SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993
A SIMPLE, CONVINCING MODEL FOR CALCULATING WATER
SATURATIONS IN SOUTHERN NORTH SEA GAS FIELDS
Steve Cuddy, BP Exploration, Glasgow, Scotland.
Gareth Allinson, Statoil (UK) Ltd, London, England.
Richard Steele, BP Exploration, Glasgow.
Abstract
A water saturation - height function (Swh) is used in
the volumetric calculation of the hydrocarbons in place
following the evaluation of water saturation and
porosity from well logs and cores. A simple convincing
function has been developed that calculates water
saturation as a function of the height above the free
water level alone. This function, which is virtually
independent of porosity and permeability of the rock, is
based on the bulk volume of water (the product of
porosity and water saturation) as seen by the
conductivity measurement. The Southern North Sea
Rotliegendes reservoir rocks have a wide range of
poroperm characteristics ranging from high quality dune
sandstones through lower porosity sandy sabkha to
tightly cemented fluvial sandstones. The model’s
predicted water saturations are largely unaffected by
rock type, making it a powerful water saturation model
for complex lithologies.
This surprisingly simple model for Swh has led to a
better understanding of Southern North Sea gas fields.
The model uses the free water level as its base and helps
explain the apparently varying gas water contacts. The
Swh model shows that in low porosity sandstones the
rock is fully water saturated for some distance above the
free water level consistent with capillary pressure
theory. Consequently, the apparent gas-water contact
varies from well to well depending on the average
porosity of the rocks near the contact.
The derivation is simpler than with classical functions
as there is no porosity banding. Consequently the
determination of the model does not require data from
low porosity intervals and the resulting Swh curves do
not cross. The predictive qualities of the model have
been verified by comparing the log derived water
saturations with the “back-calculated” water saturations
from the model at the well locations.
As the model describes the Southern North Sea
Rotliegendes reservoirs extremely well, it has been used
as a predictor of the fluid contacts in wells where the
contact is unclear, or where the contact is below the
total depth of the well. A correlation program uses the
model to determine the fluid contact by comparing the
bulk volume of water profile predicted by the model
with bulk volume of water calculated by the electrical
logs.
Introduction
The saturation - height function (Swh) is required to
calculate hydrocarbon reserves in the field, away from
the well control points. Although the Swh function is
important for computation of hydrocarbon saturations,
there has been little work, to date, on how to derive
-1
these functions. The effect of this function on reserves
can be large, causing radical changes in “book-values”
and argument over the form of the function has made
many equity negotiations difficult.
The petrophysical interpretation of a field consists of
calculating porosity and water saturations. This
analysis represents porosity within +/- 1 pu and water
saturation +/- 10 su, at best, and only for a few feet
surrounding the well-bore. Away from well locations,
porosity can be estimated by porosity mapping. Water H
saturation cannot be mapped as it depends on many
factors including porosity and the height above the
local fluid contact. The Swh function is intended to
describe the variation of water saturations with these
parameters so that the water saturation can be calculated
in the reservoir model. The gas initially in place (GIIP)
can then be calculated and reserves determined. The
error in reserves resulting from an equation that poorly
describes the field can be large compared to errors
induced by poor electrical tool design or rock
parameters derived from special core analysis studies.
The function has taken many forms over the yearsl-IO.
Listed below are examples of Swh functions:
SW = a + b0 + c(d-0)(d-owe) + (-)-“.33 (1)
l.O68+gwc
SW = SW;, + (~-SW;,) e-gh Swh =b 0+c log K (2)
sw= a+ s%T (3)
#h(h))
SW = a +b 0+c log h + d O2 + f log h2+ g @log h (4)
SW = 1 + (a+b0) + (l_e(c*gwc*O(d+f 0Nj (5)
where:
SW = Watersaturation
SWh = Irreducible water saturation
Porosity
k! = Permeability
h = Height above contact
Gas water contact
E,dfg 1 Constants
These functions have varying complexity, with little in
common between them. They are simply curves fits
through the observed data sets and are not based on
rock property physics.
Figure 1 shows a typical Swh plot from the Southern
North Sea. The highest porosities give the lowest water
saturations and the Swh curve that represents high
porosity rock is asymptotic to the free water level. The
reason the free water level (FWL) is used rather than
the gas water contact (GWC) is important and is
explained later.
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

