Rigid Bus Structures

ANSI/IEEE Std 605-1987
IEEE Guide for Design of

Substation Rigid-Bus Structures
Published by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NV 10017, USA
May 20, 1987 SH10751
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An American Na tiona1 Standard
IEEE Guide for Design of
Substation Rigid-Bus Structures
1. Purpose bus structure. An assembly of bus conductors,

with associated connection joints and insulating
Substation rigid-bus structure design involves supports.
electric, mechanical, and structural considera-
tions. It is the purpose of this guide to integrate bus support. An insulating support for a bus.
these considerations into one document. NOTE It includes one or more insulator units with fittings
Special considerations are given to shortcir- for fastening to the mounting structure and for receiving
the bus.
cuitcurrent force calculations. These consider-
ations take into account the decrement of the mounting structure. A structure for mounting
short-circuit current, the flexibility of supports, a n insulating support.
and the natural frequency of the bus. These fac-
tors are mentioned in ANSI C37.32-1972[6]', but rigid-busstructure. A bus structure comprised
are not taken into consideration in the equation of rigid conductors supported by rigid insulators.
presented in that standard.
strain-bus structure. A bus structure com-
prised of flexible conductors supported by strain
2. Scope insulators.
The information in this guide is applicable to
rigid-bus structures for outdoor and indoor, air- 4. References
insulated, and alternating-current substations.
Portions of this guide are also applicable to This guide shall be used in conjunction with
the following publications:
strain-bus structures or direct-current substa-
tions, or both. Ampacity, radio influence, vibra- [l] ANSI / ASTM B241-80, Standard Specifica-
tion, and forces due to gravity, wind, short- tion for Aluminum-Alloy Seamless Pipe and
circuit current, and thermal expansion are Seamless Extruded Tube.'
considered. Design criteria for conductor and in-
sulator strength calculations are included. This [2] ANSI A58.1-1982, American National Stan-
dard Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
guide does not consider
(1)The electrical criteria for the selection of
Other Structures.
insulators [3] ANSI C2-1987, American National Standard
(2) The seismic forces to which the substation National Electrical Safety Code.
may be subjected
(3) The design of mounting structures. [4] ANSI C29.1-1982, American National Stan-
dard Testing Methods for Electrical Power In-
sulators.
3. Definitions [5] ANSI C29.9-1983, American National Stan-
dard Wet-Process Porcelain Insulators (Appa-
The following definitions apply specifically to ratus, Post Type).
the subject matter of this guide.
ANSI publications are available from the Sales Depart-
' The numbers in brackets correspond to the references ment, American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broad-
listed in Section 4 of this guide. way, New York, NY 10018.
ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
[6] ANSI C37.32-1972,American National Stan- [17] CHAINE, P. M., VERGE, R. W., CASTON-
dard Guide for High-Voltage Air Switches, Bus GUAY, G., and GARIEPY J. Wind and Ice Load-
Supports, and Switch Accessories, Schedules of ing in Canada, Industrial Meterology-Study 11.
Preferred Ratings, Manufacturing Specifica- Toronto: Environment Canada; 1974.
tions and Applications.
[7] ANSI / IEEE C37.30-1971, IEEE Standard
Definitions and Requirements for High-Voltage 5. The Design Problem
Air Switches, Insulators, and Bus support^.^
The design problem considered in this guide
[8] ANSI / IEEE Std 100-1984, IEEE Standard
is the selection of rigid-bus structure compo-
Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms.
nents and their arrangements. For a safe, reli-
[9] ANSIIIEEE Std 693-1984, IEEE Recom- able, and economic design, the components and
mended Practice for Seismic Design of Substa- their arrangements should be optimized to sat-
tions. isfy the design conditions. The design conditions
[lo] ANSI / NFPA 70-1981, National Electrical will establish minimum electrical and structural
Code.4 performance. These conditions are dependent
upon the characteristics of the power system
[ l l ] ASTM B188-81, Standard Specification for involved and the location of the substation. The
Seamless Copper Bus Pipe and Tube.5 design conditions specify
[12] NEMA CC1-1984, Electric Power Connec- (1) The minimum ampacity requirements
tors for Substations.' (2) Maximum anticipated short-circuit cur-
rent
[13] NEMA 107-1964(R 1981), Methods of Mea- (3) Maximum operating voltage
surement of Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV) of (4) Maximum anticipated wind speeds
High-Voltage Apparatus. (5) Maximum expected icing conditions com-
[14] Wind Forces on Structures. Transaction Pa- bined with wind
per no 3269-1961, vol 126.7 (6) The altitude of the substation site
(7) Basic substation layout
[15] Aluminum Electrical Conductor Handbook. The selection of conditions acting simulta-
Aluminum Company of America. neously on the bus structure (that is, short cir-
[16] Transmission System Radio Influence. Ra- cuit, extreme wind, or combined wind and ice,
dio Noise Subcommittee of the Transmission and or a combination of these) involves probability
Distribution Committee of the IEEE Power and some risk is involved in their selection. The
Group. Transactions on Power Apparatus and design engineer should consider the risks to life,
System, Aug 1965. property, and system operation, which is in-
volved with a bus failure when the design con-
ditions are selected.
ANSI/IEEE publications are available from the Institute Design conditions should also be specified for
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, IEEE Service Cen- the electrical performance of insulators. Also, if
ter, 445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855- the substation is located in an area of possible
1331, or from the Sales Department, American National
Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018. seismic activity, additional design conditions
*The National Electrical Code is published by the Na-
should be established. ANSI / IEEE Std 693-
tional Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, 1984[9] and the seismic zone maps in ANSI
Quincy, MA 02269. Copies are also available from the Sales A58.1-1982[2] may be used to establish these
Department, American National Standards Institute, 1430 seismic design conditions.
Broadway, New York, NY 10018.
The actual design can begin after the design
ASTM publications are available from the Sales Office, conditions are firmly established. Because of the
American Society for Testing Materials, 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, PA 19103. various bus structure components available to
the designer and their various possible physical
NEMA publications are available from the National
Electrical Manufacturers Association, 2101 L Street, NW, arrangement, the design becomes an iterative
Washington, DC 20037. process. This iterative process is interrelated by
conductor ampacity, suppression of radio influ-
'This publication is available from the American Society
of Civil Engineers, 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY ence, elimination of conductor vibrations, and
10017. structural integrity (see Fig 1).
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 6051987
ESTABLISH DESIGN
CONDITIONS AND BUS
ARRANGEMENT
1 SELECT BUS CONDUCTOR

SHAPE AND
MATERIAL
I I
4
ESTABLISH MINIMUM
CONDUCTOR SIZE BASED
ON AMPACITY AND CORONA
I SELErL:RAIL
CONDUCTOR
ESTABLISH NEED FOR

DAMPING A N 0 SELECT
DAMPER TYPE AND SIZE
CALCULATE TOTAL CALCULATE CALCULATE CONDUCTOR

CONDUCTOR GRAVITATIONAL CONDUCTOR SHORT CIRCUITCURRENT
FORCE lFGl WIND FORCE I F w I FORCE lFscl
I
1 CALCULATE TOTAL
VECTORIAL FORCE
ONCONDUCTORIFTI 1
I
ARE A L L SPANS I N
BUS ARRANGEMENT
SHORTER T H A N L A )
I 1
1 YES
i
CALCULATE T O T A L
INSULATOR
CANTILEVER LOAD FIS
NEW SHAPE OR M A T E R I A L ,
STRENGTH REOUIRED
SATISFACTORY
DESIGN
NOTE: This diagram assumes that maximum span length is not limited by aeolian vibration
Fig 1
Design Process for Horizontal Bus
ANSI / IEEE
6. Ampacity 6.1.1 Effective Resistance, RI? A conduc-

