Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Firstly, Origin of Tourism word in English language. Tourism word came from the
latin ‘tornare’ and the Greek ‘Tornors’, meaning a lathe or circle; movement around a
central point or axis’. Ithasdirect relation to visit with activities. It is further developed
into the concept of ‘Round trip’ or ‘package tour’. Tourism word has normal meaning
in 13th century. But it started to become dynamic only from 19thcentury (Google).
the journey.Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the
Homestay is a new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in
rural development. Homestay tourism, as the major component of rural tourism, tries
house located in a rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible
Homestay is new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in
rural development. Homestay in Nepal has been categorized into two as community
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minimum standard as stipulated in the operating procedures. Homestay tourism of any
form, is the major component of rural tourism, and tries to integrate all tourism
exchange and strengthening the value of community and also contributes for the
located in a rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible primarily
While homestays can occur in any destination worldwide, some countries do more to
the Nepalese contest, homestay tourism is the integration of all rural tourism
ecotourism, nature-based tourism and the like. This integration of all the tourism
components to develop the tourism industry is a new and best way for rural tourism
development. The main objectives of homestay tourism are; to stimulate the micro-
economic component in the interior rural parts; to provide employment and economic
value in the rural areas; for ecological sustainability; to use natural and human
resources of the rural areas for rural development; to expose the rural culture and
national income and centralize the local resources in the national economy; and to
promote and improve local agricultural and other industries. Homestay tourism can
also play an important role in the development of infrastructure in the remote areas.
In this way to develop tourism with origin to concept of home stay. Its concept is
worldwide. So the history of home stay is not long. Firstly Nepal introduces program
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of village tourism aiming at promoting country’s tourism industries in 2052 B.S. for
the first time in SirubariSyangja. So that slowly develops the other district.
Nagarkot are few examples. There are many homestay. Similarly there are so many
lodges and restaurants. But I want to study about condition of homestay. So I had
it is considered one of the most scenic spots in Bhaktapur District. It is known for a
sunrise view of the Himalayas including Mount Everest as well as other peaks of the
Himalayan range of eastern Nepal. Nagarkot also offers a panoramic view of the
Kathmandu Valley.
Nagarkot are very peaceful places. People can enjoy. They are religious place for
Hindus. Beautiful scene of nature attracts tourists. They are rich in culture and rural
environment. More people enjoy at homestay. Tourists are attracted towards the
weight-age in which the long historical and cultural traditions are preserved. Besides,
they are at the proximity of the natural beauties. In community based tourism, such
communities are the owners of these assets. Sankhuand Nagarkot are such touristic
places of Nepal that they have long preserved Newari cultural and traditions of
centuries old, and the village are based super natural landscapes. As the government
villages if cultural attractions can be a choice for community tourism promotion. But
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declaring the village itself as a touristic village does not pay off. These said villages
Though the homestays are operating since over a decades in these villages which
itself was a new concept in Nepal’s tourism history, the outcomes of such form of
tourism has not been found investigated at policy level as of now. So this research
aims to study on the economic value that accrue to the host community tourism,
redistribution in society.
Sankhu has a wide prospect for the development of tourism, but there are no macros
or micro level study related to the tourism. Bajrayoginihas all the necessary
has many tourist attractions like Sankhu. Most of the studies on tourism in Nepal are
conducted in macro level, thus the recommendations are of generalized in nature. But
we also need some specific type of recommendations in order to upgrade the tourism
in our country. This is possible through a micro level study of the problem. Hence this
research is based on micro level with a case study of Bajrayogini and Nagarkot
community homestay. This will be an attempt to investigate the issues relating to the
village tourism promotion at macro level. Thus this study is proposed the
improvement and problem identified regarding village tourism and its socio-economic
So that homestay is more important for tourist. There are less people to do research or
write thesis in this subject. So I choose homestay in my study field. I saw so many
What are the economy and environmental impacts of tourism in Sankhu and
Nagarkot?
areas.
The general objective of the study is to find out the impact of homestay in Nagarkot
community.
The specific objectives are to find the cultural condition of various types of cast einthe
study areas and to explore and identify the impact of Homestay in Nagarkot for their
future development in tourism. The overall objective of this study is to identify the
prospects, problems and impact of tourism in Nagarkot. The specific objectives of the
aesthetics.
- To estimate the average spending of the tourists per visits on homestay village
holds.
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1.4 Importance/Significance of study
Sankhu and Nagarkot are very nice and peaceful places. So I have done this research
for further development of these areas. I think this research will find outthe socio-
cultural impact of Home stay, whatever helps the tourism sectors. Local people will
help to go ahead. I think this study may also be able to explore the socio-cultural
Nepal. It opened the door of tourism in 1950. Nepal’s economic condition is not good
and sufficient. People are living at the margin of subsistence level. Nepal is facing
many problems on the path of her economic development. Most of the people are
engaged in agriculture. But our agriculture productivity is extremely low due to high
In Nepal, so many studies on tourism have been done. Almost all these studies
indicate that the tourism industry is very important in Nepal because it plays a great
role in earning foreign currency and it helps to support for the economic development
in Nepal. But some of the studies on tourism are based on macro level and centralized
on the country. That is why we are unable to study and to investigate for the
promotion of tourism in different parts of our country. There are so many tourist
areas in Nepal.
This study is related with the promotion of tourism at the micro level in the selected
accommodation and other modern facilities are not developed sufficiently but the
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analyze the tourist inflow and its prospects as well as socio-economic impact of
This study is conducted for the completion of the partial fulfillment of master
and resource
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Chapter II
Literature review
Literature review is most important step of research study. Whose make easy &
comfort for research. Because its can give detail information of this research.
Similarly what & how is understand condition before research area.So, its study is
more needable.
