UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA

UNAD

ESCUELA DE CIENCIAS BASICAS, TECNOLOGIA E INGENIERIA

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas_203058A_46

Step 5

Presenta
IRMA JANETH CRUZ
ANDERSSON HISNARDO PLATA SANGUINO
HAROLD ALVARO GARCIA
DEIBI FABIAN MUÑOZ

Tutor
OMAR LEONARDO LEYTON

Norte de Santander
Mayo 2018
INTRODUCCTION

This work covers the 3 units which are based on plane and guided waves,
transmission lines and phenomena such as reflection and refraction.

The development focused on the conceptual and mathematical bases

necessary to understand basic topics in courses such as antennas and
microwaves.
Activities to develop

In this activity, the group will have to solve some practical problems using as
a reference the following image.

Retrieved from: http://www.scientechworld.com/education-software-training-and-skill-

development/wireless-communication/understanding-wireless-sensor-network

Taking into account the image, solve the following problems:

1. If the signal frequency used to send the sensed parameters from the
water monitoring system to the reception point is 6 MHz. how deep
could the wireless transmitter be placed? How does the water behave
at this frequency? Find Υ, 𝑎, 𝛽, 𝜆 and 𝑣𝑝 . Explain how these values could
be used in the practice.

𝐶 = 3 ∗ 108 𝑚/𝑠

1
𝐸𝑜 = ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝑈𝑜 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
 𝑁𝑜 = 120𝑝𝑖 𝑜 377𝑜ℎ𝑚

Conductividad agua dulce 10−3

Permitividad agua dulce 𝐸𝑟 81

Permeabilidad Magnetica 𝑢𝑟 = 1

First, the following contasts are considered:

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 𝐻/𝑚

𝜇𝑟 = 1

1
𝜖0 = ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚
36𝜋
𝜖𝑟 = 81

𝜎 = 10−3

The phase velocity 𝑣𝑝 is found in the following way:

1
𝑣𝑝 =
√ 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜖0 𝜖𝑟

1
𝑣𝑝 =
√(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ ( 1 ∗ 10−9 ) ∗ (81)
36𝜋

𝑣𝑝 = 33333333,3 𝑚/𝑠

The wavelength λ is found by finding the wave number k for 6MHz:

𝜔
𝑘=
𝑣𝑝

2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106
𝑘=
33333333,3
 𝑘 = 1,1309733

2𝜋
𝜆=
𝑘
2𝜋
𝜆=
1,1309733

𝜆 = 5,5𝑚

The propagation constant Υ is found by means of the tangent of losses in

the following way:
𝜎
tan 𝜕𝑐 =
𝜔𝜖

10−3
tan 𝜕𝑐 =
1
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ (36𝜋 ∗ 10−9 ) ∗ (81)

tan 𝜕𝑐 = 0.03703703
𝜎
𝜖" =
𝜔
10−3
𝜖" =
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106
𝜖" = 2.6525 ∗ 10−11

𝜖"
𝜖′ =
tan 𝜕𝑐

2.6525 ∗ 10−11
𝜖′ =
0.03703703
𝜖 ′ = 7.1619 ∗ 10−10

Υ = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑐
 Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ 7.1619 ∗ 10−10 − 𝑗2.6525 ∗ 10−11

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ (7.1619 ∗ 10−10 − 𝑗2.6525 ∗ 10−11 )

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √8.9999 ∗ 10−16 − 𝑗3.3332 ∗ 10−17 )

Υ = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ (3.0004 ∗ 10−08 − 𝑗5.5544 ∗ 10−10 )

Υ = 0.02093 + 𝑗1.1311

Therefore α and β will be respectively:

𝛼 = 0.02093 Nep/m 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛

𝛽 = 1.1311 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑒

And the maximum depth of the transmitter in the water will be:

