SADIMENTARY ROCK

PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK PERMINYAKAN

AKAMIGAS BALONGAN
TAHUN AKADEMIK 2017/2018
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1. Introduction
2. Sediment Source, Transport, & Deposition
3. Lithification
4. Sedimentary Rock Types
5. Sedimentary Rock Description
1.
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* Sediment, all of which comes from preexisting rocks, includes :
All solid particles derived by weathering,
Minerals that come from solutions such as seawater that contain
chemical elements, and

Minerals extracted from water by organisms to build their shells

* Sedimentary rocks are the rock type made up of sediment.

(i.e sand become sandstone)
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*Batuan Sedimen adalah batuan yang terbentuk dari
bahan yang pernah lepas dan bahan terlarut hasil

dari proses mekanis dan kimia dari batuan yang

telah ada sebelumnya, atau dari cangkang

binatang, sisa tumbuhan.

2.
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Sediment Source
Weathering, solutions, & extracted
from water by organisms.

Sediment Transports
Sediment is transported by running
water, wind, glaciers, and waves.

During transport, sediment may be

sorted and rounded; both processes
are important in how sediment and
sedimentary rocks transmit fluids.

(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Sediment Deposition
*The sediment is deposited in some geographic area called a
depositional environment.

The three broad depositional settings:

 Continental
* Rivers, lakes, deserts, glaciers, etc
 Transitional
* Deltas, beaches, tidal flats, barrier islands, etc
 Marine
* Sub marine fan, deep water environment, etc
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3.
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The process of converting
these deposits into
sedimentary rocks is
lithification.

Compaction involves a
decrease in the volume of
a deposit as it settles
under its own weight and
the weight of any
overlying deposit.

Cementation involves the

crystallization of minerals
in the pore spaces of
sediment.
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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks (Clastic)
Made up of solid particles (gravel, sand, silt, and clay) derived from
preexisting rocks by mechanical and chemical weathering.

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks (Non-Clastic)

Result from inorganic chemical processes or from the chemical
activities of organisms.

Organisms are so important in the origin of some of these rocks,

the rocks are assigned to a subcategory called Biochemical
Sedimentary Rocks.
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(Nichols, 2009)
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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
 Conglomerate and Sedimentary
Breccia
 Sandstone
 Mudrocks

Conglomerate and Sedimentary

Breccia are made up of gravel sized
particles that is, detrital particles larger
than 2 mm.

(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
 Conglomerate and Sedimentary Breccia
 Sandstone
 Mudrocks

Sandstone is rock made up of sand, that is,

detrital particles that measure 1/16 to 2
mm, regardless of composition.

Quartz sandstone adalah varietas yang

paling umum dan seperti namanya sebagian
besar terdiri dari partikel kuarsa berukuran
pasir.

Another variety of sandstone known as

arkose has at least 25% feldspar minerals.

(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Detrital Sedimentary Rocks
 Conglomerate and Sedimentary Breccia
 Sandstone
 Mudrocks

Mudrocks is a general term that encompasses all

detrital sedimentary rocks composed of silt and
clay-sized particles

Siltstone is composed mostly of silt-sized

particles,
Mudstone is a mixture of silt and clay,
Claystone has mostly clay-sized particles.

Some mudstones and claystones are designated as

shale if they are fissile, meaning that they break
along closely spaced parallel planes
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(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
 Carbonate Rock
 Evaporites
 Chert
 Coal

Carbonate Rock
 Limestone, composed of calcite (CaCO3)
 Dolostone composed of dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2]
 A finely crystalline type of limestone called travertine that forms
around hot springs is one example.
 And some limestones contain small spherical grains called ooids ,
which form as layers of calcite are chemically precipitated around a
nucleus such asa sand grain or shell fragment. Lithified deposits of
ooids are oolitic limestones.
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Carbonate Rock

(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Chert
 Chert, terdiri dari mineral kuarsa mikroskopik (SiO2),
memiliki sifat keras dan breaks dengan fracture
conchoidal (smoothly curved) seperti yang terlihat
pada kuarsa dan obsidian.
 Varietas warna yang berwarna hitam karena
mengandung bahan organik, dan jasper, yang
berwarna merah, coklat atau kuning karena oksida
besi.
 Karena chert sangat keras dan tidak memiliki
belahan, bisa dibentuk menjadi tepi pemotongan
tajam dan titik untuk pisau, titik tombak dan kepala
panah.
 Chert ditemukan sebagai massa tidak teratur atau
nodul di dalam batuan lainnya, terutama
batugamping dan lapisan yang berbeda berupa
lapisan chert

(Monroe et al. 2007)

Evaporites

 Evaporites Air laut dan beberapa air danau yang

asin, mengandung ion dan radikal seperti natrium
(Na), klorin (Cl), kalsium (Ca), magnesium (Mg),
kalium (K), karbonat (CO3), sulfat (SO4) dan banyak
lainnya.
 Jika air ini mulai menguap, konsentrasi bahan
terlarut meningkat relatif terhadap volume air dan
akhirnya titik jenuh tercapai dan mineral mulai
mengkristal dan menempel ke dasar.
 Banyak evaporites terbentuk, namun hanya dua
yang sangat umum terbentuk,
 Rock gypsum, terdiri dari mineral gypsum
(CaSO42H2O),
 Rock salt, yang terdiri dari halite (NaCl)
Keduanya memiliki tekstur kristal
 Evaporites disimpan di dalam air seperti lagoons di
daerah kering, seperti Teluk Persia, dan di beberapa
danau di daerah kering, termasuk Great Salt Lake di
Utah dan Laut Mati di perbatasan antara Israel dan
Yordania.

(Monroe et al. 2007)

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Coal
 Coal Compressed, berasal dari sisa-sisa bagian
tanaman berubah membentuk batu bara, jadi ini
adalah batuan sedimen biokimia.

 Batubara terbentuk di rawa dan rawa yang kurang

kandungan oksigen dimana hanya sedikit oksigen
untuk mengoksidasi limbah bakteri. Dengan
demikian, bakteri mati, pembusukan berhenti dan
vegetasi tidak sepenuhnya membusuk melainkan
menjadi kotoran organik, yang bila dikubur dan
dikompres menjadi gambut.

 Perubahan lebih lanjut mungkin terjadi yang

mengubah lignit menjadi batubara bitumen, yang
memiliki sekitar 80% karbon. Ini berwarna hitam
dan berubah seluruhnya sehingga tanaman tetap
tidak terlihat.

(Monroe et al. 2007)

5.
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1. Besar butir (grain size)

2. Pemilahan butiran (sorting)

3. Kebundaran butir (roundness)

4. Penyusunan butir (packing)

5. Kompaksi (Compaction)

6. Sementasi (Cementation)
1.

Grain Size-Wentworth Scale

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*TERIMA KASIH