where:
The Swh function is important for good reservoir J(Sw) = Leverett’s J-function (dimensionless)
modelling and must satisfy the following criteria: SW = Water saturation (fraction)
Pc = Capillary pressure (dyne/cm2)
Correctly describe the hydrocarbon distribution Q = Inter-facial tension (dyne/cm)
throughout the field. Permeability (cm2)
Simple to derive and apply. Why this is important ; 1 Porosity (fraction)
is explained later.
A convincing function is valuable as it ends To include wettability effect, the contact angle (fi) has
argument, especially in equity negotiations.
been incorporated into Eq. 6:
The Classical Function

The conventional method of determining the Swh

function is by porosity band. This has a separate Swh
curve for each of several porosity bands as shown by
Figure 1. The J-function is recognized to be nearly linear2 on a
log-log scale and a good fit can be achieved by Eq. 8
Deriving functions for these porosity bands can be very which is derived from core measurements where a and p
are constants.
H difficult. First, the data from the field is not equally
distributed between the different porosity bands. Often,
as in the Hyde case, there is little data in the lower
porosity bands that makes the curve fitting difficult.
JW) = &
Second, the Swh data show that in low porosity
sandstones the rock is fully water saturated for some The capillary pressure is related to the height above the
distance above the FWL, such that the FWL can be free water level by:
much deeper than the GWC. This is consistent with
capillary pressure theory. Consequently, the apparent PC = g@w-Pg)hnn (9)
gas water contact varies between wells depending on the
average porosity of the rocks near the contact. This where:
phenomenon, known as “Threshold Height”, is the g = Acceleration of gravity (m/sec/sec)
vertical offset between the Swh curves. The offset must = Density of the water phase(g/cm3)
PW
be known before the Swh curves can be calculated,
which, in practice, is difficult. pg = Density of the gas phase(g/cm3)
hm = Height above the free water level (feet)
A different Swh function for each porosity band can be
an unconvincing model for a field especially if the Swh Combining Eqs. 7, 8 and 9 gives:
curves cross. Banded Swh curves by porosity are also
mathematically unconvincing as the predicted water
saturations are fixed for the range of porosities in the SWP = (10)
porosity band. This can result in the stair-stepping of
the calculated water saturations.
Now the bulk volume of water, BVW, is:
Problems with the classical method ate:
BVW = SW 0 (11)
Defining the threshold height can be very difficult
and it must be known for each porosity band before Combining Eqs. 10 and 11:
Swh curves can be calculated.
Sufficient data in each porosity band is required in
to derive sensible curves. BvW = qm (12)
Porosity banded Swh curves are visually and
mathematically unconvincing. The permeability predictor for the Southern North Sea:
The Leverett J-Function Log K = 16.9310 - 2.022 (13)
In the early 1940’s, M. C. Leverett5 described a Therefore combining Eqs. 12 and 13: (14)
dimensionless J-function of the wetting phase saturation
that uses physical properties of the rock and fluid. It
was originally proposed as a means of converting all ’ aocos~
capillary pressure data to a universal curve. Although BVW=
his function has survived the tests of time, more recentlv, g@wog>hFWL-4 IO(I6.93?0-2.022) 0
it is thought it should be limited to sing& reservoirs. _
Typical values in the Southern North Sea area for the
tiistants
are:
(6) o = 74 dyne/cm
= 0.06
; = 2.31
6 =oo
-2-
 SPWLA
pw = 1.02 g/cc
= 0.2 g/cc
pg
The BVW function calculated using Eq. 14 for the
range of porosities found in the Southern North Sea
area are tabulated below for three typical heights above
the free water level:
Porosity
lopu K54 tY%7 ;%5
2opu 0:154 0:057 0:035
The BVW is the same at 10 and 20 porosity units with
only slight variation at other porosities in this range.
This suggests that the bulk volume of water at a certain
height above the free water level is virtually
independent of rock properties such as porosity and
permeability. Observation of Southern North Sea data
supports these results.
Data kom the Southern North Sea Gas Fields
A Swh function was developed for Southern North Sea
gas fields based on the Leverett J-function’s prediction