1
𝛿=
𝛽

1
𝛿=
1.1311
𝛿 = 0.884𝑚

2. If the medium has the following electromagnetic characteristics: 𝜎 =

10−4 𝑠𝑚/𝑚, 𝜖𝑟 = 1 y 𝜇𝑟 = 1. Find the losses per length unit, take into
account the given frequency for the signal, how long must travel the
signal to have more than 3dB of attenuation?
𝜎
tan 𝛿 =
𝜔𝜖
10−4
tan 𝛿 =
1
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ ( ∗ 10−9 ) ∗ (1)
36𝜋

tan 𝛿 = 0.3
 𝜎
𝜖𝑟 =
𝜔
10−4
𝜖𝑟 =
2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106
𝜖𝑟 = 2.6525 ∗ 10−12
𝜖𝑟
𝜖=
tan 𝛿
2.6525 ∗ 10−12
𝜖=
0.3
𝜖 = 8.8419 ∗ 10−12

Propagation constant
y = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑐

y = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √(4𝜋 ∗ 10−7 ) ∗ (1) ∗ (8.8416 ∗ 10−12 − 𝑗2.6525 ∗ 10−12 )

y = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 √1.111 ∗ 10−17 − 𝑗3.3332 ∗ 10−18 )

y = 𝑗 ∗ 2𝜋 ∗ 6 ∗ 106 ∗ (3.3696 ∗ 10−09 − 𝑗4.9458 ∗ 10−10 )

y = 0.0188 + 𝑗0.12703

Dimmer constant
𝛼 = 0.0188 Nep/m

% perdidas = 1 − e−2 𝛼 𝑥

% perdidas = 3.70%

The attenuation is calculated in descibeles

𝛼𝑑𝑏/𝑚 = −8.68 𝛼
𝛼𝑑𝑏/𝑚 = −0.164

To have an attenuation greater than 3db the signal must travel a distance of

𝛼𝑑𝑏/𝑚 X = −3db
 −3𝑑𝑏
X=
𝛼𝑑𝑏/𝑚

−3𝑑𝑏
X=
−0.164

X = 18.34𝑚
 σ
Tang (δ) = = 0.3
Er= 1 ω*E
E= 8.84194E-12
σ= 0.0001 Sm/m y= = 0.126 j

Ur= 1
U= 1.25664E-06 β=
f= 6 MHz
ω= 37699111.84 β= 0.126 rad/m

n=

n= 376.99 Ω

α=

α= 0.0188 Np/m

Perdidas por unidad de longitud x = 1m

x= 1.00 m
% Perdidas =

% Perdidas = 3.70 %

Se càlcula la atenuaciòn en descibeles αdB/m =

αdB/m = -0.164

Para tener una atenuacion superior a 3 db, la señal debe recorrer una distacia de

αdB/m X= -3 db

-3 db
X=
αdB/m

-3.00
X=
-0.164

X= 18.34 m
3. In the buildings have an intrinsic impedance of 𝜂2 = 300Ω and the
signal has a power of 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 . Fin the reflected and transmitted
power to the buildings.

Air impedance 𝑁1 = 120𝜋

Intrinsic impedance 𝑁2 = 300Ω

𝑁 −𝑁 300−120𝜋
Reflection coefficient r = 𝑁2+𝑁1 = = −0.114 < 1800
2 1 300+120𝜋

Reflectance R = |𝑟|2 = −0.1142 = 0.0129 = 1.29%

Transmittance T = 1 − 𝑅 = 1 − 1.29% = 98.71%

Reflected power |𝑃1 −| = 1.29% ∗ 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 = 1.29𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

Transmitted power |𝑃1+| = 98.71% ∗ 100𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 = 98.71𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

Γ= Coeficiente de reflexiòn
N1 = 120 p Impedancia del aire
N2 = 300 Impedancia intrinsica
P= 100.00 mW/m2 Potencia
R= Reflactancia
T= Transmitancia
| P1- | = Potencia reflejada
| P1+ | = Potencia transmitida

N2 - N1 -76.99
Γ= =
N2 + N1 676.99

Γ= -0.114 < 180.00 °

R= | Γ |2 = 0.0129
R= 1.29% %

T= 1- R = 98.71%

| P1- | = 1.29% * 100.00 mW/m2 = 1.29 mW/m2

| P1+ | = 98.71% * 100.00 mW/m2 = 98.71 mW/m2

4. A near monitoring station has put 75Ω coaxial transmission line with a
length of 20 m and is terminated with an antenna of 37.5 + 𝑗78Ω. If the
relative permittivity of the line is 2.56 and the frequency is 3.0 GHz, find
the input impedance to the line, the reflection coefficient at the load,
the reflection coefficient at the input, and the SWR on the line.

