Middle Childhood increase in physical size progressive increase in of the whole body or any skill and capacity of ▪Smart Age of its parts. function. ◆It is simply a quantitative ▪School Age ◆It is a qualitative change change in the child’s body. in the child’s functioning. ▪Gang Age “The human being is never static.” Early Childhood ▪ The child's growth and development is characterized by gradual growth. “People change.” ▪ Children commonly add 2-3 inches in height and about 5lbs a year. ▪ Between 2-6 years, around 45 new epiphyses (end part of a long bone) emerges throughout the skeleton. GROWTH DEVELOPMENT ▪ Teeth erupt Divided into two phases: Early Childhood Childhood (3 – 6 years) Middle Childhood ( 7 – 11 years) CHILD & ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES Physical development Early Middle adolescent childhood childhood Physical growth and motor development Developmental delays Puberty occurs Early Middle • implies some Secretion of chemical causes adolescent childhood childhood existing cognitive physical changes in both problems. gender Developmenta • enables interaction Puberty occurs Adrenache !body odor and oil l delays with others Gonardarche ! maturation • lessens their ability of sexual organs How can we to learn about the help? Factors influencing growth world How can teachers and physical development help? Early Middle Adolescent Secondary Sex Traits childhood childhood • rapid • PEAK of MALE FEMALE • Growths spurt growth physical and muscle’s and • Increase in transverse diameter activity • Increase in size of genitalia. and motor fat become of the pelvis. • Quality of fine • Swelling of the breast. developme proportionate • Development of the breasts. motor skills • Growth of pubic, axillary, facial nt • Sexual • Change in the vaginal improve and chest hair. maturation secretions. • Improvement in • Change in voice. occurs in both • Growth of pubic and axillary speed, agility • gender Rapid growth of shoulder hair. and control • Development of breadth. • • Improved Menstruation (first menstruation secondary sex • Production of spermatozoa coordination of is called menarche, which characteristics (which is sign of puberty) occurs between 12 to 13 years). movement Developmental delays Puberty occurs Physical growth and motor development Adolescence is a transition period from childhood to adulthood. A. Growth B. Motor development It begins with the appearance of secondary sex C. Fine motor characteristics and ends when somatic growth is D. Gross motor completed and the individual is psychological mature. Growth spurt begins earlier in girls (10–14 years, while it is Why are motor skills development 12–16 in boys). important in school? MATURATIONIST perspective and theory of skill acquisition (c.a.a) Developmental milestones How can we help? SIGMUND FREUD: Psychosexual Development • Physical development Implications in classroom A. Oral stage (0 – 1 years) - Eating satisfaction B. Anal stage (1 – 3 years) Lack of sleep Help improve sleeping disorder habits - Toilet training C. Phallic stage (3 – 6 years) - Pleasure comes from sex organs, opposite sex attraction Dealing with obesity and OEDIPUS COMPLEX (males) | ELECTRA COMPLEX (females) • Obesity nutrition Eating habits D. Latency period (6 years to adolescence) - People outside the family • Drug use Moving away from drug E. Genital stage (adolescence and beyond) use - Prepares for marriage and adult responsibilities Factors influencing development SIGMUND FREUD: Psychosexual Development 10: 10 • Father of Psychoanalysis Sleeping habits Lack of sleep and the • All human beings pass through a classroom Sleeping habits series of psychosexual stages • Satisfaction of libidinal desire • Obesity Issues with obesity and eating disorder • Failure: FIXATION • Influences adult personality and Onset? • Drug use Effects? behavior Causes? FIXATION – (1) tendency to stay at a particular stage (2) state in which an individual becomes obsessed with an attachment to another human, an animal, or an inanimate object Factors influencing development Genetics Maturationist Three main conclusions • Exercise in the experiment THEORIES OF HUMAN • Nutrition and SES The importance of breast feeding DEVELOPMENT Lack of food security (quality) • Parent child John Hopkin’s experiment? ERIK ERIKSON: Psychosocial Development STAGE 3: LOCOMOTOR Age: Early Childhood 2 to 6 years Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt Important Event: