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Magnetic Circuits

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Magnetic Circuits

by Shanghai Pudong Airport


Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAİOĞLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 1
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Principles of Magnetism

Permanent Magnet
N
A permanent magnet is a piece of metal with
characteristics of attracting certain metals S

Horseshoe Magnets

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 2
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Principles of Magnetism

Permanent Magnet
Magnetic flux lines form closed paths that
are close together where the field is
strong and farther apart where the field is
weak. N
S
Flux lines leave the north-seeking end of a
magnet and enter the south-seeking end.
When placed in a magnetic field, a
compass indicates north in the direction
of the flux lines.

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 3
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Principles of Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field around a wire Right Hand Rule

A current in a wire creates a magnetic Wrap your right hand fingers aroud
field around the wire as shown in the the wire while your thumb finger
following figure points the direction of current flow

Other fingers
will point the
direction of
field lines

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 4
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Principles of Electromagnetism
Magnetic Field around a wire Electromagnet

A current in a wire creates a magnetic If this wire is wound around an iron


field around the wire as shown in the core, the field lines are superposed
following figure as shown in the following figure

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 5
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Application of Right Hand Rule to Electromagnets


Wire is grasped with the thumb finger The coil is grasped with the fingers
pointing the direction of current flow, pointing the direction of current flow,
the fingers encircling the wire point the thumb finger points the direction of
the direction of the magnetic field the magnetic field in the coil

Field lines

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 6
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Electromagnet

Electromagnet Horseshoe Electromagnet

Consider again the coil wound If the iron core is shaped as an “U” shape , we
around the iron core as shown obtain a “horseshoe” electromagnet

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 7
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Electromagnet

Iron Core may be closed to form a magnetic “Loop”

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 8
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Magnetic Ohm’s Law

Electrical Ohm’s Law Magnetic Ohm’s Law


Electro Motive Force (emf) Magneto Motive Force (mmf)

Flux Ф (Weber)
Current I (Ampere)

Voltage + Resistance F = N x I Reluctance


(Volt) (R) (R)

V = R x I F = R x Ф
(Volt) (Ohm) (Ampere) (Ampere x Turn) ( ) (Weber)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 9
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Magneto Motive Force (mmf)

Definition F = N x I
(Ampere x Turn) (Turn) (Amper)
Please note that flux is proportional to
both;
• Current I,
• Number of Turns, N, Flux Ф (Weber)
i.e. flux depends on the product: N x I,
called Magneto Motive Force (mmf)
Flux Ф (Weber)

F =NxI Reluctance
(R)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 10
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Electrical Resistance

Electrical Resistance l (meter) A (Area- m2)


Resistance of a cable is proportional to
the length and inversely proportional to
the cross sectional area of the cable

R=ρl /A

where, R is the resistance of conductor,


ρ is the resistivity coefficient,
ρ = 1 / 56 Ohm-mm2/m (Copper)
1 / 32 Ohm-mm2/m (Alumin.)
l (m) is the length of the conductor
A (mm2) is the cross sectional area
of conductor

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 11
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Magnetic Resistance (Reluctance)

Reluctance A (Area- m2) l (meter)


The reluctance of a magnetic material is
proportional to the mean length and
inversely proportional to the cross
sectional area, and the permeability of
the magnetic material

R = (1/ µ) l / A
where, R is the resistance of conductor,
µ is the magnetic permeability
coefficient,
µ0 = 4 π 10-7 (Air)
l (m) is the length of the material,
A (mm2) is the cross sectional area
of the material
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 12
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Magnetic Resistance (Reluctance)

Reluctance
The reluctance of a magnetic material is
proportional to the mean length and
inversely proportional to the product of
the cross sectional area and the
permeability of the magnetic material

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 13
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Summary
Resistance Reluctance

A (Area- m2) l (meter) A (Area- m2) l (meter)

R=ρl /A R = (1/ µ) l / A
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 14
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Current Density

Current Density A (Area- m2) I (Amper)

Current density in a cable is the current


flowing through per unit area in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of current
flow

J = I / A (Amper / m2)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 15
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Flux Density

Flux Density A (Area- m2) Ф (Weber)


Flux density in a magnetic material is
the flux flowing through per unit area in
a plane perpendicular to the direction of
flux flow

B = Ф / A ( Weber / m2)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 16
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Magnetizing Force

Definition A (Area- m2) l (meter)

Magnetic Ohm’s Law may be rewritten as


follows;

F = R x Ф
(Ampere x Turn) (Weber)

