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ABSTRACT
The microbial decolorization of dyes has been of Dyeing industry effluents are one of the most
considerable interest biological treatment of the problematic wastewaters to be treated not only for
wastewater containing dyes. The bacterial isolate, their high chemical oxygen demand, but also for high
Bacillus sp. was isolated from the textile effluent biological oxygen demand, suspended solids,
sample. Different parameters such as various carbon turbidity, toxic constituents but also for color, which
source, nitrogen source, temperature, pH were is the first contaminant discernible by the human eye.
optimized for decolorization of Malachite green by (O'Neill, C., Hawakes, F. R., Hawakes, D.L., and
using bacterial isolates. Bacillus sp. showed Wilox, S. J. 1999).Therefore, industrial effluents
maximum dye decolorization of about 86% at 30°C containing dyes must be treated before their discharge
and pH 7 after 8 days of incubation. Maximum into the environment. Not all dyes currently used can
decolourization of malachite green (75.80%) was be degraded or removed with physical and chemical
observed when urea was used as nitrogen source. processes and sometimes the degradation products are
High decolorization extent showed the potential of the more toxic. Bioremediation can be defined as any
bacterial strain to be used in the decolourization of process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to
malachite green dye. return the environment altered by contaminants to its
original condition. Dyes can be degraded and
Keywords: Bacillus sp., malachite green, decolorized by various microorganisms such as
decolourization bacteria, fungi, yeast etc. Bacteria could also degrade
INTRODUCTION- synthetic dyes at a faster rate but at the same time
releases carcinogenic aromatic amines as degradation
Dyes are synthetic and aromatic molecular products which severely effects human and animal
Structural compounds. These are basically chemical health and water. So, to overcome such problems
compounds that can attach themselves to fabrics or posed by bacteria, filamentous fungi have been used
surfaces to impart colour. Over 100,000 commercially for degradation and decolourization of dyes
available dyes exist and more than 7 × 105 metric (Wong,P.K.,and Yuen,P.Y.1996).Filamentous fungi
tonnes of dyestuff are produced worldwide annually. are advantageous because most of them are adapted to
During the dyeing processes about 10-90% of the contamination already and they have the ability to
dyestuff do not bind to the fibres and therefore, extend through the soil. Therefore the biological
released into the sewage treatment system or the methods possess many advantages over chemical and
environment. Colored industrial effluents from the physical methods also such as possibility of
dyeing industries represent major environmental degradation of dye molecules to carbon dioxide and
problems (Knapp, J. S., and Newby, P.S. 1995). water, formation of less sludge in addition to being
environment friendly. (Hu,T.L.1994).
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
enrichment was carried out for two more times
MATERIALS AND METHODS (Verma,P.,and Madamwar, D. 2002).
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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
Decolourization of Malachite Green Dye In The on morphological, physiological and biochemical
Presence of Carbon Sources characteristics the isolate was tentatively grouped in
To test the ability of the isolates to decolourize dyes the genus Bacillus (Sivaranjani,A.,Madhan,B.,and
in the presence of various carbon sources like glucose, Barathidasan.K. 2013)..
sucrose, sodium malate and mannitol. Flasks were
prepared using mineral medium, 0.05% yeast extract Determination of optimum temperature for
and one percent carbon source. The flasks without decolourization of Malachite green:
additional carbon source served as control. The flasks Optimization of temperature at which maximum
were inoculated as described earlier. The flasks were decolourization could occur was also determined by
incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker (120 rpm). incubating flasks at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40ᵒ C and
Percent decolourization was determined after six and percent decolourization was determined at 6 and 8
eight days as described earlier. days. In case of dye Malachite green, maximum
decolourization of about 86 percent was seen when
Optimization of Conditions the flasks were incubated at 30ᵒC followed by 25ᵒC at
For optimization of various conditions like pH, 8 days of incubation.
temperature and nitrogen sources for maximum
decolourization of dyes, only selected isolates were Temperature Malachite Green
used. To find the alternate nitrogen source in place of (° C) 6 days 8 days
yeast extract, compounds like ammonium chloride, 20 80.23 80.52
urea and sodium nitrate at one percent concentration 25 82.36 82.65
were used in Zhou and Zimmermann broth without 30 85.40 86.10
yeast decolourization was compared with that of yeast 35 81.57 81.96
extract at 6 and 8 days. For optimization of 40 78.94 80.17
temperature another set of flasks containing Zhou and
Zimmermann broth were prepared. The flasks were Determination of optimum pH for decolourization
incubated at different temperatures like 20, 25, 30, 35 of Malachite green:
and 40°C on orbital shakers (120 rpm) and percent To find out optimum pH for maximum
decolourization was determined. For optimization of decolourization of malachite green experiments were
pH for maximum decolourization pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 carried out at different pH values ranging from 6.0,
and 8.0 each were prepared in Zhou and Zimmermann 6.5, 7.0, 7.5 to 8.0. The results showed that maximum
broth using 0.1 N NaOH or HCl. To 30 ml broth 100 decolourization was obtained at pH 7.0 after 8 days.
