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668
J. Environ. Res. Develop.
Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 7 No. 2, October-December 2012
clarifying turbid water, the supernatant structure, could not be powdered in a grinder.
turbidities of water after batch coagulation- In such a case the seeds were kept immersed in
3
sedimentation test were more than 5 NTU. 50 ml water containing 2ml conc.HCl. After a
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES week, the mixture was mashed to a soup-like
In the present study, a coagulation-filtration solution and was washed through a nylon
test was used to examine the improvement in cloth. The material retained on the cloth was
the quality of turbid water by direct filtration oven dried for 24 hours at 103°C to 105°C and
by applying the optimum dosages of each weighed. By calculating the weight of the
coagulant obtained from the batch coagulation- seeds dissolved, the strength of the stock
sedimentation test. The goal of this study is to solution was determined.
assess the suitability of this method for turbid Powder of pads of Cactus opuntia
water in rural areas of developing countries. Cactus opuntia pads were purchased from the
MATERIAL AND METHODS nursery at Bhagur, Nasik,India. They were
The natural coagulants used in this study are stored in the refrigerator at 4°C .Pads were
powder of Strychnos potatorum seeds, powder initially washed with water and skin was
obtained from the pads of Cactus opuntia and peeled from the pad. The outer pad was
the powder of mucilage extracted from the considered the outer layer of bright green
fruits of Coccinia indica. The seeds of S. tissue composed of chlorenchyma and the
potatorum were purchased from an ayurvedic inner pad was considered the inner layer of
7
medical shop at Chennai. Cactus opuntia pads off-white tissue composed of parenchyma.
were purchased from a nursery at Bhagur. The The inner pads were then sliced into small
preparation of synthetic turbid water and pieces to facilitate drying. The sliced cactus
coagulant solutions are described below. was kept in oven at 80°C for 8 hours to dry.
Preparation of turbid water sample The dried cactus was ground into fine powder
using mixer and subsequently sieved to sizes
Turbid water used in this study was prepared
53-106µm.
by adding 10gm of kaolin powder. It was
purchased from Space Laboratories Ltd, Powder of mucilage extracted from the
fruits of Coccinia indica
Ambad at Nasik, India. Kaolin powder was
dried in an oven with the temperature of 105°C Coccinia indica ripped fruits were purchased
for 5 hours. After that it was removed from the from the market at Nasik Road, Nasik, India,
oven and was embedded in desiccators for 30 They were collected from the market and
minutes.100ml of distilled water was added to thoroughly washed with water, cut into small
the kaolin power and the suspension was kept pieces and soaked in distilled water overnight.
at room temperature for 24 hours and was The mucilaginous extract was filtered through
completely mixed for 20 minutes by electrical muslin cloth. Alcohol was added to precipitate
8
blender. The suspension was left undisturbed the extract. The precipitate was then washed
for 4 hours in order to settle the coarser with acetone 2-3 times and then dried by
particles. One litre supernatant was transferred keeping in an oven at the temperature of 40°C
to Erlenmeyer flask and was kept as stock for 24 hours. The filtered extract was then used
4-6
solution. From this stock solution, desired in the experiment. Alum is a most commonly
turbidities were generated. In this study high used coagulant in some rural areas of India.
turbidity of 192 NTU was generated and The alum used in this study was reagent grade
utilized for experimentation. aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3, 16H2O. It was
Powder of Strychnos potatorum seeds supplied by Space Laboratories Ltd, Ambad
S. potatorum seeds were purchased from the and Nasik, India.
ayurvedic medical shop at Chennai. They were The various chemicals used in this study are
powdered and sieved through 150µm sieve, alum, acetone and alcohol to obtain coccinia
and a 2% suspension was prepared with indica powder and Kaolin powder to obtain
1
distilled water .These seeds due to their hard turbid water samples of required turbidity.
669
J. Environ. Res. Develop.
Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 7 No. 2, October-December 2012
They were purchased from Space Laboratories were measured at intervals of 30 minutes
Ltd, Ambad, and Nasik, India. throughout the filter run.
Laboratory scale sand filter To ensure a proper compaction and cleanliness
of the filter bed, clean bed head loss was
A Perspex transparent column having an determined by Carman-Kozeny equation
internal diameter of 50mm and length 1000mm modified by fair and hatch and the computed
was used to prepare the filtration assembly. value (1.84 cm per 5cm depth of sand) was
This filtration assembly was purchased from verified with actual clean filter bed head loss
Space Laboratories, Ambad at Nasik by giving before commencement of the filter run. To
the order with design specifications. The sand monitor the head loss development head losses
and gravel of 300mm and 200mm depth were at 5cm filter bed depth were recorded at
collected from the construction worksite of regular intervals and filtered water quality was
COE, Kopargaon. monitored. (Fig. 1).
In this column, the sand of 300mm depth was
supported by 200mm gravel. The sand used to
prepare the filter had the effective size (d10) of
0.45mm and (d60) size of 0.62mm, uniformity
coefficient (U.C) of 1.3555, specific gravity of
2.65 and porosity of bed as 0.445.Two 10mm Valve
diameter flexible transparent tube were used as
piezometric tubes and were inserted at depths
of 550 mm and 700mm from the top of the Constant Head tank
column. The supernatant from the coagulation-
flocculation-sedimentation stage was used as
an influent to the filter using peristaltic pump
at a steady flow rate of 5m/h. Prior to each
filter run the sand and gravel beds have been Piezometers
cleaned.
