Damage Stability

WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY
• Ship is divided into watertight compartments by means of
transverse and longitudinal bulkheads bulkheads.

• When a watertight compartment (or a group of

compartments) is damaged depending on the damage length
according to the rules, the ship is expected to sustain its
watertight integrity.
WATERTIGHT INTEGRITY
 WATERTIGHTNESS?
Watertight means; resistance of the structure against static water
pressure without any leakage.

It prevents water or any other liquid to flow other compartments

(or in the opposite direction).

The main deck and main bulkheads of a ship must be watertight.

Watertight bulkheads must extend to the main deck.

Any opening in the watertight bulkheads must be equipped with

watertight equipments (doors, windows, valves etc.).
WATERTIGHT DOORS
WATERTIGHT DOORS
WATERTIGHT DOORS
 Damage
• If the shell of a ship is damaged, leakage will take place
between the sea and the damaged spaces until stable
equilibrium is established or until the ship capsizes or sinks.

• It is impractical to design a ship to withstand any possible

damage due to collision, grounding or military action
Damage
 Watertight Bulkheads
Watertight bulkheads : the hull is subdivided into watertight
compartments by means of watertight bulkheads and decks.
 Bulkhead Decks
Bulkhead decks : the deck up to which these bulkheads extends.
 Margin Line
Margin line : is a line defining the highest permessible location on the side of the
vessel of any damaged waterplane in the final condition of sinkage,trim and heel.

After flooding of a prescribed number of compartments the ship shall not

submerge beyond a line situated at least 76 mm. Below the deck at side.
Margin Line
Margin Line
 Permeability, μ
Permability is the ratio of amount of water that can a enter or a
compartment or tank to the total volume of compartment or tank.

AVAILABLE VOLUME
PERMEABILI TY =
TOTAL VOLUME
 Surface Permeability, μa

Surface permability is the percentage of a waterplane that can be

occupied by water.
 Typical Permeability
Watertight compartment (warship) 97%
Watertight compartment (merchant) 95%
Accommodation spaces 95%
Machinery spaces 85%
Dry cargo spaces 70%
Bunkers, stores, cargo holds 60%
 Example 1
A cargo hold with dimensions of l = 15.24m. , w = 9.14 m.,
h=6.1 m. is completely flooded. Determine the volume of the
space and the corrected flooded volume:

Volume = 15.24 m. x 9.14 m. x 6.1 m. = 849.7 m3

Flooded volume = Volume x permeability

Flooded volume = 849.7 m3 x 60%

Flooded volume = 509.8 m3

 Floodable Length
Floodable length: at a given point of the ship length is the maximum length
with the center at that point that can be flooded without submerging the
ship beyond margin line.

Yaralı Bölme Boyu: Gemi boyunca herhangi bir noktada, bu nokta merkez
olmak üzere gemiyi sınır hattına teğet hale getirecek en büyük bölme boyuna
o noktadaki yaralı bölme boyu denir.
 Floodable Length Curve
Floodable Length Curve: It is obtained by the connection of floodable lengths at
different points along the ship length.

Yaralı Bölme Boyu Eğrisi: Gemi boyunca değişik noktalarda hesaplanan yaralı
bölme boyu değerlerinin birleştirilmesi ile elde edilir.
 Factor of Subdivision
Factor of Subdivision: The factor of subdivision is a factor prescribed
by the applicable regulations and by international convention that
depends on ship length and criterion of service.
 Permissible Length
Permissible Length is obtained by multiplying the floodable length at
that point by the factor of subdivision.
 Determination of the location of the volume centre of
damaged compartment

Δ: Initial displacement Δ1: Displacement after damaged

B: Initial centre of buoyancy
G: Initial centre of gravity
x0: Initial centre of longitudinal buoyancy, LCB
vw: The volume of water entering the vessel
xw: Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from maestory
Determination of the location of the volume centre of
damaged compartment
Determination of the volume of water entering the vessel
Initial displacement and longitudinal centre of buoyancy (LCB) can be read from hydrostatcic curves.
However, displacement and LCB are unknown after damaged.

Therefore, if trim, forward and aft draught are known, trimmed waterline can be drawn over Bonjean
area curves.
 Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment
vw: The volume of water entering the vessel

xw: Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from maestory

µ: Permability of the compartment

v0: Volume of the compartment

xm: Distance of the volume centre of the compartment to the mid of damaged length

xl: Distance of the mid of damaged length of compartment to maestory

xc: Distance of the computed volume centre of compartment to maestory (xc=xl-xm)

 Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment

Damaged length and location of compartment can be determined by iterative

procedure.
 Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment

• The volume of water entering the vessel (vw)

• Distance of volume centre of damaged compartment from amidships Θ (xw) :

• Volume of the compartment (v0= vw/μ)

First trial

1) Assume xm=0 (xl=xw)