that the bulk volume of water is related simply to the
height above the free water level. This approach also
addresses the problems of the classical Swh function.
Figure 2 shows the water &uration data set from field
S. This data show the porosity banding of the Swh
function and the threshold height at the base of the low
porosity data. The variation of the bulk volume of
water depends almost entirely on the height above the
free water level as shown by Figure 3. This is
consistent with Leverett’s equation in the form of
Equation 14.
There is a good correlation between the bulk volume of
water with the height above the FWL that is
independent of porosity. This implies that a Swh
function based on the bulk volume of water avoids the
problems associated with porosity banding and the
variance of the GWC from the FWL.
This type Swh function has been called the “FOIL”
function. Only net reservoir data, that is more than one
metre from a bed boundary, is displayed, and used for
line fitting. The data within one metre of electrofacies’
bed boundaries are eliminated to reduce data that could
be affected by the different vertical logging tool
responses. Data that is non-net, as indicated by a
porosity cut-off, is not used as the rock matrix in these
sections do not have sufficient porosity to hold the
minimum volume of water as predicted by Equ. 14.
These intervals compute water saturations that are
greater or equal to 100 su.
A function derived from this data can easily be used in
hydrocarbon reserve calculation by dividing the bulk
volume of water by the mapped porosity:
Water Saturation = Bulk Water Volume
(15)
Porosity
The Southern North Sea Rotliegendes reservoir rocks9
have a wide range of poroperm characteristics ranging
from high quality dune sandstones, through lower
-3-
34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993
porosity sandy sabkha, to tightly cemented fluvial
sandstones. The model’s predicted bulk volume of
water is largely unaffected by rock type making it a
powerful water saturation model for complex
lithologies.
Figure 4 shows how the data are independent of rock
permeability as the high and low permeability points are
randomly distributed throughout the plot. There are
four free water levels in this field and the function is
shown to be independent of the field area and the local
FWL by the Figure 5.
A simple function describes the correlation:
BVW = ~-A*HAB
(16)
Where:
BVW = sw*B(FofL)
SW = Water saturation H
0 = Porosity
= Height above the free water level
!,B = Constants
The form of this function was verified by plotting the
logarithm of BVW against the logarithm of Height.
This is the form of the straight line equation y = mx+c.
Log10 BVW = B * LogloH + LogloA (17)
As the dataset is reasonably linear with log axes, as
shown by Figure 6, a power function should correctly
describe the correlation. The constants A (0.01619) and
B (0.85771) were determined by least squares
regression, with BVW being the independent or
predicted variable. Figure 7 shows the resulting single
FOIL curve for field. The classical water saturation
curves for the field are easily derived from this function
by dividing bulk volume of water by porosity. These
Swh curves give the threshold height for each porosity
band as expected. Figure 8 shows the Swh curves for
the field.
The function was shown to be a good predictor of gas
saturations for the field, by comparing the log derived
zonal gas saturation with the back-calculated gas
saturations calculated from the volumetric computation.
That is to say that the model calculated gas saturations
at the well locations are similar to those derived from
the electrical logs as shown by Figure 9.
The intervals with the greatest hydrocarbon pore height
ttHXI?Oftl)
are clearly the most important and give the
HCPH = (I-Sw)*0*H
(18)
The function can be used to calculate water saturations
in wells without resistivity curves. There were no
resistivity curves in the well Sl due to well problems.
The predicted water saturations compare well with the
core water saturations as shown by the Figure 10. If a
banded Swh function was used, the water saturation
curve would be constant for a range of porosities and
then would jump or stair-step to the next constant water
saturation.
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993