tor’s effective resistance at a given temperature
The ampacity requirement of the bus-conduc- and frequency is the direct-current resistance R
tor is usually determined by either the electrical modified by the skin-effect coefficient F. These
system requirements or the ampacity of the con- values may be obtained from published data.
nected equipment. Conductor ampacity is lim- 6.1.2 Solar Heat Gain, qs. The amount of so-
ited by the conductor’s maximum operating lar heat gained is a function of
temperature. Excessive conductor temperatures (1)The total solar and sky radiation
may anneal the conductor, thereby reducing its (2) The coefficient of solar absorption for the
strength, or may damage connected equipment conductor’s surface
by the transfer of heat. Excessive temperatures (3) The projected area of the conductor
may also cause rapid oxidation of copper con- (4)The altitude of the conductor above sea
ductor. level
(5) The orientation of the conductor with re-
6.1 Heat Balance. The temperature of a con- spect to the sun’s rays
ductor depends upon the balance of heat input 6.1.3 Convective Heat Loss, q,. A bus-con-
and output. For balance, the heat input due to ductor loses heat through natural or forced con-
F R and solar radiation equals the heat output vection.
due to convection, radiation, and conduction. 6.1.3.1. Natural convective heat loss is a
The heat balance may be expressed as: function of
(1)The temperature difference between the
conductor surface and the ambient air temper-
where ature
(2) The orientation of the conductor’s surface
I current for the allowable temperature
=
(3) The width of the conductor’s surface
rise, A
(4)The conductor’s surface area
R = direct-current resistance at the oper-
6.1.3.2. Forced convective heat loss is a func-
ating temperature, a / ft
tion of
F = skin-effect coefficient
(1) The temperature difference between the
qs = solar heat gain, W /ft
conductor’s surface and the ambient air tem-
qc = convective heat loss, W/ft*
perature
qr = radiation heat loss, W/ft
(2) The length of flow path over the conductor
Qcond = conductive heat loss, W / ft*
(3) The wind speed
Values for convective or conductive heat gains on the right (4)The conductor’s surface area
side of Eq 1 is entered as negative numbers. 6.1.4 Radiation Heat Loss, qr. A conductor
The current for a given conductor tempera- loses heat through the emission of radiated heat.
ture rise is The heat lost is a function of
(1)The difference in the absolute temperature
I= (“ + q r + qmnd - qsf
(Eq 2)
of the conductor and surrounding bodies
(2) The emissivity of the conductor’s surface
RF
(3) The conductor’s surface area
where 6.1.5 Conductive Heat Loss, qcond.Conduc-
I = current for the allowable temperature tion is a minor method of heat transfer since
rise, A the contact surface is usually very small. Con-
R = direct-current resistance at the oper- duction may cause an increase in the tempera-
ating temperature, a / f t ture of the equipment attached to the bus-
F = skin-effect coefficient conductor. Conductive heat loss is usually ne-
Qs = solar heat gain, W / ft glected in bus ampacity calculations.
Qc = convective heat loss, W / ft*
4 r = radiation heat loss, W / ft 6.2 Conductor Temperature Limits
qcond = conductive heat loss, W / ft * 6.2.1 Continuous. (See ANSI / IEEE C37.30-
1971 [7].) Aluminum alloy and copper conduc-
* Values for convective or conductive heat gains on the right tors may be Operated continuously at with- OC
side of Eq 2 is entered as negative numbers. out appreciable loss of strength. They may also
10
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
be operated at 100 "C under emergency condi- A = conductor cross-sectional area, in2
tions with some annealing. Copper may, how- G = conductivity in percent IACS
ever, suffer excessive oxidation if operated at or t = duration of fault, s
above 80 "C. Conductors should not be operated Tf = allowable final conductor temperature,
at temperatures high enough to damage the con- "C
nected equipment Ti = conductor temperature at fault initia-
6.2.2 Short Circuit. (See ANSI C37.32- tion, "C
1972 [6].) A conductor's temperature will rise
6.2.3 Attached Equipment. Since heat gen-
rapidly under fault conditions. This is due to the in the bus~conductormay be conducted
inability of the conductor to dissipate the heat to attached equipment, allowable busconductor
as as it is generated. Of con- temperaturesmay be governed by the temper-
ductor may Occur at these ature limitationsof attached equipment. Equip
temperatures. The maximum fault current that merit temperature limitations should be
can be for copper and obtained from the applicable specification or the
conductors may be using Eqs and manufacturer.High-voltage air switches and
4. In general, the final temperature of the con- bus supports are described in ANSI / IEEE
ductor is limited to the maximum temperature
c37.30-1971 [71.
considered for thermal expansion (see Section
14). 6.3. Ampacity Tables. The ampacities for most
For aluminum conductors (40% to 65% Inter- aluminum-alloy and copper bus-conductor
national AnneaIed Copper Standard (IACS)con- shapes are included in Appendix B. These am-
ductivity), pacities were calculated using the methods out-
I = 0.144 * lo6 A lined in Appendix C, which neglect conductive
heat loss.
1 Tf - 20 + (15150/G) f
[t loglo T, - 20 + (15150/G) 1
(Eq 3) 7. Corona and Radio Influence
where
Corona develops when the voltage gradient at
I = the maximum allowable root-mean- the surface of a conductor exceeds the dielectric
square (rms) value of fault current, A strength of the air surrounding the conductor
A = conductor cross-sectional area, in2 and ionizes the air molecules. Radio influence
G = conductivity in percent International (RI) is caused by corona. In practice, corona has
Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) not been a factor in rigid-bus design a t 115 kV
t = duration of fault, s and below. However, the rigid-bus designer
Tf = allowable final conductor temperature, should be aware that radio influence (RI) can be
"C produced at any voltage by arcing due to poor
Ti = conductor temperature at fault initia- bonding between busconductors and associated
tion, "C hardware.
The proximity and largeness of the equipment
And for copper conductors (95% to 100% Inter-
within a substation create multiple low-imped-
national Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) con-
ance paths to ground for radio-frequency cur-
ductivity),
rent. The Radio Noise Subcommittee of the IEEE
I = 0.22 - lo6 A Transmission and Distribution Committee
states that actual radio influence (RI) will be
1 Tf- 20+ (25400/G) f
[T logloT, - 20 + (25400/G) 1 less than that calculated because of this ef-
fect [16].
The designer's problem is to select a bus-con-
(Eq 4) ductor and specify bus hardware that is corona
where free during fair-weather conditions at the op-
erating voltage, altitude, and temperature. It
I = the maximum allowable root-mean- should be noted that corona may exist under
square (rms) value of fault current, A wet or contaminated conditions.
11
ANSI / IEEE
7.1 Conductor Selection. For corona-free op- 7.2.1.2 Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV)
eration, the maximum surface voltage gradient Level. The radio-influence voltage (RIV) level
of the bus-conductor E, should be less than the should be tested according to NEMA 107-1964
allowable surface voltage gradient Eo. (R1981)[13].
Four basic factors determine the maximum 7.2.2 Acceptance Criteria. The following
surface voltage gradient of a smooth bus-con- performance should be specified for fittings and
ductor E, hardware under fair-weather conditions.
(1)Conductor diameter or shape 7.2.2.1 Visual Corona. The extinction volt-
(2) Distance from ground age for visual corona should be at least 110% of
(3) Phase spacing nominal operating voltage or at least 110% of
(4) Applied voltage the testing voltage adjusted to compensate for
Circular bus shapes will generally give the best pressure and temperature.
performance. A smooth surface condition is im- 7.2.2.2 Radio-Influence Voltage (RIV).
portant if operating near the allowable surface The specified radio-influence voltage (RIV) lim-
voltage gradient. its for various bus system components should be
Formulae are provided in Appendix D for cal- those given by the following standards:
culating the maximum surface voltage gradient (1)For fittings and connectors see NEMA CC1-
for smooth, circular bus-conductors E,. The cal- 1984 [12].
culations should be 110% of the nominal line- (2) For insulators and hardware assemblies
to-ground voltage to provide for an operating see ANSI C29.9-1984 [ti].
margin.
The allowable surface voltage gradient for
equal radio-influence (RI) generation E, for
smooth, circular busconductors is a function of 8. Conductor Vibration
bus diameter, barometric pressure, and operat-
ing temperature. Appendix D gives a method for A span of rigid conductor has its own natural
determining the allowable surface voltage gra- frequency of vibration. If the conductor is dis-
dient. placed from its equilibrium position and re-
leased, it will begin to vibrate at this natural
7.2 Hardware Specifications. Bus fittings and frequency. The magnitude of the oscillations will
hardware for use in rigid-bus structures should decay due to damping. If, however, the conductor
be specified as being free of corona under fair- is subjected to a periodic force whose frequency
weather conditions at the intended operating is near the natural frequency of the span, the
voltage, altitude, and temperature. bus may continue to vibrate and the amplitude
It should be noted that the testing methods increases.
referred to in 7.2.1 do not require the control of This vibration may cause damage to the bus-
air temperature and air pressure during testing. conductor by fatigue or by excessive fiber stress.
The specifier should refer to Appendix D to de-
termine the difference between the allowable 8.1 Natural Frequency. The natural fre-
voltage gradients under expected operating con- quency of a conductor span is dependent upon
ditions and possible laboratory conditions. If the the manner in which the ends are supported and
difference is significant, the designer may spec- upon the conductor’s length, mass, and stiffness.
ify that the testing voltage be increased accord- The natural frequency of a conductor span can
ing to the methods of Appendix D to compensate be calculated using Eq 5.
for the test pressure and temperature.
7.2.1 Testing Methods. Bus fittings and
hardware should be tested by the manufacturer
in a laboratory under simulated field configu-
ration. All bus fittings and hardware should be
tested while attached to a section of the bus- f b = natural frequency of conductor span, Hz
conductor for which they are to be used. L = span length, ft
7.2.1.1 Visual Corona. The visual corona E = modulus of elasticity, lbf/in2
extinction voltage should be tested according to J = moment of inertia of cross-sectional
NEMA CC1-1984 [12]. area, in4
12
ANSI / IEEE
m = massper unit length (pound-mass per Formulae for calculating aeolian force fre-
1 quency for bus cross-sectional shapes other than
linear foot = - weight), lbf / ft circular are not available.
32.2
K = 1.00 for two pinned ends (dimensionless) If the calculated natural frequency of the bus
= 1.22 for one pinned end and one fixed span is less than twice the maximum aeolian
end (dimensionless) force frequency, then the bus span length should
= 1.51 for two fixed ends (dimensionless) be changed or the bus should be damped.
End conditions can range between fixed and 8.3 Damping. Bus spans may be damped to re-
pinned. A fixed end is not free to rotate (moment duce aeolian vibration. For tubular bus-conduc-
resisting) whereas a pinned end is free to rotate tor, damping may be accomplished by installing
(not moment resisting). Because of structure stranded bare cable inside the bus-conductor to
flexibility and connection friction, the end con- dissipate vibrational energy. The cable should
ditions are not truly fixed or pinned. However, be of the same material as the busconductor to
the end conditions are generally closer to fixed prevent corrosion, and the weight of the cable
than to pinned. should be from 10% to 33% of the bus-conductor
weight, although some designers have found
8.2 Driving Functions. Either alternating cur- that from 3% to 5% of the busconductor weight
rent or wind may induce vibrations in a bus- is adequate. In some locations, the audible noise
conductor with frequencies near the natural fre- generated by stranded cable dampers may be
quency of the bus-conductor. unacceptable. Commercially available vibration
8.2.1 Current Induced Vibrations. Current dampers may be used for both tubular and non-
flowing through parallel conductors create mag- tubular conductors. commercial vibration dam-
netic fields that interact and exert forces on the pers should be sized and placed according to the
parallel conductors. This driving force oscillates manufacturer’s recommendations.
at twice the power frequency.
If the calculated natural frequency of a bus
span is found to be greater than half the current-
force frequency (that is, greater than the power
frequency), the bus spans’ calculated natural fre- 9. Conductor Gravitational Forces
quency should be changed or a dynamic analysis
should be made to determine stresses involved. Gravitational forces determine the vertical de-
8.2.2 Wind Induced Vibration. When a lam- flection of bus-conductors and are a component
inar (constant, nonturbulent) wind flows across of the total force, which the conductor must
a conductor, aeolian vibration may occur. This withstand. Gravitational forces consist of the
vibration may cause busconductor fatigue. Lam- weights of the conductor, damping material, ice,
inar flow does not usually occur at high-wind and concentrated masses.
speeds because of the ground effects created by
terrain, trees, buildings, local thermal condi- 9.1 Conductor, Conductor weight should be ob-
tions, etc. Experience has shown that wind with tained from applicable specifications or from the
speeds up to 15 m i / h can have laminar flow. manufacturer.
The maximum frequency of the aeolian force
for circular conductors may be calculated using 9.2 Damping Material. The weight of the ma-
the Von Karmen formula. terial used to damp vibration should be included
in computing gravitational forces. If commercial
dampers are used, these should be considered as
concentrated masses.
3.26V
fa =-
d 9.3 Ice. The minimum radial ice thickness used
where for design should be determined from ANSI C2-
1987 [3](see Fig 2), or [17].
fa =maximum aeolian force frequency, Hz Consideration should be given to special local
V = maximum wind speed for laminar flow, conditions where greater ice thicknesses may
mi/h occur, such as near a cooling tower installation.
d = conductor diameter, in The ice weight on circular conductor is given as
13
ANSI / IEEE
SM 605-1987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Radial Ice
Thickness
Loading (in)
Heavy 0.50
Medium 0.25
Light 0.00
Fig 2
General Loading Map Showing Territorial
Division of the United States With Respect to
Loading of Overhead Lines
FI = .rrWIr,(d + PI), 12 i n / f t 10. Conductor Wind Forces