NI = l / ( µ A) x Ф
NI = l / µ x (Ф/A)
NI = l / µ x B
or
NI / l = 1 / µ x B
H = 1/µ x B B= µ x H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 17
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Magnetizing Force

Definition µ-H Characteristics


Please note that the µ coefficient in µ(H) 0,0050
the following expression is not 0,0045

constant, but function of H. 0,0040

0,0035

B= µ x H 0,0030 Mild Steel Sheet


0,0025

0,0020

0,0015

0,0010

0,0005

0,0000
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 18
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Magnetizing Force

Definition A (Area- m2) l (meter)

Magnetizing Force is the mmf per


unit length of the magnetic material

NI / l = H
or
H=F/l (AT / meter)

Relation between B and H;

B= µ x H

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 19
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B-H Characteristics
Definition B-H Characteristics
1.8
The importance of B-H

Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)


characteristics is that, it is 1.6

independent of the cross 1.4


sectional area A and length l, i.e. Mild steel sheet
it is independent of the shape 1.2
Cast steel

and volume of the material, 1.0


Cast iron

In other words, B-H 0.8


characteristics exhibits the 0.6
magnetic property of the
material for per unit length and 0.4

and cross sectional area, 0.2

Hence, it is provided by the 0.0


manufacturer of the magnetic 0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000
material Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 20
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B-H Characteristics

B-H Characteristics µ-H Characteristics


Please note that B-H characteristics Please note that µ is a function of H
saturates at high values of H
µ(H) 0,0050
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

0,0045
1.6 0,0040

1.4 0,0035
Mild steel sheet
1.2
Cast steel
0,0030 Mild Steel Sheet
1.0 Cast iron 0,0025

0.8 0,0020

0.6 0,0015

0.4 0,0010

0.2 0,0005

0.0 0,0000
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (At/m) Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 21
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B-H Characteristics of Free Air

B-H Characteristics µ0-H Characteristics


B-H characteristics of free air is linear Please note that µ0 is constant
exhibiting no saturation effect
µ0(H 0,0000017
1.8 )
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

0,0000016
1.6
µ0 = 4 π 10-7 0,0000015 µ0 = 4 π 10-7
1.4
0,0000014
1.2
0,0000013
1.0
0,0000012
0.8
0,0000011
0.6 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)
0.4

0.2 The ratio


0.0 µ/ µ0
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)
6000
is called “Relative Permeability”
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 22
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Ф-F Characteristics
Ф - F Characteristics Please note that the shape of the B-H
characteristics is unchanged, while only
Vertical and horizontal axes in the the figures on the axes are changed
B-H Characteristics may be 1.8

Ф (Flux) (Weber)
multiplied by A and l, respectively 1.6

yielding the Ф - F 1.4


Characteristics
1.2 Mild steel sheet
Cast steel
Hxl =F (AT) 1.0
Cast iron

0.8
BxA= Ф (Weber)
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 6000
F (mmf) (AT)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 23
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Knee Point

Definition Ф - F Characteristics

Knee Point on the Ф - F 2,00

Ф (Flux) (Weber)
Knee Point
Characteristics is the point below 1,80

which the characteristics may be 1,60


assumed to be linear 1,40

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60

0,40

0,20

0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
F (mmf) (AT)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 24
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An Alternative Definition of Reluctance

Definition Ф - F Characteristics
2,00
Reluctance is the inverse of the Knee Point

Ф (Flux) (Weber)
1,80
slope of the chord drawn by
joining the origin and a point on 1,60

the Ф - F Characteristics 1,40

1,20

1,00

0,80 R = (1/ µ) l / A
0,60

0,40

0,20

0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000
F (mmf) (AT)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 25
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An Alternative Definition of Reluctance

Definition Ф - F Characteristics
2,00
Please note that reluctance is Knee Point

Ф (Flux) (Weber)
1,80
constant in the region below the
knee point 1,60

1,40

1,20

1,00

0,80

0,60
R = (1/ µ) l / A
0,40

0,20

0,00
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
F (mmf) (AT)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 26
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Magnetic Kirchoff’s Laws

Kirchoff’s First Law Electrical Analog

Summation of fluxes entering in a I1 = I2 + I3 (Amper)


junction is equal to that of leaving

Ф1 = Ф2 + Ф3 (Weber)
R12 R13
1 2 3
1 Ø1 2 Ø2 3

+ I1 I2 ++
Ø3 V1 I3 R20 V2
R10 R30
0
0
V0 = 0

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 27
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Magnetic Kirchoff’s Laws

