PRACTICAL

OF

COMPUTER NETWORK AND INTERNET

Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of Master of Business Administration

SESSION: 2017 – 2019

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Dr. NIDHI Name: POONAM RANI

Roll No. : 1427 (MBA 2nd Sem)

MDU CENTRE FOR PROFESSIONAL AND ALLIED STUDIES

Sector – 40 (GURUGRAM)
 INTERNET SURFING
Are you wondering where to get information you need for your project or the price
of commodities in other cities? Are you planning to travel to a new place with your
family or friends during your vacation? Would you like to know how to get there?
One easy and quick way to find any information is through the Internet. Internet
Surfing as it is popularly known means to go from one page to another on the
Internet, browsing for topics of interest.

Internet Surfing usually involves:

 Starting an Internet browser

Note: Browsers are software programs that allow you to move from one page
to another on the Internet

 Typing the address of a web page in the location box or address field of the
web browser

 Identifying and use of common buttons on the browser toolbar like Back,
Forward, Home

 Navigating or moving between web pages.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEB BROWSER AND WEB SERVER

WEB BROWSER

A Web browser can be considered as a utility which client uses to access web services and
documents from the server. There are various types of browsers are in use, for example, the
default browser for windows platform is internet explorer, similarly for apple device default
browser is Safari. Although, there are other browsers also like Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, opera and UC.

Browser Architecture:

There are numerous vendors offer several kinds of browsers commercially, the basic work of
which is to display a web document. All the browsers you use employ almost the same
architecture.

Each browser is divided into three parts, i.e., a controller, client program, and interpreters.

 Controller receives input through the keyboard or the mouse and accesses the
document by using client program.
 While the document has been accessing controller uses interpreters, which displays
the document on the screen.
 At last the client program which could be any of the methods (or protocols) like HTTP,
FTP, or TELNET.
 Depending on the type of document, an interpreter can be HTML or Java.
 The grouping of documents in the WWW is based on the instant when the content is
created and classified into three categories: Static, dynamic, and active.
WEB SERVER

Web Server is a piece of software running on a computer whose primary job is to distribute
web pages to users whenever they demand it and provides an area in which to store and
organize the pages of the website.

The machine that executes the web server software can be a remote machine placed at the
other side of your network or even on the other end of the globe, or it be your very own
personal computer at home. We also introduced the idea that the user’s browser was the
client in this relationship.

Web Servers Processing Model

 Process based servers have multiple single threaded processes.

 Thread based servers have a single multithreaded process.
 Hybrid servers use multiple multithreaded processes.
BASIS FOR

COMPARISON WEB BROWSER WEB SERVER

Basic Software which acts as an Software and a system which

interface between server maintain the web

and client, and displays web applications, generate

documents to the client. response and accept clients

data.

Primary role Send HTTP request and get Get HTTP requests and send

HTTP response. HTTP responses.

Processing There doesn't exist any Process based, Thread based

Models processing model. and Hybrid.

 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

HTML as we know it today is called HTML4 and it was first published way back in 1997. Yes,
that means we’ve been running on HTML4 for over 15 years now which is an eternity in tech
time. Around 2000, a parallel markup language called XHTML started development and that’s
been in use as well over the years, mostly due to the stricter standards that it imposes. In
general, though, the two are pretty similar.

HTML, an acronym for Hypertext Markup Language, is a computer language for creating
websites and web applications. Consisting mainly series of codes usually written in a text file
and saved as HTML, code written in the HTML language translates into a beautiful, well-
formatted text or a combination of text and media when viewed through a browser.

HTML was first developed by British physicist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, and it has gone
through so many evolutions since then that the most recent version can achieve far more than
was imagined possible when the language was first invented.

In this tutorial, we will go through the basics of the HTML language and all you need to know
to get started with HTML as a beginner.
HTML VERSIONS

First, a quick rundown of all the HTML versions since HTML was invented.

HTML 1.0: This was the barebones version of HTML and the very first release of the
language.

