列列印版 進階⽂文法 名詞⼦子句句: ⾮非獨⽴立⼦子句句 (Advanced English Grammar: Dependent Clauses) - VoiceTube《看影⽚片學英語》 2018/7/24, 7*36 PM

VoiceTube
: (Advanced English Grammar: Dependent
Clauses)
1. Hi. Welcome back to www.engvid.com. I'm Adam, and today's lesson is a special lesson. It's
2. an introduction to dependent clauses. Now, before I begin, I want you to understand I'm
3. only going to look at the functions of the dependent clauses today. I'm not going to
4. look at how they're built, how to structure them, the conjunctions they use, the relative
5. pronouns they use; only about the functions, because it's very important that you are able
6. to recognize the different types of dependent clauses. Once you recognize the function of
7. a clause, you know how it's built, you know what it's doing in the sentence, you can understand
8. the sentence better, you can write better sentences.
9. So, dependent clauses, what are they? First of all, they're also called subordinate clauses.
10. You might see "subordinate", you might see "dependent". They're very different from the
11. independent clause. The independent clause is a clause that can stand by itself, and
12. has a complete meaning. It doesn't have... It doesn't need any other information. A "clause"
13. is a collection of words-sorry-that must include a subject and a verb.
14. Okay, we have basically four types. Technically, we think of three types, but there's one extra
15. one that we're going to look at today. We have "noun clauses", we have "adjective clauses"-adjective
16. clauses" are also called "relative clauses"-we have "adverb clauses", and we have something
17. called a "that clause", which is really none of these three. It's closest to the noun clause,
18. but it doesn't function like a noun clause.
19. We're going to start with the noun clause, then. What is a noun clause? First of all,
20. a noun clause has a specific function in a sentence. It is used, just like it's called,
21. it's used like a noun. You think of a noun clause as you would a noun, except that it's
22. a clause. There's a subject, there's a verb, there's other pieces to it. We can use it
23. as a subject of a sentence, we can use it as a subject of an otherwise independent clause.
24. "What you do in your free time is your business." So, look... Let's, first of all, look at all
25. the verbs, here. We have "do" and we have "is". We have two verbs. The subject for "you"...
26. For "do" is "you". Okay? What is the subject for "is"? Well, if you look around, it's not
27. "time", it's not "your", and it's not "you" because "you" is already being used. So the
28. whole thing: "What you do in your free time", this is the subject, this is the verb, this
29. is the subject complement. Okay?
30. Now, very rarely do people actually use noun clauses as subjects, especially in writing.
31. What they might say is "it": "It is your business what you do in your free time." Okay? We call
32. this a "preparatory 'it'". It means we prepare you for the subject that's going to come later.
33. Why do we do this? Because it's more... It's a bit awkward to do it like this. It's more
34. convenient to begin with "it", get to the verb, and get to whatever comes after the
35. verb, and put the subject later because it's long. Okay? "What you do in your free time",
36. subject, "is", verb.
37. Now, we can use it as a subject complement. A subject complement looks like an object,
38. but it is not. It comes after a "be" verb. It comes after a "be" verb, okay? And it completes
39. the meaning of the subject. So, Tom, what do we know about Tom? "Tom isn't"... Isn't

