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DBMS – OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Consider the following functional dependencies in a database:


Date_of_birth -> Age Age ->Eligibility Name -> Roll_number Roll_number ->
name
Course_no->coursename courseno->instructor
(roll_no, course_no)-> Grade
The relation (Roll_number, name, Date_of_birth, age) is
a) in 2NF but not in 3NF
b) in 3NF nut not in BCNF
c) in BCNF
d) in none of the above

2. Consider the following SQL query “select distinct a1,a2….an from r1,r2,…rm where P
For an arbitrary predicate P, this query is equivalent to which of the following RA
expressions?
a) π a1,a2,…anσp(r1xr2x….x rm)
b) π a1,a2,…anσp (r1*r2*….* rm) * - natural join
c) π a1,a2,…anσp (r1Ur2U….U rm)
d) π a1,a2,…anσp (r1ᴖr2ᴖ….ᴖ rm)

3. Consider the following relation schema pertaining to a students database:


Student(rollno, name, address) Enroll(rollno,courseno,coursename) where the primary
keys are underlined. The number of tuples in the student and enroll tables are 120 and 8
respectively. What are the maximum and minimum of tuples that can be present in
(student * enroll) where * denotes natural join?
a) 8,8 b) 120,8 c) 960,8 d) 960,120

4. The relation scheme student_performance(name, courseno, rollno, grade) has the


following functional dependencies: name, courseno->grade rollno, courseno->grade
name->rollno rollno->name
The highest normal form of this relation scheme is
a) 2NF b)3NF c)BCNF d)4NF

5. Consider the set of relations shown below and write the SQL query to display the
name of students who have got an A grade in at least one of the courses taught by James
Students(Rollno, name, dateofbirth) Courses(courseno, coursename, instructor)
Grades(Rollno, courseno, grade)

6. Write the SQL query to display the average salary of male employees is more than
the average salary of employees in the same department by considering the relation
employee(name, gender, salary, deptname)

7. Which one of the following statements about normal forms is FALSE?


a) BCNF is stricter than 3NF
b) Lossless, dependency-preserving decomposition into 3NF is always possible.
c) Lossless, dependency-preserving decomposition into BCNF is always possible.
d) Any relation with two attributes is BCNF

8. Let E1 and E2 be two entities in an ER diagrams with simple single valued attributes.
R1 and R2 are two relationships between E1 and E2, where R1 is one-to-many and R2 is
many-to-many. R1 and R2 do not have any attributes of their own. What is the minimum
number of tables required to represent this situation in the relational model?
a) 2 b)3 c)4 d)5

9. The following table has two attributes A and C where A is the primary key and C is
the foreign key referencing A with on-delete-cascade.

A C
2 4

3 4

4 3

5 2

7 2

9 5

6 4

The set of all tuples that must be additionally deleted to preserve referential
integrity when the tuple (2,4) is deleted is:
a) (3,4) and (6,4) b) (5,2) and (7,2) c) (5,2) (7,2) and (9,5) d) (6,4)

10. Consider a relation schema R=(A,B,C,D,E,H) on which the following functional


dependencies hold:{A->B, BC->D,E->C,D->A}. What are the candidate keys of R?
a) AE,BE b)AE, BE, DE c) AEH, BEH, BCH d) AEH, BEH, DEH

11. Which of the following scenarios may lead to an irrecoverable error in a database
system?

a) A transaction writes a data item after it is read by an uncommitted transaction


b) A transaction reads a data item after it is read by an uncommitted transaction
c) A transaction reads a data item after it is written by a committed transaction
d) A transaction writes a data item after it is read by an uncommitted
transaction
12. Consider three data items D1, D2 and D3 and the following execution schedule of
transactions T1, T2 and T3. In the diagram, R(D) and W(D) denote the actions reading
and writing the data item D respectively

T1 T2 T3

R(D3)

R(D2)

W(D2)

R(D2)

R(D3)

R(D1)

W(D1)

W(D2)

W(D3)

R(D1)

R(D2)

W(D2)

W(D1)

a) The `schedule is serializable as T2;T3;T1


b) The `schedule is serializable as T2;T1;T3
c) The `schedule is serializable as T3;T2;T1
d) The `schedule is not serializable