HTML 2.0: This version was introduced in 1995. It gradually evolved, allowing extra
capabilities including form-based file upload, tables, client-side image maps and
internationalization.

HTML 3.2: In an attempt to ensure development of standards for the World Wide Web, the
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee in 1994. By 1997,
they published HTML 3.2.

HTML 4.0: Later in 1997, the W3C released HTML 4.0 — a version that adopted many
browser-specific element types and attributes.

HTML 4.0 was later reissued with minor edits in 1998.

HTML 4.01: In December 1999, HTML 4.01 was released.

XHTML: The specifications were introduced in 2000 and it was recommended to be used
as the joint-standard with HTML 4.01. It incorporated XML to ensure code is properly
written and to ensure interoperability between programming languages.

HTML5: The W3C published HTML5 as a recommendation in October 2014 and later
released HTML 5.1 in November 2016.
PROCEDURE TO CREATE HTML PAGE-
A Simple HTML Document
HTML Tags

Example Explained

 The <!DOCTYPE html> declaration defines this document to be HTML5

 The <html> element is the root element of an HTML page
 The <head> element contains meta information about the document
 The <title> element specifies a title for the document
 The <body> element contains the visible page content
 The <h1> element defines a large heading
 The <p> element defines a paragraph

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:

<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
EMEMENTS
HTML provides specific elements for special formatting of text.

Heading levels can be specified using the <h1></h1> to <h6></h6> tags for the 6 levels of
headings avaiags<p></p> are used to indicate the start of a new paragraph. The browser
usually displays the output as two carriage returns, adding a single blank line between two
paragraphs. Formatting elements are used to display special types of text. Text can be
formatted with elements such as:

Bold –

<b></b>

Italic –

<i></i>

Underline –

<u></u>

Font –

<font></font>

A complete list of these tags is available in the HTML reference.

ADDING LINKS

You can create a hyperlink to another web page using the <a></a> tag. Add the URL of the
web page using the href attribute as shown below.

<a href=”https://www.xyz.com/SimpleHTMLPage”>This is a link. </a>

HTML PARAGRAPHS

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

ADDING IMAGES

The <img> tag is an Orphan tag with no Closing tag required. You can specify image
attributes for adding information. The src attribute tells the location of the image. The style
attribute has many options including the width and height of the image in pixels. The alt
attribute gives a short description of the image. It is used if the image fails to load due to some
reason. This attribute is now considered a requirement as it is needed by screen readers for
blind visitors.

<imgsrc=http://www.xyz.com/ images/testlogo.png style=”width:324px;height:84px” alt=”Test

logo”>
ADDING HEADER

The <HEADER> tag is new to HTML5 and specifies the topmost element of the web page.
Headers usually contain the company logo, contact information, navigation links etc. There
can be several <header> elements in one document.

TABLE
 MICROSOFT OFFICE

Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications that is designed specifically to

be used for office or business use. It is a proprietary product of Microsoft Corporation and was
first released in 1990. Microsoft Office is available in 35 different languages and is supported
by Windows, Mac and most Linux variants. It mainly consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Access, OneNote, Outlook and Publisher applications.

FUNCTIONS OF MS WORD

File Menu
A number of important tasks that you will use frequently are listed under File on the Task bar.

New- the graphic of a white sheet of paper on the upper left, allows you to create a new
document and gives you several templates to choose from include memos, letters, faxes,
resumes, and so forth.
SAVING DOCUMENTS TO A FILE

We will now save the information we have created in a file. Make any changes that you would
like to the paragraph that we have been typing. This will create a file with a file extension
“filename.doc” Click on File in the upper left corner.

BOLD, ITALICS, AND UNDERLINE

UNDO AND REDO OR REPEAT BUTTONS

Don’t panic if you touch a wrong key, or do something that seems to change everything
from the way you want it .There is an Undo Key and a Redo key. The Undo and Redo
keys are found on the Formatting Toolbar. They are represented by curved arrows. Undo
is on the left and curves backwards, and Redo or Repeat is on the right.
FONT SIZE AND FONTS

You can change the size of the whole document, or just a word, or just a character. My
paragraph above is in 12-point size. We will increase the size to 14. Select and highlight the
entire paragraph using your mouse.

