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Abstract— Reducing energy demand in the residential and associated with energy consumption, these originated
industrial sectors is an important challenge worldwide. from the combustion of hydrocarbons (oil, natural gas and
Particularly, lights account for a great portion of total energy coal) either directly burned (transport and heating) or for
consumption, and unfortunately a huge amount of this energy is generation of electricity in power plants [1]. Lighting
wasted. LED lights are being used to light offices, houses, systems are a major source of electricity consumption in
industrial or agricultural facilities more efficiently than
traditional lights. Moreover light control systems are introduced
the world. In Europe, the amount of electrical energy used
to current markets, because the installed lighting systems are in illuminating buildings is considerable, about 40% and
outdated and energy-inefficient. However, due to high costs, leads to approximately 35% of carbon dioxide emissions
installation issues, and difficulty of maintenance; existing light [2]. In recent years the European Union EU has actively
control systems are not successfully applied to home, office and promoted political campaigns toward energy efficiency.
industrial buildings. This paper proposes a low cost, wireless, While previous research and industrial works have shown
easy to install, adaptable, and smart LED lighting system to that simple lighting controls using motion sensors, such as
automatically adjust the light intensity to save energy and PyorelectricInfraRed (PIR) sensors, are effective at
maintaining user satisfaction. The system combines motion reducing the amount of electrical energy used for lighting
sensors and light sensors in a low power wireless solution using
Zigbee communication. The paper presents the design and
buildings, advanced lighting control strategies have the
implementation of the proposed system in a real world potential to achieve even greater energy savings, better
deployment. Characterization of a commercial LED panel was quality of service and offer many advantages over simple
performed to evaluate the benefit of dimming for this light on/off controls. However, until present, advanced control
technology. Measurements of total power consumption over a strategies, such as dimming light according to the day
continuous six months period (winter to summer) of a busy office lighting or load shedding, which require a more systems-
were acquired to verify the performance and the power savings oriented approach, have been less successful. This is
across several weather conditions scenarios. The proposed especially due to the high cost of installation and
smart lighting system reduces total power consumption in the maintenance and the impossibility of retrofitting [3].
application scenario by 55% during a six month period and up
to 69% in spring months. These figures take also into account
On the technological side, Light Emitting Diode
individual user preferences. (LED) is rapidly becoming a commonly used solid-state
Keyword: overlay networks, wireless sensor networks, light source technology in general lighting applications.
power electronics, LED lighting control, power management, This is due to its longer lifetime, reduced power
energy efficiency.1 consumption, and having no poison mercury content
compared with the conventional fluorescent lamps [4][5].
I. INTRODUCTION In addition, dimming control is often needed to regulate
lighting levels for individual human needs or preferences
Energy saving and environmental as well as to achieve energy savings. Novel driver
friendliness/awareness is a hot topic in current research. systems are improving the dimmable features to achieve
In fact, Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are strongly this goal and are increasingly commercially available.
This new technology is boosting interest in controlling the
M. Magno and L. Benini are with DEI, University of Bologna, 40136
light to reduce power consumption. The market for
Bologna, Italy and with Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich lighting controls in residential and commercial buildings
ETHZ, Gloriastrasse, 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. (email: has entered a period of dramatic transformation. The
michele.magno@iis.ee.ethz.ch,luca.benini@unibo.it). demand for both wireless and local controls, such as
T. Polonelli is with DEI, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
(email: tommaso.polonelli@studio.unibo.it).
occupancy sensors; photosensors; and networked controls
E. Popovici is with EEE Department, University College Cork, Ireland rises, and the adoption rate of the LED lighting systems
(email: e.popovici@ucc.ie) . begins to climb as well. According to a new report from
Copyright (c) 2014 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Navigant Research, worldwide revenue from networked
However, permission to use this material for any other purposes must be
obtained from the IEEE by sending an email to pubs-
lighting controls will grow from $1.7 billion annually in
permissions@ieee.org. 2013 to more than $5.3 billion by 2020 [6].