Kirchoff’s Second Law Electrical Analog

Summation of magneto motive forces V = R1 I + R2 I + R0 I +R3 I


in a closed magnetic circuit is zero

F = NI = R1 Ф + R2 Ф + R0 Ф + R3 Ф R2

R2
R1 I
R1
R0 R0
+
V1
R3
R3

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 28
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Magnetic Kirchoff’s Laws: Application


Kirchoff’s Second Law

Reluctance of the parts of the magnetic R2


material R1
R1 = l1 / µ A
R2 = l2 / µ A R0
R3 = l3 / µ A

Reluctance of the air gap


R3
R0 = l0 / µ0 A
µ0 = 4 π 10-7

Total reluctance
RT = R1 + R2 + R3 + R0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 29
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Magnetic Kirchoff’s Laws: Application


Kirchoff’s Second Law
R2

Then flux may be calculated as; R1

Ф = F / RT
= NI / (R1 + R2 + R3 + R0 ) R0

or
Then flux may be calculated as;
R3
F = Ф (R1 + R2 + R3 + R0 )
= Ф R1 + Ф R2 + Ф R3 + Ф R0
= F1 + F2 + F3 + F0 KVL for magnetic circuits

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 30
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Magnetic Kirchoff’s Laws: Application

Kirchoff’s Second Law


R2
R1
Then flux density may be written as;
B =Ф /A
= (F / (R1 + R2 + R3 + R0 )) / A R0
= (NI / A)/(l1/Aµ + l2/Aµ + l3/Aµ + l0/Aµ0)
= NI / (l 1 / µ + l 2 / µ + l 3 / µ + l 0 / µ0)
R3

Magnetomotive force may then be written as;


F = NI = F1 + F2 + F3 + F0
= H1 l 1 + H2 l 2 + H3 l 3 + H0 l 0 Ampere’s Law:
∫ H ⋅ dl = ∑ Ni
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 31
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Example 1

Question Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
The magnetic circuit shown on the Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
RHS is operated at saturated flux Number of turns = N = 500
values, hence linear techniques can
not be applied. Flux Ф (Weber)
For a flux density of 1.6 Weber / m2,
determine the current I and flux Ф

F =NxI

Reluctance
(R)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 32
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Example 1
Solution Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
The first thing to do, is to use B-H Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
curve for finding the value of H Number of turns = N = 500
coreesponding to flux density of 1.6
Weber / m2 B = 1.6 Wb/m2 → H = 2400 AT / m
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

Flux Ф (Weber)
1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6
F =NxI
0.4

0.2

0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 Reluctance (R )
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 33
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Example 1
Solution Parameters
Cross sectional area = A = 10 cm2
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

1.8
1.6 Mean length of flux path = l m = 30 cm
1.4
Number of turns = N = 500
1.2

Flux Ф (Weber)
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000 F =NxI
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

B = 1.6 Wb/m2 → H = 2400 AT / m


F = NI = H l m → I = H x l m / N
= 2400 x 0.3 / 500 Reluctance R
= 1.44 Amper
Ф = B x A = 1.6 x 10 x 10-4 = 0.0016 Wb
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 34
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Example 2
Question Flux density = B = 0.15 Wb / m2
µ = 1000 x µ0 (B-H curve is linear)
Determine the flux and mmf required to
produce the flux in the toroid shown on the The ratio µ/ µ0 is called “Relative
Permeability”
RHS wound around a certain ferromegnetic
material called “Ferrite”
Outer diamater = 0.10 m
Inner diameter = 0.08 m
Dept = 0.02 m

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 35
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Example 2

Solution Flux density = B = 0.15 Wb / m2


µ = 1000 x µ0
Thickness of the core = (0.10 – 0.08) / 2 = 0.01 m (B-H curve is linear)
Diameter mean = (0.10 + 0.08 ) / 2 = 0.09 m

Cross sectional area = 0.02 x 0.01 = 0.0002 m2


Then, flux = Ф = B x A = 0.15 x 0.0002 = 0.00003 Wb

Outer diamater = 0.10 m


Inner diameter = 0.08 m
Dept = 0.02 m

Cross sectional area A

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 36
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Example 2

Solution Flux density = B = 0.15 Wb / m2


µ = 1000 x µ0
Let us now calculate the mmf necessary for (B-H curve is linear)
producing this flux

Reluctance of the toroid = R = l mean / µ A


Where l mean is the mean length defined as;
l mean = diameter mean x π
= 0.09 x π = 0.2827 m
Hence the reluctance becomes;
R = l mean / µ A
= 0.2827 / (1000 x 4 π x 10-7 )
= 224.97 AT / Wb
Thus, mmf becomes;
F = R Ф = 224.97 x 0.15 = 33.75 AT
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 37
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Load Line Technique