Over the decade tourism is contributing significantly to the world economy. From
nations. But along with the increasing recognition of the tourism contribution to the
led to opt for more responsible from of tourism termed as community tourism, pro
poor tourism, termed as mass tourism has significant positive role in national
fairly but instead the tourism benefits accumulate to those who can invest in the
tourism industry and unless they participate on tourism activities. The mass tourism
has top–down approach where it is difficult to presume right away that tourism
development will eventually benefit the poor through the trickledown effect.
the local level of the community people. The community tourism is a bottom-up
heritages and natural environment to which the foreigners are attracted will be
increased due the ownership feeling amongst the local people which ultimately invite
more visitors into their communities. So it’s a two way process where the resources
and heritage conservation results in increased tourism and which itself motivates the
asset holders in the community for the preservation activities in the communities due
Homestay tourism is one fact of tourism which is community based, sustainable and
responsible for nature conservation as it has local stakeholders to support and gain
from it. Tourism in the communities as homestay thus propels the sustainability and
entrepreneurship to the effect of business growth thus adding economic value to the
host community, however the tourism leakages such as for outer dependence for
world. It plays significant role not in the developing country but also in developed
countries. Different peoples inside and outside the country have conducted many
studies on tourism. In order to make the study more reliable, some of the available
dissertation, articles, reports and others studies about tourism or homestay reviewed.
Related to concerned chapters from various books, articles, journals and website as
mentioned below.
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The study of tourism or homestay from sociological perspectives has been carried out
from three broad points of view, which have provided the basics frame work for
as consequences for the individual and their cultures. Third, the more or less
Tourists were found to be worried about political and social disturbances. Also
international disturbances affect Nepal tourism tourists to some extent have had
opportunity to enjoy the fascinating and exciting activities such as festivals, food and
funfair, stick dances performances, faith healing performances, and lama drumming in
full moon, funeral rites and weeding. Although she has worked under theme of
cultural tourism, she has mentioned anything about the concept of cultural tourism in
As a prospect of India, she has written the historical evolution and development of the
tourism in the world and India. In this chapter she explained the different stages of the
tourism evolution. This is necessary for the student of tourism. Another chapter,
socio-cultural impact of tourism explained the tourism and cultural change effects on
culture tourism and material forms of culture, the renaissance of the traditional art
developing country. As Nepal is also developing country several cases from the book
According to the Herbert (1995), provides as many question and answers concerning
and national identity as well as in political sense. As title suggests this book is
concerned with the development of heritage as attraction for visitors and tourist and
In the 8th plan it was aimed to develop Nepal as a final destination for tourists and to
promotion program was launched in order to increase the inflow of the tourists with
greater spending capacity from Australia, Western Europe, America and also from the
newly developed tourist market such as Eastern Asia and South East Asia. In the 9th
plan additional destinations were aimed to be developed and diversified on the basis
aimed to be preserved and promoted to enhance tourist attractions. In the 10th plan
the 11th plan, the tourism sector was developed as the foundation of the economy,
easement, simplicity and excellence. Acts, rules and regulation related to culture,
On the basis of above mentioned fact, we can say tourism is the top priority sector in
Nepal. Even being top priority sector, its development is not taking a desirable growth
path.
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2.4 Conceptual Review
volumes as these are the asset for the community people to lure the visitors into their
rural parts by employing human and natural resources, adding economic value in the
rural communities, conserving ecology, exposing the rural culture and nature to the
outside world, decentralizing the national income and centralizing the local resources
in the national economy and improving local agricultural and other industries. The
diagram below shows the inter-links between the tourism activities, environment and
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Figure: Conceptual framework
↓ ↑ ↓
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Chapter III
Research Methodology
In order to depict the picture of local condition and context on the other hand relies on
a few key informants rather than on a representative sample. But it depends on two
things: choosing good informants and asking them things they know about. In other
words, we must select informants and asking them things they know about. In other
words, we must select informants for their competence rather than just for their
approaches. Descriptive in the sense that, dissertation has carefully tried to record all
the observed events from the study area and describe as faithfully as possible.
Description of the culture and ways of life of people; special focus is given to the
The total households of Nagarkot are 1000 hundred, but homestay households are 22.
sampling was used to collect data and information. Therefore, this study primarily is
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3.3 Nature of data
Primary Source: The Primary data have been collected through observation,
Secondary Source: On the other side the Secondary data obtained from VDC,
District, region, and Central level as well as Library, published and unpublished
articles, documents, books, CD-ROM. Internet agencies, CBOs report, tourism board
so on.
The household survey was conducted in ward no. 11 of Nagarkot. It was conducted in
a place where the informants felt the most comfortable, usually at their house or
center part of the village. Host households and the guests who stayed at least one
night in their homes were provided with structured set of questionnaires different for
related to the objectives of this research. Scale of the host and guest satisfaction level
was also put on the questions which would likely assess state of the art and the future
prospects.
Structured and semi structured interview with some of the key informants in the
community mainly home stay management committees and from among the guests
has been done which could help triangulate the data received from the household and
After having the data collected from household survey, three sets of group discussions
were conducted that consisted a group of leading hosts, home stay management
committee representatives and guests residing in home stays as well as local tourism
enthusiastic on pre-specified topic are carried out. Issues for discussion were
were carried out in the study to know about history, culture and impact of home stay
in Nagarkot.
All the collected data are analyzed by using simple statistical tools and techniques.
Information collected using different tools and sources have been checked, coded,
processed and analyzed using MS EXCEL software. Qualitative data were first coded
and converted into quantitative type in order to compute and then, the analysis was
done. Quantification of data was also done during the development of questionnaire
where possible. Descriptive statistics was mainly used during analysis of data. Both
qualitative and quantitative tables, figures, charts, pictures, etc. that provide basis to
analyze economic, social and demographic factors at household level that impact the
host community from tourism activities positively or negatively has been used.
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3.5 Rapport Building
The first step for the researcher is to become familiar to the study are and to establish
friendly relationship with targeted respondents of the area. Investigator visited people
in their village sharing talk and enjoying coffee, bread and tea. Mr. SurajBastola, a
member of Nagarkot home stay committee, played a significant role to build rapport
with their people. PuskarBastola helped as a guide and for the entire work. He has
good command on local people and also good relation with the villagers.
Field note was maintained during whole study period in a daily on daily basis. Each
and every event and portion of information was noted with its full reference, which
was supposed to be useful for report writing. During manuscript preparation, field
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Chapter –IV
Nagarkot is famous for its Himalayan views- the Himalayan peaks at sunrise are a
magnificent sight to behold. Many wish upon arrival they would have planned for more than
Winter
The winter starts in September-October and ends around January-February. The maximum
temperature hovers between 18-21 degrees Celsius and the minimum drops to 2-3 degrees. The
sky over Nagarkot at this time of the year is generally clear, providing superb views of the
mountains.