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With the advance of wireless sensor network (WSN) II. RELATED WORK
technology, it is now easier than ever to monitor and Research on monitoring, control and energy
control houses, offices and industrial buildings. WSN is efficiency in the lighting domain has been prolific in
the backbone of a large variety of cyber-physical systems recent years; with a variety of solutions and techniques
(CPS) applications in environmental monitoring, proposed. The two main approaches are given by wired
healthcare, security, and industrial domains, among and wireless systems. Wired controllable lighting systems
others, due to the flexible distribution of WSN devices can measure the artificial and daylight illumination
[7]-[9]. Each device embodies a networked node that through the use of sensors in a controller area network
integrates computing, wireless communication, power [12] or a set of data logger devices [13] to modify the
management and sensing capability in order to collect and light intensity and hence its energy consumption.
process data from sensors, generally collaborating to However, due to the presence of bundles of cable to
coordinate activities [10]. WSN in combination with LED perform data communication, the wired devices are much
lights and novel drivers reduces the power consumption more costly, especially due to the installation and
of the illumination in several application scenarios by maintenance. Moreover the wired system is limited to
several orders of magnitude [11]. WSN has the potential retrofitting the existing light system in buildings. To
to achieve a low cost and ultra high power saving system. overcome this installation cost and issues, wireless
However, particular attention must be paid during the technology has become a more popular alternative on the
design process of hardware and software. For example, it demand-side energy management, monitoring and control
is important to develop low power wireless sensor nodes, in buildings. WSN is the enabling technology for building
with small form factor and cost, which can be easily fitted energy control as it is much easier and flexible to install
inside the driver casing. These features allow the future and implement than wired networks. By using the
embedded devices to be attached to the driver, adding the combination of advanced WSN-based controls and DC
wireless communication and "smart" capabilities to the grid powered LED lighting systems, the advantageous
driver, to achieve an automatically or remotely controlled features generated from this combined technology should
system. The novel driver can be controlled using lead to greater energy savings at the demand-side of the
distributed sensors in the environmental area to increase green smart building [14].
the quality of the control, reducing the power Recently, wireless sensor networks have been
consumption and increasing the quality of the service. applied to energy conservation applications such as light
The control of lights becomes fast and rich-featured, control [15][16]. In [16], a trade-off between energy
going beyond on/off, dimming, to color (or color consumption and users’ satisfaction using light controls
temperature) change and scene setting, with intelligence was studied. The authors applied utility functions which
to react to human mood and activity, and adapt to considered users’ location and lighting preferences so that
environments and scenarios. illumination could be adjusted as to maximize the total
The contributions of this paper are as follows: utilities. However, it did not consider the fact that people
A methodology for deploying low power sensor may require different illumination levels for different
networks to enhance the power consumption of LED activities. The logic of lighting control systems may
lights using novel, ultra-low power hardware include factors such as daylight intensity, which can be
architecture and smart distributed algorithm. The measured by light-sensitive sensors [17]. In [18] the
concept of using light sensors and WSN in LED authors defined several user requirements and cost
control is not new, however using it to directly functions. Their goal was to adjust lights to minimize the
control a LED driver with distributed intelligence and total cost of energy supplied. However, the result was
allowing retrofit is a novel contribution. applied to entertainment and media production systems
Experimental validation of the proposed rather than to buildings. In [19], light control using
approach. The power consumption characterization wireless sensors to reduce energy consumption in
of panels according to the dimming and the average commercial buildings is introduced. In these previous
energy reduction in a real-life, long-term deployment works, lighting devices are adjusted depending on
is presented. ambient daylight intensity and/or motion sensors. This
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: approach is conceptually similar to the proposed system.
Section II describes recent related work in the area. However our work presents a comprehensive, long term
Section III describes the models and devices of the (over 6 months) in-field evaluation of power savings,
proposed approach, describing the nodes and the network during several seasons and weather conditions. Moreover
architectures, respectively. Section IV presents the the control algorithm is not explained in [19] and it is not
algorithms implemented in the whole system. Section V possible know if the algorithm uses distributed or local
describes the implemented approach, along with decision making. Finally in [19] there is no data about the
measurements, comparative evaluation, and validation. power consumption of the wireless system and its
Section VI concludes the paper. associated cost. In [21][22], a lighting control system is
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proposed that considers both users’ preferences and through automatic control and demonstrates its benefits in
energy conservation. This system assumes that the terms of power saving and scalability using in-field
location of each user is known via a wireless sensor that is experimental results.
carried by each user that also detects local light intensity.
