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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 2, No.1, November 2013
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
Figure (1):- Typical range of magnitude and duration of Figure (3). Overvoltage on unfaulted phase during
power system temporary overvoltages. single-line-to-ground fault.
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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 2, No.1, November 2013
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
Switching. Switchings in a power system occur One of the common symptoms of power quality
frequently. A variety of switchings are performed problems related to utility capacitor-switching
for routine operations or automatically by control overvoltages is that the problems appear at nearly
and protection systems. Typical switchings are as the same time each day. On distribution feeders
follows: with industrial loads, capacitors are frequently
switched by time clock in anticipation of an
1. Lines (transmission or distribution) increase in load with the beginning of the working
2. Cables day. Common problems are adjustable-speed-
3. Shunt/series capacitors drive trips and malfunctions of other
4. Shunt reactors electronically controlled load equipment that
5. Transformers occur without a noticeable blinking of the lights
6. Generators/motors or impact on other, more conventional loads.
Another class of switching transients are those Figure 4 shows the one-line diagram of a typical
generated from insulation flashovers and breaker utility feeder capacitor-switching situation. When
restrikes. These phenomena are equivalent to the the switch is closed, a transient similar to the one
closing of a switch and generate switching surges, in Fig. 5 may be observed upline from the
which propagate in the system. capacitor at the monitor location. In this particular
case, the capacitor switch contacts close at a point
Sources of Transient Overvoltages near the system voltage peak. This is a common
occurrence for many types of switches because
There are two main sources of transient the insulation across the switch contacts tends to
overvoltages on utility systems: capacitor break down when the voltage across the switch is
switching and lightning. These are also sources of at a maximum value. The voltage across the
transient overvoltages as well as a myriad of other capacitor at this instant is zero. Since the capacitor
switching phenomena within end-user facilities. voltage cannot change instantaneously, the system
Some power electronic devices generate voltage at the capacitor location is briefly pulled
significant transients when they switch. Transient down to zero and rises as the capacitor begins to
overvoltages can be generated at high frequency charge toward the system voltage. Because the
(load switching and lightning), medium frequency power system source is inductive, the capacitor
(capacitor energizing), or low frequency. voltage overshoots and rings at the natural
frequency of the system. At the monitoring
Capacitor Switching location shown, the initial change in voltage will
not go completely to zero because of the
Capacitor switching is one of the most common impedance between the observation point and the
switching events on utility systems. Capacitors are switched capacitor. However, the initial drop and
used to provide reactive power (in units of vars) to subsequent ringing transient that is indicative of a
correct the power factor, which reduces losses and capacitor-switching event will be observable to
supports the voltage on the system. They are a some degree.
very economical and generally trouble-free means
of accomplishing these goals. Alternative methods
such as the use of rotating machines and
electronic var compensators are much more costly
or have high maintenance costs. Thus, the use of
capacitors on power systems is quite common and
will continue to be.
One drawback to the use of capacitors is that they
yield oscillatory transients when switched. Some
capacitors are energized all the time (a fixed
bank), while others are switched according to load
levels. Various control means, including time,
temperature, voltage, current, and reactive power,
are used to determine when the capacitors are Figure 4 .One-line diagram of a capacitor-switching
switched. It is common for controls to combine operation corresponding to the waveform in F. 5.
two or more of these functions, such as
temperature with voltage override.
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PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 2, No.1, November 2013
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
63
PRATIBHA: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, SPIRITUALITY,
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY (IJSSBT), Vol. 2, No.1, November 2013
ISSN (Print) 2277—7261
References
[1]. Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference
Book, 4th ed., Westinghouse Electric Corporation, East
Pittsburgh, Pa., 1964.
[2]. Electrical Distribution-System Protection, 3d ed., Cooper
Power Systems, Franksville, Wis., 1990.
[3]. K. Berger, R. B. Anderson, H. Kroninger, ―Parameters of
Lightning Flashes, ―Electra, No. 41, July 1975, pp. 23–
27.
[4]. R. Morrison and W. H. Lewis, Grounding and Shielding
in Facilities, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1990.
[5]. G. L. Goedde, L. J. Kojovic, M. B. Marz, J. J.
Woodworth, ―Series-Graded Gapped Arrester Provides
Reliable Overvoltage Protection in Distribution
Systems,‖ Conference Record, 2001 IEEE Power
Engineering Society Winter Meeting, Vol. 3, 2001, pp.
1122–1127.
[6]. R. A. Stansberry, ―Protecting Distribution Circuits:
Overhead Shield Wire versus Lightning Surge
Arresters,‖ Transmission & Distribution, April
1991, pp. 56ff.
[7]. IEEE Transformers Committee, ―Secondary (Low-Side)
Surges in Distribution Transformers,‖ Proceedings of the
1991 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference, Dallas, September 1991, pp. 998–1008.
[8]. C. W. Plummer, et al., ―Reduction in Distribution
Transformer Failure Rates and Nuisance Outages Using
Improved Lightning Protection Concepts,‖ Proceedings
of the 1994 IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution
Conference, Chicago, April 1994, pp. 411–416.
[9]. G. L. Goedde, L. A. Kojovic, J. J. Woodworth, ―Surge
Arrester Characteristics That Provide Reliable
Overvoltage Protection in Distribution and Low-Voltage
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