Summer
The summer season lasts from February-March till June-July. The maximum temperature rises
to 32-33 degrees celsius with the minimum staying at 12-13degrees. Monsoon the rainy season
begins in June-July and continues till August-September. The monsoon is marked by big
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4.1.2 EthnicityinNagarkot
Nagarkot today is a composite of different ethnic groups and beliefs. It contains Bahuns,
4.1.3Location
Nagarkot has an altitude of 2195 m, and is situated in Bhaktapur District of Bagmati Zone. It is
- BisketJatra
- BaishakhPurnima,
- JanaiPurnima .
- GaiJatra,
- Dashain,
- Tihar,
- Maghesankranti
- YomariPurnima,
- Shivaratri,
- Gravity station
- Jalpadevi Temple
- MahadevPokhari
- Nagarkot Tower
- MahadevJarana
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- PanchaMahaLaxmiTemple,
- Mahalaxmi Temple
- Planetarium
- Bajrayogini temple
- Sankhu
- Salinadi
- Boudhastupa
- Scene of Madichude
Homestay tourism is one facet of tourism which is community based, sustained and responsible
in nature as it has local stakeholders to support and gain from it. Home stay is one type of
tourism that promotes interaction between host families and visit NPR It will function as a
guideline for management on natural resources and cultural preservation and distributes income
to local residents, preventing leakage of the economy out of the community. Home stay
accommodation is a term with specific cultural associations such as private homes interaction
with a host or host-family, sharing of space which thereby becomes public (Lynch&Mac
Whannell,2000). It is used to refer to type accommodation where tourists or guests pay directly
Homestays are outstanding attractions which pull for the attention from operator NPR.
Moreover, homestay activates, develop communities and increase community income while
still maintaining the culture and environment of the local area. Simple lifestyles of local
residents have become an important attraction which gains the attention of tourists. Home stays
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are viewed as culture and heritage tourism, which emerged with the culture of local residents.
Homestay tourists believe that the home stay represent a unique way of the host culture and
Home stay is a new concept in Nepal’s tourism, which can play an important role in rural
development. Home stay in Nepal has been categorized into two as community and private
home stay as stipulated in home stay operating procedures (Home stay sanchalanKaryabidhi),
published by Ministry of tourism and Civil Aviation. The community home stay is operated by
a group of at least five separate households whereas the private home stay is operated by
individual hose hold maintaining the minimum standard as stipulated in the operating
procedures. Home stay tourism of any form, is the major component of rural tourism, and tries
to integrate all tourism activities in a particular location. Home stay tourism is an important
driver of learning, exchange and strengthening the value of community and also contributes for
the conservation of environment and cultural preservation. Home stay in any private house
located in rural area of the country in good condition and easily accessible primarily qualifies
In the Nepalese contest, home stay tourism is the integration of all rural tourism components
like trekking, cultural tourism, agro-tourism, health tourism, sports tourism, pro-poor tourism,
pleasure and recreational tourism, adventurous tourism, ecotourism, nature –based tourism and
the like. This integration of all the tourism components to develop the tourism industry is a new
and best way for rural tourism development. The main objectives of home stay tourism are; To
stimulate the micro-economic component in the interior rural parts; to provide employment and
economic value in the rural areas; for ecological sustainability; to use natural and human
resources of the rural areas for rural development; to expose the rural culture and nature to the
outside world; to protect environmental degradation; to decentralize the national income and
21
centralize the local resources in the national economy; and to promote and improve local
agricultural and other industries. Home stay tourism can also play an important role in the
With its medium elevation, excellent views of the Himalayas can be seen. Nagarkotis
undoubtedly an interesting tourist destination where few guesthouses and many hotels
providead equate room. It has saved architecture of buildings which could otherwise have been
replaced by faceless modern structures found in many other cities and towns throughout Nepal.
The distinct and diverse Hindu festivals, which until recently had been celebrated several times
a year solely within the individual communities, can now also be shared by the visitors from far
and wide. Other attractions in the vicinity include the Mahalaxmi temple, MahadevJarana,
Mahadevpokhari, jalpadevi temple etc. From the Nagarkot tower, one can not only enjoy a
bird’s eye view of Kathmandu valley but also relish the panoramic view of the entire
Many people living in Nagarkot are farmers. Animal husbandry is also major profession of
many villagers. This is the tourism area so many people has small hotels. Homestay provides
Home stay operators are based in communities which themselves are bound by community
values and principles. They work together on guided values and principles and have a strong
social bond. In many cases there has been community ownership of resources and community
farming which makes the social living in harmony more strengthened. Mutual problems are
shared and cooperated in needs. A social trusteeship or identity is created in such community
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living and that can be capitalized in times of economic obligations such as running a business
like home stays, farming etc. the involvement of the community in the development of tourism
is perceived as an important factor for the success of tourism. This is because it is based on the
active support of community members who are perceived to have shared goals vis-a-vis
development (Rocharungsat, 2008). Social capital is an asset in home stay tourism management
at community level. Communities working together build up their capacity which further
propels the community endeavor for joint benefits. Community participation has been given
different names for a long time, such as capacity building, community action and community
development.
Tourism in communities has also been advocated from the minimal resource utilization and
common good only by community participation. According to Richards and Hall (2000) the
new form of tourism is not only able to minimize resource use and reduce environmental
impact, but also be more sustainable. So the willing communities to invite visitors and to gibe
continuity seek to explore ways building social capital. The social capital is deemed as a
prerequisite in home stay tourism management for its sustainability in the community tourism.
4.1.9 Language
They speak Nepali language. In Nagarkot, only Bastola community is involved in homestay
concept. However, there are few ethnic group such are Tamang, Newars, Magars. In
Bajrayogini, Newars, Tamang and Chhetris are more. But all ethnic groups communicate in
Nepali.
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Chhetris, Newars, Magars, Tamang andGurungs.
The various Newari and Magar festivals, which until recently have been held for their own
purposes several times a year, can be of interest to tourists too. Sorathi and Chutka dances are
very popular.
4.1.11 Housing
The house is made up of brick, mud with tin roof. Some new houses are made up of brick,
cement and concrete. Due to earthquake of 2072, many houses are not in good condition.