An additional assumption is that there is no obstacle III. DEVICES AND METHODS
between whole lighting devices and fixed sensors. In [22] Figure 1. illustrates a conceptual scheme of the proposed
their model is designed for “point-link” light sources, system. It consists of groups of LED panels managed by
such as LEDs. In [23] a smart lighting system where the multiple sensors (motion and light) and distributed
ambient light at the user’s location is controlled in real- intelligence. The nodes communicate wirelessly through a
time to give users the best indoor light experience but in Zigbee[31] (using IEEE 802.15.04 MAC protocol) mesh
energy efficient manner is proposed. This approach is network with a coordinator, several routers and several
very similar to the one proposed in this paper and the End Devices (EDs). Each panel has a wireless controller
benefits are demonstrated. However, the network cannot (Zigbee ED) directly connected to its driver to be set the
control the LEDs' driver directly as it needs a digital light intensity through a pulse-width modulation (PWM)
addressable lighting interface (DALI) controller and this signal. The PWM signal is used to encode the level of the
makes the system not ultra low power and very expensive. LED brightness with the width of the pulse (duration) of
Also, the driver cannot be made wireless. Another microcontroller signal as explained better in next
standard for the lighting control is KNX [27], which is subsection. The value of the PWM is decided by a control
used to add intelligence to buildings. However, there is no unit, given by one of the distributed routers provided with
native wireless communication and it has a very high cost sensors. Each router uses the sensors' data to adapt the
with tens of thousands of dollars for the basic installation. intensity according with the user's preferences with the
Our solution has been designed with low power, low cost, goal of maximizing the energy saving and users'
flexibility, and scalability in mind. It is based on a low preferences. The Zigbee network in a mesh configuration
cost wireless sensors node, which uses the Zigbee permits building a scalable and modular system easily
standard to increase accessibility and scalability, the extendable, and allows each sub group of lights to be
intelligence is distributed and it can directly control the completely independent and flexible in terms of area
LED driver, to increase the accuracy and reactivity of the monitored/controlled. In fact, each router has a flexible
system. Finally, the motion sensor and the light sensor and controllable number of associated ED’s and LED
monitor the surroundings to give the best user comfort panels, which it can control under the same conditions.
using the lowest power consumption. An interesting This allows having different areas with different controls
approach for sensor-less lighting control using neural in order to increase the power saving driven by users'
network algorithm has been proposed in [24]. However preference.
the network still needs a central intelligence unit and the The whole network is managed by one
DALI connection, moreover the power saving results are supervision unit, the Zigbee coordinator that both
much lower than in the proposed approach. Several manages the network and ensures that all network devices
solutions for intelligent lighting applications using are working properly. Furthermore this unit works as a
wireless modules have been proposed also in commercial gateway with a remote host (laptop, wall embedded
products where NXP/Jennic [25] and Eshelon/LonWorks devices, Wireless Lan/Bluetooth devices, and so on), to
[26] are the most important examples. Even for enable human interaction. Thus, it is possible both to
commercial products the technology is still in its infancy acquire users' preferences to adapt the dimming of the
since there are many options to be validated in practice by lights in desirable values and to enable a graphical user
real applications. Surprisingly, there are no commercial interface for the management and for visualizing the
low cost products on the market that offer the energy saving data for each group of LEDs or single
functionality features listed in this proposed smart device. This is an important feature as the percentage of
lighting system such as flexibility, adaptability/ease of use energy savings depends on several factors but the most
(suitable for several commercial drivers), robustness, important is the users' preference, and the user can
distributed intelligent, directly plug-in LED's drivers. A evaluate this graphically. Other import factors affecting
commercial wireless solution is Eyenut [30]. However, the power saving are the position of each group of panels,
the sensor node is limited to movement sensors, meaning i.e. a room with a big windows south facing saves more
light sensors are excluded, and there is no real distributed energy than a basement, the weather conditions, season,
intelligence. Moreover, the solution has a high cost of geographical location, etc.
thousands of dollars for the base station and hundreds of The primary objective of the proposed approach
dollars for the wireless devices. is to reduce the power consumption of a generic (and also
This paper shows the design, development and existing) LED light system using a flexible network
accurate measurements of a whole low power and low deployed in the same target field reducing cost of
cost wireless sensor network to achieve power saving
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installation and guaranteeing smart and green buildings In the following subsection the wireless network and the
with and high return of the investment saving energy. three architectures of the nodes are presented.