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40. what? He "isn't what you would call friendly." This is the noun clause. There is the subject,
41. there is the verb. These, by the way, these are just called the pronouns or the conjunctions,
42. whatever you want to call them. They begin the clause. Now, as we know from other lessons,
43. "is" works like an equal sign. Tom, not really friendly. That's basically what this sentence
44. means. This is the subject complement to Tom, noun clause. Notice the conjunction "what"
45. can only be used in a noun clause; not in an adjective clause, not in an adverb clause.
46. Okay, we can also use a noun clause as the object of the sentence. "She said she was sorry."
47. So, what do we have, here? We have the subject, we have the verb. She said what?
48. What did she say? That "she was sorry". Subject, verb. Okay? I put "that" in brackets because
49. "that" is a conjunction that we can often take out. You have the subject, here; we don't
50. need this. This is only used to introduce the noun clause. We can take it out, we can
51. leave it in. Up to you. Some sentences, it is necessary to keep "that" in the sentence
52. if it's not clear without it. If it's very clear without it, take it out. So, she said what?
53. This is the object, this whole thing. Actually, I'll put it here. Object to "said".
54. This is the subject complement to "Tom", this is the subject to "is".
55. We can also use noun clauses as objects of prepositions. "I don't worry." is a complete
56. sentence. This is an independent clause; I don't actually need anymore. But I want to
57. tell you specifically what I don't worry about. So I use the proposition "about", and now,
58. "what others think", again, you have the conjunction, you have your subject, you have your verb.
59. This whole thing is now the object of "about". About what? "What others think". The whole
60. thing, this whole thing: "about what others think", this whole thing is a complement to
61. this sentence. Okay.
62. Now, we can also have an object of a verb that is not the main verb.
63. "I really want to believe." this is a complete sentence.
64. I have here a subject, verb, object. I don't
65. need anything else, but I want to add some more information. I want to add a complement.
66. So: "that tomorrow will be better", I have my subject, I have my verb. This whole thing
67. is a noun clause, acting as an object to "believe". But "believe" is not the main verb of the
68. sentence. It is just... It is part of the object, the infinitive object. And I have...
69. But it's a transitive verb, means it can take an object, so I give it an object. This object
70. now acts as a complement to the word, to the verb "believe". So here is basically the noun
71. clauses that you will find in your readings, the noun clauses that you should use in your
72. writing, and we're going to move now to the adjective clauses.
73. Okay, so now we're going to look at the adjective clauses or the relative clauses. Just like
74. the nouns, the adjective clauses work as adjectives. They are modifying a noun, usually one that
75. comes before it. Okay? We're going to look at three types. It's not really three types;
76. there's only two types, but one of them is a little bit different, so we look at it separately.
77. You have identifying adjective clauses in which case you do not use commas. What does
78. "identifying" mean? It means that you're pointing to this noun and you're telling me what it
79. is, or who it is, or where it is. It has to be specific, because otherwise, I don't know.
80. The noun is too general. You need to identify it so there's no commas.
81. On the other hand, we have the non-identifying one. If you're giving me a noun and I know
82. what the noun is, maybe it's a name, maybe you've already mentioned it in a previous
83. sentence, so I already know who, what, where this noun is. So, now, anything that you tell
84. me about it is extra information. You're still modifying the same thing, but you're giving

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85. me extra. In this case, you're going to use commas before and after the adjective clause.
86. If the adjective clause ends the sentence, then of course, there's a period, not a second comma.
87. And we have situational adjective clauses. Now, technically, they work the same way except
88. that they're not modifying a noun. They're modifying an entire phrase or clause that
89. came before it. We're going to look at examples.
90. So number one, identifying. "The girl who sold me the car said it was hers." Now, if
91. you ask: Who is this girl? I don't know. Lots of girls out there, so you need to tell me
92. specifically which girl we're talking about. So that's why we have "who sold me the car".
93. Oh, sorry.
94. This is an adjective clause. We have the subject. So in adjective clauses,
95. this can also be the subject and the verb. Okay? It is telling you something about the
96. girl. It is telling you specifically which girl you're talking about. So now I know.
97. In the next sentence, when you say "the girl", if you're still talking about the same girl
98. and the same situation, in the next sentence, you don't need to give me an identifying clause.
99. In the next sentence, if you want to give me more information about her, then you're
100. giving me a non-identifying, because here, you've identified her. Next sentence, I know
101. who she is; it's all extra information. Okay? Just a little bit of a refresher: "said" is
102. a verb. What is this? This is a little bit of review. It's a noun clause, of course.
103. It's an object to "said". We took the "that" out.
104. Okay, let's look at the non-identifying clause. "My high school English teacher". Now, we're
105. talking about my high school, so I went to one high school and we're talking about one
106. specific class, and therefore, one specific teacher. So she's already been identified.
107. "My high school English teacher", that's a very specific person. So I don't need to identify
108. her anymore; I've already identified her. So, now, I'm going to give you some information
109. about her, but it's all extra. If I take this clause out... It actually starts here. Oh.
110. This is the adjective clause. If I take it out, my sentence is still okay.
111. "My high school English teacher sends me a postcard." No problem.
112. Good sentence. Complete idea. I know who she
113. is, I know what she did. No problem. So this is extra, and so I put it between commas.
114. Okay? "Who is retired", so again, I have my subject and my verb, and "who now lives in
115. Florida". Because of the "and", I don't need to say this again. This just carries over
116. to here. ", who is retired and who now lives in Florida, sends me a postcard". Between
117. commas. Just extra information. Okay? But it is still telling you something about my
118. English teacher. It is still giving you information about the noun that came before it. Just like
119. this one tells you something about the noun that came before it.
120. Now, although it's not very common, you could have an adjective clause that doesn't modify
121. the noun right before it. "I bought myself a motorcycle for my birthday." This is an
122. independent clause. It is fine. You don't need any more information. I could put a period,
123. here, and be finished with this sentence. But I want to give you some more information,
124. I want to give you my wife's reaction. Okay? "Which made my wife crazy". Now, you're thinking
125. "which", are we talking about birthday? My birthday made her crazy? That doesn't make
126. sense. She's my wife, she loves me, she loves my birthday, she wants to buy me a cake, she
127. wants to make me a cake, but that's not what made her crazy. What made her crazy is that
128. I bought myself a motorcycle. This situation, that's why I called it a situational, this
129. situation is what I am describing. This situation made my wife crazy. So, we don't modify the