4.1.12 Sanitation
The study area is regarded as village tourism area. All houses have toilet facilities and they
dispose the house hold wastages in manure pit. They have idea about the processes of
About 100% of the surveyed households use the piped water for drinking purpose generally
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4.1.14 Dress & ornaments
Nowadays due to the modernization, urbanization and foreign influences, we find all people
wearing different kinds of clothing like t-shirt, trousers and shirts which are not what they
traditionally wore many centuries ago. The traditional clothing men wear consists of daura and
suruwal with traditional Nepali topi (cap). In between the upper and lower part of the body,
long clothes wrapped around the waist as a belt, tightly to compress the stomach muscles.
Instead of these clothes wrapping used as a belt, ware old army belts etc. In cold and wet
Ornaments worn by women are similar to those worn by other communities. Earrings,phulis
(noserings) on the nostrils, naugedistilharis and squarish amulets hung along with potch (snall
glass beads). Some even wear golden bangles and golden crescent moon hair-clips etc.
uplanggurungs wear the same sort of the ornaments described but they also wear necklaces
strung with silver coins. The wear silver earrings, silver kalli (ankles) etc.
The everyday food of these areas people is rice, daal and vegetables. Goat meat and chicken
meat is used as a festive food. They give ghee, honey, meat, rice to the mother of newborn
baby. There is significant number of people in the study area not having beer and wine. Potato,
mushroom, radish, beans, spinach etc. are also popular vegetables for them. Wine is popular
4.1.16 Religion
All Bastola families are Hindu. They worship many gods, demons, pitreesandkuls. Gods,
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goddess, nagh, cows are worshipped. They perform many religious rites.Tamangs are
Buddhists.
4.1.17 Festivals
New year, Buddha Jayanti, Saunesankranti, Teejetc.They celebrate Dashain and Tihar as
major festivals.
The study area is politically aware. Some people believe in congress and some in
communists.
4.1.19 Education
Education plays vital role in every aspect of people’s attitude. Without education people’s
attitude and knowledge cannot develop. There is one secondary level school in study area of
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40
36.73 35.89
34.69
35
30
25.64
25
20 17.94 Male
14.28 Female
15 12.82
10 7.69
6.12 6.12
5 2.04
0
0
I.A.&above SLC 6_10 1_5 literate Illiterate
Above mentioned figures only show the education status of family member (male, female)
who areinvolved in home stay occupation. People who had involved in home stay were
The study area has no hospital. People have to go Bhaktapur for hospital. For severe and
Respondents
1. Social 04 20
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2. Cultural 06 30
3. Economic 05 25
4. Environmental 05 25
Total 20 100
The research conducted in Nagarkot the fact that out of the 20 studied households 4 (20%)
total that they are socially affected from home stay. The impacts of village tourism for 6
households (30%), 5 households (25%), and 5 (25%) households are cultural, economic and
environmental respectively. In this chapter the social and cultural and the next chapter (see
chapter VI) economic and environmental impacts of home stay are discussed.
Tourism is genuinely powerful and unique force to change in the community. Many scholars
have assumed that tourism may bring about rapid and dramatic changes land uses
The Focus Group Discussion (2016) conducted in Nagarkot and Bajrayogini revealed the
facts that the concept of village tourism is one of ‘home stay’ or ‘paying guest’ with an
emphasis on interacting and living with the host community. It offers the visitors and
opportunity to experience firsthand the culture, customs, and daily life of the household and
the community. Some trekking is involved but the village experience, in the natural, social
and cultural setting, is the main tourism product. The guests stay in groups of two to five in
assigned households where arrangement for accommodation, meals, snacks, and so on are
made. It is a complete family atmosphere. The management of the supply component through
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a participatory institution, broad-based sharing of benefits and a new approach to visitor
satisfaction are other unique features of the Nagarkothome stay.The following figure gives the
15 40 a. 1-3
b. 4-6
45
c.7-10
Above mentions the figure, 15% household in stay for 1-3 person, similarly 40% household
was found for 4-6 person and 45% household was found 7-10 person in flow in tourist per
Society is possible due to the social interaction among the individual, group. Community,
nation and international community. Social impacts include the changes in different spheres
and facets of social life. There includes the changes within households, family, community
and so on. Impacts to marriage system, family structure, kinship network are also affected
from home stay. In this section, the positive as well as negative social impact in Nagarkot
people is discussed.
The research conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that out of the 20 surveyed households
04 respondents (20%) told that the impacts of homestay / tourism in Nagarkot is social.
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Among the 4(20%) social impacts respondents 2 respondents (50% of total 20 interview
households) say that home stay/tourism did impact on their family structure. But 1 respondent
(25% of the total 20 households) told the impacts on community as the impact tourism. Then
1 respondents (25% of the total 20 households) told the impacts on both family &
2. Impact of community 01 25
Total 04 100
The study conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that tourism changed the family structure
of the local people. According to the villagers, the household was composed of more than
three generations before implementation of tourism. It reveals that join family was common
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in practice among these people in Nagarkot. But nowadays there are dramatic changes in the
view of natives regarding family structures. Most of the natives especially new generation are
interested to stay in nuclear family instead of joint family. The members of the natives seem
busy in work and they cannot give their time in agriculture and other activities from which the
quarrels might be created in between members of the family. Besides they are following
nuclear family on the account of the business and job outside the village.
The Focus group Discussion with the villagers in Nagarkot also found the facts that with the
village tourism side by side the process of modernization, westernization etc. came in practice
in the community. Due to the contact from the national and international community their
thinking to live in joint family is changed. Another factor to change the joint family into
nuclear family is leisure time. The people became busy due to the tight schedule of the daily
routines.
The following case study is one example of the social impacts of village tourism on the
family structure in Nagarkot. Due to the tourism in Nagarkot, the inflow of the number of
tourists increased. After the involvement with the foreign tourists the local villagers
influenced from their way of life. People also knew about the culture and life style of the
foreigners. Such as westernization, modernization changed the structure of the family. It is all
Case study 1
SurajBastola an inhabitant of Nagarkot feels the changes of family residence due the
tourist. He lived in joint family at that time he was child.’ It was very difficult and tenuous
to live in common but it was our common practices”, Suraj recalls his past. Due to the
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tourism different people come their village nationally and internationally. Joint family
became obstacle to manage the time to tourists. They realize to live in nuclear family.
Modernization and westernization brought the change within the family. The norms and
values of the local people are changed due to the influence of modernization. We have no
time to serve the elder member of the family because of the tight schedule of the tourism.