Independence (family) STAGE 4: LATENCY Age: Elementary & Middle School yrs. 6 to 12 years Conflict: Industry vs Inferiority Important Event: School ERIK ERIKSON: ERIK ERIKSON: Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development STAGE 1: ORAL-SENSORY STAGE 7: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Age: Infancy to 12-18 mos. Age: Middle adulthood 40 to 65 years Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation Important Event: Feeding (mother) Important Event: Parenting STAGE 8: MATURITY STAGE 2: MUSCULAR-ANAL Age: Old Age 65 years to death Age: Toddler period 1 to 2 years Conflict: Integrity vs Despair Conflict: Autonomy vs Doubt Important Event: Reflection on and acceptance of one’s life Important Event: Toilet Training (parents) ERIK ERIKSON: ERIK ERIKSON: Psychosocial Development Psychosocial Development - development of the ego and its ability to deal with a series of crises or potential crises STAGE 5: ADOLESCENCE throughout the individual's lifespan Age: Adolescence 12 to 18 yrs Conflict: Identity vs Role Confusion - There are 8 stages Important Event: Peer Relationships - characterized by a different conflict that must be resolved by the individual. STAGE 6: YOUNG ADULTHOOD Age: Young Adulthood 19 to 40 yrs Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation Important Event: Love Relationships Resolved: sufficient strength to deal w/ the next stages of development Failure: ROLE COFUSION or IDENTITY CRISIS LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: Moral Development Moral Development • Morality how individuals ought 3. Post-conventional Morality (the world) to treat one another, with respect Stage V social contract to justice, others’ welfare, “abstract thinking, logical and emotional justice” and rights. Stage VI universal justice – respect for humanity • Relations of justice, care, and “principled conscience” respect “Robin hood” exhibited in a wider circle of social relations. JEAN PIAGET: LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: Cognitive Development Moral Development 1. Sensorimotor Stage (0 – 2 years) 2. Conventional Morality (others) - motor activity without the use of symbols Stage III others directed 2. Preoperational Stage (2 – 7 years) “conformity to social norms” - use of symbols, language use matures, and memory “nice girl/boy – pakikisama” 3. Concrete Organizational Stage (7 – 11 years) - logical and systematic manipulation of symbols related to concrete Stage IV decision according to rules and law objects 4. Formal Operational Stage (12 and beyond) - the logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts JEAN PIAGET: LAWRENCE KOHLBERG: Cognitive Development Moral Development 1. Pre-conventional Morality (myself) - was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Stage I obedience and punishment orientation - Children construct an understanding of the “survival of the fittest” world around them different from that of “might makes right” adults Stage II self-interest orientation “You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours” SCHEMA: the basic building block of intelligent behavior – a way of organizing e.g. bribery, accepting “lagay” knowledge. 3. The major contribution of educational psychology towards modern education lies in area of _________. A. Clarification of the goals of modern education. DEVELOPMENT IS SYNONYMOUS B. Refinement of the research techniques through TO E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ which educational problems might be solved C. Re-evaluation of the principles of progressivism D. Reconsideration of educational experiences from the standpoint of their contribution to pupil growth. ANSWER: B *IMPROVING PRACTICE PSYCHOLOGY? 2. THIS MOVEMENT IN THE FIELD OF DEVELOPMENTAL - IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF BEHAVIOR AND PSYCHOLOGY REFLECTS THE VIEW THAT DEVELOPMENT IS A MENTAL PROCESS RESULT OF DIFFERENT VARIABLES EXISTING AT DIFFERENT LEVELS WHILE MULTIDIRECTIONALLY INFLUENCING EACH OTHER AND - COVERT AND OVERT THE DEVELOPING PERSON? Description of - SYSTEMATIC A. CHILD STUDY MOVEMENT development
