GASES & GAS STOICHIOMETRY  a manometer is used to measure the pressure

exerted by a gas by comparing the gas pressure with

the atmospheric pressure
Properties of Gases:
 gases assume the volume & shape of their containers
 gases have low densities
 gases are able to exert pressure
 gases will mix evenly & completely when confined to
the same container
 gases diffuse rapidly
 gases expand when heated
 gases are the most compressible of the states of Common Units of Pressure:
matter 1 atm = 101, 325 Pa (or N/m2)
= 760 mmHg
= 760 Torr
Kinetic Molecular Theory: = 14.7 lb/in2 or psi
 all gases are made up of tiny particles called
molecules
 gas molecules are very small in relation to the Temperature
distances between them  the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance
 gas molecules are in constant random motion
causing them to collide with one another and the Common Units of Temperature:
walls of the container F = (9/5) C + 32
 the collisions of molecules are perfectly elastic C = (
(F – 32) (5/9)
 the average kinetic energy of molecules varies K = C + 273.15
directly with temperature R = F + 460

Pressure, Volume & Temperature Volume

 the space occupied by a specific substance
Pressure
 the force per unit area, P = F / A Common Units of Volume:
 the normal pressure exerted by the air is called 1L = 1000 mL
atmospheric pressure = 1000 cm3
1m 3
= 1000 L
 a barometer is used to measure the pressure exerted
by the atmosphere

The Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law: (Pressure-Volume Relationship)

 formulated by Robert Boyle
 the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure at
constant temperature
V  1/P

 for a given sample of gas under two different sets of

conditions at constant temperature,
P1V1 = P2V2

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Gases & Gas Stoichiometry Page 1 of 5
Exercises:
1. The volume of a gas is 5.90 liters measured at 1 .00
atm. What is the pressure of the gas in mmHg at
constant temperature if the volume is changed to
9.75 liters?
2. The volume of a sample of laughing gas is 600 mL at
a pressure of 1.60 atm. Assume that the
temperature is held constant.
(a) what is the volume of the sample at a
pressure of 2.50 atm
(b) what is the pressure of the sample when the
volume is doubled
3. A sample of ammonia gas exerts a pressure of
625.01 kPa. What will be the resulting pressure
when the volume of the gas is reduced to one-tenth
of the original value at the same temperature?
Charle’s Law: Temperature-Volume Relationship
 formulated by Jacques Charles
 the volume of a given mass of gas held at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute
(Kelvin) temperature
VT
 for a given sample of gas under two different sets of
conditions at constant pressure,
V1 = V2
T1 T2
Exercises:
1. A balloon is inflated with air in a warm living room
(25 C) to a volume of 3.0. Then it is taken outside
(-28.0C). Assuming that
on a very cold winter’s day (-28.0
the quantity of air and the pressure both remain
constant, what will be the resulting volume when it is
outdoors?
Exercises:
1. Carbon dioxide is stored in a steel tank at 25 C and
8,360 mmHg. Determine the internal gas pressure,
in atm, when the tank and its contents are heated to
100 C?
2. Hydrogen gas is confined in a constant volume
chamber. The gas pressure is approximately 1.45
atm, when the chamber is immersed in a bath of
melting ice.
(a) what is the temperature, in C, when the
pressure manometer indicates a reading of
0.65 atm
(b) what pressure will the pressure manometer
indicate after bringing the chamber to 212 F
3. If an automobile tire is filled to a gauge pressure of
28 psi in a heated garage at 70 F, what is the gauge
pressure after it is parked outside at 0.0 F? The
atmospheric pressure is steady at 740 mmHg during
the period.
Avogadro’s Law: Volume-Amount Relationship
 formulated by Amedeo Avogadro
 the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly
proportional to the number of the moles of gas
present
Vn
 consider the reaction,
3H2(g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)
3 mol 1 mol 2 mol
 because at the same temperature & pressure, the
volumes of gases are directly proportional to the
number of moles of the gases present, we can also
write:
3H2(g) + N2(g)  2NH3(g)
3 vol 1 vol 2 vol