The Free Water Level and the Gas Water Contact
The gas water contact (GWC) is often referred to as the
depth at the base of the gas column where the logs
indicate a sharp increase in water saturations to near 100
su. The free water level (FWL) is the depth where this
sharp increase would occur if the formation had very
high poroperm characteristics. Consequently, the FWL
may not be seen in any well in a field with poor rock
properties and the GWC would vary between wells
depending on the local rock quality.
Using the FWL rather than the GWC has the following
advantages:
* The GWC is often unclear as the gas column can be
considered to be a continuous transition zone even
where the reservoir is very thick
* The GWC needs an agreed convention. Many equity
H determinations have foundered on arguments to
whether the GWC should be, say, at SW = 40 su or
60 su. The FWL, by contrast is the limit (SW = 100
su) of the Swh curve in the highest porosity
fOIT%itiOtl.
* It is more convenient for reservoir modelling and
understanding field compartmentalization to have a
common depth for all Swh functions.
* Formation pressure and capillary pressure data are
related to FWL not the GWC.
The FWL is, therefore, used rather than the GWC as
this unifies the fluid contact predicted from electrical
logs, formation pressures and capillary pressure data.
Using the FOIL Function in the Hyde Field
The Hyde Field is located immediately to the north of
West Sole, some 55 km to the east the North
Humberside coast and is predominantly in Block 48/6.
The reservoir is in the Lower Leman Sandstone
Formation (Early Permian age) and is part of the
Rotliegendes Group. The reservoir was deposited in a
desert by aeolian, fluvial, and lacustrine processes.
Three major lithofacies associations have been
recognized from core studies9:
* Aeolian Dune. Aeolian sandstone have the best
permeabilities by virtue of its better sorting and lack
of detrital clays. Clean aeolian dune sandstones give
highest porosities in the reservoir with an average
porosity around 16 pu. Dune base sandstones (wind
ripple) give a lower average porosity of 12-14 pu as
they are less well sorted.
* Sabkha. Sandy sabkha has good porosity but the
presence of detrital clay enhances compaction effects
and thus reduces primary porosity. Muddy sabkha
porosities and permeabilities are very low with no
reservoir potential.
* Fluvial. The fluvial sandstones often have poorer
permeabilities (co.3 mD) and porosities (cl0 pu)
than the sandy sabkha sandstones. Their porosity is
dependent on the detrital clay content and pore
fiing cements.
In addition, in all facies, diagenetic overprint of
pervasive fibrous illite clays severely reduces
-4-
permeabilities. Only in the well sorted grain-flow facies
which has a macro-porous network are moderate
permeabilities retained.
The Hyde reservoir has been divided into four zones
from Zone 1 at the base to Zone 4 at the crest. Zones 1
and 3 are predominately fluvial sandstone and the
reservoir quality is poor. Zones 2 and 4 are mostly
aeolian dune with some sabkha. Zone 4 sequence is
made up of an alternation of dry erg facies with either
damp or dry sand sheets. The aeolian sandstones have
the best average reservoir properties in the field due to
their grain-flow stratification and consequently Zone 4
is the principal producing zone in the development area.
Zone 2 is composed almost entirely of aeolian
sandstone. The cored sections show a predominance of
wind-ripple stratification compared to the predominant
grain-flow stratification of Zone 4, so permeability is
poorer ovemll in Zone 2.
The fluid contacts in Hyde have presented a problem to
petrophysicists during the field’s exploration and
appraisal. It was recognized early in the appraisal phase
that the varying GWC could be explained, through
capillary pressure theory. as the variation in the height
above the FWL that could support water saturations of
100 su. Various so-called GWCs were unified when it
was realized that they resulted from porosity variations
throughout the field through a phenomenon known as
threshold height. Although this helped with the
understanding of the fluid contacts, it compounded the
problem of mathematically deriving water saturation -
height curves.
The set of curves that were derived for Hyde are shown