13. Consider the following log sequence of two transactions on a bank account, with
initial balance 12000, that transfer 2000 to a mortgage payment and then apply a 5%
interest.
1. T1 start 2. T1 B old = 12000 new=10000 3. T1 M old=0 new=2000
4. T1 commit 5. T2 start 6. T2 B old=10000 new=10500 7. T2 commit
Suppose the database system crashed just before log record 7 is written. When the
system is restarted, which one of the statements is true of the recovery procedure?
a) We must redo log record 6 to set B to 10500
b) We must undo log record 6 to set B to 10000 and then redo log records 2 and 3
c) We need not redo log records 2 and 3 because transaction T1 has committed
d) We can apply redo and undo operations in arbitrary order because they are
idempotent

14. Consider the relation enrolled(student, course) in which (student,course) is the


primary key and the relation paid(student, amount) where student is the primary key.
Assume no null values and no foreign keys or integrity constraints. Given the following
four queries:
Q1: select student from enrolled where student in(select student from paid)
Q2: select student from paid where student in(select student from enrolled)
Q3: select E.student from enrolled E, paid P where E.student=P.student
Q4: select student from paid where exists(select * from enrolled where
enrolled.student=paid.student)
Which one of the following statements is correct?
a) All queries return identical row sets for any database
b) Q2 and Q4 return identical row sets for all databases but there exist databases for
which Q1 and Q2 return different row sets
c) There exist databases for which Q3 returns strictly fewer rows than Q2
d) There exist databases for which Q4 will encounter an integrity violation at run-time

15. A clustering index is defined on the fields which are of type


a) Non-key and ordering b) Non-key and non-ordering
b) c) key and ordering d) key and non-ordering

16. Which of the following concurrency control protocols ensure both conflict
serilaizablity and freedom from deadlock?
I. 2-phase locking II. Time-stamp ordering
a) I only b) II only c) Both I and II d) Neither I nor II

17. The following functional dependencies hold for relations R(A,B,C) and S(B,D,E):
B-> A A->C

The relation R contains 200 tuples and the relation S contains 100 tuples. What
is the maximum number of tuples possible in the natural join of R and S.

a) 100 b) 200 c) 300 d) 2000

18. Given the basic ER and relational models, which of the following is INCORRECT?
(A) An attribute of an entity can have more than one value
(B) An attribute of an entity can be composite
(C) In a row of a relational table, an attribute can have more than one value
(D) In a row of a relational table, an attribute can have exactly one value or a NULL
value

19. Which of the following statements are TRUE about an SQL query?
P : An SQL query can contain a HAVING clause even if it does not have a GROUP BY
clause
Q : An SQL query can contain a HAVING clause only if it has a GROUP BY clause
R : All attributes used in the GROUP BY clause must appear in the SELECT clause
S : Not all attributes used in the GROUP BY clause need to appear in the SELECT clause
(A) P and R (B) P and S (C) Q and R (D) Q and S

20. Suppose R1(A, B) and R2(C, D) are two relation schemas. Let r1 and r2 be the
corresponding
relation instances. B is a foreign key that refers to C in R2. If data in r1 and r2 satisfy
referential
integrity constraints, which of the following is ALWAYS TRUE?
(A) B(r1) C(r2) = 
(B) C(r2) B(r1) = 
(C) B(r1) = C(r2)
(D) B(r1) C(r2) ≠ 

Consider the following relations A, B and C:


ABC
Id Name Age Id Name Age Id Phone Area
12 Arun 60 15 Shreya 24 10 2200 02
15 Shreya 24 25 Hari 40 99 2100 01
99 Rohit 11 98 Rohit 20
99 Rohit 11

21. How many tuples does the result of the following relational algebra expression contain?
Assume
that the schema of A∪B is the same as that of A.
(A∪B) ⋈ A.Id > 40 C.Id < 15 C
(A) 7 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 9

H ow many tuples does the result of the following SQL query contain?
SELECT A.Id
FROM A
WHERE A.Age > ALL (SELECT B.Age
FROM B
WHERE B.Name = ‘Arun’)
(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 0 (D) 1