B. THE CHILD DEVELOPMENT Developmental norms describe MOVEMENT Explanatory predict C. DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Developmental Multidirectionality of Behavior and D. LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE understand and educational influence mental process psychology control ANSWER: D (MULTIPLE VARIABLES AND DIRECTIONALITY) DEVELOPMENT • EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE 1. The four fundamental goals of • CONTINUOUS PROCESS IN WHICH PRESENT ORGANISM DEVELOPED FROM EARLIER FORMS. (E______) psychology in studying human behavior can • DEVELOPMENTAL PERSPECTIVE • PROGRESSIVE SERIES OF ORDERLY, COHERENT CHANGES be seen in which letter? LEADING TOWARDS MATURITY A. Describe, Predict, understand, control • DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY • HOW AND WHY HUMANS CHANGE THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFESPAN B. Describe, Understand, diagnose, treat • IT AIMS TO DESCRIBE, PREDICT EXPLAIN, AND TO OPTIMIZE C. Describe, Predict, comprehend, change DEVELOPMENT (BALTES, REESE, & LIPSITT, 1980, AS CITED IN MCLEAD, 2012). D. Describe, Predict, control, change ANSWER: B DEVELOPMENTAL DESIGN 4. The effect of play hours on the cognitive Design Procedure Design Procedure and affective aspect in early childhood stage Cross- Observes Sequential Combines cross- hints that a particular research method was sectional people of sectional and used. And that method is? different ages longitudinal by a.Experimental method (A) at one point in time observing different cohorts repeatedly over b.Correlational method time c.Observational method d.Survey method Longitudinal Observers Micro Children are observed people of one genetic extensively over a • THEY ASKED 80 PRESCHOOL STUDENTS HOW MUCH TIME DO THEY SPEND PLAYING cohort limited period of time WITH THEIR FRIENDS. THEY WERE ALSO ASKED 5 QUESTIONS MEASURING THEIR LEVELS OF EMPATHY (NEVER, SELDOM, OFTEN, ALWAYS). AT THE END OF THE STUDY repeatedly when a developmental THE RESEARCHER FOUND OUT THAT THE TIME SPENT PLAYING WITH THEIR FRIENDS IS CONNECTED WITH LEVEL OF THEIR EMPATHY. (A) overtime change is thought to occur SAMPLES OF SOME KNOWN EXPERIMENTS RESEARCH METHODS • HARLOW’S MONKEY AND ATTACHMENT Descriptive Which strategies can second year teacher’s studies use in motivating their students? Correlation Is there a relationship between type of al design motivation and academic performance studies Experiment Effects of using rewards and punishment on al study students academic performance Action Incorporating cosplay to increasing Research participation and valuing of choral recitation for Filipino subjects EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY RESEARCH Education gives psychology a context to study and psychology provides education theories - Educational psychologists examine what happens when someone teaches something to someone else in some setting DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT Maturational vs Transactional •Inevitable AND capacities •Dynamic interaction with the 8. Mr. And mrs. Miranda believes that what their will unfold environment daughter’s intelligence was inherited from them Continuous vs Discontinuous A.involves gradual and A.distinct and separate stages and at the same time was also influenced by how ongoing changes with they brought her. Their belief reflects which of the Sensitive period vs Critical period A.a time that is best because A.limited time span where the following principles of development the child is responsive to child is biologically ready to A. Growth is sequential environmental influences acquire certain adaptive B. Development is an interaction between heredity behaviors and environment Nature vs Nurture C. Developmental rates vary A.is influenced by genetic A.is influence by external D. Each stage of development has characteristic traits inheritance and other factors (exposure and biological factors experience) ANSWER: B 5. THIS PERSPECTIVE IN DEVELOPMENT BELIEVES THAT 7. Which of the following principles of human THERE IS EITHER “THE BEST TIME VS THERE IS A LIMITED AND SPECIFIC” TIME FOR CERTAIN CAPACITIES development refers to the situation that girls TO DEVELOP mature earlier than boys? A. MATURATIONAL VS TRANSACTIONAL A. Growth is patterned B. CONTINOUS VS DISCONTINOUS B. Developmental rates vary C. Each stage of development has characteristic C. SENSITIVE VS CRITICAL traits D. NATURE VS NURTURE D. Maturation should precede certain types of learning ANSWER: C ANSWER: B Teacher A wanted to see why young children with dysgraphia had difficulty writing. She observed one of her students who has 6. A set of identical twins who were orphaned were adopted by families who belong to shown the symptoms of the condition. She watch over her as she