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130. last noun. We actually modify the whole situation and we use a comma. We end the sentence with
131. it, so we use a period. If it was in the middle of a sentence, of course, comma and continue
132. the sentence. So there you have three adjective clauses.
133. And again, just like with the noun clauses, sometimes you can take out the relative pronoun.
134. In this case, you can't because it is also the subject. But we will do... I will do another
135. video lesson about how to construct all the different types of adjective clauses, noun
136. clauses, etc. The only thing I will mention right away today: We use "that" with identifying
137. adjective clauses. So if you're identifying a thing, use "that". If you're modifying...
138. If you're describing a noun that's a thing, but it's non-identifying, use "which". "That",
139. no comma; "which", with comma. Okay? Identifying, non-identifying, in case you're wondering:
140. "What's the difference between 'that' and 'which'?" Now, some teachers will tell you
141. they're both the same, you can use either one. You can. If you're going to write an
142. IELTS test, a TOEFL test, an SAT test, a GRE/GMAT test, not okay. Identifying, non-identifying
143. is the correct distinction between these two. Okay, let's look at adverb clauses now.
144. Okay, so now we're going to look at adverb clauses. And just like noun clauses and adjective
145. clauses, what does an adverb clause do or how does it work? It works like an adverb.
146. And what does it do? It shows our relationship. Now, what is the relationship between? It's
147. very important to remember that a dependent clause is always joined to an independent
148. clause or to other dependent clauses; it never stands by itself. Right? So an adverb clause
149. has a relationship with whatever clause it is attached to, usually the independent clause.
150. What kind of relationships? Well, here are some examples: there's a contrast, there's
151. condition, there's reason, there's time. Okay? There are others as well, but we're just going
152. to look at a few just to get an example of the types of relationships you might have.
153. So, adverb clauses, of course, have their own conjunction. They're not "what", they're
154. not "that". We don't use "what", we don't use "that". You could use "who", you could
155. use "which". No, we can't use "which", that's for a noun or an adjective. "Although", "if",
156. "because", "when". Contrast, condition, reason, time. Okay? So we can use all of these conjunctions
157. to show all kinds of relationships.
158. "Although he practiced every day", here's your adverb clause, "he didn't win", here's
159. your independent clause. This is a sentence: "He didn't win." But the contrast, though:
160. "Although he practiced every day". So, what's the...? What's the relationship of contrast?
161. It means opposite ideas. Right? Or opposite expectations. You think, he practiced every
162. day, he should be very good, he should win the contest. But he didn't win. So this is
163. like "but", although it creates a dependent clause.
164. "If you help me pass this test, I'll buy you lunch." On what condition will I buy you lunch?
165. On the condition that you help me pass this test. So if you help me, I will buy. Okay?
166. "I lent her my notes"-why?-"because she missed too many classes". So I'm showing you the
167. reason that I lent her my notes. Independent clause, adverb clause, showing reason.
168. Now, this sentence I made a little bit more complicated. I put in a few dependent clauses,
169. because you remember at the beginning I said there's a fourth type, "that" clause? We're
170. going to see that now, too. "When my mother, who was only 18 when she had me, told me I
171. should wait until I got older to marry Lucy, I knew she was really happy I met the right
172. person." Wow, that's a very complex sentence, you're thinking that, right? Too many things
173. going on. Well, not so complicated. "When my mother", okay? Where's the main verb?
174. "Told me", "When my mother told me", that's your first adverb clause.

