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Contraries- Two propositions so related that they cannot both be true, although both may
Immediate inference - An inference that is drawn directly from one
be false. premise without the mediation of any other premise. Various kinds
of immediate inferences may be distinguished, traditionally including conversion, obversion,
Ex: “Texas will win the coming game with Oklahoma,” and “Oklahoma will win the coming and contraposition.
game with Texas,”
Mediate inference -Any inference drawn from more than one premise.
Contingent- Being neither tautologous nor selfcontradictory.
A contingent statement may be true or false. A is given as true: E is false; I is true; O is false.
E is given as true: A is false; I is false; O is true.
Subcontraries- Two propositions so related that they cannot both be false, although they
I is given as true: E is false; A and O are undetermined.
may both be true. O is given as true: A is false; E and I are undetermined.
Ex: I proposition, “Some diamonds A is given as false: O is true; E and I are undetermined.
are precious stones,” and the O proposition, “Some diamonds are not E is given as false: I is true; A and O are undetermined.
precious stones,” I is given as false: A is false; E is true; O is true.
Subalternation -The relation on the square of opposition between a universal O is given as false: A is true; E is false; I is true.*
proposition (an A or an E proposition) and its corresponding particular proposition (an I or an CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
O proposition, respectively). In this relation, the particular proposition (I or O) is
called the “subaltern,” and the universal proposition (A or E) is called the “superaltern.” Statutory Construction & Syllogism: J. Leonen, Dissent in Risos-Vidal v.
Ex: A proposition, “All spiders are eight-legged animals,” has a corresponding I
proposition, “Some spiders are eight-legged animals.” Likewise, the E proposition, “No
COMELEC & Estrada, G.R. No. 206666, January 21, 2015
whales are fishes,” has a corresponding O proposition, “Some whales are not fishes.”