where
FI= ice unit weight, lbf/ft The bus structure should be capable of with-
standing the mechanical forces due to expected
W,= ice weight = 0.0330, lbf/in3
winds. The maximum force due to wind may
rI = radial ice thickness, in
d = outside conductor diameter, in occur either during extreme wind conditions
with no ice or high-wind conditions with ice. In
Equation 7 may be simplified to general, the maximum wind speed with ice is
FI = 1.244rI(d + r,) less than the extreme wind speed.
Annual extreme fastest-mile wind speeds for
Similar equations may be derived for other design without ice should be determined from
conductor shapes. ANSI A58.1-1982[2] (see Fig 3), or [17]. The
choice of the 50 or 100 year recurrence map
9.4 Concentrated Masses. Gravitational forces depends upon the degree of hazard to life or
due to concentrated masses (vibration dampers, property. Local or state codes should be followed
equipment attachments, cross conductors, etc) if their wind force requirements exceed those
should be determined and included in the sum- determined by reference to ANSI A58.1-1982 [2].
mation of gravitational forces. The fastest-mile wind speed with ice should
14
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
15
ANSI / IEEE
Std 6051987 IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Table 1
Drag Coefficients for Structural Shapes
(A + CO)*
PROFILE AND WIND DIRECTION

1 CO
- I 2.03
I .oo
2.00
-1 2.04
*h
-aLoRnI
=
I .99
Ratio of span length to vertical dimension of bus-conductor
be determined from the ice / wind history at the This variation is reflected in the drag coeffi-
substation site. In general, the wind speed that cient C, . The drag coefficient for smooth tubular
occurs after icing conditions is lower than the conductors is 1.0. Coefficients for other shapes
annual extreme fastest-mile wind speed. are given in Table 1.
Factors that will affect wind forces are the
speed and gust of the wind, radial ice thickness,
and the shape, diameter, height, and exposure 10.2 Height and Exposure Factor, K,. In the
of the conductors. height zone from 0 ft to 30 ft, the height and
The unit wind force for bus is given as exposure factor K , = 1.0, and the wind speed
F, = 2.132 - lop4CDKZGF VZ (d + 2r1) at 30 ft should be used. If the height of the bus
structure exceeds 30 ft or the terrain surround-
where ing the substation is such that ground resistance
F, = wind unit force on bus, lbf/ft effects to the wind are diminished, the height
d = outside conductor diameter, in and exposure factor Kz should be increased ac-
r I = radial ice thickness, in cording to ANSI A58.1-1982 [2].
CD= drag coefficient, (see 10.1)
Kz = height and exposure factor, (see 10.2)
G, = gust factor, (see 10.3) 10.3 Gust Factors, GF.A gust factor G F of 1.3
V = wind speed at 30 ft above ground, for small structures and 1.1 for structures hav-
mi/h ing a horizontal dimension, transverse to the
wind, of at least 125 ft, is recommended by [14].
10.1 Drag Coefficient, C,. The wind force ex- Depending on the span length of the bus con-
erted on a conductor varies with the shape of ductor under consideration, a gust factor GF of
the conductor. 1.1 to 1.3 should be applied to the wind force.
16
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
11. Conductor Short-Circuit-Current to each other and will depend on the electrical
Forces system parameters.
Unless data on the present and future avail-
able Short-circuit current are known, it is sug-
The magnetic fields produced by short-circuit gested that the interrupting capability of the
current cause forces on the bus-conductors. The substation interrupting equipment (circuit
bus-conductors and bus supports must be strong breakers, circuit switchers, etc) be considered as
enough to withstand these forces. the maximum I,.
The force imparted to the bus structure by
short-circuit current is dependent on conductor 11.2 Decrement Factor. Due to the presence
spacing, magnitude of short-circuit current, type of system impedance, there is a decrement of the
of short circuit, and degree of short-circuit asym- asymmetrical wave in the first quarter-cycle of
metry. Other factors to be considered are sup- the fault. Therefore, it is practical to assume a
port flexibility, and corner and end effects. lower value of peak fault current. Using a value
of 1.6 as the assumed current offset, Eq 9 be-
11.1 Classical Equation. The classical equa-
comes
tion for the force between parallel, infinitely
long conductors in a flat configuration due to an
asymmetrical short-circuit current is
where
F, = short-circuit-current unit force, lbf / ft
where I, = symmetrical short-circuit current, A,
rms
F, = short-circuit current unit force, lbf/ft D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in
I, = symmetrical rms short-circuit current,
A
r = constant based on type of short circuit
and conductor location (see Table 2)
D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in
r = constant based on type of short circuit If a system’s maximum current offset is less
and conductor location (see Table 2) than the assumed value of 1.6, the force will be
further reduced.
Equation 9 assumes that the fault is initiated
Equation 10 gives the maximum force in the
when the voltage is zero and consequently the first quartercycle of the fault. The actual force
current offset is maximum. The magnitudes of
present when maximum conductor span deflec-
the short-circuit current I, for each type of fault
tion occurs is usually less because:
(three phase, phase-to-phase, etc) are not equal
(1)Most conductor spans will not reach max-
imum deflection until after the first quarter-
Table 2 cycle
Constant r for Calculating Short-Circuit- (2) Additional current decrement occurs as
Current Forces the fault continues
Type of Force on The combination of these two factors results
Short circuit Configuration Conductor r in lower maximum deflection than the deflec-
Phase-tephase A B tion caused by a steady-state force equal to the
A or B 1.000 maximum force in the first quarter-cycle.
Tests have shown that conductor spans with
natural frequencies of +, of the power frequency
or less, and in a system with an X/R ratio of
Three phase
+iD1<
A B C
B 0.866
13 or less, will have short-circuit-current forces
of less than one half the calculated first quarter-
cycle force when the conductor span reaches full
deflection.
Three phase A B C In practice, a static force equal to the first
0 0 A or C 0.808 quarter-cycle force is generally used to calculate
rigid-bus structure deflections and stresses. This
practice has given a margin of safety to the rigid-
17
ANSI / IEEE
bus structure design for short-circuit-current expected to produce methods for determining
forces. values of Kf for specific mounting structures.
11.3 Mounting Structure Flexibility.Because 11.4 Corner and End Effects. The values for
of their flexibility, the bus structure and mount- the short-circuit-current force calculated by Eqs
ing structures are capable of absorbing energy 9,10,and 11 are for parallel and infinitely long
during a fault. Thus, depending on the type of conductors. The results for short bus lengths will
mounting structures and their heights, the ef- be conservative because of end effects. The equa-
fective short-circuit-current forces can be fur- tions cannot be used for special cases, such as
ther reduced by using Eq 11. corners and nonparallel conductors. Appendix
E provides methods for determining the forces
(Eq 11) for special bus configurations.
where
F, = short-circuit-current unit force in the
first quarter-cycle recognizing decre- 12. Conductor Strength Considerations
ment and support flexibility factors,
lbf I ft Any span of bus-conductor must have enough
Isc= symmetrical short-circuit current, A, stiffness and strength to withstand the expected
rms forces of gravity, wind, and short circuits, and
D = conductor spacing center-to-center, in maintain its mechanical and electric integrity.
l? = constant based on type of short circuit The span should also not sag excessively under
and conductor location (see Table 2) normal conditions.
Kf = mounting structure flexibility factor Although this section includes only bus-con-
Values of Kf, as suggested by Working Group ductors supported at both ends without concen-
69.1 for single-phase mounting structures, are trated loads, equations for other configurations
given in Fig 4. Kf is usually assumed to be unity and for analyzing concentrated loads may be
for three-phase mounting structures. obtained from structural design handbooks.
There have been short-circuit tests conducted
on specific combinations of rigid-bus structures 12.1 Vertical Deflection
with mounting structures that indicate lower 12.1.1 Vertical Deflection Limits. The al-
values of Kf than those shown on Fig 4. Where lowable vertical deflection of a bus-conductor is
the structures are similar to those tested, the usually limited by appearance. Commonly used
lower values of Kf may apply. Future work is limits are based either on the ratio of conductor
deflection to span length (1: 300 to 1 : 1501,or
Fig 4 the vertical dimension of the conductor (.5 to 1
K f For Various Types of times the vertical dimension). Vertical deflec-
tion depends upon the total gravitational force.
Single-phaseMounting Structures
In practice, since appearance is usually not con-
A Lattice and tubular aluminum sidered during icing conditions, the ice weight
B Tubular and wide flange steel, and wood pole is usually not considered for vertical deflection.
C Lattice steel
D Solid concrete However, if the vertical deflection during icing
conditions is important, then ice weight should
be considered.
10
12.1.2 Total Gravitational Force. The total
09
gravitational force on a conductor is the sum of
K'
the weights of the conductor, ice, damping ma-
08 terial, and any concentrated loads. Without con-
centrated loads,
07
FG = F, + FI + FD (Eq 12)
where
18
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES Std 605-1987
FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft

F, = conductor unit weight, lbf/ft
F, = damping material unit weight, lbf/ft
FI = ice unit weight lbf / ft (Eq 14)
If the bus span is subjected to concentrated where
loads, the force distribution on that span should L, = allowable span length, in
be analyzed more thoroughly. YB= allowable deflection as a fraction of span
12.1.3 Allowable Span Length for Vertical length
Deflection. The maximum allowable bus span E = modulus of elasticity, lbf/in2,
length may be calculated with a given vertical (see Table 3)
deflection limit, end conditions, and total ver- J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4
tical force distribution. (see [E],ch 13)
The deflection may be based on either the ver- FG = total bus unit weight, lbf / ft
tical conductor dimension or a fraction of the
span length.
End conditions range between fixed and 12.1.3.2 T w o Fixed Ends. For a span with
pinned. A fixed end is not free to rotate (moment two fixed ends, the allowable span length based
resisting) whereas a pinned end is free to rotate on vertical deflection may be calculated by Eqs
(not moment resisting). In reality because of sup- 15 or 16.
porting structure flexibility and connection fric-
tion the end conditions are not truly fixed or
pinned. (Eq 15)
If the end conditions of the bus span are un-
known, then Eq 13 for two pinned ends should
be used.
12.1.3.1 T w o Pinned Ends. For a span
with two pinned ends, the allowable span length
based on vertical deflection may be calculated
where
by one of the following equations. Equations 13,
14,15,16,17,or 18. L, = allowable span length, in
YA= allowable deflection, in
YB= allowable deflection as a fraction of span
Table 3 length
Modulus of Elasticity E for E = modulus of elasticity, lbf/in2
Common-Conductor Alloys (see Table 3)
Bus-Conductor Alloy E, lbf / inz
J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4
(see [15],ch 13)
Aluminum 6061-T6 10. lo6 FG = total bus unit weight, lbf / ft
Aluminum 6063-T6 10. lo6
Aluminum 6101-T61 10 * lo6
Copper 16 * lo6 12.1.3.3 One Pinned End, One Fixed End.
For spans with one pinned end and one fixed
end, Eqs 17 and 18 may be used to calculate the
maximum allowable span length based on ver-
(Eq 13) tical deflection.
where
L, = allowable span length, in
Y A = allowable deflection, in
E = modulus of elasticity, lbf / in2
(see Table 3)
J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4
(see [15],ch 13)
F, = total bus unit weight, lbf / ft
19
ANSI / IEEE
L, = allowable span length, in

YA= allowable deflection, in
YB= allowable deflection as a fraction of span
length where
(Fw + F,)’ + (FG)2 I” (Eq 19)
E = modulus of elasticity, lbf / in2 FT = total unit force, lbf / ft

(see Table 3) Fw = wind unit force, lbf/ft
J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4 Fsc = short-circuit unit force, lbf / ft
(see [15], ch 13) FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
The angle of the total force below horizontal
12.2 Conductor Fiber Stress. In some cases, is
span lengths may be limited by the fiber stress
of the bus-conductor material. The elastic limit
and minimum yield ‘stresses for common-con-
ductor materials are tabulated in Table 4. In The total force on a conductor in a vertical
practice, when wind and gravitational forces are configuration is
combined, the elastic limit stress is commonly
used as the maximum allowable stress. When
wind, gravitational, and short-circuit-current
forces F, are combined, the minimum yield
[
FT = (F,)’
where
+ ( F , + F,)’ I” (Eq 21)
stress is commonly used as the maximum allow- FT = total unit force, lbf/ft
able stress, since Fsc is conservative. Fw = wind unit force, lbf/ft
12.2.1 Effects of Welding. Where welded fit- Fsc = short-circuit unit force, lbf/ft
tings are used for bus, the allowable stress for FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
the bus should be reduced to allow for annealing
due to welding. Tests have shown that the re- The angle of the force below horizontal is
duction in allowable stress is approximately 1
50% for aluminum. The reduction in allowable e = tan-’(

FG + FW )5
Fw
stress for copper is dependent on the welding
method (brazing, exothermic, etc) and should be
discussed with the manufacturers. Locating the 12.2.3 Allowable Span Length for Fiber
weld in a region of moderate stress is a usual
Stress. The maximum allowable span length for
fiber stress may be calculated for any given con-
method of offsetting the effect of weld annealing.
ductor, total force, and allowable stress. If the
Where welded splices are used with tubular bus,
conductor cross section is not symmetrical about
the reduction in allowable stress may not be
the direction of the total force, calculations
required if a reinforcing insert is incorporated.
should be made for the conductor section mod-
12.2.2 Summation of Conductor Forces.
ulus in the direction of the total force.
The maximum bending stresses a conductor
If the end conditions of the bus span are un-
withstands are a function of the total vectorial
known, then Eq 23 should be used.
force on the conductor. The total force on a con-
ductor in a horizontal configuration is
12.2.3.1 Two Pinned Ends. For a span
with two pinned ends, the allowable span length
is calculated with Eq 23.
Table 4
Allowable Stresses for
Common-Conductor Materials (Eq 23)
Stress (lbf / in2)
where
Elastic Minimum
BusGonductor Material Limit Yield L, = maximum allowable length, in
Aluminum alloy 6063T6 or 6101-T6 20 500 25 000’ FA = maximum allowable stress, lbf/in’
Aluminum alloy 6061-T6 29500 35000’ S = section modulus, in3
Aluminum alloy 6101-T61 11000 15000’
Copper No 110 hard drawn - 40 0007 FT = total force, lbf/ft
*With 0.2% offset per ANSI / ASTM-B241-80[l] The maximum bending moment will occur a t
t With 0.5% offset per ASTM B188-81 [ l l ] the middle of the span.
20
ANSI / IEEE
12.2.3.2 Two Fixed Ends. For a span with Table 5