Experimental procedure 300 mm depth
Synthetic turbid water of high turbidity sand bed
(192NTU) was taken in 500ml capacity
beakers of 7 numbers and was used in standard 200 mm deep
Gravel bed
jar test apparatus. Pre-determined optimum
Two ways to
doses of coagulant were added and stirred
collect sample
approximately 100 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid
mix stage helps to disperse the coagulant
throughout each container. At the end of rapid
mixing period slow mixing was continued at 5
to 35 rpm for 20 minutes. This slower mixing Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of laboratory scale
speed helps to promote floc formation by sand filter
enhancing particle collisions which lead to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
larger flocs. After slow mixing, the beaker
Sand filtration with Strychnos potatorum
were carefully removed from the jar test set up
seeds as coagulant
and the contents left to settle for 30 minutes.
These jar testing criteria were established from Fig. 2 shows the filtration characteristics of
a preliminary study. The supernatant from the Strychnos potatorum seeds dosed at 1.5mg/l. The
settled water was filtered through Whatman initial turbidity 14 NTU reduced to 0 NTU after
No. 40 filter paper or through a laboratory sand 30 minutes settling. It was this supernatant that
filter. Filter paper used to establish the was filtered at the flow rate of 5 m/h. Filtrate
optimum doses of each coagulant for initial turbidity attained a value of 5 NTU from the
screening studies. After determining the beginning indicating that ripening of the filter
optimum dose, a sand filter run was conducted was quite rapid. Strychnos potatorum seed
at optimum dose. Turbidity and head losses extract is an anionic poly-electrolyte which
670
J. Environ. Res. Develop.
Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 7 No. 2, October-December 2012
Dosage (mg/l)
672
J. Environ. Res. Develop.
Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 7 No. 2, October-December 2012
particles in the turbid water by bridging water treatment, Pro. Bio., 41(3), 730-
mechanism, finally settled them down and can 733, (2006)
26-32
be easily removed from turbid water. 5. Yarahmadi M. Hossieni M., Bina B.,
Mahamoudian M.H., Naimabadie A. and
CONCLUSION Shahsavani A., Application of Moringa
After carrying out the study the following oleifera seed extract and polyaluminum
conclusions were made. All the three natural chloride in water treatment, J. Wor. Appl.
coagulants are more effective for turbidity Sci. J., 7(8), 962-967, (2009).
removal and among them, Coccinia indica 6. Pise C.P., Gidde M.R. and Bhalerao A.R.,
proved to be more effective with less dosage of Study of blended coagulant alum and
0.5mg/l.The filtered water turbidity obtained Moringa oleifra for turbility removal, J.
when Strychnos potatorum, Cactus opuntia Environ. Res. Develop., 4(2), 517-527,
and Coccinia indica were used as coagulant (2009).
was approaching zero NTU for Strychnos 7. Lerdau M., Tholbrook N.M., Mooey H.A.,
potatorum and one NTU in the case of Cactus Rich P.M. and Whitbeck J.L., Seasonal
and Coccinia indica. Head loss development in patterns of acid fluctuations and resource
filtered bed with time was more in the case of storage in the arborescent Cactus opuntia
Strychnos potatorum in comparison with excelsa in relation to light availability and
size. Oecologia , 92(1), 166-171, (1992).
Cactus opuntia and Coccinia indica.
8. Patale Varsha and Parikh Punitha, A
The filtrate turbidity approaches the values of
preliminary study on Coccinia indica fruit
0 NTU, 1 NTU and 0NTU in the case of
mucilage extract as Coagulant flocculent
Strychnos potatorum., Cactus opuntia and for turbid water treatment, J. Pure Appl.
Coccinia indica respectively. The turbidity Sci., 18(1), 27-30, (2010).
value recommended by WHO for drinking 9. Tripathi P.N, Chaudhuri M. and Bokil
water is <5NTU.Since the turbidity values S.D., Nirmali seed – A naturally occurring
obtained was lesser than 5 NTU, we can
coagulant, Ind. J. Enviro. Heal. 18(1), 272-
conclude from this study that all the three
280, (1976).
natural coagulants can be used efficiently for
10. Jayaram K. Murthy I.Y.L.N.,
turbid water treatment.
Lalhruaitluanga H. and Prasad M.N.V,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Biosorption of lead from aqueous solution
The authors like to acknowledge Dr. by seed powder of Strychnos potatorum L,
Rajashekar Talikoti ,Professor and HOD Elsevier, 71(1), 248-254, (2009).
(Civil),Late GNSCOE, Nasik, Maharashtra and 11. Black A.P., Birkner F.B. and Morgan J.J.,
Pofessor M. S. Purkar, HOD(Civil),SRES’ Destabilization of dilute clay suspensions
COE,Kopargaon, Maharashtra for their with labeled polymers, J. Am. Wat. Wor.
invaluable suggestions, critics,encouragement Associ., 57(1), 1547, (1965).
and tremendous support. 12. Chaudhuri M., Tripathi P. and Bokil S.D.,
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