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METU
Magnetic Circuits
Principles of Magnetism
Permanent Magnet
N
A permanent magnet is a piece of metal with
characteristics of attracting certain metals S
Horseshoe Magnets
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 2
Magnetic Circuits
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Principles of Magnetism
Permanent Magnet
Magnetic flux lines form closed paths that
are close together where the field is
strong and farther apart where the field is
weak. N
S
Flux lines leave the north-seeking end of a
magnet and enter the south-seeking end.
When placed in a magnetic field, a
compass indicates north in the direction
of the flux lines.
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 3
Magnetic Circuits
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Principles of Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field around a wire Right Hand Rule
A current in a wire creates a magnetic Wrap your right hand fingers aroud
field around the wire as shown in the the wire while your thumb finger
following figure points the direction of current flow
Other fingers
will point the
direction of
field lines
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 4
Magnetic Circuits
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Principles of Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field around a wire Electromagnet
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 5
Magnetic Circuits
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Field lines
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 6
Magnetic Circuits
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Electromagnet
Consider again the coil wound If the iron core is shaped as an “U” shape , we
around the iron core as shown obtain a “horseshoe” electromagnet
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 7
Magnetic Circuits
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Electromagnet
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 8
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Flux Ф (Weber)
Current I (Ampere)
V = R x I F = R x Ф
(Volt) (Ohm) (Ampere) (Ampere x Turn) ( ) (Weber)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 9
Magnetic Circuits
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Definition F = N x I
(Ampere x Turn) (Turn) (Amper)
Please note that flux is proportional to
both;
• Current I,
• Number of Turns, N, Flux Ф (Weber)
i.e. flux depends on the product: N x I,
called Magneto Motive Force (mmf)
Flux Ф (Weber)
F =NxI Reluctance
(R)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 10
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Electrical Resistance
R=ρl /A
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 11
Magnetic Circuits
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R = (1/ µ) l / A
where, R is the resistance of conductor,
µ is the magnetic permeability
coefficient,
µ0 = 4 π 10-7 (Air)
l (m) is the length of the material,
A (mm2) is the cross sectional area
of the material
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 12
Magnetic Circuits
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Reluctance
The reluctance of a magnetic material is
proportional to the mean length and
inversely proportional to the product of
the cross sectional area and the
permeability of the magnetic material
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 13
Magnetic Circuits
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Summary
Resistance Reluctance
R=ρl /A R = (1/ µ) l / A
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 14
Magnetic Circuits
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Current Density
J = I / A (Amper / m2)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 15
Magnetic Circuits
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Flux Density
B = Ф / A ( Weber / m2)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 16
Magnetic Circuits
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Magnetizing Force
F = R x Ф
(Ampere x Turn) (Weber)
NI = l / ( µ A) x Ф
NI = l / µ x (Ф/A)
NI = l / µ x B
or
NI / l = 1 / µ x B
H = 1/µ x B B= µ x H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 17
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Magnetizing Force
0,0035
0,0020
0,0015
0,0010
0,0005
0,0000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 18
Magnetic Circuits
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Magnetizing Force
NI / l = H
or
H=F/l (AT / meter)
B= µ x H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 19
Magnetic Circuits
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B-H Characteristics
Definition B-H Characteristics
1.8
The importance of B-H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 20
Magnetic Circuits
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B-H Characteristics
0,0045
1.6 0,0040
1.4 0,0035
Mild steel sheet
1.2
Cast steel
0,0030 Mild Steel Sheet
1.0 Cast iron 0,0025
0.8 0,0020
0.6 0,0015
0.4 0,0010
0.2 0,0005
0.0 0,0000
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (At/m) Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 21
Magnetic Circuits
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0,0000016
1.6
µ0 = 4 π 10-7 0,0000015 µ0 = 4 π 10-7
1.4
0,0000014
1.2
0,0000013
1.0
0,0000012
0.8
0,0000011
0.6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)
0.4
Ф-F Characteristics
Ф - F Characteristics Please note that the shape of the B-H
characteristics is unchanged, while only
Vertical and horizontal axes in the the figures on the axes are changed
B-H Characteristics may be 1.8
Ф (Flux) (Weber)
multiplied by A and l, respectively 1.6
0.8
BxA= Ф (Weber)
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000
F (mmf) (AT)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 23
Magnetic Circuits
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Knee Point
Definition Ф - F Characteristics
Ф (Flux) (Weber)
Knee Point
Characteristics is the point below 1,80
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
F (mmf) (AT)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 24
Magnetic Circuits
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Definition Ф - F Characteristics
2,00
Reluctance is the inverse of the Knee Point
Ф (Flux) (Weber)
1,80
slope of the chord drawn by
joining the origin and a point on 1,60
1,20
1,00
0,80 R = (1/ µ) l / A
0,60
0,40
0,20
0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
F (mmf) (AT)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 25
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Definition Ф - F Characteristics
2,00
Please note that reluctance is Knee Point
Ф (Flux) (Weber)
1,80
constant in the region below the
knee point 1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
0,80
0,60