two fixed ends, the allowable span length equa- Effective Bus Span Length LE Supported
tion is by Insulator
End Conditions Effective
(Eq 24) Adjaoent Insulator Adjacent Supported
Span L , Connector Span L, Span L,
where F
P
F
F
F
P
x (Ll + L3
'"/,L, + L3
L, = maximum allowable length, in F F P X(4LI + 5L3
= maximum allowable stress, lbf/in2 P F F X(5Li + a 3
F A
S = section modulus, in3 P
P
P
P
P
F
x (Ll + Lz)
X(4Li + 3L3
F T = total force, lbf/ft F P P X (3Li + a 3
F P F %3 (Ll + L3
The maximum bending moment will occur at
the end of the span. 'maximum effective supported span
F = Fixed end condition
12.2.3.3 One Pinned End, One Fixed End. P = Pinned end condition
For a span with one pinned end and one fixed L, and L, = adjacent bus span lengths, ft
end, the maximum allowable span may be cal-
culated as follows: (2) The wind force on the bus and insulator
(3) The gravitational forces on the bus, insu-
(Eq 25) lator or concentrated masses, or both.
13.1.1 Bus Short-Circuit-Current Force.
where The short-circuitcurrent force transmitted to
the bus support fitting can be calculated using
L, = maximum allowable length, in
Eq 26.
F A = maximum allowable stress, lbf/in2
S = section modulus, in3
FT= total force, lbf/ft
where
The maximum bending moment will occur at
the fixed end of the span. FsB= bus short-circuit-current force trans-
mitted to bus support fitting, lbf
12.3 Maximum Allowable Span Length. The L E = effective bus span length, ft
maximum allowable span length LA is equal to Fsc = short-circuitcurrent unit force as cal-
L, or LD,whichever is shorter. culated in Section 11, lbf/ft
The effective bus span length L E is determined
from the length of bus on each side of the bus
support fitting and the end conditions (see
Table 5).
13. Insulator Strength Considerations If the end conditions are unknown, then fixed
end condition at the bus support fitting in ques-
Since the forces on the bus-conductors are tion and pinned end conditions at the opposite
transmitted to the insulators, the strength of the ends of the adjacent spans will yield the maxi-
insulators must be considered. With various bus mum effective bus span length. The adjacent bus
configurations, insulators may be required to
span lengths L, and L, should be equal to or less
withstand cantilever, compressive, tensile, and than the maximum allowable span length LA
torsional forces. Only cantilever forces have calculated in Section 12.
been considered in this guide. However, other
13.1.2 Bus Wind Force. The unit wind force
forces (tension, torsion, and compression) may
associated with the bus span is the same as that
be critical, requiring consideration in the design.
described in Section 10. The wind force trans-
mitted to the bus support fitting can be calcu-
13.1 Insulator Cantilever Forces. The insu-
lated using Eq 27.
lator cantilever force is a function of the effec-
tive conductor span length supported by the FWB = LE FW (Eq 27)
insulator, and is caused by
(1) The short-circuit-current force on the bus where
21
ANSI /,IEEE
FwB= bus wind force transmitted to bus sup- bus structure configurations, the insulator may
port fitting, lbf be subjected to cantilever gravitational forces.
LE= effective bus span length, ft (see These forces should be added vectorially to the
Table 5 ) short-circuit current and wind forces. These
Fw = wind unit force on the bus, lbf/ft gravitational forces will be due to the mass of
the supported rigid bus, the mass of the insulator
13.1.3 Insulator Wind Force. The wind force itself, or other concentrated masses, or both.
on the bus support insulator is a function of The effective weight of the bus mass trans-
(1) The insulator dimensions mitted to the bus support fitting can be deter-
(2) The wind speed mined using Eq 30.
(3) The gust factor
(4) The radial ice thickness
(5) The mounting height
where
(6) Exposure to wind
The wind force acting on the center of a n in- FGB = effective weight of bus transmitted to
sulator can be calculated using Eq 28. bus support fitting, lbf
LE= effective bus span length, ft (see
Fw = 1.776*10-' C D Kz GF V 2(Dj + 2rI) Hi Table 5 )
(Eq 28) FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft
where If the bus span is subjected to concentrated
Fw = wind force on insulator, lbf loads, the force transmitted to the bus support
Hi= insulator height, in (see Fig 5) fitting should be analyzed more thoroughly.
Di= effective insulator diameter, in The weight of the insulator FGIshould be in-
rI = radial ice thickness, in cluded in the total cantilever force if the insu-
C, = drag coefficient lator is not mounted vertically.
K , = height and exposure factor
13.1.5 Total Insulator Cantilever Load.
GF= gust factor
The total cantilever load on an insulator is the
V = wind speed at 30 ft above ground,
summation of the cantilever forces acting on the
mi/h
insulator multiplied by their overload factors.
rI,K z , GFand V are the same factors used for The total cantilever load on a vertically
the wind force on the bus-conductor (see Section mounted insulator supporting a horizontal bus
10). C, is usually considered as unity. (see Fig 5 ) can be calculated using Eq 31.
The effective insulator diameter Diis usually
considered as the insulator diameter over the
skirts. For tapered insulators the effective di-
ameter is the average diameter and can be cal-
culated using Eq 29.
where
PI, = total cantilever load acting at end of
where insulator, lbf
Fw = wind force on the insulator, lbf
D1,
D,and D, = outside diameters of each FsB= short-circuitcurrent force transmitted
subassembly for the lst,2nd, to bus support fitting, lbf
and nthsections of the insu- FWB= bus wind force transmitted to the bus
lator (see Fig 5). support fitting, lbf
The total wind force Fw on a uniform diam- Hi= insulator height, in
eter insulator acts at the center of the insulator Hf= bus centerline height above the insu-
(see Fig 5). For a tapered insulator the total wind lator, in
force is usually considered acting at the center Kl= overload factor applied to wind forces
Hi/2 since the resulting error is of small mag- Kz = overload factor applied to short-circuit-
nitude, and is conservative. current forces
13.1.4 Gravitational Forces. In some rigid- The total cantilever load on a horizontally
22
ANSI / IEEE
BUS SUPPORT FITTING
BUS CENTERLINE
INSULATOR 1- 0 P
INSULATOR
INSULATOR BOT T O M
SUPPORT S T A N D
Fig 5
Vertically Mounted Insulator Cantilever Forces
23
ANSI / IEEE
BUS SUPPORT
A I t
SUPPORT I NSU L A T O R TOP

-t BUS CENTERLINE
Fig 6
Horizontally Mounted Insulator Cantilever Forces
mounted insulator with a horizontal bus (see Fig and tensile strengths of porcelain have identical
6) can be calculated using Eq 32. values. Because porcelain cannot yield without
FIs = K3 [?+ (Hi + Hf)

Hi
FGB
1
cracking, an overload factor should be applied
to the loads on the insulator.
A conservative value of 2.5 is recommended
for overload factors K l and K3 (wind and grav-
itational forces) by some US insulator manufac-
where turers. Future work is needed to produce
recommended overload factors that are less con-
F,, = total cantilever load acting at end of servative.
insulator, lbf The value of overload factor K2 (short-circuit-
FGI= weight of insulator, lbf current forces) will depend upon the natural fre-
F G B = effective weight of bus transmitted to quencies of the insulator, of the insulator /
bus support fitting, lbf mounting structure combination, and of the con-
FsB= short-circuit-current force transmitted ductor span. Since the force Fscis conservative
to bus support fitting, lbf a value of 1.0 can be used for K, if
Hi = insulator height, in (1) The natural frequency of the insulator, to-
Hf = bus centerline distance beyond insula- gether with the effective weight of the conductor
tor, in span f i , is less than one half the short-circuit-
K , = overload factor applied to short-circuitcurrent force frequency, that is
current forces
K3 = overload factor applied to gravitational L < - 1202H z for a 60 H z system
forces
Equations 30, 31, and 32 cover the most com- where
mon bus and insulator configurations. The de- fi = natural frequency of insulator with ef-
signer should examine each configuration to fective weight of conductor span, Hz
ensure the proper summuation of forces acting
on the insulator. (2) The natural frequencies of the insulator/
mounting structure combination Ll and fs2 and
13.2 Insulator Force Overload Factors. Por- the natural frequency of the conductor span f b
celain, unlike metal, is very brittle. The yield differ by a factor of at least two, that is
24
ANSI / IEEE
where
f s l = first natural frequency of insulator!
and mounting structure combination, Hz
fs2 = second natural frequency of insulator/
(Eq 33b) mounting structure combination, Hz

Ki = insulator cantilever spring constant,
where lbf / in
K , = mounting structure cantilever spring
f s , = first natural frequency of insulator/ constant, lbf / in
mounting structure combination, Hz
fez = second natural frequency of insulator/ m, =
0.333 FG, + 0.5 FGI lbm
mounting structure combination, Hz g
f b = natural frequency of the conductor span
m, =
FGB + 0.226 F,, lbm
If either of these conditions is not satisfied, a g
dynamic study should be made to determine a n
where
appropriate overload factor, or a n overload fac-
tor of 2.5 should be used. FGs= weight of mounting structure, lbf
The natural frequency of the insulator to- F,, = weight of insulator, lbf
gether with the effective weight of the conductor F,, = weight of bus, lbf
span can be calculated using Eq 34. g = gravitational constant, 386 i n / s 2
1 The cantilever spring constant for the insu-
fi = G (0.226 FKGIi g+ F G B )" (Eq 34) lator can be obtained from insulator manufac-
turers. The cantilever spring constant for a
where single-phase mounting structure with a constant
f i = natural frequency of insulator with ef- cross section can be calculated using Eq 37.
fective weight of conductor span, Hz 3EJ
K i = insulator cantilever spring constant, K, = - (Eq 37)
Ibf / in H,3
g = gravitational constant, 386 i n / s 2 where
F,, = weight of insulator, lbf
F , = effective weight of bus transmitted to K, = support cantilever spring constant,
bus support fitting, lbf lbf / in
The natural frequencies of the insulator / E = modulus of elasticity, lbf / in2
mounting structure combination fsl and f s 2 can J = cross-sectional moment of inertia, in4
be calculated using Eqs 35 and 36. Hs = mounting structure length, in
f
SI
=-[ 1 Ki K,
~ I T2m,
+ + -Ki
2m2
13.3 Minimum Insulator Cantilever
Strength. The minimum published insulator
cantilever strength required is
s*2 PIS (Eq 38)
where
f.2 = [
1 Ki K ,
2m1
+
+= Ki S , = minimum published insulator canti-
lever strength, lbf
FIs = total cantilever load acting at end of
insulator, lbf
25
ANSI / IEEE
14 Conductor Thermal Expansion 15. Bibliography