different socio-economic status One was adopted was trying to complete an essay type task. From the observation by low income class family while the other one and notes she made, she saw how the kid struggled to hold the was raised by a family from the upper SES. After 10 writing material appropriately. With the findings consistent years, they saw there was a big difference in the across setting and time, she concluded that the writing difficulty academic performance of the identical twin. of that student is due to underdeveloped and uncoordinated Which can better explain this difference? fine motor skills. What approach was used in the study? A. Difference in heredity B. Difference in nature A. CROSS SECTIONAL B. LONGITUDINAL C. Difference in intelligence D. Difference in nurture C. MICROGENETIC D. LONGITUDINAL ANSWER: D 11. WHICH IS THE BEST WAY TO DEAL RISK FACTORS IN DEVELOPMENT WITH RISK FACTORS? A. Provide feeding program and RESILIENCE livelihood opportunities - ABILITY TO ADAPT AND FLOURISH B. Provide compensatory education like IN THE FACE OF ADVERSITY preschool program RISK FACTORS C. Create laws that will deal with the -ASPECT OF THE CHILD OR THE ENVIRONMENT WHICH MAY RESULT source of risk factors TO POOR OUTCOMES D. A and C only E. A, B, C ANSWER: E RISK AND RESILIENCE • WHY IS IT THAT SOME CHILDREN WILL STILL GREW UP FAIRLY WELL 10. The following are facts about risk factors in OR OKAY (RESILIENT) DESPITE THE VERY UNFAVORABLE development except? ENVIRONMENT, EXPERIENCE AND UPBRINGING? OR VICE VERSA? A. Risk factors results to poor developmental outcomes Risk factors (biological and social) B. Risk factors are so strong that even having a good education Family Family through a good teacher will be useless. investment Genes environment stress model model C. Being raised by a single parent and poor nutrition can be a risk factor. Protective factors D. When risk factors accumulates its negative effect becomes Accumulation of Stability of risk stronger therefor resulting to more negative outcomes. (Turning points and risk canalization) OUTCOME ANSWER: B (development) 9. NAEYC released 12 principles of child development and learning where they reminded the importance of self control, social interaction, respect for differences and the importance of early experiences to mention a few. This PROTECTIVE FACTORS reminds teachers and parents to primarily? • HIGH QUALITY PARENTING A. Provide more opportunities to learn through play and • HIGH INTELLIGENCE interaction • STRONG RELATIONSHIP WITH THE PARENTS B. Embed those practices as we highlight the development of • SOCIAL COMPETENCE, academic skills during early childhood stage OUTGOING PERSONALITY AND C. Provide more opportunities for using technology to enhance PEER ACCEPTANCE learning • RELIGIOUS INVOLVEMENT D. Create a more academically rigorous curriculum ANSWER: A 13. THIS THEORY FOCUSES ON THE ACQUISITION OF DEVELOPMENTAL TASK BECAUSE THEY BELIEVE THAT THE ACQUISITION OF SUCH TASKS WILL 14. Angela who is in grade 3 focuses her attention ENABLE THE CHILD TO FUNCTION EFFECTIVELY AND MEET THE DEMANDS on the school work and vigorous play with peers and PLACED BY THE SOCIETY ANSWER: A this routine consumes most of her time and physical A. DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY energy. This is a healthy utilization of ones libido or B. BIOECOLOGICAL MODEL psychic energy and is reflective of which stage? Multiple layers of A. Oral stage C. ETHOLOGY variables B. Anal stage D. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL Function of behavior in THEORY different species C. Phallic stage Active construction of D. Latency stage knowledge ANSWER: D ETHOLOGY KONRAD LORENZ AND NIKOLAS TINBERGEN 12. THEORIES ARE USEFUL BECAUSE OF THE FOLLOWING EXCEPT? A. IT IS APPLICABLE IN ALL SITUATION B. IT PROVIDES PRINCIPLES AND ASSUMPTIONS C. IT HELPS US INTERPRET OR EXPLAIN WHAT YOU OBSERVED D. SUGGEST WAYS ON HOW TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT ANSWER: A DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEORY IMPLICATIONS OF RISK AND DAVID HAVIGHURST PROTECTIVE FACTORS • BE A PROTECTIVE FACTOR • AMPLIFY PROTECTIVE FACTOR AND HIGHLIGHT AND RECOGNIZED THE STRENGTH OF THE INDIVIDUAL • PROVIDE QUALITY EDUCATION (A CURRICULUM THAT IS APPROPRIATE AND IS ENGAGING) • PROVIDE COMPENSATORY EDUCATION (PRESCHOOL) HOW DOES COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT HAPPENS ACCORDING TO PIAGET 16. According to Erikson's