In this work, all the devices needed for the network were
A. Wireless driver device.
designed, developed and deployed in the field around the
CC2530 chip from Instruments (TI). This chip supports In each LED panel a new device is needed to
the ZigbeePRO stack solution, with a small form factor enable the wireless control. The sole purpose of this
and sufficient computational resources to execute the device is to control through PWM the driver LED
proposed algorithms. The developed devices include two providing an accurate smoothing of the light and to
chips from Texas Instruments: an MSP430 communicate with the wireless network. As mentioned
microcontroller where the firmware can be developed and earlier, the node is built around the CC2530 and MSP430
implemented, and a CC2530 which is in charge of the from TI, where the CC2530 chip is used for the network
whole communication and the Zigbee stack. The device and the MSP430 on board is the core intelligence which
also includes an optional external board to be connected manages the radio chip and where the firmware is
through an USB port for programming and testing. running. Figure 2. shows the architecture of the device
However only the coordinator uses the USB port during developed which includes the electronic circuits to control
the deployment, to be interfaced with the remote host and the industrial driver and to be supplied from an external
no more external hardware is required for networking. power supply from 3V to 24V which can also come from
The router is equipped with sensors to monitor the the driver itself depending of the model. To allow the
controlled area while the end device is interfaced with the power stage to convert and give a stable 3V supply to the
commercial light driver. node, a step down low dropout (LDO) regulator with an
ultralow quiescent current TLV70433 from Texas
Instruments was used. This chip has a very low quiescent
current with high conversion efficiency and it is
optimized specifically for the MPS430.
PWM to Driver Block in Figure 2. is the most
important part of the end device and it is needed to
convert the PWM signal generated from the
microcontroller in a 0-10V signal needed to control the
commercial LED driver. The 0-10V control is one of the
earliest and simplest electronic lighting control signaling
systems and it is included in the most commercial drivers.
Due to this interface the node can be adaptable to a wide
range of commercial drivers with the 0-10V port, and can
Figure 1. Typical application scenario of Smart Lighting with the be incorporated directly into the driver as figure shows.
topologies of devices used: i) Coordinator of network connected to a To achieve this goal it is sufficient to insert a P-MOS
host device; ii) Router to monitor the enviroment with light and motion transistor in a Common Collector configuration between
sensors, iii) end device connected to the pannel to adapt the light the PWM signal of microcontroller and the 0-10V driver's
intensity to save energy achiving the optimal level of brightness in the
area. input. For the end devices, we do not have any sensors on
board as the PWM value is decided from the router which
In the proposed smart lighting system the most controls more than one device in the same group and it
important elements are: will be presented in next subsection. This has the benefit
The LED panels, highly efficient white LED for to bringing flexibility in the deployment and more reliable
illumination; feedback on the light in the monitored area.
The CC2530 that provides the management of
ZigBee and is present in each node of the
network;
The MSP430 for the control of the LED panels’
smoothing and where the distributed intelligence
is implemented. MSP430 is present in all the
nodes;
A dimmable commercial driver for the LED,
which provides a highly dimmable range (up to
89%) and an accrate control (constant current)
for the smoothing.
A light and PIR sensors, used by the router to
Figure 2. End Device architecture and node developed to be plugged
monitor and control the brightness value. directly in a commercial driver to control and be supplied.