PARAGRAPH ALIGNMENT

Paragraph alignment determines how the lines in a paragraph appear in relation to the left
and right margins. The margin is the blank space between the edge of the paper and where
the text.
LINE AND PARAGRAPH SPACING

Line space is the amount of vertical space between lines of text in a paragraph. Line
spacing is typically based on the height of the characters, but you can change it to a
specific value.

TO INSERT A HEADER OR FOOTER

MAIL MERGE

Mail Merge is a useful tool that will allow you to easily produce multiple letters, labels,
envelopes, and more using information stored in a list, database, or spreadsheet. In this
lesson, you will learn how to use the Mail Merge Wizard to create a data source and a
form letter, and explore other wizard features. Additionally, you will learn how to use the
Ribbon commands to access Mail Merge tools outside of the wizard.
 MICROSOFT EXCEL
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program included in Microsoft Office suite of applications.
Spreadsheets will provide you with the values arranged in rows and columns that can be
changed mathematically using both basic and complex arithmetic operations.

Microsoft Excel was first released for Macintosh systems in the year 1985, followed by the
first Windows version in 1987. Check the list to know about the Excel releases for Windows:

 Excel 2.0 (1987)

 Excel 3.0 (1990)

 Excel 4.0 (1992) - Included in Microsoft Office 3.0

 Excel 5.0 (1993) - Included in Microsoft Office 4.0

 Excel 95 (1995) - Included in Microsoft Office 95

 Excel 97 (1997) - Included in Microsoft Office 97

 Excel 2000 (2000) - Included in Microsoft Office 2000

 Excel 2002 (2002) - Included in Microsoft Office XP

 Excel 2003 (2003) - Included in Microsoft Office 2003

 Excel 2007 (2007) - Included in Microsoft Office 2007

 Excel 2010 (2010) - Included in Microsoft Office 2010

 Excel 2013 (2013) - Included in Microsoft Office 2013

FUNCTIONS OF MICROSOFT EXCEL

Hiding rows and columns

The easiest way to hide or unhide a row or column is to select the row or column
heading,right-click to view the pop-up menu, and then select Hide or Unhide.
Alternatively, you can click the Format icon on the Home ribbon, and select the Hide &
Unhide option

RENAME

Right-click on the name of the sheet that you wish to rename. In this example, we want to
rename Sheet1.
EDIT

INSERT OR DELETE WORKSHEET IN EXCEL

To insert a new worksheet at the end of the existing worksheets, just click the Insert
Worksheet tab at the bottom of the screen.
 Insert a new worksheet
To insert a new worksheet before an existing worksheet, do as follows:
1. Select the worksheet before which you want to insert a new worksheet.
2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by Insert Sheet.
3. A new worksheet will be inserted before the current worksheet.

 To delete a worksheet,
1. Select the worksheet that you want to delete.
2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Delete followed by Delete Sheet.
3. The current worksheet will be deleted.
CREATE A WORKSHEET WITH THE DATA OF 10 STUDENTS

CREATE CHARTS
Column chart

Pie chart
CREATING HYPERLINKS

Selecting file for hyperlink

Hyperlink created in excel sheet
 MS POWERPOINT
A software package designed to create electronic presentations consisting of a series of
separate pages or slides. PowerPoint is often used to create business presentations, but can
also be used for educational or informal purposes. The presentations are comprised of slides,
which may contain text, images, and other media, such as audio clips and movies. Sound
effects and animated transitions can also be included to add extra appeal to the presentation.
It is easy to import documents from other types of software such as Microsoft Word and
import it into PowerPoint.