by Figure 1. These curves were difficult to compute by
porosity band as there are not equal amounts of data in
each porosity band. These curves are not visually or
mathematically convincing as it can be seen that they
potentially cross. In addition, the function did not
describe the reservoir in the flanks of the field as well
as the core development area, although a similar rock
distribution and zonation scheme was present
throughout the structure. This caused concern that gas
in parts of the field was not being fully recognized.
This lead to the search for a better Swh function and the
discovery of the FOIL function.
The FOIL function is clear in the data of Figure 11 and
avoids the problem of the threshold height and the need
for low porosity well data. There is a slight difference
between the flank and core area wells. The reason for
this lies in the geological structure of the field as
shown by Figure 12.
The formation is a classic “bow shape”. The aeolian
sandstones have the best reservoir properties in the field
due to their grain-flow stratilication and consequently,
Zone 4 is the principal producing zone. In the core
development area of the field, Zone 4 is high above the
FWL, whereas in the flank areas Zone 4 cuts the FWL.
The FOIL function varies slightly by zone (facies)
rather than by area. The function for each zone is,
however, independent of rock porosity and permeability.
A plot of the bulk volume of water vs. height by zone
type is shown by Figure 13.
 SP WLA 34th Annual
The Hyde FOIL function is similar to field S in
showing porosity independence although the FOIL
function varies slightly by facies type. Although two
functions are used to describe the gas distributtons in
Hyde, the extremes in rock types between dune sands
with high poroperm characteristics and very poor fluvial
or lacustrine rock result in only a slight perturbation in
the FOIL function.
Predicting the Free water level
As this function describes the gas column well, it can
be used as a predictor of the free water level in wells
where the contact is unclear, or where the contact is
below the total depth of the well. The method works
by deriving the function from the wells where there is a
clear contact such as wells with good poroperm
characteristics in the neighbourhood of the contact.
Wells that are not highly deviated are used, as these
have the greater confidence in the true vertical heights.
The derived function is then compared with the derived
bulk volume of water (BVW) profiles in the wells with
poor contacts by using a correlation algorithm. The
FOIL function is used to compute a BVW profile
assuming a FWL 50 feet above the estimated contact
and compares this with the actual BVW profile by
computing the quality of fit using the following
algo&hm:-
Quality of fit of FWL(i) = F(BVWti) - FOIL(j)) 419)
Levels
whenx
BVW(j) = The BVW calculated by the logs at height
j above the FWL(i)
FOIL(j) = The BVW calculated from the FOIL
function at height j above the FWL(i)
FWL(i) = The sum of the squared differences
between the log calculated BVW and the
BVW predicted by the FOIL function, for
FWL (i).
The notional FWL is then moved down by l/2’ to 49.5’
and the procedure repeated to calculate another
correlation coefficient. This is repeated for 200 levels
until the notional contact is 50’ below the estimated
contact. The correlation coefficients are plotted against
depth as shown by Figure 14.
The minimum correlation coefficient gives the FWL. In
the best wells, this computer program pin-points the
contact down to the nearest l/2’. In the wells with poor
indications of the FWL the method can greatly improve
the estimation of the contact. It is expected that the
FWL will be constant through-out the field or at least
through-out of the field. In reality, the FWL can
vary up to 3B””’ due to errors in the deviatton survey and
the log depth measurement. It is best that the technique
is used, without bias, to determine the FWLs and that
commonality is not assumed. The wells are then
grouped with probable common contacts allowing
greater errors in wells with the higher deviations.
This method is demonstrated by application to two
other Southern North Sea wells. Well S2 (Figure 15)
shows a fairly clear contact around 8000’ TVDss.
Notice that the bulk volume of water shows a clean
sweep whereas the water saturation is less smooth