The need for the Load Line Technique


R2
When the material is operated within the R1
saturated region of the B-H
characteristics, solution of the circuit
when the mmf is given, but the flux is F = NI R0
unknown is rather difficult, due to the
fact that µ of the material is a funciton
of flux Ф, but flux is unknown, i.e. the
equation; R3

Ф = F / (Rtotal + R0 )
= F / (l total / (µ(Ф) x A)) + R0) Implicit nonlinar equation

In other words, both sides of the above


equation involve the unknown variable Ф
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 38
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Example 4

Question Øa Øc

B-H curve of the magnetic


circuit shown on the RHS is Øb
given below. Fluxes in the
branches are given as;
Øa = 0.003 Weber, 1,80

B (Wb/m2)
Øb = 0.003 Weber, 1,60

Øc = 0.003 Weber 1,40

find the direction and 1,20

magnitudes of the currents 1,00

0,80

l BB’ = 0.1 m 0,60

0,40
l BAA’B’ = l BCC’B’ = 0.4 m
0,20
ABB’ = 5 cm2 0,00
ABAA’B’ = ABCC’B’ = 20 cm2 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
H (AT/m)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 39
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Solution

Solution

Writing down magnetic KVL for the loops


of the magnetic circuit
F1 = N1 I1 = HBB’ l BB’ + HBAA’B’ l BAA’B’ (1)
F2 = N2 I2 = HBCC’B’ l BCC’B’ + HBB’ l BB’ (2)

RAA’BB’ RBCC’B’
A’ B’ C’

+ I1 I2 +
V1 I3 V1 V
2

A B C

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 40
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Solution

Solution

Now, flux densities


BBB’ = Øb / ABB’ = 0.0008 / ( 5 x 10-4)
= 1.6 Wb/m2
BBAA’B’ = Øa / ABAA’B’ = 0.0030 / (20 x 10-4)
= 1.5 Wb/m2 1,80

B (Wb/m2)
BBCC’B’ = Øc / ABCC’B’ = 0.0022 /(20 x 10-4) 1,60
1,40
= 1.1 Wb/m2 1,20

1,00
Now, find magnetizing forces by using the 0,80
given B-H curve 0,60

BBB’ = 1.6 Wb/m2 ⇒ HBB’ = 3000 AT/m 0,40

BBAA’B’ = 1.5 Wb/m2 ⇒ HBAA’B’ = 2000 AT/m


0,20

0,00
BBCC’B’ = 1.1 Wb/m2 ⇒ HBCC’B’ = 400 AT/m 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
H (AT/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 41
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Solution

Solution

Now, substitute the above magnetizing


forces into equatins (1) and (2)
100 I1 = 3000 x 0.01 + 2000 x 0.4 = 1100
Thus, I1 = 1100 / 100 = 11.0 Ampers
RAA’BB’ RBCC’B’
300 I2 = 400 x 0.4 – 3000 x 0.1 = -140 A’ B’ C’

Thus I2 = -140.0 / 300 = - 0.467 Ampers


+ I1 I +
2 V2
Please note that I1 is in the same direcition V1 I3 V1
as shown in the figure, but I2 is in the
opposite direction A B C

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 42
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Graphical Solution (Load Line Technique)

Description l0
Writing Amper’s equation for the
magnetic circuit

F = Hc l c + H0 l 0 (1)
where, Hc and H0 are the magnetizing
forces in the material (core) and
air gap,
l c and l 0 are the lengths of the
core and air gap, respectively

Now, noting that;


H0 = B0 / µ0 = Bc / µ0
And substituting this into (1)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 43
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Graphical Solution (Load Line Technique)

Derivation of the Load Line Equation l0

F = NI = HC l c + ( Bc / µ0 ) l 0 (2)

or writing the above equation in


terms of Hc
HC = - l 0 / (µ0 l c ) Bc + NI / l c (3)

Load Line Equation:


y = - ax +b

The Load Line is then drawn on the B-H


characteristics and the intersection point
of the two curves is found
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 44
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Graphical Solution (Load Line Technique)

Graphical Solution l0

Solve the magnetic circuit shown on the


RHS with the B-H characteristics
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

1.6

1.4
B-H Characterstics
1.2

1.0 Load Line


0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 400 1200 2000 2800 3600 4400 5200 5600
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 45
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Example 3

