Probability and Statistics

Assignment - 1
Submission due on 11th May 2018
Course Instructor: Dr. Faqiha Sultan

Submission instructions: This assignment should be done individually. Make sure that student
name and Roll No. are listed on the submission. If you receive help from someone outside your
study group, excluding the course staff, you must also acknowledge them on your assignment.

Topic: Descriptive Statistics

(i) The following observations are marks earned by senior students of computer science
department in the course of Operations Research in Fall 2013 final examination.

62 78 86 74 58 66 79 74 70 92
66 78 93 74 70 82 90 83 70 74
74 66 66 82 86 86 62 66 86 78

Treating the above observations as population, attempt the following queries:

a) Find all the population characteristics discussed in the class.
b) Hint: use measures of central tendencies and dispersions
c) Select 10 samples from the above population and find all the characteristics of the
sample.
d) Comment on the behavior of sample and population.
e) Treating first two rows (20 observations) as the male student’s performance and last row
(10 observations) as the female student’s performance, comment on the consistency of
the gender performance. (Use coefficient of variation).
f) Construct grouped frequency distribution of the population data.
g) Draw the frequency histogram and polygon of the population data.
h) Calculate grouped mean, median and mode, comment on the behavior of the population
using parameters calculated in (i).
i) Find the measures of Quartiles location Q1, Q2 and Q3 for the raw and grouped
population.
j) Find the measures of Deciles location D1, D2, D3, … , D9 for the raw and grouped
population.
k) Find the measures of Percentiles location P1, P24, P67 and P88 for the raw and grouped
population.
(ii) Below are the lifetimes, in hours, of fifty 40-watt, 110-volt internally frosted incandescent
lamps, taken from forced life tests:
 a) Sort the lifetimes given in the table. Find Q1, Q2 and Q3, and construct a box plot.
Find any outliers if exist.
b) Find the mean and standard deviation of the data, excluding the outliers from
calculation. What percent of the data is within 1 standard deviations of the mean?
That is, what percent of the data is between (mean – standard deviations) and (mean
+ standard deviations).
c) Set up a frequency distribution, compute mean and standard deviation for grouped
data, and construct a frequency histogram.

Topic: Sets and Venn diagram

(i) Which of the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive?

a) A golfer scoring the lowest 18-hole round in a 72-hole tournament and losing the
tournament.
b) A poker player getting a flush (all cards in the same suit) and 3 of a kind on the same 5-
card hand.
c) A mother giving birth to a baby girl and a set of twin daughters on the same day.
d) A chess player losing the last game and winning the match.

(ii) Suppose that a family is leaving on a summer vacation in their camper and that M is the event
that they will experience mechanical problems, T is the event that they will receive a ticket
for committing a traffic violation, and V is the event that they will arrive at a campsite with
no vacancies. Referring to the Venn diagram of Figure 2.5, state in words the events
represented by the following regions:

(iii)Referring to Q-(ii) and the above Venn diagram, list the numbers of the regions that represent
the following events:
 a) The family will experience no mechanical problems and will not receive a ticket for a
traffic violation but will arrive at a campsite with no vacancies.
b) The family will experience both mechanical problems and trouble in locating a campsite
with a vacancy but will not receive a ticket for a traffic violation.
c) The family will either have mechanical trouble or arrive at a campsite with no vacancies
but will not receive a ticket for a traffic violation.
d) The family will not arrive at a campsite with no vacancies.

(iv) A veterinarian surveys 26 of his patrons. He discovers that 14 have dogs, 10 have cats, and 5
have fish. Four have dogs and cats, 3 have dogs and fish, and one has a cat and fish. If no
one has all three kinds of pets, how many patrons have none of these pets?

(v) In a school of 320 students, 85 students are in the band, 200 students are on sports teams, and
60 students participate in both activities. How many students are involved in either band or
sports?

(vi) Exercise and diet are being studied as possible substitutes for medication to lower blood
pressure. Three groups of subjects will be used to study the effect of exercise. Group 1 is
sedentary (non-exercise), while group 2 walks and group 3 swims for 1 hour a day. Half of
each of the three groups will be on a salt-free diet. An additional group of subjects will not
exercise or restrict their salt, but will take the standard medication. Use Z for sedentary, W
for walker, S for swimmer, Y for salt, N for no salt, M for medication, and F for medication
free.
a) Show all of the elements of the sample space S.
b) Given that A is the set of non-medicated subjects and B is the set of walkers, list the
elements of A ∪ B.
c) List the elements of A ∩ B.