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175. Here, we have a comma and a comma. Here, we have an adjective clause.
176. Here, we have an adverb clause. An adjective
177. clause is telling me something about my mother, but commas tell me it's not identifying. I
178. only have one mother. She's already been identified, she's my mother. Not your mother, not his
179. mother, not her mother. My mother. There's only one. So this is non-identifying adjective
180. clause. "When my mother told me", told me what? "I should wait",
181. noun clause, object to "told". "Told me I should wait until I got older".
182. Until when should I wait? Here,
183. we have another adverb clause, with time. Right? This relationship of this clause is
184. to this clause. I should wait until a specific time. This is a noun clause. "To marry Lucy",
185. this is just a complement. "I knew she was really happy", what's the relationship? There's
186. no conjunction. This is a complete idea by itself. This sentence can stand by itself.
187. This is your independent clause. Now, remember the "that" clause that I told you about? So,
188. technically, there is a "that" here. But I took it out because I don't need it, I have
189. a subject. Remember "that"... We generally use "that" just to introduce a clause. It
190. doesn't have any particular function other than to introduce the clause.
191. So "I met the right person".
192. Now, is this modifying, "happy" or "she" or anything? No. So it's not an adjective
193. clause. There's no relationship of any kind, here, so it's not an adverb clause. There's
194. no noun and there's no situation, so it's not a noun clause.
195. Basically, this is called a complement.
196. Complement.
197. It is just completing this idea. It's just a "that clause" we call
198. it. It doesn't really have any type of a noun, adjective, adverb, but it just gives you a
199. little bit of extra information to complete the idea. "She was really happy that I met somebody",
200. this completes the idea of basically happiness. So there you go, adverb clause,
201. adjective clause, noun clause, adverb clause, independent clause, and a "that" clause all
202. in one sentence.
203. Now, why did we learn all this stuff today? Why did we have this introduction to dependent
204. clauses? So that when you see a sentence like this and it looks very complicated to you,
205. understand that all you have to do is pick out all the different clauses, find out what
206. is their function, what are they doing in this sentence. If you understand what they
207. are doing, what they are modifying, what they are explaining, what relationship they're
208. showing, then you know what the sentence means. When you know the independent clause, that's
209. your main idea. "I knew she was really happy", this is the main idea. This is the most important
210. piece of information. All this other stuff just gives you more information; it just modifies
211. the main idea. Know the function, know the type of clause, know how everything is working.
212. Now, if you understand all this, do keep in mind I will make other videos, as I said.
213. I will show you how to construct a noun clause, an adjective clause, and an adverb clause.
214. Okay? I will show you how to make them, I will show you how to analyze them. They come
215. in different structures, they can be played around with. You need to know... You need
216. to know all the different conjunctions; "who", "until", "when", "that", etc. But for now,
217. make sure you know what you're looking at, identify it, and work from there.
218. Now, if you want to practice this a little bit, if you want to come and look at sentences
219. and identify the clauses, go to www.engvid.com. There's a quiz there that I put up there.

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220. You can practice, you can ask me questions in the comment section, and that's it.
221. It's all good.
222. Don't forget to subscribe to my YouTube channel, and I'll see you again soon. Bye.

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