Question Ac= 8 x 10-3 m l c = 0.55 m l 0 = 10-3 m

Solve the magnetic circuit shown on the


RHS with the B-H characteristics given
below by using the Load Line Technique
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
F = NI = 3300 AT
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 46
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Example 3

The Load Line Equation Ac= 8 x 10-3 m l c = 0.55 m l 0 = 10-3 m

HC = - l 0 / (µ0 l c ) Bc + NI / l c
= - 3327 Bc + 6000
1.8
Magnetic flux density B (T = Tesla)

1.6

1.4
B-H Characterstics
1.2

1.0 Load Line


0.8

0.6
Solution: B= 1.41 Wb / m2
0.4

0.2

0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000 4400 4800 5200 5600 6000
F = NI = 3300 AT
Magnetizing Force H (At/m)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 47
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Energy in Magnetic Circuits

Sinusoidally Excited Flux Ф(t)


Magnetic Circuits

Consider the sinusoidally excited F (t) = N x I(t)


magnetic circuit shown on the RHS
^
I (t) = - I cos wt
^
F (t) = - N I cos wt
Ф (t) = F (t) / R total
^
= - N I cos wt / R total
Reluctance R
=-Ф ^ cos wt
^
where Ф = NI / R total

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 48
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Energy in Magnetic Circuits

Sinusoidally Excited Waveforms


Magnetic Circuits
2,5
^
I (t) = - I cos wt 2,0
^ I (t)
F (t) = - N I cos wt 1,5

1,0 Ф (t)
Ф (t) = F (t) / R total
0,5
^
= - N I cos wt / R total 0,0
π/2 π 3π/2 2π

=-Ф ^ cos wt Angle (radians)


-0,5
^
where, Ф = NI / R total -1,0

-1,5

-2,0

-2,5

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 49
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Voltage Induced in the Coil

Sinusoidally Excited Waveforms


Magnetic Circuits
6,00
By using Lenz’s law
4,00 e (t)
e (t) = N d/dt Ф(t)
Ф (t)
^ 2,00
= - N d/dt Ф cos wt
^ π/2 π 3π/2 2π
= N Ф w sin wt 0,00
Angle (radians)
= e^ sin wt
where e^ = N Ф^ w
-2,00

-4,00

-6,00

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 50
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Voltage Induced in the Coil

B (Weber/m2)
6,00 2,00

Sinusoidally 4,00
e (t) 1,60

Excited Magnetic Ф (t) 1,20


0,80
Circuits 2,00

π/2 π 3π/2 2π
0,40
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1000 2000 3000
0,00 0,00
Angle (radians)
0,40
If we plot Ф(t) and e(t) on -2,00
0,80
the same scale -4,00 1,20
1,60
-6,00 2,00
Magnetizing Force H (AT / m)

-2,0

-1,0
-2,5

-1,5

-0,5
0,0

1,0

2,0
0,5

1,5

2,5
Please note that the shape of this waveform is I (t)
not actually of pure sinusoidal shape, but a
distorded form of sinusoidal waveform, due to

π/2
nonlinearity of the B-H curve

3π/2 π
Angle (radians)

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 51
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Energy Stored in Magnetic Circuits


2,5

Ф(t) (Weber)
Electrical Energy 2,0
Stored in a Magnetic
Circuit
1,5

1,0 dФ(t)
Time duration dt required for a 0,5

change dФ in flux may be found 0,0


π/2 π
Angle (radians)
3π/2 2π
on the Ф – t curve -0,5

-1,0

-1,5 dt
-2,0

-2,5

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 52
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Energy Stored in Magnetic Circuits

Electrical Energy Stored


in a Magnetic Circuit

Let us now calculate the


instantaneous electrical energy
stored in a magnetic circuit within
a time duration dt

dWelect = e(t) I(t) dt


= N dФ(t)/dt I(t) dt
= (NI) dФ(t) / dt x dt
= F dФ

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 53
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Fringing Effect

Description

Fringing effect is the deviation of


the flux trajectory to outside in the
air gap
The effects of fringing;
(a) increasing the cross sectional
area of the air gap,
(b) creating nonlinarity in the flux
density in the air gap
Usual practice for handling the
fringing effect is to increase the cross
sectional area of the air gap in
calculations by a factor, such as 20 %

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 66
Magnetic Circuits
METU

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 67
Magnetic Circuits
METU

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 68
Magnetic Circuits
METU

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 69
Magnetic Circuits
METU

Any Questions Please ?

EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAİOĞLU, Page 70

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