2) Damaged Length, l1 = (Volume of the compartment, v0) / (mean sec. Area, Amean)

where Amean is determined from trimmed sectional area curve

Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment

3) In order to determine vm and xm

s = l1 / 4

vm = (s /3) ∑3

xm = s ∑4 / ∑3

xc = xl – xm
|vm-v0| ≤ Tolarence for volume

|xc-xw| ≤ Tolarence for location of volume centre

l=l1, xl=xw
 Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment
Second Trial:

Damaged length is changed proportionally by the volume.

l2 = l1 × (v0/vm)

vm: Computed volume at first trial

If the value of xm computed at first trial is negative, then the mid of the
compartment slides to the bow.

xl = xw+xm

where xm is the distance of the volume centre of compartment to amidship

computed at first trial
 Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment
In order to determine vm and xm

s = l2 / 4

vm = (s /3) ∑3

xm = s ∑4 / ∑3

xc = xl – xm
|vm-v0| ≤ Tolarence for volume

|xc-xw| ≤ Tolarence for location of volume centre

l=l2

If tolarances for both volume and location are not satisfied, third, fourth,..trials are made similar to
second trial.
Determination of damaged length and location of mid
of compartment

If either tolarence for volume or tolarance for location are satisfied at a trial,
satisfied one is fixed, trials are continued to make for the other one.
 Example 2

A ship is 116 meter long and displaces 7842 ton in salt water (ρ1=1.025 t/m3)
when her mean draught is 6.4m. Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB) is
0.615 m aft from amidships. After one of her stern compartment is damaged,
she floats trimmed to the aft. Her sectional areas after damaged are given in the
following table.

a) Determine the volume of water entering the vessel (vw) and the location of
volume centre of damaged compartment (xw)

b) Assume permability of compartment, µ is 1. Determine damaged length

and Distance of the mid of damaged length of compartment to amidship
 Example 2

0 13.85
1/2 37.30
1 70.15
2 101.35
3 120.8
4 124.5
5 119.25
6 112.05
7 94.05
8 60.70
9 24.30
91/2 10.35
10 0
 Sec.
Sec. No: Area SM M. Arm
[1]
0 13,85
[2] [1×2]
0,5 6,925
[3] [1×2×3]
-5 -34,625
Example 2-SOLUTION
0,5 37,3 2 74,6 -4,5 -335,7
1 70,15 1,5 105,225 -4 -420,9
2 101,35 4 405,4 -3 -1216,2
3 120,8 2 241,6 -2 -483,2
4 124,5 4 498 -1 -498
5 119,25 2 238,5 0 0
6 112,05 4 448,2 1 448,2
7 94,05 2 188,1 2 376,2
8 60,7 4 242,8 3 728,4
9 24,3 1,5 36,45 4 145,8
9,5 10,35 2 20,7 4,5 93,15
10 0 0,5 0 5 0
∑3= 2506,5 ∑4= -1196,88

s=Ls/10= 11,6 m
New displacemet volume =
9691,8 m3
(s/3)*∑3=
Initial displacement volume= 7651 m3
v w= 2040,8 m3
LCB1=s×∑3/∑4= -5,5391 m
Both initial LCB and LCB1 after damaged are in the
same side
Therefore,

xw= -24,000 m.
 Example 2-SOLUTION

Predicted xw is between section 2 and section 3.

Sec. No. Sec. Area Dist. Amiship

2 101,35 -34,8
3 120,8 -23,2

Sec. Area at -24m from amidship = 119,5 m2

l1=v0/Amean=2040.8/119.5=17.078 m.

s=l1/4=4.27 m.
 Example 2-SOLUTION

yi Loc. Amean SM M. Arm

[1] [2] [1]×[2] [3] [1]×[2]×[3]

0 -32.54 105.1 1 105.1 2 210.2
1 -28.27 112.3 4 449.2 1 449.2
2 -24 119.5 2 239 0 0
3 -19.73 121.9 4 487.6 -1 -487.6
4 -15.46 123.3 1 123.3 -2 -246.6
∑3= 1404.2 ∑4= -74.8

vm = (s/3) ∑3= 1998.6447 m3

xm =s ∑4/∑3= -0.227 m

v0-vm=2040.8-1998.6=42.2 m3

%Error=42.2×100/2040.8=%2.07
 Methods of Calculation
There two available method calculating the
final stage of the damaged vessel :

• Lost
Buoyancy Method
• Added Weight Method
Comparision of Lost Buoyancy and Added
Weight Methods
 Added Weight Method
Consider a vessel that has been damaged such
that a portion of the bottom is now open to the
sea...

The vessel’s draft will increase because an amount

of the buoyancy was lost...
Added Weight Method
In this method, flood water is treated as a fixed weight (for example, the
weight of water of volume ABEF). This added weight is balanced by the
additional buoyant force of the layer WL1WL.
The added weight can be determined by either the volume ABEF or
waterline WL1. Therefore, WL1 waterline is not known can be just guessed.
For the predicted waterline, added weight and additional buoyant force
caculation are done iteratively until both of them are equal. This method is
known as Added weight method.
Determination of Added Weight
vc: Volume of damaged compartment (DCEF)

ac: The surface area (AB) of damaged compartment on the waterline.