23. Consider the following transactions with data items P and Q initialized to zero:
T1 :read (P);
read (Q);
if P = 0 then Q := Q + 1 ;
write (Q).
T2 : read (Q);
read (P);
if Q = 0 then P := P + 1 ;
write (P).
Any non-serial interleaving of T1 and T2 for concurrent execution leads to
(A) a serializable schedule
(B) a schedule that is not conflict serializable
(C) a conflict serializable schedule
(D) a schedule for which a precedence graph cannot be drawn

24. Which statement finds the rows in the CUSTOMERS table that do not have a postal code?
A. SELECT customer_id, customer_name FROM customers WHERE postal_code CONTAINS
NULL;
B. SELECT customer_id, customer_name FROM customers WHERE postal_code = '________';
C. SELECT customer_id, customer_name FROM customers WHERE postal_code IS
NULL;
D. SELECT customer_id, customer_name FROM customers WHERE postal code IS NVL;
E. SELECT customer_id, customer_name FROM customers WHERE postal_code = NULL;

25. SELECT last_name, salary , hire_date FROM EMPLOYEES ORDER BY salary DESC;
SELECT last_name, salary, hire_date FROM EMPLOYEES ORDER BY 2 DESC;
What is true about them?
A. The two statements produce identical results.
B. The second statement returns a syntax error.
C. There is no need to specify DESC because the results are sorted in descending order by
default.
D. The two statements can be made to produce identical results by adding a column alias for the
salary column in the second SQL statement.

26. Evaluate the set of SQL statements:


CREATE TABLE dept (deptno NUMBER(2), dname VARCNAR2(14), loc VARCNAR2(13));
ROLLBACK;
DESCRIBE DEPT
What is true about the set?
A. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement displays the structure of the DEPT table.
B. The ROLLBACK statement frees the storage space occupies by the DEPT table.
C. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement returns an error ORA-04043: object DEPT does not exist.
D. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement displays the structure of the DEPT table only if the us a
COMMIT statement introduced before the ROLLBACK statement..

27. You want to use a function in you column clause of a SQL statement. The NVL function
accomplishes which of the following tasks?
A. Assists in the distribution of output across multiple columns.
B. Enables you to specify alternate output for non-NULL column values.
C. Enables you to specify alternated out for NULL column values.
D. Nullifies the value of the column output.

28. The EMPloyee table contains these columns:


Empno Number(4) Ename Varchar2(10) job varchar2(10) sal Varchar2(10)
You need to display the employees information by using this query.
How many columns are presented after executing this query:
SELECT Empno||','||Ename||','||Job "Employee Information" FROM employee;
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 0
E) 4

29. You need to display the last names of those employees who have the letter “A” as the second
character in their names.
Which SQL statement displays the required results?
A. SELECT last_name FROM EMP WHERE last_name LIKE ‘_A%’;
B. SELECT last_name FROM EMP WHERE last name =’*A%’
C. SELECT last_name FROM EMP WHERE last name =’_A%’;
D. SELECT last_name FROM EMP WHERE last name LIKE ‘*A%’

30. The CUSTOMER_ID column is the primary key for the table.
Which two statements find the number of customers? (Choose two.)
A. SELECT TOTAL(*) FROM customers;
B. SELECT COUNT(*) FROM customers;
C. SELECT TOTAL(customer_id) FROM customers;
D. SELECT COUNT(customer_id) FROM customers;
E. SELECT COUNT(customers) FROM customers;
F. SELECT TOTAL(customer_name) FROM customers;

31) Related fields in a database are grouped to form

a. Data Fields
b. Data Record
c. Menu
d. Bank
e. None of above

32) TRUNCATE statement in SQL is a

a. DML statement
b. DDL statement
c. DCL statement
d. None of above

33) The default date format in SQL is

a. DD-MON-YY
b. DD-MM-YY
c. DD-MM-YYY
d. MM-DD-YY

34) For adding number of hours to a date, which of the following statement is used ?
a. Date + Number
b. Date + Number/24
c. Date + Number of Hours
d. None of above

35) Which syntax is the more accurate for creating SYNONYM?

a. CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym for object


b. CREATE SYNONYM synonym for object from table name
c. CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym for column name
d. None of these

36) A data dictionary is a special file that contains

a. the names of all fields in all files


b. the data types of all fields in all files
c. the widths of all fields in all files
d. All of above
e. None of above