To live in joint is also inappropriate from the point of view of sanitation. Nuclear family
also helps to adjust the tourists into their family. The main goal of tourism is to adjust the
tourists within the local family. Tourists feel them as a member of the family.
The case study shows the changes of family forms. The joint families became the nuclear
ones. The decision making of the household is increased and the level of education also
TheFocused group discussion conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that the homestay
also changed community of their people. To promote the homestay in community level,
different organizations are established BachatSamuha, youth club, tourism development and
management committee(TDMC) and Nepal Village Resort Ltd. Basically other than TDMC
&NVR are the main factors which play vital role to developed community based tourism at
Nagarkot.
The impacts of tourism at community level can be seen in different sector and facets of the
society. The establishment of schools, roads, clubs and different organizations are example of
the effects of tourism in the community. Before implementation of village tourism in the
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community the “we feeling” of the local people is weaken but now it is strong due to the
tourism. Most of the works are done communally and it created the neighborhood among the
households.
Culture is the way of life of local people who inhabit in particular place. In Tylor’s views,”
culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, morals, art, law, customs,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.” (1871)
Impact of the culture includes the way of people, life style, language, taste moral behavior,
As the movement of domestic and foreign tourist influences the society and culture, the
preservation of culture and development of tourism are sharply contrasting elements. Because
social relation between people who would otherwise not meet, cultural clashes take places as
a result of differences in culture, ethnic and religious groups’ values of languages and level of
prosperity. When tourist comes in contact with the places he/she visits its population and
The research conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that the impacts of tourism in local
culture are outstanding. In Nagarkotthe impacts of homestay sphere can be seen. Out of the 20
surveyed households 6 households (30%) told village tourism impacts the cultural spheres.
Within the cultural impact of the homestay 2 respondents (10%) said that changes of house
structure and the process of Trinkeization are impacts of homestay. Similarly, 3 households
(15%) felt the homestay brought the changes in life style, festivals and language. Homestay
brought the changes in life style, festivals and language. Homestay impacts on moral behavior
and hospitality of local people according the 1 respondents(5%). For details cultural impacts
33
refer in table 4.
trinketization
language
hospitality
Total 06 30
The people have own social system. It is found that social structures of natives have changed.
Previously, each and every household of the people seemed to be one or two storied and
manmade of non-plastered bricks. Gradually, the natives are attracted towards the
Nagarkot. From the field survey, it is found that most of the new generations want to stay in
On one hand, architectural pollution has occurred but on the other hand tourism also helps to
raise local awareness of the financial value of cultural sites and can stimulate a feeling of
pride in local and national heritage and interest in its conservation. More broadly, the
34
involvement of local communities in tourism development and operation appears to be an
important condition for the conservation and sustainable use heritage. Thus, a question arises
Nagarkot has also unique life style and also helped the villagers to live up to its glory. Active
participation in cultural activities has been an inalienable part of Nagarkot life. We may
chance upon musical traditional bands going on around the villages. The tourist visits this
village to see all the traditional life style, but nowadays due to impacts of tourism and others
life styles has changed lot. The old life style is seen only among the old members of the
society.
People celebrate many festivals likeDashain, Tihar, Maghesankranti, new year, teej etc. and
most of the Hindu festivals. But after launching the homestay/tourism they do not celebrate
In ancient times, peoples’ religion was Hindu. They worship many gods, demons, pitrees and
kuls. Hindu gods and deities are also included in their worship. Now they celebrate
Christmas.
Nepali is the main language of this community. After the introduction of tourism in Nagarkot,
the linguistic acculturation is found in the young generation as well as old generation due to
the frequent visit by international as well as domestic tourist. The respondent felt that they
cannot communicate with the both tourists so they try to adopt others language. If this trend
35
goes rapidly, the Nepali language will be given less importance.
Trinketization refers to the process of the duplicating the product in small size for
transportation friendly. This process loss the identity and importance of the products as it is
before. The artifacts of Nagarkot also are victimized of the harmful side effects of village
tourism. The member of tourism management committee told that most of the domestic and
international tourists want the products in small size and in cheap price. It produces and
Even though cultural impacts of tourism like prostitution, crime, drugs addiction and
gambling have not studied in fieldwork. As in the most tourism destination, the rate of crime
the influx of tourism is low. The question arises whether the people are involved in such
activities or not. So, the researcher has followed the oral interview with respondents. No
respondent blamed the natives to involve in the prostitution. They do not take these incidents
seriously and consider it as a natural phenomenon. There is no sign of gambling, but the
elderly people said that they were not interested in such type of entertainment.
‘AtithiDevoVava’ is saying in Nepali which means treating guests as gods. By following this
saying Nepali people respect their guest and such they are appreciated for their perfect
hospitality. It is very important to know people residing in the vicinity of tourist destination
and to observe whether they are maintaining original hospitality or not. According to the
principle of tourism, hospitality has new meaning where the hosts exhibit the commercial
hospitality.
36
The study in the Nagarkot revealed the fact that people who have operated hotels, business
and souvenir shops warmly welcome the guests for purpose of their business whereas
traditional hospitality can be found in their homes. Regarding the hospitality, people are
changing day by day and they express the original hospitality with the expectation getting
In fact the hosts never expect any return from the guests in the original hospitality, when the
tourists go to natives homes they are highly welcome with their cultural programs, food and
drinks. In response to the warm welcome of the natives, the guest presents some gifts to them
and also takes some photographs. This type of interaction makes the natives more ambitious
Furthermore, it can be seen that not only for the tourists, but the people have begun to ignore
the original hospitality to their guests. Previously, when the guests come they were given their
traditional food, GundrukDhindo and fried potato and local wine. But these days people are
As far as the demonstrational effect is concerned, people have left out their traditional
dresses. Very few old folks are seen in their traditional dresses. After the influx of tourism,
the native is highly impressed by the tourist dresses and they started to imitate what the
foreigners wear and what they do. The people are tempted to follow these without thinking
itsconsequences. So, it is seen that the new generation are blindly accepting the life style of
the tourist. All the matters indicate that the traditional dresses are gradually worn out.
According to the informants their traditional dresses are uncomfortable for them. They have
to go outside for study, work and they cannot wear their original dresses because of feeling of
37
humiliation. People are also influenced by the other caste also. Some local used modern
dresses like shirt, pants, loose wear, making the different hairstyle etc.