because of porosity variations. The field derived Swh
-5-
Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993
function (FOIL) is compared to the log derived BVW
using the technique described above. The correlation
coefficients are calculated for every possible contact
between 7950’ and 8050’ TVDss and the results plotted
against depth as shown. The minimum correlation
coefficient gives the FWL. In the best wells this
computer program pin-points the contact down to the
nearest l/2’.
In well S3 the contact is less clear as shown by Figure
16. Although the program has difficulty in giving the
precise depth of the contact it gives a clear range. The
method has been used in wells where the contact is
below the total depth of the well when a FOIL profile
is apparent in the gas column.
This technique is very useful for equity determinations
where the FWL is determined by a precisely defined
mathematical method rather than by “eye”. This method
requires a function that describes the formation well and H
works very poorly where porosity banding has been
Conclusions
A simple Swh function has been developed that
accurately predicts water saturations in Southern North
Sea gas fields. The function correctly describes the gas
distribution in the field and reduces the error on the
hydrocarbon reserves. This is important, as the errors
resulting from an equation that poorly describes the
field can be large compared to errors induced by poor
electrical tool design or rock parameters derived from
special core analysis.
The predicted water saturations are largely unaffected by
rock type, making it a powerful model for complex
lithologies. The visually and mathematically convincing
function uses the free water level as its base and
explains the apparently varying gas water contacts in
several North Sea fields.
Its derivation is simpler than with classical functions as
there is no porosity banding and no threshold height
problems. Consequently the determination of the model
does not require data from low porosity intervals and
the resulting Swh curves do not cross. The model has
been used as a predictor of the fluid contacts.
Theory and observation indicate that a unit volume of
rock holds a fixed amount of water dependent on the
vertical height above the free water level and virtually
independent of rock properties such as permeability and
porosity. The function can, therefore, be derived from
the best near-vertical wells with good poroperm
characteristics that have a fluid contact and later applied
to infill or flank wells that may be more deviated and
have poorer rock properties and may not have a fluid
contact. As the function is used throughout the field
there may be a cost saving as the tools that measure the
water saturation in these later wells may not need to be
aszcXuate.
Acknowledgment
The authors wish to thank Statoil and BP who granted
their permission to publish the data presented here. We
would like to thank them for providing the time and
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993
resources to write this paper. As the work on the
Southern North Sea is ongoing, the authors would
appreciate comments on the concepts raised in this
paper.
References
1. Brown, H.W. 195 1. Capillary pressure investigations
petroleum transactions of AIME 192:67-74.
2 Ibrahim A, Bassiouni, Z. Desbrandes R 1992.
Determination of relative permeability curves in tight
gas sands using log data. The Transactions of the
Society of Professional Well Log Analysts 33rd
Annual Logging Symposium, June 14-17.
3. Heseldine, G. M. 1974. A method of averaging
capillary pressure curves. The Transactions of the
Society of Professional Well Log Analysts 15th
H Annual Logging Symposium, June 2-5.
*I
9. Steele, R. P, Allan, R. M, Booth, A. J. 1993. in press.
Hyde: A proposed field development in the Southern
North Sea using horizontal wells. Proceedings of the
4th Conference on the Geology of Northwest Europe.
-
10 Xie, X. 1991. A formulation for the capillary pressure
relationship and a statistical description of pore size
distribution. Academia SPE-21890.
About the Authors
Steve Cuddy is the Chief Petrophysicist for BP
Exploration in Glasgow . He received a B.Sc. degree in
physics from Sussex University in England. Before
joining BP in 1984, he worked for Schlumberger for 10
Y-.