Impedancia de entrada

𝑍𝑙 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝑙 tan(𝛽ℓ)

Donde

𝑍0 = 50Ω
 ℓ = 20𝑚

𝑓 = 3𝑥108

𝑍𝑙 = 37.5 + 𝑗78Ω

𝜔 2𝜋 2𝜋 ∗ 3𝑥108 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝛽= = = =
𝑉𝑝 𝑐 3𝑥108 𝑚

𝜆
𝛽ℓ = 2𝜋 ∗ 20 = 40𝜋 Es una linea de 40 𝑥 ( )
2

𝑍𝑙 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝑙 tan(𝛽ℓ)

(37.5 + 𝑗78)(tan 40𝜋)(20))

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 50 ( )
50 + (37.5 + 𝑗78)(tan 40𝜋)(20)

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 2.6 − 𝑗0.50

Coeficiente de reflexion

Z𝐿 − Z0 37.5 + 𝑗78 − 3𝑥108

Γ𝐿 = = = 5.8 + 𝑗10.42 = 0.6381.2
Z0 − Z𝐿 37.5 + 𝑗78 + 3𝑥108
SWR

1 + 𝑃𝐿 1 + 0.63
𝑅𝑂𝐸 = = = 4,40
1 − 𝑃𝐿 1 − 0.63

5. In the monitoring station, there is a radio transmitter connected to an

antenna having an impedance 80 + 𝑗40𝛺 with a 50𝛺 coaxial cable. If
the 50𝛺 transmitter can deliver 30 𝑊 when connected to a 50𝛺 load,
how much power is delivered to the antenna?

𝑃𝑇 = (1 − |Γ𝐿 |2 ) 𝑃
 El coeficiente de reflexion en la carga es

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0 80 + 𝐽40 − 50 30 + 40
Γ𝐿 = = =
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 80 + 𝐽40 + 50 130 40

5500 + 4000
Γ𝐿 =
18500
Γ𝐿 = 0.297 + 𝐽0.216

Donde |Γ𝐿 |2 = (0.297)2 + (0.216)2 = 0.134

La Potencia Resulta

𝑃𝑇 = (1 − |Γ𝐿 |2 ) 𝑃 = (1 − 0.134) ∗ 30 = 25.98𝑤

CONCLUSIONS

Se abarcaron las temáticas estudiadas en las unidades 1, 2 y 3, donde se

trataron los temas, Electrodinámica y ondas, Ondas en medios abiertos y
cerrados y Ondas electromagnéticas en medios guiados y radiación.

Se desarrollaron 5 ejercicios donde se abarcan los temas anteriormente

mencionados, así mismo se baso su desarrollo en las referencias compartidas
por el curso.
REFERENCES

• Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Loss Tangent [Video]. Retrieved from

http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13139
• Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. A. (2014). From Maxwell's
Equations to Free and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An
Introduction for First-year Undergraduates. New York: Nova Science
Publishers, Inc, 49-80 Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:
Academic Press, 519-524. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebs
cohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es
&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
• Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston:
Academic Press, 525-551. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebs
cohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es
&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_525
• Joines, W. T., Bernhard, J. T., & Palmer, W. D. (2012). Microwave
Transmission Line Circuits. Boston: Artech House, 23-68. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=753581&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_23
• Hierauf, S. C. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech
House, Inc. Chapter 6, 7, 11. Retrieved from
http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db
=nlebk&AN=345692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49