By the observation, the democratization and modernization attitudes amongst the young
arising out of contact with youthful domestic youth or international youth tourists. Like they
are not interested to use the traditional instruments and not were the traditional clothes. Most
of the youngster prefers western cloths, and also the demonstration effecting Nagarkot
encompasses daily pattern of consumption like eating and drinking imported food.
4.3 Economic and environmental impacts of home stay in the study area
General introductions
Tourism is a strong factor to change economic condition of people in rush tourist destination.
Tourism has changed the local people economic status within the short period of time.
At national level, contribution to the gross domestic product foreign exchange earnings
(including net foreign exchange earnings i.e. after deduction of the exchange leakage factor
from imported goods, foreign management etc.) and government revenues are important. At
district level as well as rural areas other economic impacts are of greater importance.
Development of tourism can also serve as a catalyst for expansion of other economic sector
and can justify and pay for transportation facilities and infrastructure. Less of economic
benefits can occur if inflation many of the goods and services in tourism are owned and
managed by outsiders, of the local price of land and certain goods and services may take place
Tourism has changed the local people economic status within the short period of time in
38
Nagarkot. Local employment is generated by the tourism. It was observed that traditional
dependence on agriculture has been reduced in heavily used in tourist area the village
economy is being altered by the labour needs of the tourist industry. The important thing is
that most of the peoples economic standard is very well and they have no hand to mouth
problem i.e. the standard of the peoples is quiet good in the comparison of the past because
they can afford the modern facilities, goods imported dresses and essential things in their
daily life.
The focus group discussion conducted in Nagarkot revealed the facts that one of the local
tourist guides of Nagarkot told me that some tourist came in the Nagarkot and stay here as a
home stay paying guest. And they eat what the local people such as dal, bhaat, meat etc. so
we can understand that the host society of Nagarkot can serve and have the ability to give
facility to his guests; this all the symbol of good economy and it also proves that the
economic status of the peoples is quite improving in the comparisons of the past.
2. Impacts on community 1 5
Total 5 25
39
The above table shows that out of the 20 surveyed households, 5 households (25%) told that
the village tourism impact the economic condition of the local people. Among them the
economic impact of 3 households (15%) was household level and remained 1 households
(5%) was community level. The economic impact of 1 households was both family and
community level.
Tourism plays the vital role for the economic activities of the local people at different levels.
Economic impacts are related with the livelihoods of the local of the local people and it is
relate with income sources too. In Nagarkot, village tourism is one of the dominant sources of
income of the local people. After the declaration of Nagarkot as a tourism/ homestay
destination the livelihood of the local people have changed. It is due to the tourism that the
earning capacity of the local people is becoming sound and this is directly related to the life of
The following table shows the weekly income of the respondents in Nagarkot village. All of
the 20 surveyed households found that they are involved in homestay. Among them
occupation.
1. 1000-2000 - 00 2 10
2. 20000-5000 - 00 2 10
3. 5000-10000 - 00 7 35
4. 10000-15000 10 50 9 45
40
5. 15000-20000 10 50 - -
The above table also shows that most of the households depend on all according sector but the
main sectors of the income generation is home stay. Similarly, the Agriculture/ teacher/
The research conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that economic factor has played the
great role to improve the condition of local people. During the fieldwork, most of the
households more or less agreed to the fact that the economic impact of home stay playing the
vital role to improve their livelihood strategy. The following one is the case study of
Case study 2
recalling his past.” I don’t want to imagine past life which was full of insecure and
difficult to survive”. After the declaration of home stay in our area, all hopes came into
true. Now, my life is secure and I have many opportunities to work for the betterment of
The economic situation of PuskarBastolais sound due to the home stay. He is one of the
active members of the 20 households who have adopted the home stay in the study area.
She has 1 son and 1 daughter with father and mother. All are now depending on the
41
income from home stay. His son and daughter are now studying in Bhaktapur. So I think
Above the case study shows the economic impact of home stay in household of the
respondents. This is one of their main sources of income and their wellbeing home stay.
Community levels impacts the household but also impact of tourism in local setting. It is not
only limited to the household but also with all households. It refers to the inter households or
inter family ration. To sustain and develop tourism in particular place the infrastructures is
needed for the tourists. In Nagarkot tourism areas the basic infrastructures for the tourist like
available. It is due to the tourism most of the income generation activities are developed at
community level.
The focus group discussion conducted in the Nagarkot revealed the facts that all of the people
are working communally to sustain the tourism to their community. In Nagarkot, local people
regard the tourism as an important source of economy. It is due to the tourism most of the
households and people are employed. They engage to promote the tourism and they also
established different organization to generate the income. They also established the regulative
body to control about the activities of the local people. They also opened the cottage industry
in the study area and produce bag, flag, caps, t-shirt etc. To sell the tourist this is key stone for
42
46.93
50
45
40 35.89
35 28.89
30
Male
25
18.36 17.94 Female
20 14.28 14.28
12.82
15
10 6.12 5.12
5 0 0
0
Farmer Student Teacher Business Civil Service Others
Above mentions the figure, more people are involved in student occupation, nobody are
involved in business occupation, and other peoples are involved like, farmer, teacher, civil
Environment can be defined as the surrounding unity of living and nonliving things. It can be
social, cultural, psychological, physical etc. tourism often exerts both negative and positive
impacts on its environment. It is said that the negative environmental impacts are: damage or
destruction of resources and their quality, pollution of air and water, noise pollution, ecological
impacts in terms of damages to ecosystem, loss of fauna and flora, crowding and congestion,
loss of land for agriculture and forestry, increased urbanization and so on (upadhya2008). But
The study conducted in Nagarkot has revealed the facts that the local people have done much
about the environmental protection. It is one of the essential conditions to promote the tourism.
It is one of the essential conditions to promote the tourism. Environment pollution is directly
43
related to the arrival of tourists. Tourists do not like to live in polluted area. So, in Nagarkot,
tourism area, people planted different plants in land. They have also developed the notion of
community forestry to protect the environment. Tourists visit the plantation area which is also
Focus Group discussion with local people of the village has revealed the facts that after the
establishment of tourism program in Nagarkot people are aware about the protection of
environment. They knew the role of forest to promote the local tourism. The local people
manage the manure pit to collect the wastes in many places of the tourism area. The tourism
area is clean and they have also made rules to protect the environment.