theory of 18. _____ Occurs when a child psychosocial development, preschool aged incorporates new knowledge into children seek to resolve which of the following socio-emotional issues? existing knowledge A. Trust vs mistrust A. Assimilation B. Identity vs role confusion B. Accommodation C. Initiative vs guilt C. Equilibration D. Intimacy vs isolation D. Lateralization ANSWER: C ANSWER: A 15. In Freud's theory, if the child fails to resolve the Oedipus 17. FREUD AND ERIKSON’S THEORY TELL TEACHERS AND or Electra complex, that child may develop the tendency to PARENTS THAT WHEN IT COMES TO DEVELOPMENT AND be or engage in FACILITATING LEARNING __? A. OVEREATING ORAL A. IT IS IMPORTANT FOR TEACHERS AND PARENTS TO DEVELOP A B. MESSINESS HEALTHY RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CHILD ANAL B. PARENTS MUST SATISFY ALL THE NEEDS C. DEVIANCY, SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION PHALLIC C. THEY MUST PROTECT THE CHILD FROM ANY NON GENITAL PLEASURABLE EVENTS OR CIRCUMSTANCES D. SEXUAL IMMATURITY D. IGNORE NEEDS TO DEVELOP STRONG CHARACTER ANSWER: C ANSWER: A 20. (ANALYZE USING PIAGETS THEORY) Student B is 22. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING CONCEPTS IS already 18 years old. She is expected to understand CENTRAL TO VYGOTSKY'S THEORY? the concept of discipline and responsibility and that it should be applied both at home and at school. At A. OBJECT PERMANENCE her age she is supposed to have acquired the ability B. FIXATION to: A. Have intimate relationship with the opposite sex C. MYLELINATION B. Abstraction and generalization D. ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT C. Know his strengths and weakness as a person D. To know what is morally right and wrong. ANSWER: B ANSWER: D PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY An individual who is in the good boy nice girl will rely on the which factor when making a decision regarding a moral dilemma? A. Family expectations B. Potential punishment involved C. Individual values D. Personal needs and desires ANSWER: A 19. ACCORDING TO PIAGET, A CHILD COMES TO UNDERSTAND 21. A high school student who feels it is wrong to THAT SEQUENCES OR PROCEDURES ARE REVERSIBLE. THIS IS ACQUIRED IN WHICH STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT? cheat because if he gets caught he will be sent to the office is in which level of Kohlberg's moral A. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE OBJECT PERMANENCE B. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE EGOENTRISM reasoning? SERIATION A. Preconventional C. CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE ABSTRACTION B. Internal reasoning D. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE METACOGNITION C. External reasoning D. Conventional ANSWER: C ANSWER: A 27. The combined effect of the home and 25. The need to develop oneself to the the school is an example of the influence of fullest and determine ones purpose in life which system? reflects which needs in Maslow's hierarchy? A.Microsystem A. Belongingness B. Psychological need B. Mesosystem C. Self-actualization C.Exosystem D. Safety needs D.Macrosystem ANSWER: B ANSWER: C BRONFENBRENNER’S MODEL 24. Vygotsky's stage in the development of speech characterized by silent "self- talk" is called? A. Egocentric speech B. Personal speech C. Social speech D. Private speech ANSWER: D 26. According to Bronfenbrenner, which 23. The teacher noticed that student B cannot solve a system contains structures that has a problem on his own, but can do so when provided with hints direct contact and influence to the about the steps. What the teacher did is an example of? child? A. Direct instruction B. Modeling A. Microsystem C. Scaffolding B. Mesosystem D. Differentiated instruction C. Exosystem D. Macrosystem ANSWER: C ANSWER: A 29. It is advisable to advocate the use of Considering Erikson's life-span development theory, which manipulative materials to a child in his of the following strategies would best enable a teacher to stimulate identity exploration in adolescents? early childhood to develop _________? A. Structure activities around success rather than failure. A. Numerical skills B. Evaluate students' opinions carefully and critically. B. Social skills C. Given them activities which will allow them to freely C. Pre-reading skills express themselves D. Give them a set of principles which they need to D. Pre-handwriting skills internalize ANSWER: D ANSWER: C 