2. Imagine that a gas occupies a volume of 3.5 L at a

temperature of 30.0 C. To what temperature in C
must the gas be cooled to reduce its volume to 2,000 Combined Gas Law: Pressure-Volume-Temperature
ml if the pressure is held constant? Relationship
3. An anesthesiologist administers a gas at C to a  the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly
patient whose body temperature is 3737C. What is the proportional to the ratio of its absolute temperature
change in volume in milliliters of a 1.20 liters of gas & its pressure
as it goes from room temperature to a body V T
temperature assuming pressure remains the same? P

 for a given sample of gas under two different sets of

Amonton’s Law: Pressure-Temperature Relationship conditions,
 formulated by Guillaume Amonton P1V1 = P2V2
 the pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly T1 T2
proportional to the absolute temperature when its
volume is held constant. Exercises:
PT 1. A 1.00-ml sample of N2(g) at 36.2 C and 2.14 atm is
37.8C and the pressure changed to 1.02
heated to 37.8
 for a given sample of gas under two different sets of atm. What volume does the gas occupy at this
conditions at constant volume, temperature & pressure?
P1 = P2 2. What must be the new volume, in liters, of a sample
T1 T2 of nitrogen if 4.0 liters at 750 mmHg and 25.0 C is

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Gases & Gas Stoichiometry Page 2 of 5
 heated to 378 C under conditions that let the  experiments show that at 1 mole of an ideal gas at
pressure change to 765 mmHg? STP occupies a volume of 22.414 L (or molar volume
3. The gas present in electric light bulb is argon. If a is 22.214 L/mol)
sample of this gas is at a pressure of 101.325 kPa
when the volume is 0.13 L and the temperature is 35
C, what must its temperature be if its volume Applications: Density & Molar Mass Calculations
becomes 200 mL and its pressure 99 kPa?
 recall: n = m
M
Ideal Gas Law where n = number of moles
 describes the relationship among the four variables: m = mass
P, V, T & n. M = molar mass
 an ideal gas is a hypothetical gas whose pressure-  if substituted in the ideal gas equation,
volume-temperature behavior can be completely PV = nRT
accounted for by the ideal gas equation n = PV
 if we combine the three equations: RT
m = PV
Boyle’s Law: V  1/P M RT
rearranging,
Charle’s Law: VT M = mRT
PV
Avogadro’s Law: V  n
 recall:  = m
we will arrive at a single equation: V
V  nT where  = density
p m = mass
PV = nRT V = volume
 if substituted in the above equation & rearranging,
where R is the proportionality constant called the =MP
universal gas constant RT

Values of Gas Constant, R Exercises:

8.314 (Pa-m3)/(mol-K)
0.082058 (L-atm)/(mol-K)
62.36 (mmHg-L)/(mol-K)
10.73 (psi-ft3)/(lbmol-R)
Exercises:
1. What volume would 0.5 mole of cyanogen (C 2N2)
sulfur gas occupy if the temperature and the
pressure of the gas are 27 C and 20 psi respectively.
2. A steel cylinder with a volume of 3.50 L contains
ammonia gas under a pressure of 160 atm and a
30C. How many moles of ammonia,
temperature of 30
NH3 does the cylinder contain?
3. Carbon monoxide is an insidious poison. A sample of
9.0 moles of the gas is present in a container of
volume 40.5 L. What is the pressure of the gas, in
atm, if the temperature is 65 C?
Standard Temperature & Pressure (STP)
 the conditions at which most real gases behave as
ideal gases.
 the conditions 0 C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature & pressure
Gen Chem 113
Gases & Gas Stoichiometry
1. What is the density (in g/L) of uranium hexafluoride
(UF6) at 779 mmHg and 62 C?
2. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (in g/L) at
752 mmHg and 55 C?
3. At what temperature will the density of O 2(g) be 1.00
g/L if the pressure is kept at 745 mmHg?
4. A 1.27 g sample of an oxide of nitrogen, believed to
be either NO or N2O, occupies a volume of 1.07 L at
25 C and 737 mmHg. What is the molar mass of
the compound? Which compound is it?
5. The density of a certain compound of chlorine &
oxygen is 7.71 g/L at 36 C and 2.88 atm. Calculate
its molar mass & determine its molecular formula
(choose from ClO, Cl2O2, ClO2 or Cl2O)
Gas Stoichiometry
 the concept of Avogadro’s Law will be applied in most
calculations
Volume-Volume Relationship
Exercises:
1. Calculate the volume of O2 (in L) at STP required for
the complete combustion of 2.64 L of acetylene
(C2H2) at STP.
2. Assuming no change in temperature & pressure,
calculate the volume of O2 (in liters) required for the
Mike Filomeno
Page 3 of 5
 complete combustion of butane (C4H10)? volume of
CO2?
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g)  8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
Mass-Volume
-Volume Relationship
Exercises:
1. The equation for the metabolic breakdown of glucose
(C6H12O6) is:
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)  6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
Calculate the volume of CO2 produced at 37 C and 1
atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the
reaction.
2. How many grams of NaN3 (sodium azide) are needed
to produce 20.0 L of N2(g) at 30 C & 760 mmHg?
2NaN3(s)  2Na(l) + 3N2(g)
3. What mass of Na(l) in grams is produced per liter of
N2(g) at 25 C & 751 mmHg in the decomposition of
sodium azide?
Exercises:
1. A sample of natural gas containing 8.24 mol CH 4,
0.421 mol C2H6 & 0.116 mol C3H8. If the total
pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what are the
partial pressures of the gases?
2. The partial pressure of CH4(g) is 0.225 atm and of
C2H6(g) is 0.165 atm in a mixture of two gases.
(a) what is the mole fraction of each gas in the
mixture?
(b) if the mixture occupies 9.73 L at 35 C, what
is the total number of moles of gas in the
mixture?
(c) how many grams of each gas is present in
the mixture?
Collecting a Gas Over a Liquid