Chapter – V
Travelling to new places away from normal place of residence or home for fun, pleasure and
learning or to escape from daily monotonous life is tourism. From the time immemorial. People
used to travel to new destinations which seem to begin from pilgrimage. Tourism is now
internationally recognized as the world’s biggest and fastest growing industry. It is also widely
regarded as an effective vehicle for economic development. Over the decades, tourism has
experienced continued growth and deepening diversification to become one of the faster
growing economic sectors in the world. Tourism has become one of the major players in
international commerce, and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for
consequences, one that is being pursued on a global basis as a remedy for underdevelopment.
People in recent time have become increasingly aware of the effects of mass tourism on the
destination environments where the limited resources have been over exploited, and in most
44
cases to the detrimental effects of environments by industry leaders and elite entrepreneur NNR
by counting on this, in recent years the need for ‘more sustainable’ forms of tourism has been
advocated which is more participatory, community based and influences positive social
changes and attitudes towards tourism and conservation. Sustainable tourism deals with gaining
the economic benefits while minimizing the social, cultural and environmental damages. It is
proposed by a number of authors that tourism can contribute to reducing poverty and
minimizing the local negative impacts when priority is given local communities. Necessities,
enhancing poverty reduction and creating appropriate strategies according to the context and
Tourism over the decades, in one side, has been advocated as a major development tool
especially in developing nations taking into consideration the question of social equity,
environmental justice and community integrity. Tourism centered on community based, allows
the host community at the local level the planning, management and controlling of it at a
sustainable manner. Home stay is one type of tourism that promotes interaction between host
families and visitor NPR it will function as a guideline for management on natural resources
and cultural preservation and distributes income to local residents, preventing leakage of the
economy out of the community. Home stay tourism is an important driver of learning,
exchange and strengthening value of community and it is also conservation of environment and
cultural preservation.
Community tourism in Nepal has been emerging as home stay in traditional settlements .where
domestic and foreign guests visit for a closeness to the pristine natural beauty and cultural
observation and even en route to eco-trek to nearby destinations, the passersby sneak into the
home stays as guests as some cases in Nagarkot. This has brought in tourism concept at the
Tourism is one of the big businesses in today’s world. It contributes a lot to a country’s GDP
45
and a better way to generate foreign exchange income and creating employment opportunities.
Country where poverty is wide spread has limited resources may have low possibilities to
invest production sector. But they can have effective investment in tourism businesses tourism
business require comparatively less resource and capital, and such common resources is
available in most of the countries. Thus, tourism is one of the major businesses in the most of
Among them,Nagarkot has been declared as one of the tourism sector by His Majesty the
Government of Nepal.Nagarkot has also earned the international fame of being the community
This study is an attempt to investigate the issues relating to village tourism, and its promotion
in micro level. The emphasis is also on micro level for the development of tourism in Nepal.
What are the social and cultural conditions of local community of the studyarea?
What are the social and cultural impacts of home stay in Nagarkot?
What are the economics and environmental impacts of home stay in Nagarkot?
The general objective of this study is to find out the impacts of home stay in Nagarkot. The
specific objectives are to explore and identify the impacts of home stay in the study area, and to
analyze the social and cultural conditions of local community of the study area.
This research is followed primary descriptive ethnographic research, descriptive in the sense
that, dissert ant is carefully tried to record all the observed events from the study area and
describe as faithfully as possible. Thick description of the culture and ways of life of people;
special focus is given to the impacts of home stay in Nagarkot. The total households of 22.
Most of the households are involved in home stay. Twenty households were purposively
selected as a sample. Non-provability sampling was used to collect data and information.
46
Therefore, this study primarily is based on purposive sampling process.
The impacts of home stay in Nagarkot are the ways in which tourism contributes to
indigenous identity ceremonies and festivals. But tourism can also generate positive
impacts as it can serve as a supportive force for peace, foster pride in cultural tradition
The fact that people who have operated hotels, business, and souvenir shops warmly
welcome the guests for the purpose of their business whereas traditional hospitality can
Earlier the guests come there were given their traditional food, Gundruk,Dhindo and
fried potato. But these days peoples are modernized and gradually leaving this kind of
hospitality in Nagarkot.
The tourist visits this village to see all the traditional life style, but nowadays due to
impacts of tourism/ home stay life styles has changed a lot. The pure Nepali life style is
The old generation is only concentrated in traditional dance and music. Now the
traditional dance is in risky condition because of modern dances, media and lack of
proper instructor.
In Nagarkot peoples’ economic standard is well and they have no hand to mouth
The household concerned easily absorbs the impacts of the tourists because
accommodation, flooding and other existing facilities do not really impinge on the
environment.
47
5.2 Conclusion
Livelihoods can be improved and poverty reduced through community involvement in local
tourism development activities such as homestay unlike in conventional tourism where most of
the tourism benefits are retained in the urban-based elite tourism elites. But the tourism
leakages in rural tourism by buying foodstuffs and beverages, fuel sources, household items
and other consumer goods are required to be stopped. The community based tourism has been a
new dimension of half a century history of tourism industry in Nepal.Since the announcement
of 1998as a Nepal visit year, the government of Nepal has diverted its attention from urban
based and elite controlled tourism industry to rural community based. The call to bring tourists
to rural underprivileged rural community and keep them in home stay has not been viewed as a
noble justice to the underprivileged rural community only, as has been advocated from the
accommodate increasing number of tourists at a time when the tourism entrepreneurs are
hesitant to invest in remote village of conflict marred country. Whatever the causes, the tourism
at the community based if could be managed at the local level by the local people can enhance
the social harmony, environmental conservation and cultural preservation as they view it as
their assets.
Since the tourism can have both positive and negative impacts in a given specific location, if
managed well it can demand for locally produced goods and services thus creating job for local
people and created demand for locally produced goods which ultimately raises the standard of
living of rural people. Home stay is wonderful experience as the location is within the
astounding natural beauty and allows one to learn centuries old cultural traditions in Nepal. But
the access to such places has still been limited by poor infrastructure of seasonal roads. Basic
home facilities are unsatisfactory in some cases as they do not maintain the basic amenities
48
such as clean beds, hygienic kitchen and eating place.