28. Baby M’s parents are very happy because she has just Which of the following statements refers to students said her first clear word. Having only this information, how aged eleven years and beyond in piaget’s theory of old how old do you think the baby is? cognitive development? A. 3-6 months A. Able to solve abstract problems in logical fashion B. 12-18 months B. Able to solve concrete problems in logical fashion C. They depend on innate reflexes to engage the C. 18-24 months world D. At least 36 months D. They use symbolism to represent and understand various aspects of the environment ANSWER: B ANSWER: A The City government through the school board passed a new law that limits the number of students allowed in each classroom. This move is an example of how a particular environmental 30. During the period of development known as system may influence an individual’s development. The influence "middle childhood," a child typically does which of the city government reflects the influence of which system? of the following A. Microsystem A. Master the fundamental skills of writing B. Mesosystem B. Spend time with peers than with parents C. Exosystem C. Learns to master gross motor skills D. Macrosystem D. Learns to identify letters of the alphabet ANSWER: C ANSWER: B EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND POSITIVE OUTCOMES Attachment temperament 31. This refers to the students experiences and prior knowledge Parenting style Personality Self control (OCEAN) based on their specific culture? Emotional A.Intelligence discipline Regulation B.Aptitude POSITIVE OUTCOMES -Achieve academically C.Emotional intelligence empathy -Socially competent - Self control D.Cultural capital - Self confidence -Less aggressive -Better language skills -Liked by peers and teachers SOCIAL SKILLS QUESTIONS Talent and LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT Intelligence expertise Achievement BY PRODUCT OF: •DELIBERATE PRACTICE CONNECTED TO Ability to •GOOD CAREER SUCCESS - TEACH STUDY •REASON INSTRUCTION AND FEEDBACK SKILLS •SOLVE PROBLEM - PROVIDE PUSH •THINK •10 YEARS OF EARLY FOR ACHIEVEMENT •LEARN QUICKLY AND EXTENSIVE - MORE TIME ON •DEAL WITH TRAINING TASKS ABSTRACTION AND - MORE TIME IN COMPLEXITY •THEY HAVE BETTER SCHOOL MEMORY AND PATTERN RECOGNITION 32. The following are the reasons why should teachers be aware of diversity except? Why is cultural capital important? A. Teacher has the professional accountability A. It helps the students make sense of to all of her students, their families and the their environment community B. It provides them with the financial B. Diversity influences, the teaching and resources to afford school materials learning process and the environment C. They might base their understanding C. It influences academic outcomes which is the primary concern of the teachers of the lesson on their prior knowledge D. It causes stereotypes and biases which D. It provides them social support influence expectations 32. The following are the reasons why should teachers be aware of diversity except? Why is cultural capital important? A. It influences the primary concern of the A. It helps the students make sense of teachers which is their academic outcomes their environment B. Teacher has the professional accountability B. It provides them with the financial to all of her students, their families and the resources to afford school materials community C. They might base their understanding C. Diversity influences, the teaching and of the lesson on their prior knowledge learning process and the environment D. It provides them social support D. It causes stereotypes and biases which influence expectations Why should teachers be aware of it? 31. This refers to the students experiences and prior knowledge • Professional accountability to the learners based on their specific culture? • Influences A.Intelligence • the teaching and learning process • Learning environment B.Aptitude • Expectation • Life outcomes C.Emotional intelligence • In and out the school D.Cultural capital • Causes • Stereotype • biases Cross-cultural dissonance can also occur when the Different Types of Bias methods of instruction used in school differ from what students may be used to. Which one best reflects this issue? • Linguistic bias A. The teacher uses examples specific to a culture to explain a general concept • Stereotype B. The teacher explains why a certain individual • Exclusion is considered as a national