µ: The volume permability of damaged compartment

µa: The area permability of the surface of damaged compartment

∆: The initial displacement

∆1: The displacement at final stage

vw: The volume of water entering the vessel. (ABEH)

w: The weight of water entering the vessel.

p: The value of parallel sinkage

If we assume that the paralel sinkage cause a minor change of water plane area of a
ship (Awp ≈ Awp1), we can determine the paralel sinkage by equating the volume of
the layer WL1WL to the volume of ABEF.

If the damaged compartment is bounded on top.

Vertical centre of gravity at final stage

kg: vertical centre of water entering the ship

Vertical centre of buoyancy at final stage

Transverse Metacentre Radius at final stage

Longitudinal Metacentre Radius at final stage

Free Surface Effect

Damaged compartment can be considered as a half filled tank.

Free Contact Effect

Damaged compartment can be considered as a half filled tank.

 Transverse Metacentre Height

The angle of heel

Longitudinal Metacentre Height
 Example : A barge

• L = 20 m.
• B = 5 m.
• T = 1.5 m.
• KG = 1.5 m.
 Intact Condition
• The displacement volume:

∇ I = L ⋅ B ⋅ TI = 20 x5 x1.5 = 150 m 3

• The mass displacement:

∆ I = ρ ⋅ ∇ I = 1.025 x150 = 153.75 tons

• The moment of inertia of the waterplane area

about CL:
B 3 L 53 x 20
II = = = 208.33 m 4
12 12
 Intact Condition
• Metacentric radius:
I 208.33
BM I = = = 1.389 m
∇I 150

• Or, it could be calculated directly as:

B 3 L / 12 B2 52
BM I = = = = 1.389m
LBT I 12TI 12 x1.5
• Height of the center of buoyancy:
TI
KBI = = 0.75m
2
 Intact Condition
• The metacentric height:

GM I = KBI + BM I − KGI = 0.75 + 1.389 − 1.50 = 0.639m

• For small angles of heel, the righting moment:

M RI = ∆ I GM I sin φ = 153.75 x0.693x sin φ = 98.229 sin φ t.m.

 LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
• According to the Lost Buoyancy Method, flooded compartment (DCEF) is assumed
to be a part of sea anymore (it does not belong the ship).
• As the flooded water does not belong to the ship, it causes no free surface effects.
• Neither before damaged nor after damaged ABCD region does not yield buoyant
force. Because after damaged it does not belong the ship.

Paralel Sinkage:
Volume (DCEF)=Volume (W1ADW+BL1LC)
 LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
Paralel Sinkage:
Volume (DCEF)=Volume (W1ADW+BL1LC)

Damaged compartment is bounded on top.

 LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
• It is assumed that displacement and location of vertical centre
of gravity does not change after damaged.
LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
 LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
The heel angle of damaged ship is determined by

where

d is the distance between the volume centre of damaged compartment

and the new longitudinal centre of floatation.

wc=vc μ ρ
LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
 LOST BUOYANCY METHOD

Longitudinal Metacentre Height of a Damaged Ship

LOST BUOYANCY METHOD
 Forward and aft draughts after damaged

Table 1: Final Draughts for a starboard side damaged ship

Port Aft Port Fore Starboard Aft Starboard Forward

Initial Draught T T T T

Paralel Sinkage +p +p +p +P

Heel -mi -mi +ms +ms

Trim -tk +tb -tk +tb

Final Draught T+p-mi-tk T+p-mi+tb T+p+ms-tk T+p+ms+tb

 Example
A cargo hold with dimensions of l = 15.24m. , w = 9.14 m.,
h=6.1 m. is completely flooded. Determine the volume of the
space and the corrected flooded volume:

Volume = 15.24 m. x 9.14 m. x 6.1 m. = 849.7 m3

Flooded volume = Volume x permeability

Flooded volume = 849.7 m3 x 60%

Flooded volume = 509.8 m3

Once the volume is corrected, the determination of the new “G”

and changes and list and trim are computed as previously
discussed
Lost Buoyancy Method
 Lost Buoyancy Method
• After loosing the central compartment, the
waterplane area is:

AL = ( L − l ) B = (20 − 4) x5 = 80 m 2

• To compensate for the loss of buoyancy of the

central compartment, the draft increases to :

∇ I 150
TL = = = 1.875 m
AL 80
 Lost Buoyancy Method
• The height of the center of buoyancy increases to :

TL 1.875
KBL = = = 0.938 m
2 2
• The moment of inertia of the waterplane area:

B 3 ( L − l ) 5 3 (20 − 4)
IL = = = 166.67 m 4
12 radius: 12
• The metacentric

I L 166.67
BM L = = = 1.111 m
∇I 150
 Lost Buoyancy Method
• The metacentric height:

GM L = KBL + BM L − KGI = 0.938 + 1.111 − 1.5 = 0.549 m

• Righting moment for small heel angles

M RL = ∆ I GM L sin φ = 153.75 x0.549 sin φ = 84.349 sin φ t.m