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The function is also called the Gudermannian function or the hyperbolic amplitude function. Its domain is
all x.
Using the substitution u = sinht, for which du = cosht dt, and 1 + u2 = 1 + sinh2 t = cosh2 t we find an
alternate definition for this function:
Z x x Z x Z sinh x
1 cosht du
Z
gd x = secht dt = dt = 2
dt =
0 0 cosht t=0 cosh t u=0 1 + u2
sinh x
= arctan u u=0
= arctan sinh x.
So Z x
gd x = secht dt = arctan sinh x. (1)
0
The graph of gd is similar to the graph of arctan.
• Both sides are 0 at 0: gd 0 = arctan sinh 0 = arctan 0 = 0, while on the right side,
2 arctan e0 − π2 = 2 arctan 1 − π2 = 2 π4 − π2 = 0.
• The derivatives of both sides are the same. The derivative of the right side is
1 2
2· x 2
· ex = −x = 1/ cosh x = sech x,
1 + (e ) e + ex
The inverse function to x = gd y is y = arcgd x, the arc Gudermann function. Its domain is (− π2 , π2 ) and its
graph is similar to the graph of tan on that interval. Its derivative, using equation (6), is
darcgd x dy dx d
= = 1/ = 1/ gd y = 1/ sech y = cosh y
dx dx dy dy
(6)
= sec gd y
= sec x. (10)
Rx
Integrating 0 and noting that arcgd 0 = 0 (see (9)) gives:
Z x
sect dt = arcgd x. (11)
0
Next we determine several alternate expressions for arcgd, that is, for the integral of sec.
the proof of which we illustrate by using equation (4). The equation gives arctanh sin gd x = x, from which,
on replacing x with arcgd x, we get arctanh sin gd arcgd x = arcgd x, that is, arctanh sin x = arcgd x. Note the
pleasing symmetry:
gd x = arctan sinh x and arcgd x = arctanh sin x. (14)
Similar formulas hold for the other five cases.
There are expression for arccosh and arctanh in terms of ln which give these formulas:
p
arcgd x = arccosh sec x = ln sec x + sec2 −1 = ln(sec x + tan x), (15)
1 1 + sin x
arcgd x = arctanh sin x = ln . (16)
2 1 − sin x
Note that the antiderivative of sec is usually given with an absolute value:
Z
sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + c
but in our case the domain is (−π/2, π/2) making the absolute value superfluous since there sec x + tan x =
1
cos x (1 + sin x) is a product of positives.