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

 applicable for mixture of gases
 the total pressure of a mixture of gases is just the
sum of the pressures (partial pressures) that each
gas would exert if it were present alone.

Partial Pressure- pressure exerted by the individual gas

component in the mixture.

 for gases with components A, B …

PT = pA + pB …

 from ideal gas equation, PT = Pbar = Pgas + Pwater

 pA = nART ; pB = nBRT Pgas = Pbar – Pwater
V V
 collecting a gas over a liquid works only for gases
PT = pA + pB … which are insoluble in liquid (like H2, N2 & O2)
= nART + nBRT gas is called “collected over water” and is “wet”

V V
= RT (nA + nB) Exercise:
V 1. In the following reaction, 81.2 mL of O 2(g) is collected
if nT = nA + nB
over water at 23 C and barometric pressure of 751
PT = RT (nT)
mmHg. What must have been the mass of Ag 2O(s)
V
decomposed? The vapor pressure of water at 23 C
 taking the ratio of pA/PT is 21.1 mmHg.
pA = nART/V 2Ag2O(s)  4Ag(s) + O2(g)
PT nTRT/V
p A = nA
PT nT
Gas Properties Relating to KMT: Diffusion & Effusion
the term nA/nT is called the mole fraction of A, xA
Diffusion
 migration or intermingling of molecules of different
the equation becomes,
substances as a result of random molecular motion.
pA = xA
PT
Effusion
 the sum of the mole fractions of all the component
 escape of gas molecules from their container through
gases in a mixture must be equal to 1.
a tiny orifice or pinhole.
xA + xB + …… = 1

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Gases & Gas Stoichiometry Page 4 of 5
Graham’s Law
 the rates of effusion (or diffusion) of two different
gases are inversely proportional to the square root of
their molar masses
 stated mathematically, (as well as other variations)

rA =  MB rate of effusion/diffusion
rB  MA

dA =  MB distance travelled
dB  MA

nA =  MB amount of gas effused/diffused

nB  MA

tA =  MB time of effusion/diffusion
tB  M A

Exercises:
1. A 2.2 x 10-4 mol N2(g) effuses through a tiny hole in
105 seconds. How much H 2(g) would effuse through
the same orifice in 105 seconds?
2. A sample of Kr(g) escapes through a tiny hole in 87.3
seconds and an unknown gas requires 42.9 seconds
under identical conditions. What is the molar mass
of the unknown gas?

Non-Ideal Gases: The Van der Waals Equation

 in ideal gases, the pressure exerted by the
individual gas molecules & the volume occupied by
them are taken to account
 gases tend to behave ideally at high
temperature & low pressure
 gases tend to behave non-ideally at low
temperature & high pressure

P + n2a (V – nb) = nRT

V2

accounts for the accounts for the

pressure exerted volume occupied
by the individual by the individual
gas molecules gas molecules
where:
a & b are constants which are different for different
gases

Exercise:
1. Use the Van der Waals Equation to calculate the
pressure exerted by 1.00 mol Cl 2(g) when it is
confined to a volume of 2.00 L at 273.0 K (a = 6.49
L2-atm/mol2; b = 0.0562 L/mol)

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Gases & Gas Stoichiometry Page 5 of 5