PowerPoint was developed by Dennis Austin and Thomas Rudkin at Forethought Inc. It was
supposed to be named Presenter, but the name was not adapted due to trademark issues. It
was renamed PowerPoint in 1987 as suggested by Robert Gaskins. In August of 1987,
Microsoft bought Forethought for $14 million and turned it into its graphics business unit,
where the company continued to develop the software. The first iteration was launched
together with Windows 3.0 in 1990. It only allowed slide progression in one direction – forward
– and the amount of customization was fairly limited.

PowerPoint experienced a very significant change in PowerPoint 97, which added predefined
transition effects and allowed the user to time them appropriately so that slides would
transition automatically. This allowed a presenter to follow a predefined progression and go
on with the presentation without pausing to change or read the slides. PowerPoint 2007
introduced the "ribbon" interface, marking a drastic change from the previous interface style.
FUNCTION OF MS POWERPOINT

ADD A NEW SLIDE

1. On the View tab, click Normal.

2. In the left slide thumbnail pane, click the slide that you want your new slide to follow.
3. On the Home tab, click the arrow below New Slide.
4. In the gallery of layouts, click the layout that you want for your new slide.
5. Your new slide is inserted, and you can click inside a placeholder to begin adding
content.

DELETE A SLIDE

In the pane on the left, right-click the slide thumbnail that you want to delete (press and hold
Ctrl to select multiple slides, or press and hold Shift to select multiple sequential slides), and
then click Delete Slide.
CREATE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION

The possible uses of PowerPoint are countless. A slide show can help a teacher teach a
lesson, illustrate an event in history, easily display statistical information, or be used for
training in corporations. A slide show can be a valuable tool for teaching, sharing and
learning. Whether presenting at a conference or convincing your parents to get a puppy,
PowerPoint presentations are useful no matter what the topic and help communicate ideas
to an audience. The invention of PowerPoint by Gaskins has saved presenters hours of
painstakingly handcrafting displays, and created a professional and easy way to relay
information. The following are steps on how to create a basic PowerPoint presentation,
however certain steps may vary slightly depending upon what version of PowerPoint you
are using. This tutorial is specifically using PowerPoint 2007.

Step 1: Launch the PowerPoint Program

When you launch the PowerPoint program, you may be prompted to pick what kind of
document you want to create. Choose to create a blank presentation. If it does not ask you
this, a blank presentation will automatically launch.
Step 2: Choosing a Design

The next thing you want to do is decide what design you want for the presentation. To do this,
go to the 'Design' tab at the top of the page. Scroll through all the options and decide which
one looks best for the presentation you want. To get a preview of what the design will look like
before applying it to the presentation, hover over the design you want to preview. This design
will be automatically continued throughout the rest of your presentation.

Step 3: Create Title Page

Step 4: Add More Slides

Step 5: Add Charts, Pictures, Graphs, Etc.

Step 6: Add Transitions

To add transitions in between your slides, click the 'Animations' tab at the top of the
page. Here you can scroll through all the options of transitions, and hover over them to see a
preview. Select the slide you want the transition applied to, and then click the transition you
chose. You can do this for every slide, selecting the same or different transitions.

Step 7: Changing the Order

Once you have all your slides made, you can change the order of the slides. To do this, click
and drag the slides from where they are to where you want them in the order.
Step 8: Play the Presentation

Once you have all your slides completed and in the order you want, view your
slideshow. Click the 'Slide Show' tab at the top of the page and select 'From Beginning’. A
shortcut to this is pressing F5.

Congratulations! You have now made a PowerPoint presentation.

 TALLY
The software handles accounting, inventory management, tax management, payroll etc. Tally
main product is its enterprise resource planning software called Tally ERP 9 with single and
multi-user licenses. ERP provides an integrated and continuously updated view of core
business processes using common databases maintained by a database management
system. ERP systems track business resources—cash, raw materials, production capacity—
and the status of business commitments: orders, purchase orders, and payroll.

The applications that make up the system share data across various departments
(manufacturing, purchasing, sales, accounting, etc.) that provide the data.