Topic: Counting Techniques

(i) How many three digit numbers can be formed from the digits 0, 2, 4, 5, and 9 if
a) The digits are not repeated.
b) The digits are repeated.
(ii) In how many ways can the letters of the word “MATHEMATICS be arranged?
(iii)In how many ways can 7 people be assigned to 1 triple and 2 double rooms?
(iv) How many new arrangements can be made from the letters of the word FAVOUR, so that the
vowel will occupy even place?
(v) How many 4 letters code words are possible using the letters in COIN if
a) The letters may not be repeated?
b) The letters may be repeated?
(vi) In how many ways can a cricket team of 11 players be selected out of 14 players? How
many will,
a) If a particular player is already selected?
b) If a particular player is excluded for the selection?
(vii) A box contain 500 envelops of which 75 contain $100 in cash, 159 contain $25, and 275
contain $10. An envelope may be purchased for $25. What is the sample space for different
amount of money? Assign probabilities to the sample points and then find the probability that
the first envelope purchased contain less than $100.
(viii) From a group of 5 men and 4 women, how many committees of size 3 are possible with 2
women and 1 man if a certain woman must be on the committee?
(ix) How many ways are possible to transport 9 passengers to a ski lodge using 3 cars that will
hold 2, 4, and 5 passengers, respectively?
(x) How many different ways can 3 red, 4 yellow, and 2 blue bulbs be arranged in a string of
Christmas tree lights with 9 sockets?

Topic: Probability

(i) The probability that a student fails a Mathematics test is 0.7, the probability that a student
fails a Statistics test is 0.4, and the probability that he fails in either Mathematics or Statistics
or both is 0.8. what is the probability that the student fails:
a) In both tests?
b) In neither tests?
(ii) In a college graduating class of 100 students, 54 studied Math, 69 studied History and 35
studied both (Math & History). If one of these student is selected at random, find the
probability that
a) The student takes history but not Math.
b) The student does not take either of these subjects.
(iii)The probability that a service station will pump gas into 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more cars is 0.03,
0.18, 0.28, 0.10 and 0.17. Find the probability that:
a) At most 4 cars receive gas
b) 4 or more cars receive gas.
(iv) A family has 4 children. Find the probability distribution for:
a) Number of boys (x)
b) Change in gender sequence (i.e. BGBG = 3 or three times change in gender sequence)
(v) If A, B and C are mutually exclusive events and P(A) = 0.2, P(B) = 0.3, and P(C) = 0.2, find
( ∪ ) . Shade the region on Venn diagram.
(vi) A five sided die with sides numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 is constructed so that the 2 and 4 occur
twice as often as the 1 and 5, which occur three times as often as the 3. What is the
probability that a perfect square occurs when this die is tossed once?
(vii) In a poker hand consisting of 5 cards, find the probability of holding 4 hearts and 1 club.
(viii) One bag contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls, and a second bag contains 4 white balls
and 3 black balls. One ball is drawn at random from the second bag and is placed unseen in
the first bag. What is probability that a ball now drawn from the first bag is black?
(ix) A computer system uses passwords of five characters, each character being one of the 26
letters (a – z) or 10 integers (0 – 9). The first character has to be a letter. Suppose a hacker
selects a password at random, what is the probability that the password begins with a vowel
(a, e, i, o, u) or ends with an odd number (1, 3, 5, 7, 9).
(x) Consider four software houses A, B, C and D bidding for a software project. A survey of past
bidding success of these firms shows the following probability of winning; P(A) = 0.2, P(B)
= 0.3, P(C) = 0.1, and P(D) = 0.4 Before the decision is made to award the contract, firm C
withdraws the bid, find the new probabilities of winning the bid for A, B and D.
(xi) If 7 cards are dealt from an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, what is the probability that at
most 1 of them will be face cards?
(xii) A continuous random variable X that can assume any values between 2 and 4 (i.e. 2 ≤ x
≤ 4) has a density function given by, ( )
a) Show that P(2 < X < 4)=1
b) Find P(2.4 < X < 3.5)
(xiii) A class in advanced physics is composed of 10 juniors, 30 seniors, and 10 graduate
students. The final grades show that 3 of the juniors, 10 of the seniors, and 5 of the graduate
students received an A for the course. If a student is chosen at random from this class and is
found to have earned an A, what is the probability that he or she is a senior?
(xiv) In the senior year of a high school graduating class of 100 students, 42 studied
mathematics, 68 studied psychology, 54 studied history, 22 studied both mathematics and
history, 25 studied both mathematics and psychology, 7 studied history but neither
mathematics nor psychology, 10 studied all three subjects, and 8 did not take any of the
three. Randomly select a student from the class and find the probabilities of the following
events.
a) A person enrolled in psychology takes all three subjects.
b) A person not taking psychology is taking both history and mathematics.
(xv) The probability that a doctor correctly diagnoses a particular illness is 0.7. Given that the
doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis, the probability that the patient files a lawsuit is 0.9.
What is the probability that the doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis and the patient sues?
Topic: Mathematical Expectation

(i) Find the expected value of X, where X represents the outcome when a die is tossed.
(ii) Let X be a random variable with the following probability distribution:
x -2 3 5
P(X = x) 0.3 0.2 0.5
Find the standard deviation.
(iii)Let X has the following discrete probability distribution
x 1 2 3
P(x) 0.65 0.15 0.2
Find ( )

(iv) By investing in a particular stock, a person can make a profit in 1 year of $5000 with
probability 0.4 or take a loss of $1000 with probability 0.6. What is the person’s expected
gain?
(v) Let x be a random variable with the following probability distribution,
x -3 6 9
P(X=x) 1/6 1/2 1/3

Find the standard deviation of the random variable g(x) =( )

(vi) Let X represents the outcome when a balanced die is tossed. Find the variance when g(x)
=3 +4

Best of Luck