37) A command that lets you change one or more fields of a record is

a. insert
b. Modify
c. Look-up
d. All of above
e. None of above

38) A transparent DBMS

a. Can not hide sensitive information from users


b. Keep its logical structure hidden from users
c. Keeps its physical structure hidden from users
d. Both B and C
e. None of above

39) Information can be transferred between the DBMS and a

a. Spreadsheet program
b. Word processor program
c. Graphics programs
d. All of above
e. None of above

40) Goals for the design of the logical schema includes

a. Avoiding data inconsistency


b. Being able to construct queries easily
c. Being able to access data efficiency
d. All of above
e. None of above

41) A locked file can be

a. Accessed by only one user


b. Modified by users with the correct password
c. Is used to hide sensitive information
d. Both B and C
e. None of above

42) A trigger is

a. A statement that enables to start any DBMS


b. A statement that is executed by the user when debugging an application program
c. A condition the system tests for the validity of the database user
d. A statement that is executed automatically by the system as a side effect of
modification to the database

43) Manager's salary details are hidden from the employee. This is

a. Conceptual level data hiding


b. Physical level data hiding
c. External level hiding
d. None of above

44) A relation scheme is said to be in ...... form if the values in the domain of
each attribute of the relation are atomic

a. Unnormalized
b. First Normal
c. BoyceCODD
d. None of these
45) A second Normal form does not permit ...... dependency between a non
prime attribute and the relation key

a. Partial
b. Multi
c. Functional
d. Valued

46) A relation scheme is in ..... if it is in the 1NF and if all non prime attributes are fully
functionally dependent on the relation key

a. First Normal Form


b. Second Normal Form
c. Boyce Codd Normal Form
d. Fourth Normal Form

47) In a Third Normal Form relation, every ......attribute is non - transitively and fully
dependent on the every candidate key

a. Prime
b. Non Prime
c. Unique
d. None of these

48) Project join Normal form is also referred to as

a. Second Normal Form


b. Third Normal Form
c. Fourth Normal Form
d. Fifth Normal Form

49) Once a sequence is created, it is documented in the

a. Database
b. Data table
c. Data Dictionary
d. Data Document
51. You own a table called EMPLOYEES with this table structure:

EMPLOYEE_ID NUMBER Primary Key

FIRST_NAME VARCHAR2(25)

LAST_NAME VARCHAR2(25)

HIRE_DATE DATE

What happens when you execute this DELETE statement?

DELETE employees;

A. You get an error because of a primary key violation.

B. The data and structure of the EMPLOYEES table are deleted.

C. You get an error because the statement is not syntactically correct.

D. The data in the EMPLOYEES table is deleted but not the structure.

52. You need to create a table named ORDERS that contains four columns:

1. an ORDER_ID column of number data type

2. a CUSTOMER_ID column of number data type

3. an ORDER_STATUS column that contains a character data type

4. a DATE_ORDERED column to contain the date the order was placed

When a row is inserted into the table, if no value is provided for the status of the order, the value

PENDING should be used instead.

Which statement accomplishes this?

A. CREATE TABLE orders (

order_id NUMBER(10),

customer_id NUMBER(8),

order_status VARCHAR2(10) DEFAULT 'PENDING',

date_ordered VARCHAR2 );

B. CREATE TABLE orders (

order_id NUMBER(10),
customer_id NUMBER(8),

order_status VARCHAR2(10) DEFAULT 'PENDING',

date_ordered DATE );

C. CREATE OR REPLACE TABLE orders (

order_id NUMBER(10),

customer_id NUMBER(8),

order_status VARCHAR2(10) DEFAULT 'PENDING',

date_ordered DATE );

D. CREATE TABLE orders (

order_id NUMBER(10),

customer_id NUMBER(8),

order_status NUMBER(10) DEFAULT 'PENDING',

date_ordered DATE );

53. Which SELECT statement should you use if you want to display unique combinations of the

POSITION and MANAGER values from the EMPLOYEE table?