R = (1/ µ) l / A
0,40
0,20
0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
F (mmf) (AT)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 26
Magnetic Circuits
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Ф1 = Ф2 + Ф3 (Weber)
R12 R13
1 2 3
1 Ø1 2 Ø2 3
+ I1 I2 ++
Ø3 V1 I3 R20 V2
R10 R30
0
0
V0 = 0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 27
Magnetic Circuits
METU
F = NI = R1 Ф + R2 Ф + R0 Ф + R3 Ф R2
R2
R1 I
R1
R0 R0
+
V1
R3
R3
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 28
Magnetic Circuits
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Total reluctance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 29
Magnetic Circuits
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Ф = F / RT
= NI / (R1 + R2 + R3 + R0 ) R0
or
Then flux may be calculated as;
R3
F = Ф (R1 + R2 + R3 + R0 )
= Ф R1 + Ф R2 + Ф R3 + Ф R0
= F1 + F2 + F3 + F0 KVL for magnetic circuits
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 30
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Example 1
Question Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
The magnetic circuit shown on the Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
RHS is operated at saturated flux Number of turns = N = 500
values, hence linear techniques can
not be applied. Flux Ф (Weber)
For a flux density of 1.6 Weber / m2,
determine the current I and flux Ф
F =NxI
Reluctance
(R)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 32
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Example 1
Solution Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
The first thing to do, is to use B-H Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
curve for finding the value of H Number of turns = N = 500
coreesponding to flux density of 1.6
Weber / m2 B = 1.6 Wb/m2 → H = 2400 AT / m
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)
Flux Ф (Weber)
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
F =NxI
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 Reluctance (R )
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 33
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Example 1
Solution Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)
1.8
1.6 Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
1.4
Number of turns = N = 500
1.2
Flux Ф (Weber)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 F =NxI
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
Example 2
Question Flux density = B = 0.15 Wb / m2
µ = 1000 x µ0 (B-H curve is linear)
Determine the flux and mmf required to
produce the flux in the toroid shown on the The ratio µ/ µ0 is called “Relative
Permeability”
RHS wound around a certain ferromegnetic
material called “Ferrite”
Outer diamater = 0.10 m
Inner diameter = 0.08 m
Dept = 0.02 m
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 35
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Example 2
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 36
Magnetic Circuits
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Example 2
Ф = F / (Rtotal + R0 )
= F / (l total / (µ(Ф) x A)) + R0) Implicit nonlinar equation
Example 4
Question Øa Øc
B (Wb/m2)
Øb = 0.003 Weber, 1,60
0,80
0,40
l BAA’B’ = l BCC’B’ = 0.4 m
0,20
ABB’ = 5 cm2 0,00
ABAA’B’ = ABCC’B’ = 20 cm2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
H (AT/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 39
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Solution
Solution
RAA’BB’ RBCC’B’
A’ B’ C’
+ I1 I2 +
V1 I3 V1 V
2
A B C
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 40
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Solution
Solution
B (Wb/m2)
BBCC’B’ = Øc / ABCC’B’ = 0.0022 /(20 x 10-4) 1,60
1,40
= 1.1 Wb/m2 1,20
1,00
Now, find magnetizing forces by using the 0,80
given B-H curve 0,60
0,00
BBCC’B’ = 1.1 Wb/m2 ⇒ HBCC’B’ = 400 AT/m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
H (AT/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 41
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Solution
Solution
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 42
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Description l0
Writing Amper’s equation for the
magnetic circuit
F = Hc l c + H0 l 0 (1)
where, Hc and H0 are the magnetizing
forces in the material (core) and
air gap,
l c and l 0 are the lengths of the
core and air gap, respectively
F = NI = HC l c + ( Bc / µ0 ) l 0 (2)
Graphical Solution l0
1.6
1.4
B-H Characterstics
1.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 5600
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 45
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Example 3
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
F = NI = 3300 AT
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 46
Magnetic Circuits
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Example 3
HC = - l 0 / (µ0 l c ) Bc + NI / l c
= - 3327 Bc + 6000
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)
1.6
1.4
B-H Characterstics
1.2
0.6
Solution: B= 1.41 Wb / m2
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
F = NI = 3300 AT
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 47
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 48
Magnetic Circuits
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1,0 Ф (t)
Ф (t) = F (t) / R total
0,5
^
= - N I cos wt / R total 0,0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
-1,5
-2,0
-2,5
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 49
Magnetic Circuits
METU
-4,00
-6,00
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 50
Magnetic Circuits
METU
B (Weber/m2)
6,00 2,00
Sinusoidally 4,00
e (t) 1,60
π/2 π 3π/2 2π
0,40
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
0,00 0,00
Angle (radians)
0,40
If we plot Ф(t) and e(t) on -2,00
0,80
the same scale -4,00 1,20
1,60
-6,00 2,00
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)
-2,0
-1,0
-2,5
-1,5
-0,5
0,0
1,0
2,0
0,5
1,5
2,5
Please note that the shape of this waveform is I (t)
not actually of pure sinusoidal shape, but a
distorded form of sinusoidal waveform, due to
π/2
nonlinearity of the B-H curve
3π/2 π
Angle (radians)
2π
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 51
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Ф(t) (Weber)
Electrical Energy 2,0
Stored in a Magnetic
Circuit
1,5
1,0 dФ(t)
Time duration dt required for a 0,5
-1,0
-1,5 dt
-2,0
-2,5
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 52
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 53
Magnetic Circuits
METU
Fringing Effect
Description
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 66
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 67
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 68
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 69
Magnetic Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 70