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Figure 3. Router Architecture. Figure 4. Coordinator board connected to the remote host user
interface and monitoring application
C. Base control station.
TI provided the Z-Stack to use easily the Zigbee
The base control station is the hub of the proposed system stack implemented on the CC2530. The network is built
as it allows the visualization of the lighting system and to transfer information from the router to the panels and
the setting of important parameters such as the users' from the user interface to the distributed routers who will
preferences. The role of the coordinator is only to manage perform the algorithm to select the dimming value of the
the network and allow the user interface through a remote lamps. The LEDs' light is associated to only one router
host. The device is provided with interface to be that controls them as described by Figure 6. With the
connected with UART to USB ready to use as showed in distributed approach, the routers can decide the brightness
Figure 4. Thanks to the interface and the remote host it is level without continuously sending and receiving
possible to set the users' preferences, and monitor the messages to the central host. In this way, the system saves
whole network and store all the data to evaluate the power energy for the transmission increasing together the
saving. reactivity as the router is the closer parents of the
controlled panels. This is especially true when the
network is expanded and the number of nodes and
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Figure 5. Flow charts of the three devices. The Network management is not included in the flow chart and the Z-STACK from TI library were used to work
with the ZigbeePRO protocol.
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Figure 7. Pseudo code of the End Device Algorithm to set the PWM value
of the LED driver.
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MCU On, No
processing, Radio 18.5mA 92.5mW
RX
MCU On, No
processing, Radio 17.5mA 87.5mW
RX
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Another important parameter is the achieved power savings TABLE III presents the average power consumption of the
according to different periods of the year. each of the 20 panels. The data was acquired during 2 weeks
TABLE II in December 2013, when theO deployment started and during
POWER SAVING MEASURMENT COLLECTED DURING 6 DAYS 2 weeks of May 2014. The table shows how each day the
TESTS RESULT (average for each day) power saving changes according to the weather condition
GROUP DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4 DAY 5 DAY 6 and also that the average power consumption in December
BOX OFFICE 1 44% 33% 59% 85% 15% 25%
was much higher than in May. This is due mainly to the
worse weather conditions and the lower sun light hours in
power power power power power power
winter with respect to the spring.
saving saving saving saving saving saving
BOX OFFICE 2 37% 52% 37% 68% 10% 22% Finally, in order to evaluate better the benefit of the
power power power power power power proposed approach, data of power consumption in-field for
saving saving saving saving saving saving long period has been acquired. At the time the paper has
been written the system has been running without any
MEETINGROOM 12% 33% 33% 65% 12% 33%
interruption in that office for 6 months from December 2013
power power power power power power
to May 2014. The average energy saving in this period was
saving saving saving saving saving saving
around 55%. It is estimated that the power saving will be
SHOWROOM 72% 90% 52% 72% 44% 52% higher during a full year as in spring and summer the day
power power power power power power light will decrease the average usage of the panel and the
saving saving saving saving saving saving smart light system will be optimize the dimming level to
minimize the waste of energy. Concering the low cost, in
TOTAL AVERAGE POWER the proposed solution all the parts were evaluated in terms
43 %
SAVING of production cost for a volume of 10000 units. For this not
so high volume the system costs 200$ for the cordination
and base station, 50$ for the sensors' node, and only 15$ for
TABLE III D
the end devices, which has to be connected to the LED
POWER SAVING IN 2 WEEKS IN MAY 2014 AND DECEMBER 2014 Driver. TABLE IV shows a comparsion with the most
May 2014 December 2013 popular light control system and highlights the significantly
Average Avg. Power Average Avg Power lower cost of the proposed solution.
Power Power Saved Power Power Saved
Day [W] [%] [%] [W] [%] [%] TABLE IV
COST COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT CONTROLLING SYSTEM
1 15,3 38% 62% 22,3 56% 44%
2 12,4 31% 69% 26,4 66% 34% DEVICES
SENSORS CONTROL
3 6,5 16% 84% 27,5 69% 31%
SYSTEM BASE SATION DEVICES DEVICES
4 14,3 36% 64% 19,2 48% 52%
KNX [27] 3000-6000 200-500 100-200
5 14,7 37% 63% 20,5 51% 49%
REDWOOD[28] 1500-2000 150-300 70-100
6 9,8 25% 75% 17,5 44% 75%
LUTRON [29] 900-1000 150 100
7 16,3 41% 59% 16,2 41% 60%
EYENUT [30] 1000-3000 50-500 50-100
8 4,8 12% 88% 17,8 45% 56%
9 10,7 27% 73% 18,9 47% 53% THIS SOLUTION 200 50 20
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this solution is also suitable for retrofitting. Moreover the [12] S. Matta and S. M. Mahmud, “An intelligent light control system for
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