A. SELECT DISTINCT position, manager

FROM employee;

B. SELECT position, manager DISTINCT

FROM employee;

C. SELECT position, manager

FROM employee;

D. SELECT position, DISTINCT manager

FROM employee;

54. You need to produce a report for mailing labels for all customers. The mailing label must have

only the customer name and address. The CUSTOMERS table has these columns:
CUST_ID NUMBER(4) NOT NULL

CUST_NAME VARCHAR2(100)

CUST_ADDRESS VARCHAR2(150)

CUST_PHONE VARCHAR2(20)

Which SELECT statement accomplishes this task?

A. SELECT* FROM customers;

B. SELECT name, address FROM customers;

C. SELECT id, name, address, phone FROM customers;

D. SELECT cust_name, cust_address FROM customers;

E. SELECT cust_id, cust_name, cust_address, cust_phone FROM customers;

55. Evaluate this SQL statement:

SELECT e.EMPLOYEE_ID,e.LAST_NAME,e.DEPARTMENT_ID, d.DEPARTMENT_NAME

FROM EMPLOYEES e, DEPARTMENTS d

WHERE e.DEPARTMENT_ID = d.DEPARTMENT_ID;

In the statement, which capabilities of a SELECT statement are performed?

A. selection, projection, join

B. selection, intersection, join

C. intersection, projection, join

D. difference, projection, product

E. difference, projection, join

56. Which SQL statement generates the alias Annual Salary for the calculated column SALARY*12?

A. SELECT ename, salary*12 'Annual Salary' FROM employees;

B. SELECT ename, salary*12 AS INITCAP("ANNUAL SALARY") FROM employees

C. SELECT ename, salary*12 "Annual Salary" FROM employees;

D. SELECT ename, salary*12 AS Annual Salary FROM employees;


57. In which scenario would an index be most useful?

A. The indexed columns are part of an expression.

B. The indexed column is declared as NOT NULL.

C. The indexed column contains a wide range of values.

D. The indexed columns are used in the FROM clause.

58. You need to modify the STUDENTS table to add a primary key on the STUDENT_ID column. The

table is currently empty. Which statement accomplishes this task?

A. ALTER TABLE students ADD CONSTRAINT stud_id_pk PRIMARY KEY student_id;

B. ALTER TABLE students MODIFY CONSTRAINT stud_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (student_id);

C. ALTER TABLE students ADD CONSTRAINT PRIMARY KEY (student_id);

D. ALTER TABLE students ADD PRIMARY KEY student_id;

E. ALTER TABLE students ADD CONSTRAINT stud_id_pk PRIMARY KEY (student_id);

59. You want to create a report displaying employee last names, department names, and locations.

Which query should you use?

A. SELECT last_name, department_name, location_id FROM employees , departments ;

B. SELECT employees.last_name, departments.department_name, departments.location_id FROM


employees e, departments D

WHERE e.department_id =d.department_id;

C. SELECT e.last_name, d.department_name, d.location_id FROM employees e, departments D WHERE


manager_id =manager_id;

D. SELECT e.last_name, d.department_name, d.location_id

FROM employees e, departments D WHERE e.department_id =d.department_id;

60. You need to display the employees who have not been assigned to any department. You write the

SELECT statement:
SELECT LAST_NAME, SALARY, DEPARTMENT_ID

FROM EMP

WHERE DEPARTMENT_ID = NULL;

What is true about this SQL statement ?

A. The column in the WHERE clause should be changed to display the desired results.

B. The operator in the WHERE clause should be changed to display the desired results.

C. The WHERE clause should be changed to use an outer join to display the desired results.

D. The SQL statement displays the desired results.

61. The STUDENT_GRADES table has these columns:

STUDENT_ID NUMBER(12)

SEMESTER_END DATE

GPA NUMBER(4,3)

The registrar has requested a report listing the students' grade point averages (GPA), sorted from

highest grade point average to lowest within each semester, starting from the earliest date. Which

statement accomplishes this?

A. SELECT student_id, semester_end, gpa FROM student_grades ORDER BY semester_end DESC,


gpa DESC;

B. SELECT student_id, semester_end, gpa FROM student_grades ORDER BY semester_end ASC, gpa
ASC;

C. SELECT student_id, semester_end, gpa FROM student_grades ORDER BY semester_end, gpa


DESC;

D. SELECT student_id, semester_end, gpa FROM student_grades ORDER BY gpa DESC,


semester_end DESC;

E. SELECT student_id, semester_end, gpa FROM student_grades ORDER BY gpa DESC,


semester_end ASC;.