Adaption of foreign culture and spoiling ones is on rise from recently installed foreign
television channels and imitating intruders’ lifestyles who visit their homes. Environment is in
shape so far as the tourism trend is in its exploration stage, according to Richard Butter, a stage
for tourism where few travelers visit to places with nearly non-existent facilities before it climb
Visitors expenses is limited to food and accommodation only as enterprises on local handicrafts
are not so encouraging and the duration of stay is also low because of minimum availability of
entertainment option to retain the visit NPR this has filed to bring a tangible economic value
add to the whole community apart from some subsistence job and few awareness enhancement
in the community through community management of home stay revenue. The home stay hosts
till have agriculture as a dominant occupation as the guests inflow is only seasonal which at
times even overwhelm the host families whether to work in field be in service to their
occasional guests in their house. Yet the home stay managers feel that the way they work is
okay maybe because they don’t have immediate alternative ahead. Though still in its infancy
stage, the community development initiatives is remarkable. The growing awareness towards
cultural and environmental management that the community home stay project is contribution
5.3 Recommendation
Specifically, from this studies carried out in Nagarkot, following recommendations can be put
forward for policy revisions and further propel the community tourism as home stay an
improved way.
Community has poor hospitality management in all fronts such as basic cleanliness in
kitchen and bedrooms, standard local food menu and other amenities as stipulated in
49
home stay Manual published by MOTACA which a home stay host is required to meet.
Besides, there is lack of effective home stay management system to take charge of
effective monitoring and implementation of the standard norms and guidelines set by
tourism authorities such as NTB and MOTACA. So trainings to this effect to impart the
basic management knowledge to the community home stay managers as well as some
courses on cookeries and basic English language to the host members would further
develop professionalism. This could be done in coordination with institutions like HAN,
NTB and local tourism authorities including local NGOs. In addition, Most of home
stay hosts are financially incapable to invest in infrastructures as set in home stay
operating procedures manual , so assisting them with loan in coordination with financial
institutions and local tourism authorities would help improve their home stay qualities.’
The visitors from diverse cultural setting and modern television foreign channels have
begun to train the century’s old preserved culture and languages. So, local institutions
such as mothers group, youth club,bachatasamuha, Guthi etc. can engage on local
culture. This endeavor could sustain the heritages and promote tourism’s sustainability
in the communities.
The out dependence of food and other consumption goods have created tourism
leakages. So, the local goods production and consumption could be a prioritized.
of local handicrafts and local tourism products could be increased by organizing events
like tourism fairs and Mahotsav in the village and by taking part in similar events
Visitors’ spending has been found limited on food and lodge only while the duration of
50
stay is short in home stays. Some measured such as improved amenities, infrastructures,
entertainment activities and food varieties could prolong the duration of stay. Moreover,
and handicrafts enterprises and to other cultural programs given the home stay
The guests placing in the member homes if done fairly on a rotational basis would bring
social justice by bringing equal number of visitors in each house which the home stay
management board is entitled to monitor. Likewise, the visitor’s record account keeping
if maintained professionally, the tendencies would pave the way for better business
system though the aforementioned suggestions would further benefit them in the long
run. Above all despite the occasional commitments from the government and tourism
communities, visible result in all fronts from providing loan to hosts for infrastructure
51
References
Bhumishwor Sharma & Sumankherel, 2068, Rural tourism, New Hira books
Enterprises Kritipur
Bista, a.k. (2010 ed.) Tourism Development principle and Practices New Delhi:
Nepalese women-1995
Gurung, G.S. (1994), ‘Eco- Tourism Development and Circuit Trekking project.’
52
Karie, H.G (1989), Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism in the Austrian Alps’,
Mountain Society.
Publications Pvt.Ltd
Kunwar, Ramesh Raj 2006. Tourists and Tourism: Science and Industry Interface.
Kathmandu, Nepal.
Publishing Society.
53
Nash, Denninson (1996). Anthropology OF Tourism, Oxford.Pergamon
CAB International.
Book Organization.
54
Questionnaire/ checklist
studies. These questions play a very important role for the welfare of tourism sector.
Therefore, I would like to request you to spend some time to answer these questions.
Name…………………………………………………
Cast…………………………………………………..
Family member…………………………………
Religion…………………………………………….
Address……………………………………………..Ward No………………..
VDC/Municipality…………………………District…………………Zone……………
……………..
Male
Female
Total
55
2.What is the occupation of the family members?
Male
Female
Total
_______
4. What is the main cultural uniqueness that attracts the tourist to your village?
_____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
a. Good
b. Not good
c. Fine
a. Yes
b. No
56
a. Foreign
b. Domestic
c. Both
a. Enough
b. Not enough
c. Its fine
a.Positively
b. Negatively
c. Both
12. What do you think that should be done to develop home stay?
_______________________________________________
a. Yes
b. No
___________________________________________________
57
15. Do you know how tourist thinks about home stay?
a. Good
b. Not good
c. Fine
16. Has your economical condition and poverty alleviation due to this occupation?
a. Yes
b. No
a. Yes
b. No
________________________________________________
a. 1-5years
b. 5-10years
c. Above 10 years
a. Self
b. Other
58
21. Are you involve in other occupation except of this home stay?
a. Yes
b. No
a. Agriculture
b. Government Job
c. Others
a. Yes
b. No
24. Is there any conflict in your family regarding this home stay?
a. Yes
b. No
25. Is any help provided from the government for home stay?
a. Yes
b. No
________________________________________________________________
59
27. Home stay houses in the village has the following services/facilities available or
not.
(Yes 1, No 2)
Road/electricity accessibility
Basic facilities in the houses (clean toilets, separate clean bedrooms, shower
Yes
No
a. Clean air
b. Natural beauty
c. Greenery
d. Above all
29.To estimate the average spending of the tourists per visits on home stay village for
60
Meal Accommodation Guide Entry entertainment Other(specify) Total remark
fees
Codes
Day 1
Day2
Day3
Day4
Total
Country: ________________________________
Signed:_____________
Date:______________
30. What is the no of family size in your household and how many of them are
a.
31. What was your traditional/family occupation before you ventured in homestay?
a. Abandoned it
b. Partly engaged
61
c. Negligibly
32. How many tourist you had in your house last week?
33. What are the average tourist inflows in your house a week?
a. Below 5000
b. 5000-10000
c. Above 10000
35. How many of your family members are employed on your homestay business?
36. Apart from selling services to the tourist, if anything gives you income from the
a. Handicrafts
b. Herbs
62
c. Other
63