hero in a country • Unreality C. The teacher explains why people from a particular place behaves in such a manner • Selectivity D. The teacher gives minority students a chance • Isolation to explain things based on their perspective What causes diversity? Use the theory of Amelia moved to a new school. Her teacher told her not Bronfenbrenner to explain diversity to call her mam but in Amelia culture, saying “ma’am” was the expected appropriate behavior. However from the teacher’s point of view, however, Amelia’s behavior appeared patronizing and disrespectful, especially after she had been told to stop. The teacher called her parents to complain about her behavior; she continued to address her teacher as “ma’am” (something the teacher was uncomfortable with) even after being told not to. This case is a portrayal of? A. Oppositional defiant behavior C. Identity confusion B. Cross-cultural dissonance D. Linguistic barrier Cross-cultural dissonance can also occur when Amelia moved to a new school. Her teacher told her not to call her mam but in Amelia culture, saying “ma’am” was the methods of instruction used in school differ the expected appropriate behavior. However from the from what students may be used to. Which one teacher’s point of view, however, Amelia’s behavior best reflects this issue? appeared patronizing and disrespectful, especially after she had been told to stop. The teacher called her parents A. The teacher uses examples specific to a to complain about her behavior; she continued to address culture to explain a general concept her teacher as “ma’am” (something the teacher was uncomfortable with) even after being told not to. This case B. The teacher explains why a certain individual is a portrayal of? is considered as a national hero in a country C. The teacher explains why people from a A. Oppositional defiant behavior C. Identity confusion particular place behaves in such a manner B. Cross-cultural dissonance D. Linguistic barrier D. The teacher gives minority students a chance to explain things based on their perspective Comparing the two sentences below, most of us, who are The picture below depicts which not native English speakers will find it easier to translate kind of bias? the first sentence because? A. Sentence 1 is a social language and is developed early in life B. Sentence 1 is shorter A. Gender discrimination C. You hate science B. Sexual harassment D. Sentence 2 is longer C. Stereotyping D. Gender preference The picture below depicts which Comparing the two sentences below, most of us, who are not native English speakers will find it easier to kind of bias? translate the first sentence because? A. Sentence 1 is a social language and is developed early in life A. Gender discrimination B. Sentence 1 is shorter B. Sexual harassment C. You hate science D. Sentence 2 is longer C. Stereotyping D. Gender preference Linguistic Bias • Casual register because of • poor English skills. • language is about survival • The language they use outside the school. • Formal register • Middle class for negotiation • Wealthy, for networking. • Poverty for survival • Bias happens when: • The class laughs at the way a student speaks, • When a name is laugh at or deliberately mispronounced. • When a student has difficulty with English or the main language • Implications: • Teacher should be a model and be vigilant not to allow put downs. • Discuss the importance of respect and culture differences. 34. The following are the reason why exclusion 33. The following shows the negative effects of and diversity becomes an educational problem stereotypes when teachers are not aware of it. One except? however is not true, and that is? A. We are already making judgment about a A. Exclusion causes unequal opportunities persons ability and access B. We are giving inaccurate description of B. Poverty hinders access to the needed the person resources C. We are influencing others to have a C. Exclusion nurtures bias and prejudice distorted perception about the person D. Poverty makes access to quality D. We are highlighting the person’s good education difficult qualities 33. The following shows the negative effects of Exclusion stereotypes when teachers are not aware of it. One however is not true, and that is? • lack of representation • teacher calls only those who raises their hands A. We are already making judgment about a • Difficulties are magnified as having special needs persons ability • Latinos and