62. Which two statements are true about WHERE and HAVING clauses? (Choose two)

A. A WHERE clause can be used to restrict both rows and groups.

B. A WHERE clause can be used to restrict rows only.

C. A HAVING clause can be used to restrict both rows and groups.


D. A HAVING clause can be used to restrict groups only.

E. A WHERE clause CANNOT be used in a query of the query uses a HAVING clause.

F. A HAVING clause CANNOT be used in subqueries

63. You are sorting data in a table in you SELECT statement in descending order. The column you are
sorting on contains NULL records, where will the NULL record appears?

A. At the beginning of the list.

B. At the end of the list.

C. In the middle of the list.

D. At the same location they are listed in the unordered table.

64. Which two aggregate functions are valid on the START_DATE column? (Choose two)

A. SUM(start_date)

B. AVG(start_date)

C. COUNT(start_date)

D. AVG(start_date, end_date)

E. MIN(start_date)

F. MAXIMUM(start_date)

65. Which clause should you use to exclude group results?

A. WHERE

B. HAVING

C. RESTRICT

D. GROUP BY

E. ORDER BY

66.

In a SELECT statement that includes a WHERE clause, where is the GROUP BY clause placed

in the SELECT statement?

A. Immediately after the SELECT clause


B. Before the WHERE clause

C. Before the FROM clause

D. After the ORDER BY clause

E. After the WHERE clause

67.

In which two cases would you use an outer join? (Choose two.)

A. Only when the tables have a primary key-foreign key relationship.

B. The tables being joined have NOT NULL columns.

C. The tables being joined have both matched and unmatched data.

D. The columns being joined have NULL values.

E. The tables being joined have only matched data.

F. The tables being joined have only unmatched data.

68.

Evaluate this SQL statement:

SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100 FROM emp;

The SAL column stores the monthly salary of the employee. Which change must be made to the

above syntax to calculate the annual compensation as "monthly salary plus a monthly bonus of

$100, multiplied by 12"?

A. SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100) FROM emp;

B. SELECT ename, sal+100,*12 FROM emp;

C. No change is required to achieve the desired results.

D. SELECT ename, sal, (12*sal)+100 FROM emp;

69.

What are two reasons to create synonyms? (Choose two.)

A. You have too many tables.

B. Your tables names are too long.

C. Your tables have difficult names.


D. You want to work on your own tables.

E. You want to use another schema's tables.

F. You have too many columns in your tables.

70.

In which case would you use a FULL OUTER JOIN?

A. Both tables have NULL values.

B. You want all unmatched data from one table.

C. You want all matched and unmatched data from only one table.

D. You want all unmatched data from both tables.

E. You want all matched data from both tables.

F. One of the tables has more data than the other.

71.

SELECT empname, hire_date HIREDATE, salary FROM EMP ORDER BY hire_date;

How will the results be sorted?

A. descending alphabetically

B. descending by date

C. randomly

D. ascending by date

E. ascending alphabetically

72.

What does the FORCE option for creating a view do?

A. creates a view with constraints

B. creates a view in another schema even if you don't have privileges

C. creates a view even if the underlying parent table has constraints

D. creates a view regardless of whether or not the base tables exist

73.
What is true regarding subqueries?

A. The inner query must always return a value or the outer query will give an error.

B. The inner query returns a value to the outer query.

C. The inner query always sorts the results of the outer query.

D. The outer query must return a value to the inner query.

E. The outer query always sorts the results of the inner query.

74.

CREATE TABLE dept (deptno NUMBER(2), dname VARCHAR2(14), loc VARCHAR2(13));

ROLLBACK;

DESCRIBE DEPT

What is true about the set?

A. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement returns an error ORA-04043: object DEPT does not exist.

B. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement displays the structure of the DEPT table.

C. The DESCRIBE DEPT statement displays the structure of the DEPT table only if there is a

COMMIT statement introduced before the ROLLBACK statement.

D. The ROLLBACK statement frees the storage space occupied by the DEPT table.

75.

A subquery can be used to ___.

A. convert data to a different format

B. create groups of data

C. retrieve data based on an unknown condition

D. sort data in a specific order

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