4. Lee, S. T, 1989. Capillary-gravity equilibria for

hydrocarbon fluids in porous media. 64th Annual
SPE Tech Conference SPE-19650.

5. Leverett, M. C. 1941. Capillary behavior in porous

solids. Petroleum Transactions of AIME 142: 152-169

6. Ma, S. Jiang, M. X. Morrow, N R 1991. Correlation

of capillary pressure relationships and calculation of
permeability. 66th Annual SPE Technical Conference
SPE-22685.

7. McCardell, W. M. 1955 review of the physical basis Gareth Allinson is the Senior Geologist for Statoil UK
for the use of the J-function. The Eighth oil recovery based in London, England. Before joining Statoil he
conference transactions worked for BP for 18 years.

8. Prickett, H. D. Bremer, R E. 1989. Improved initial Richard Steele was BP’s Southern North Sea
water saturation distribution for a three-dimensional Sedimentologist. He worked with BP for 11 years until
model. 6th SPE Middle East Oil Show. SPE-17958. recently joining Shell in Oman.

-6-
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 1: Classical Swh curves for the Hyde field

Porosity Bands (18-6~~)

0.6 0.8 1
Water Saturation

-7-
SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 2: Water saturation verses height data

350

280

I 245

105

70

35

0 1-

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
WATER SATURATK%d

3iE;

28C1 --. _ __
.__.-_
Figure 3: Bulk volume of water showing 0 independence

._-_
--I=
--___

24! i --

9 2lC ) ---

s
17Ei --
&
g 140 _ .._

105 __

70 ~._

35

0 t I

0.000 0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150
BULK VOLUME OF WATER

-8-
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 4: Bulk volume of water showing permeability independence

350I-

315

280, -.-

245

2lO

B
175
!t

H 140 ._

105

70

35

0 T--

0.000 O.Oi5 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.105 0.120 0.135 0.150
BULK VOLUME OF WATER

r: PERMEABlLlTY* l * onlo x x x 0.100 + + + ,.cJ@j 11 m II 1o.oxJ 0 0 0 100.000

Figure 5: Bulk volume of water showing independence of area and FWL

350 -

280 _.____

0.000 0.016 0.075 0.090 0.105

0.080 0.120 0.135 0.150
VOLUME OF WATER
__.~_
x x x
I 000
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 6: Bulk volume of water vs. height. Log scales

_-____

H ___

-._

-2
BULK VOLUME OF WATER

Figure 7: Bulk volume of water (FOIL) function

400 _

f
- 300

:
?
5
5
g 200 -

100
t

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16
Bulk Volume of Wntcr (%)
-lo-
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 8: Swh curves

20 pu 1opu

-\
__-.
\--

.- _.__ --
\

____.._
7--
-. ._ ---1
0.10 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.80 0.90 I .oo
Wat& Saturation

Figure 9: Comparison of field and well calculated SW

1
,’
,’,’
l High HCPH 0 Med’ HCPH A Low HCPH .’ ,’
,’ _I’
,’ /I’
,’ ,’ ,’
,’ ,’
A
,’ ,’
XX.
_’
A
._Jp “, A
O,,,
0
0 &’ f’, A
0 l cl A BP’ A
b’ 0
,,’ 0
,’ 0 C).
I’ A
,’
*’ A 0
,’
,*’ A
0
,I’ l
A ,’
,’ A IA0
.,,*’
%*,-” % .o’ A A
. l ,,/’ 0

,*,‘* l
,’
0.2 _-;’ 00
,’
,’ A
,’
,’
,’
,’
_I’
,’
I’
.’
,’
I’ I
0 I I _f---------_~___1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Well Derived Water Satumtiorl
-ll-
SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 10: Analysis of well Sl. A well without resistivity logs

POROSITY LITIIROGY ZOK

La2 Poro*lc$j Nwml I zd Gana-Ray

,. z&F%
3.25 0.Cl.O CD_

Car. PIwe. I ty E4hctl.m Pa-o.ILy

3.25 . 0. 1.0 0.

t to*
f 1-O 0.

::. ‘.’
I i if ,’ ::. ‘.’

:. :::: ‘.’
::: ‘.’
::::. ‘_’

:::. ‘.‘.’
:::_ ‘.‘.’

:.
::.
::.
‘,’
‘.’
:::::. ..’

.’ ‘.~.~.‘.‘. ..’
:: ‘.’ ::

::: .::
::: ‘:
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16,1993

Figure 11: Bulk volume of water verses height function by well for Hyde

100

90

80

70
Core Area Wells

60

50

40 Flank

30

20

10

0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15

Bulk Volume of Water

-13-
SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 12: Hyde’s geological structure

Flank well Core well

Figure 13: Bulk volume of water verses height function by zone for Hyde

100

90

80

70

60

50
Zone 4
40

30

20

10

0 I I

0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15

Bulk Volume of Water

-14-
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 14: Change of FWL correlation coeffkient with depth

0.12 n

n
0.06

0.04 H
n
n
n
n
n

0.02

0.00
8940
I

8950
I

8960 8970
I
c I

8980
c- Free Water Level

8990
I

9000 9010
I

9020

Depth FtTVDss
-15
 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 15: Analysis of well S2 showing correlation plot

VERTICAL PER”EAB,L,,Y
3.01 lOO0.C

H
.’

:.

::.
:

:.
.’

‘:
:.
.’ ‘.‘.
:
:
:
:.
.‘. :
:

:: :

:.

Picking
_
Ihe FWL using the S!

I c:oefficient

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 SPWLA 34th Annual Logging Symposium, June 13-16, 1993

Figure 16: Analysis of well S3 showing correlation plot

tong th I Swh Function

7
CC~rrelation Coetlici en1

e
8