The technology employed by tally makes data reliable and secure. Tally software supports all
the major types of file transfer protocols. This helps in connecting files across multiple office
locations.

Tally accounting software is capable of undertaking financial analysis and financial

management. It provides information around receivables turnover, cash flow statement,
activity consolidation and even branch accounting.

Tally accounting software is east to set up and simple to use. A single connection can support
multiple users. It can be easily used in conjunction with the Internet making possible to
publish global financial reports.
CHARACTERISTICS

 An integrated system.
 Operates in real time.
 A common database that supports all the applications.
 A consistent look and feel across modules.

USES IN MANAGEMENT

 Finance & Accounting

General Ledger, Fixed Assets, payables including vouchering, matching and
payment, receivables Cash Management and collections, cash management, Financial
Consolidation.
 Management Accounting
Budgeting, Costing, cost management, activity based costing.
 Manufacturing
Engineering, bill, scheduling, capacity, workflow management, quality control,
manufacturing process, manufacturing projects, manufacturing flow, product life cycle
management.
 Order Processing
Order to cash, order entry, credit checking, pricing, available to
promise, inventory, shipping, sales analysis and reporting, sales commissioning.
 Supply chain management
Supply chain planning, supplier scheduling, product configuration, order to
cash, purchasing, inventory and warehousing (receiving, picking and packing).
 Customer relationship management
Sales and marketing, commissions, service, customer contact, call center support —
CRM systems are not always considered part of ERP systems but rather Business
Support systems (BSS).
 Data services
Various "self–service" interfaces for customers, suppliers and/or employees.
ADVANTAGES

 Sales forecasting, this allows inventory optimization.

 Chronological history of every transaction through relevant data compilation in
every area of operation.
 Order tracking, from acceptance through fulfilment
 Revenue tracking, from invoice through cash receipt
 Matching purchase orders (what was ordered), inventory receipts (what arrived),
and costing (what the vendor invoiced)

DISADVANTAGES

 Customization can be problematic.

 Re-engineering business processes to fit the ERP system may damage
competitiveness or divert focus from other critical activities
 ERP can cost more than less integrated or less comprehensive solutions.
 OPERATING SYSTEM

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer

hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. For
hardware functions such as input and output and memory.

A computer system has many resources (hardware and software), which may be require to
complete a task. The commonly required resources are input/output devices, memory, file
storage space, CPU etc. The operating system acts as a manager of the above resources
and allocates them to specific programs and users, whenever necessary to perform a
particular task. Therefore operating system is the resource manager i.e. it can manage the
resource of a computer system internally.
TWO VIEWS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. User's View
2. System View

OPERATING SYSTEM: USER VIEW

The user view of the computer refers to the interface being used. Such systems are designed
for one user to monopolize its resources, to maximize the work that the user is performing. In
these cases, the operating system is designed mostly for ease of use, with some attention
paid to performance, and none paid to resource utilization.

OPERATING SYSTEM: SYSTEM VIEW

Operating system can be viewed as a resource allocator also. A computer system consists of
many resources like - hardware and software - that must be managed efficiently. The
operating system acts as the manager of the resources, decides between conflicting requests,
controls execution of programs etc.
OPERATING SYSTEM MANAGEMENT TASKS

1. Processor management which involves putting the tasks into order and pairing them into
manageable size before they go to the CPU.
2. Memory management which coordinates data to and from RAM (random-access
memory) and determines the necessity for virtual memory.
3. Device management which provides interface between connected devices.
4. Storage management which directs permanent data storage.
5. Application which allows standard communication between software and your computer.
6. User interface which allows you to communicate with your computer.

FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM

1. It boots the computer

2. It performs basic computer tasks e.g. managing the various peripheral devices e.g.
mouse, keyboard
3. It provides a user interface, e.g. command line, graphical user interface (GUI)
4. It handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central
processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices.
5. It provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates
stores, retrieves and saves data.
6. Error Handling is done by the operating system. It takes preventive measures whenever
required to avoid errors.