µl culture suspension containing 108cells of isolates H Maximum decolourization with isolate was found to
and B were inoculated. The flasks were incubated at be 85.70 percent in case of malachite green dye.
30°C on orbital incubator shaker. The samples were
removed at 6 and 8 days and percent decolourization
was determined as described earlier. 90
80
20 8
prolonged cultures in synthetic wastewater. The
10
isolate H was isolated as the most active dye-
0
decolorizing bacteria. Selected bacterial isolate was
identified on the basis of gram reaction, shape and
sporulation. The bacterial isolate was gram positive, Effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on
spore forming and rod shaped. The bacterial isolates malachite green decolourization:
were further tested for various biochemical To find out the best carbon source in the presence of
characteristics such as oxidase test, catalase test, which maximum decolourization of Malachite green
Voges-Proskauer reaction, citrate utilization, nitrate dye could be obtained, Zhou and Zimmermann
reduction, methyl red and urease production. Based medium was supplemented with different carbon
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 | July-Aug 2017 Page: 1213
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
sources like glucose, sucrose, sodium malate and 3) Wong, P.K., and Yuen, P.Y. (1996).
mannitol and percent decolourization at 8 days was Decolourization of synthetic dyes by Klebsiella
determined. Maximum decolourization was observed pneumoniae RS-13. Water research, 30:1736-
with glucose as carbon source as compared to others. 1744.
Maximum decolourization of 89.05 percent was 4) O'Neill, C., Hawakes, F. R., Hawakes, D.L., and
obtained in Malachite green dye. Different inorganic Wilox, S. J. (1999). Anaerobic treatment of
sources of nitrogen like ammonium chloride, urea, stimulated textile effluent.Journal of Chemical
sodium nitrate and complex organic nitrogen source Technology and Biotechnology, 74: 993 - 999.
like yeast extract, were used at one percent 5) Jo-Shu, C., Tai-Shin, K., Yun-Peng, C., Jin-Yen,
concentration. Maximum decolourization of malachite H and Ping-Jei,L.(2000). Azo dye decolourization
green (75.80%) was observed when urea was used as with a mutant Escherichia coli strain.
nitrogen source by isolate followed by sodium nitrate Biotechnology Letters, 22: 807 – 812.
(about 73%) at 8 days of growth. Yeast extract was 6) Shitole, V.H., 1 and Panvalkar, S.S.(2000).
the poorest source of nitrogen(Asthana, M., Kumar, Bioremediation of tannery effluent. J Emp Bio Vol
A., Prerna, V., and Gupta, P. 2014) 1(2):10
7) Mail, P. L., Maharajan, M.M., Patil. D.P.,
89.5
89
88.5
Kulkarni. (2000) Biodecolorization of members
88
87.5
87
of triphenylmethanes and azo groups of dyes.
86.5 H
86
85.5
85
Journal of scientific and industrial research, 59:
84.5
6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 6 days 8 days221-224
8 days 8 days 8 days 8 days
malate carbon 8) Bhatt, M., Patel, M., Rawal, B., Novotný, Č.,
Without GlucoseSucrose Sodium Mannitol Without GlucoseSucrose Sodium Mannitol
carbon malate
@ IJTSRD | Available Online @ www.ijtsrd.com | Volume – 1 | Issue – 5 | July-Aug 2017 Page: 1214
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470
15) Sivaranjani, A., Madhan,B., and Barathidasan.K.
(2013). Decolourization of Acid Red 131 by using
Shigella sp. Isolated from Tannery Effluent.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical &
Biological Archives 2013; 3(5): 142-146.
16) Asthana, M., Kumar, A., Prerna, V., and Gupta, P.
(2014) Tannery effluents de - coloriz ation
efficiency of bacterial isolates from River Yamuna
and i ndustrial effluents.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci :3(5): 869 – 880
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