

1.4 DETAILS OF THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

1.4.1 Site Description

The proposed building is Desiha’s “LOTUS“Apartments at No.53,

1.4.2 General Specifications

 Building Structure: RCC framed/loaded bearing structure on

1.4.3 Other Standard Specification And Features

 Wardrobe in bedroom shall be 1’3’’ deep, loft at 7’ level.

 Metro water sump as specified by CMWSSB.

 Separate overhead tanks for metro and ground water.

1. RECENT TRENDS IN REPLACEMENT OF NATURAL SAND

Akshay C. Sankh, Praveen M. Biradar, Prof. S. J Naghathan, Manjunath

2. INFLUENCE OF QUARRY SAND ON THE PROPERTIES OF

SreekantanP, George Mathew (American Journal of Engineering

Influence of the presence of higher percentage of fine particles in

3. STUDY OF PROPERTIES OF SCC USING ‘QUARRY DUST’

M.V.RamaRaju, K.V.Vivek , Dr. T. Siva Shankar Reddy and P.Srinivas

4. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH PERFORMANCE

T. Subbulakshmi, B. Vidivelli (International Journal of Engineering

Concrete is a stone like material obtained by designing a

5. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF QUARRY DUST AS PARTIAL

Lohani T.K., Padhi M., Dash K.P., Jena S. (International Journal of

Sand collected from aeolian deposit is expensive due to

6. SUBSTITUTION OF QUARRY DUST TO SAND FOR MORTAR

AppukuttyP. ,Murugesan R. Adalberth, Karin (International Journal on

Substitution of crusher dust for sand in cement mortar for brick

7. COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW ON USE OF

B.V.Bahoria1, Dr.D.K.Parbat2, Dr.P.B.Naganaik3, Dr.U.P.Waghe4

This paper present literature review on replacement of natural

8. PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND WITH QUARRY DUST IN

ChandanaSukesh, KatakamBala Krishna, P.Sri Lakshmi SaiTeja,

The reduction in the sources of natural sand and the requirement

9. AN INNOVATIVE METHOD OF REPLACING RIVER SAND BY

Dr. P.B.Sakthivel, C.Ramya, M.Raja (International Journal of

In the construction industry, there is a high demand for natural

10. EFFECT OF QUARRY DUST AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

SudhirS.Kapgate and S.R.Satone (Indian Streams Research Journal,

Natural river sand is one of the key ingredients of concrete, is

3.1 SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF METHODOLOGY

MATERIAL SITE SURVEY

FRESH CONCRETE PLANNING AND

CASTING AND ANALYSIS

Figure 1 Schematic representation of methodology

All structures have two basic requirements in common safety from

Limit state design refers to the calculations made by the designer to

1. The limit states provide a checklist of the basic structural

3.3 SOFTWARES USED

3.3.1. Computer Aided Design

Computer aided design increase the productivity of the designer.

In this project the software STAAD PRO is used for analysis.

STAAD PRO implements the most modern technologies in computer