black Americans • 1% of the 17 yrs comprehends a specialized text. B. We are giving inaccurate description of • 20% understands a less specialized text which 50% of the person the white student can understand. • 70% of the white students mastered fraction while only C. We are influencing others to have a 3% can do. distorted perception about the person • And by high school graduation, Latinos and black Americans are reading only at eight grade level D. We are highlighting the persons good • Poverty makes access to quality education difficult because it qualities is expensive. Stereotyping Exclusion • adopted specific thoughts about specific groups does not usually reflect reality accurately. • Cultures have invisible webs “the way things are”. • Learned helplessness • destined to fail or not to • transferred to other aspects of life • As teachers • We need to be careful in choosing learning materials • We need to help children with LH to have control over their life. Provide them with a mean to an end belief. • Have high expectations and a growth mindset rather than a fixed mindset. Selectivity 35. The following happens when the teachers communicate high expectations to the students except? • is a single interpretation of an issue, situation or condition A. Give longer wait time after asking a • children from poverty may laugh at when question disciplined because they learned from the streets that if they showed fear it would B. Provide more prompts and cues to cost them their lives shape student responses IMPLICATIONS • help student see from the other perspectives. This will make C. Give little or no wait time to them better problem solvers. develop critical and quick • Teach them resiliency by teaching students to respond to the processing in students larger world differently from the way they respond to the streets D. Provide more feedback Unreality Perception and expectation: Does it matter? High Low • is a misinformation about a group. • Give longer wait time • Give little or no wait time after asking a question • E.g. Teachers who were told that they are handling • Provide more prompts • Move on to another student above average students showed higher expectations and cues to shape if a student gives an which led the students to performing well. student responses incorrect answer • Offer specific feedback • Offer minimal feedback • IMPLICATIONS: (e.g., “Incorrect,” • Put highly qualified and experienced teachers in the program where there are high poverty rates “Wrong”) • Enable the teachers through quality professional development • Create more • Provide fewer • Teachers who believes in the student (growth mindset) opportunities to learn opportunities to learn and • Help determine potentials and provide feedback and practice new skills practice new skills • Provide more positive • Provide less reinforcement reinforcement 34. The following are the reason why exclusion and diversity becomes an educational problem Isolation except? • Separation of groups • High vs low performing groups A. Exclusion causes unequal opportunities and access • Implications: B. Poverty hinders access to the needed • build a sense of camaraderie, resources community where there is acceptance. C. Exclusion nurtures bias and prejudice • Provide students a chance to talk to D. Poverty makes access to quality each other and work together. education difficult • Create a learning community. Achievement gap Diversit What teachers should understand y Cultural Instruction might be confusing to students if their cultural experiences or background knowledge are different from or inconsistent with those of their teacher. Linguistic Mastering academic content might be difficult for students who are not proficient in English. Exception A disability might affect a student’s learning, and alities therefore the teacher might need to make instructional adjustments if the student is to be successful. Socioeco Students might not have access to additional nomic educational resources and supports outside of school. Developm There is a need for developmentally ental appropriate practice The following happens when the teachers communicate high expectations to the students except?
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A. Give longer wait time after asking a question B. Provide more prompts and cues to shape student responses C. Give little or no wait time to develop critical and quick processing in students D. Provide more feedback !124