Considerations
[Bl] Radio Noise Design Guide for High-Voltage
When the temperature of a bus-conductor is Transmission Lines. Radio Noise Subcommittee
changed, a corresponding change in length re- of the Transmission and Distribution Committee
sults. This change in length can be calculated of the IEEE Power Group. Transactions on
as Power Apparatus and System, March / April,
1971.
1tUTf
+
AL = [(1 a Ti) - '1 Li
(Eq 39) [B2] HARTZOG, DEN. Mechanical Vibrations.
New York: McGraw-Hill; 1956.
where
[B3] MORSE, PHILIP M. Vibration and Sound.
AL = change in span length, f t New York McGraw-Hill; 1948.
a = coefficient of thermal expansion, 11°C
Ti = initial installation temperature, "C [B4] TOMPKINS, MERRILL, and JONES. Re-
Tf = final temperature, "C lationships in Vibration Damping. AIEE Trans-
Li = span length at the initial temperature, actions, Oct, 1956. AIEE Paper 56-112.
ft
[B5] SCHWARTZ, STEVEN J. Substation De-
sign Shows Need for Bus Damping. Electrical
14.1 Thermal Loads. If the ends of the con-
World, June 24, 1963.
ductor are fixed, preventing expansion or con-
traction, and the conductor temperature is [B6] KILLIAN, S. D. Forces Due to Short-Circuit
changed, compressive or tensile forces will re- Currents. Delta-Star Magazine, 1943.
sult. These forces can be computed as
[B7] TAYLOR, D. W. and STEUHLER, C. M.
AI4 Short-circuit Forces on 138 kV Buses. IEEE Pa-
Fm = AE - = AE U (Ti - Tf) (Eq 40)
Li per no 56-123, 1956.
where [BSI MILTON, R. M. and CHAMBERS, F. Be-
Fm = thermal force, lbf havior of High-Voltage Buses and Insulators
A = cross-sectional areaof the conductor, During Short Circuits. IEEE Paper no 55-11,
in 1955.
E = modulus of elasticity, lbf/in2 [B9] PALANTE, G. Study and Conclusions From
AL = change in span length, f t the Results of the Enquiry on the Thermal and
L, = span length a t the initial temperature, Dynamic Effects of Heavy Short-circuit Cur-
ft rents in High-Voltage Substations. Electra,
a = coefficient of thermal expansion, 1/ "C no 12.
Ti = initial installation temperature, "C
Tf = final temperature, "C [BlO] BATES, A. C. Basic Concepts in the Design
of Electric Bus for Short-circuit Conditions.
The force calculated using Eq 40 does not con- AIEE Paper no 57-717.
sider the flexibility of mounting structures or
bus structure. Since this flexibility will allow [Bll] WILSON, W. The Calculation and Design
some expansion or contraction of the bus con- of Electrical Apparatus. London: Chapman and
ductor, the forces experienced will be less than Hill, Ltd; 1941.
the force calculated above.
[B12] Alcoa Aluminum Bus Conductor Hand-
14.2 Expansion Fittings. Since the thermal book. Aluminum Company of America, 1957.
forces exerted on the bus conductor are inde- [B13] PINKHAM T. A. and KILLEEN, N. D.
pendent of span length, provisions should be Short-circuit Forces on Station Post Insulators.
made for expansion in any bus-conductor span. IEEE Paper no 71TP 40-PWR.
These provisions may be made with expansion
fittings for long buses, or by considering deflec- [B14] JACOBSEN, L. S . and AYRE, R. S. En-
tion of bus-conductor, bus-conductor bends, in- gineering Vibrations. New York: McGraw-Hill;
sulators, or mounting structures for short buses. 1958.
26
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGIDBUS STRUCTURES SM 605-1987
Appendixes
(These Appendixes are not a part of ANSI/IEEE 6051987, IEEE Guide for Design of Substation Rigid-Bus Structures, but are
included for information only.)
Appendix A
Letter Symbols for Quantities
Symbol Meaning
cross-sectional area, in
temperature, "C
drag coefficient
conductor spacing, center-to-center, in or cm
effective insulator diameter, in
conductor outside diameter, in or cm
modulus of elasticity lbf / in2
temperature, "F
skin-effect coefficient
maximum allowable stress, lbf / in2
conductor unit weight, lbf I f t
damping material unit weight, lbf / f t
total bus unit weight, lbf / f t
ice unit weight, lbf / f t
short-circuit-current force transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
total unit force on the bus, lbf / f t
thermal force, lbf
wind unit force on the bus, lbf / f t
short-circuit-current unit force, lbf / f t
total cantilever load acting a t end of insulator, lbf
weight of insulator, lbf
weight of mounting structure, lbf
wind force on insulator, lbf
bus wind force transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
effective weight of bus transmitted to bus support fitting, lbf
maximum aeolian vibration frequency, Hz
natural frequency of bus span, Hz
natural frequency of insulator together with effective weight of bus span, Hz
natural frequencies of insulator together with mounting structure, Hz
conductivity, % IACS
gravitational constant
gust factor
bus centerline distance above top of insulator, in
insulator height, in
mounting structure height, in
current, A, rms
symmetrical short-circuit current, A, rms
moment of inertia of cross-sectional area, in4
constant used in span natural frequency calculation and dependent upon end conditions
insulator cantilever spring constant, lbf / in
27
ANSI / IEEE
Symbol Meaning
mounting structure flexibility factor
mounting structure cantilever spring constant, lbf I in
height and exposure factor
insulator overload factors
span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length based on vertical deflection, in
adjacent bus span lengths, f t
effective bus span length, f t
maximum allowable bus span length based on fiber stress, in
span length a t initial temperature T,, f t
pound force
pound mass
mass per unit length, lbm I f t
convective heat loss, W I f t
conductive heat loss, W / f t
radiation heat loss, W I f t
solar heat gain, W I f t
radial ice thickness, in
conductor direct-current resistance, R I f t
section modulus, in3
minimum published insulator cantilever strength, lbf
final conductor temperature, "C
initial conductor temperature, "C
time, s
wind speed, mil h
ice weight, lbf I in3
maximum allowable deflection, in
maximum allowable deflection as a fraction of span length
coefficient of thermal expansion
change in span length, f t
angle of total force below horizontal, degrees
ratio of span length to vertical dimension of bus-conductor
multiplying factor based on type of short-circuit current
28
ANSI / IEEE
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES S M 605-1987
Appendix B
Bus-Conductor Ampacity
The bus ampacity data included in this Appendix have been taken from
Thermal Considerations for Outdoor Bus-Conductor Design Ampacity Tables
BY
Substations Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society
Winter Meeting
New York,NY
Jan 30 - Feb 4, 1977
Paper F 77 200-9
Published by
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
Vol PAS-96, NO4
July / Aug 1977
29
ANSI / IEEE
Table B1
Single Aluminum Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, With Sun I
(55.0% Conductivity)
Emissivity = 0.20 Emissivity = 0.50
Size Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
(in) 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
0.250by 4.000 1130 1298 1441 1566 1678 1872 2039 1200 1394 1560 1707 1839 2073 2278
0.250 by 5.000 1320 1517 1685 1833 1965 2195 2393 1413 1644 1841 2016 2174 2455 2703
0.250by 6.000 1497 1723 1915 2084 2235 2500 2729 1615 1881 2109 2311 2495 2821 3110
0.375 by 4.000 1385 1593 1769 1924 2063 2304 2510 1464 1704 1909 2091 2254 2544 2799
0.375by 5.000 1608 1851 2057 2239 2401 2686 2931 1714 1998 2241 2456 2651 2997 3302
0.375 by 6.000 1815 2091 2326 2533 2718 3044 3326 1950 2275 2554 2801 3026 3426 3782
0.375 by 8.000 2202 2540 2829 3084 3313 3718 4070 2395 2800 3148 3458 3740 4247 4700
0.500by 4.000 1589 1829 2034 2213 2374 2654 2895 1672 1951 2189 2399 2590 2926 3223
0.500 by 5.000 1835 2115 2353 2562 2750 3079 3364 1949 2276 2556 2805 3030 3430 3785
0.500 by 6.000 2071 2388 2659 2897 3111 3487 3814 2216 2590 2912 3197 3456 3918 4330
0.500 by 8.000 2511 2899 3231 3524 3788 4255 4662 2721 3186 3587 3943 4268 4851 5374
0.625 by 4.000 1776 2047 2277 2479 2660 2977 3249 1861 2177 2446 2683 2898 3278 3614
0.625 by 5.000 2034 2347 2613 2847 3058 3427 3747 2152 2519 2833 3111 3363 3812 4210
0.625 by 6.000 2286 2639 2940 3206 3445 3865 4231 2437 2855 3213 3531 3820 4337 4798
0.625by 8.000 2760 3190 3558 3884 4177 4696 5151 2982 3498 3942 4337 4698 5347 5929
0.625 by 10.000 3190 3690 4120 4501 4845 5457 5996 3483 4091 4615 5084 5513 6238 6987
0.625 by 12.000 3560 4123 4608 5039 5430 6126 6744 3924 4615 5212 5748 6240 7131 7941
0.750 by 4.000 1935 2232 2486 2708 2907 3256 3557 2021 2368 2664 2926 3163 3582 3953
0.750 by 5.000 2216 2559 2851 3108 3340 3746 4098 2336 2740 3085 3391 3668 4162 4601
0.750by 6.000 2472 2856 3184 3474 3735 4195 4597 2627 3083 3474 3821 4137 4702 5207
0.750 by 8.000 2984 3452 3852 4207 4527 5094 5592 3214 3776 4260 4691 5085 5793 6430
0.750 by 10.000 3518 4072 4548 4969 5350 6026 6622 3832 4505 5086 5605 6079 6935 7708
0.750 bv 12.000 3875 4491 5021 5492 5919 6682 7359 4260 5015 5669 6255 6793 7768 8655
Table B2
Single Aluminum Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, Without Sun
Emissivitv = 0.20 Emissivitv = 0.50
Size Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
(in) 30 40 50
~~
60 ~
70 ~
90 110 ~~
30 40 50 60 70 90 110
0.250 by 4.000 11581322 1462 1585 1695 1887 2052 1265 1449 1608 1749 1877 2105 2306
0.250 by 5.000 1354 1546 1711 1856 1986 2213 2409 1492 1710 1899 2068 2221 2494 2737
0.250 by 6.000 1538 1757 1945 2111 2260 2521 2747 1708 1959 2177 2372 2549 2867 3150
0.375 by 4.000 1423 1625 1798 1950 2086 2324 2528 1553 1780 1975 2149 2308 2589 2838
0.375 by 5.000 1654 1890 2092 2270 2429 2710 2952 1821 2087 2319 2526 2714 3050 3349
0.375 by 6.000 1869 2136 2366 2569 2751 3072 3350 2073 2378 2644 2882 3099 3488 3835
0.375 by 8.000 2271 2598 2880 3130 3355 3753 4102 2552 2931 3262 3560 3833 4324 4767
0.500 by 4.000 1638 1871 2070 2246 2403 2679 2917 1786 2047 2273 2474 2657 2984 3273
0.500by 5.000 1893 2164 2396 2601 2786 3109 3390 2082 2388 2654 2892 3109 3497 3843
0.500 by 6.000 2137 2444 2708 2941 3152 3522 3844 2369 2719 3024 3297 3546 3995 4396
0.500by 8.000 2595 2970 3294 3580 3840 4298 4701 2912 3347 3726 4068 4381 4946 5457
0.625 by 4.000 1836 2098 2322 2520 2697 3008 3277 2002 2295 2549 2775 2981 3349 3675
0.625 by 5.000 2104 2406 2665 2894 3100 3463 3778 2313 2654 2951 3216 3458 3893 4281
0.625 by 6.000 2365 2706 2999 3259 3493 3906 4267 2620 3008 3346 3650 3928 4428 4877
0.625 by 8.000 2859 3274 3632 3949 4237 4747 5196 3206 3686 4106 4484 4831 5459 6027
0.625 by 10.000 3307 3790 4207 4579 4917 5518 6050 3748 4313 4809 5257 5669 6420 7102
0.625 by 12.000 3696 4239 4709 5129 5512 6196 6805 4227 4869 5434 5945 6418 7282 8072
0.750by 4.000 2006 2293 2539 2756 2951 3293 3589 2188 2509 2787 3035 3262 3666 4026
0.750 by 5.000 2298 2628 2912 3163 3389 3788 4135 2526 2899 3224 3515 3780 4257 4684
0.750by 6.000 2564 2934 3253 3535 3791 4243 4639 2838 3260 3628 3959 4262 4808 5299
0.750 by 8.000 3097 3548 3937 4283 4596 5153 5644 3472 3992 4448 4859 5237 5921 6542
0.750 by 10.000 3655 4188 4649 5060 5433 6097 6684 4140 4763 5311 5805 6260 7088 7841
0.750 by 12.000 4030 4622 5136 5595 6013 6762 7429 4605 5305 5921 6480 6996 7940 8804
30
ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987
ANSI / IEEE
.B
m
32
ANSI / IEEE
Table B5
Single Aluminum Angle Bus AC Ampacity
Emissivity = 0.20, With Sun Emissivity = 0.20, Without Sun
Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient
~~
30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250 by 3.250 by 0.250 1588 1857 2083 2279 2454 2757 3016 1734 1980 2191 2376 2542 2831 3081
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.250 1835 2153 2420 2652 2859 3217 3525 2022 2311 2557 2775 2970 3312 3608
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.375 2178 2557 2875 3153 3400 3831 4201 2401 2744 3039 3299 3533 3943 4300
4.500 by 4.500 by 0.375 2343 2757 3104 3408 3678 4150 4558 2597 2970 3291 3574 3829 4279 4670
5.000 bv 5.000 bv 0.375 2518 2969 3347 3677 3972 4488 4934 2806 3210 3557 3865 4143 4633 5061

Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250 by 3.250 by 0.250 1550 1889 2169 2412 2628 3007 3336 1902 2180 2420 2634 2828 3174 3481
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.250 1786 2194 2530 2821 3080 3535 3931 2236 2564 2848 3102 3334 3747 4114
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.375 2120 2606 3007 3354 3664 4208 4685 2654 3045 3385 3688 3965 4461 4904
4.500 by 4.500 by 0.375 2277 2813 3254 3637 3979 4580 5108 2885 3312 3683 4016 4320 4866 5356
5.000 by 5.000 by 0.375 2443 3032 3516 3936 4311 4973 5555 3130 3595 4000 4363 4696 5295 5833
Table B6
Double Aluminum Angle Bus AC Ampacity
Temperature Rise Above 40 'C Ambient Temperature Rise Above 40 "C Ambient
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250by3.250by0.250 2875 3370 3794 4166 4501 5086 5590 3045 3513 3917 4276 4600 5170 5663
4.000by4.000byO.250 3361 3949 4451 4892 5289 5984 6583 3579 4131 4608 5032 5415 6090 6675
4.000by4.000by0.375 3952 4646 5240 5764 6236 7065 7784 4208 4860 5426 5929 6385 7191 7893
4.500by4.500by0.375 4340 5109 5766 6346 6868 7786 8581 4636 5356 5980 6536 7040 7930 8707
5.000by5.000by0.375 4739 5585 6307 6945 7519 8528 9403 5077 5866 6552 7162 7715 8693 9546

Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.250 by 3.250 by 0.250 2832 3407 3893 4318 4700 5370 5953 3247 3749 4187 4578 4933 5566 6122
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.250 3306 3996 4577 5086 5542 6345 7044 3835 4432 4952 5416 5839 6593 7258
4.000 by 4.000 by 0.375 3887 4702 5389 5992 6535 7492 8329 4510 5215 5830 6382 6885 7785 8582
4.500 by 4.500 by 0.375 4265 5173 5938 6609 7213 8277 9209 4983 5764 6446 7057 7615 8614 9499
5.000 by 5.000 by 0.375 4653 5658 6503 7245 7911 9087 10117 5472 6331 7081 7755 8369 9470 10447
33
ANSI / IEEE
ANSI / IEEE
Table B8
Single Copper Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, With Sun
30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
0.250by 4.000 1516 1751 1951 2127 2286 2564 2806 1661 1948 2194 2412 2611 2965 3281
0.250by 5.000 1764 2040 2276 2484 2671 3002 3291 1955 2296 2589 2850 3088 3515 3898
0.250by 6.000 2010 2327 2599 2838 3054 3437 3773 2250 2646 2987 3290 3568 4067 4517
0.375 by 4.000 1824 2112 2356 2572 2766 3107 3405 1985 2337 2638 2906 3149 3584 3973
0.375 by 5.000 2122 2458 2746 3000 3229 3633 3988 2337 2754 3112 3430 3721 4243 4712
0.375by 6.000 2407 2792 3121 3412 3675 4141 4552 2679 3159 3573 3942 4279 4887 5436
0.375 by 8.000 2934 3409 3816 4178 4505 5089 5608 3319 3922 4442 4908 5335 6109 6813
0.500by 4.000 2083 2415 2699 2948 3173 3569 3915 2253 2662 3011 3321 3603 4108 4560
0.500by 5.000 2404 2790 3120 3412 3675 4141 4551 2633 3113 3524 3890 4224 4826 5367
0.500by 6.000 2717 3156 3532 3865 4166 4701 5174 3007 3558 4031 4453 4839 5536 6167
0.5OOby 8.000 3312 3853 4317 4730 5105 5774 6369 3729 4417 5011 5542 6030 6916 7723
0.625by 4.000 2253 2617 2928 3203 3451 3889 4274 2423 2873 3258 3599 3911 4469 4971
0.625 by 5.000 2619 3045 3409 3731 4023 4540 4996 2854 3384 3840 4245 4615 5282 5885
0.625 by 6.000 2951 3433 3847 4213 4546 5137 5662 3251 3857 4378 4843 5269 6040 6739
0.625 by 8.000 3598 4192 4702 5156 5568 6306 6966 4034 4791 5443 6028 6565 7541 8433
0.625by 10.000 4179 4875 5474 6009 6496 7372 8158 4752 5648 6424 7121 7763 8936 10 012
0.625by 12.000 4758 5555 6244 6860 7422 8435 9348 5474 6511 7411 8222 8970 10 339 11 601
0.750by 4.000 2455 2857 3199 3502 3775 4258 4683 2626 3125 3550 3928 4271 4888 5443
0.750by 5.000 2834 3300 3699 4051 4370 4937 5438 3073 3656 4155 4599 5005 5737 6398
0.750by 6.000 3204 3732 4185 4587 4951 5600 6177 3513 4179 4752 5262 5729 6575 7343
0.750by 8.000 3881 4527 5082 5576 6026 6831 7551 4334 5159 5870 6507 7092 8157 9130
0.750by 10.000 4509 5265 5917 6498 7029 7982 8840 5109 6085 6929 7687 8386 9662 10 835
0.750bv 12.000 5119 5983 6729 7396 8006 9107 10 100 5869 6995 7971 8850 9661 11 147 12 519
Table B9
Single Copper Rectangular Bar AC Ampacity, Without Sun
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
0.250by 4.000 1577 1802 1996 2168 2322 2595 2833 1793 2059 2290 2498 2688 3030 3337
0.250by 5.000 1838 2102 2330 2533 2715 3039 3323 2114 2429 2705 2953 3180 3592 3965
0.250by 6.000 2098 2401 2663 2896 3107 3481 3811 2436 2801 3121 3410 3675 4157 4595
0.375by 4.000 1908 2182 2418 2627 2816 3150 3442 2167 2489 2770 3023 3254 3672 4049
0.375by 5.000 2221 2542 2819 3065 3288 3683 4032 2550 2932 3266 3568 3844 4347 4802
0.375by 6.000 2522 2889 3206 3488 3744 4199 4603 2924 3364 3751 4099 4421 5006 5539
0.375 by 8.000 3081 3532 3924 4274 4593 5164 5673 3628 4179 4665 5105 5513 6258 6941
0.500 by 4.000 2189 2505 2777 3018 3236 3623 3962 2485 2855 3179 3470 3737 4221 4658
0.500by 5.000 2527 2894 3211 3493 3749 4204 4606 2900 3335 3717 4062 4379 4956 5480
0.500 by 6.000 2858 3275 3636 3958 4251 4773 5237 3310 3810 4250 4647 5014 5683 6294
0.500by 8.000 3489 4002 4448 4847 5211 5863 6447 4103 4729 5281 5782 6246 7097 7879
0.625by 4.000 2379 2724 3021 3286 3526 3953 4330 2700 3104 3458 3778 4071 4604 5088
0.625by 5.000 2765 3168 3517 3828 4111 4615 5062 3171 3650 4069 4449 4799 5437 6019
0.625by 6.000 3117 3573 3969 4323 4645 5222 5736 3607 4154 4636 5072 5475 6213 6889
0.625 by 8.000 3804 4365 4854 5291 5691 6411 7057 4469 5153 5757 6307 6816 7752 8615
0.625 by 10.000 4423 5081 5654 6169 6642 7496 8266 5262 6073 6792 7448 8057 9182 10 225
0.625by 12.000 5042 5795 6454 7046 7591 8578 9473 6060 7000 7835 8597 9308 10 622 11 845
0.750by 4.000 2605 2983 3310 3601 3865 4335 4750 2956 3400 3789 4139 4462 5049 5582
0.750by 5.000 3006 3445 3825 4164 4473 5024 5515 3446 3967 4425 4839 5221 5918 6555
0.750by 6.000 3397 3895 4328 4715 5067 5699 6263 3929 4526 5052 5529 5970 6778 7518
0.750by 8.000 4117 4726 5256 5732 6167 6951 7655 4834 5575 6231 6827 7381 8399 9340
0.750by 10.000 4787 5499 6122 6681 7195 8123 8963 5690 6569 7348 8059 8721 9944 11 078
0.750by 12.000 5439 6253 6965 7607 8198 9269 10 242 6532 7547 8449 9273 10 043 11 468 12 795
35
ANSI / IEEE IEEE GUIDE FOR DESIGN OF
Std 605-1987
ANSI / IEEE
Std 605-1987
SUBSTATION RIGID-BUS STRUCTURES
r 1
rl
U
C C
2 Q:
n
E
4
v
ANSI / IEEE
Table B12
Double Copper Channel Bus AC Ampacity
Size 30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.000by1.313by0.216 2785 3347 3819 4232 4601 5246 5801 3178 3671 4098 4478 4822 5430 5961
4.000by1.750by0.240 3697 4470 5118 5684 6190 7075 7841 4283 4951 5531 6048 6517 7348 8076
4.000by1.750by0.338 4106 4969 5695 6331 6902 7906 8780 4757 5504 6155 6737 7267 8212 9044
5.000 by2.188 by0.338 4967 6040 6942 7731 8440 9686 10772 5827 6746 7548 8266 8920 10087 11 117
6.000bv2.688bv0.384 5932 7235 8332 9293 10159 11686 13025 6995 8107 9079 9953 10751 12182 13453

30 40 50 60 70 90 110 30 40 50 60 70 90 110
(in)
3.000 by 1.313by 0.216 2733 3430 4003 4499 4941 5718 6395 3504 4053 4533 4963 5356 6061 6689
4.000 by 1.750 by 0.240 3619 4593 5390 6078 6693 7772 8714 4764 5514 6171 6762 7303 8276 9145
4.000 by 1.750 by 0.338 4019 5106 5998 6771 7464 8685 9759 5290 6129 6867 7532 8143 9248 10241
5.000 by 2.188 by 0.338 4851 6222 7341 8310 9177 10706 12052 6526 7565 8480 9306 10065 11440 12680
6.000 by 2.688 by 0.384 5770 7460 8836 10029 11099 12990 14663 7888 9154 10271 11283 12217 13915 15455
38
ANSI / IEEE
Appendix C
Thermal Considerations for Outdoor Bus-Conductor Design
BY
Substations Committee of the
N.A. Bleshman M. Prager

A. G. Craig, Jr D. L. Pemberton

Winter Meeting and Tesla Symposium
New York, N.Y.
Jan 25-30, 1976
Published by
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
Vol PAS-95, NO4
July / Aug 1976
39
APPENDIX C THERMAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR OUTDOOR BUS CONDUCTOR DESIGN
Thermal Considerations for Outdoor

Bus-Conductor Design
ABSTRACT fps wind.Gr. m t c 1; It is to be expected that when
the flow is at an angle or normal to the surface. h a t transfer will increase. Likewise,
Outdoor n p d bus design i s based on sevml limiting cntma This paper bnngs It is Wise to stipulate that the emissivity is a low value when there is no solar hattng:
to a single source the thermal considerations of n g d bus design namely, transfer of This will provide the most conservative ampacity rating. In contrast. when there an
heat and properties of matenal It concerns itself w t h aluminum alloys. copper and be m s i d m b l e solar hating a high value of emissivity ewmtully equal to solar
copper alloys and the currently acceptable shapes Histoncally thermal designs have absorptivity m y give the most conservative ampacity rating.
been conservative This paper nll allow the engnccr to re-examine the factors in- In connection with this last point, it should be noted that solar hating of the
volved tn i n c r d current loadings of n p d bus and possibly determine new thernul conductor always diminishes ampacity and un result in outdoor current ratings
hmits which are lower than indoor ratings. This is less likely on smaller conductors for
which forced (outdoor) convective h a t transfer coetTicients are relatively high. How-
ever, for large conductors with high absorptivity, the h a t gain from solar radiation
INTRODUCTION an exceed the improvement in convective h a t transfer due to the wind e f k t and
ntings.are reduced accordingly.
Thmnal considerations entenng into the design of bus conductors for outdoor
substations fall into two general catcgones, transfer of h a t and properties of maten-
11s Each of t h e e SubJects wdl be considered in deml in this p a p e r The
first transfer of h a t to and from the conductor. is relatively indepenaeni of the Assumptions
marenal and IS munly a function of the geometry of the conductor. proximity to
other surfaces or conductors, atmosphenc conditions. and geographic loution The Some assumptions will be made about the properties of air in order to reduce
most important element in the computation i s the estimate of forced convection ans- the number of terms which must be carried through the computations. T h a e ap-
ing from n n d currents A method is gven here to compute heat losses due to forced proximations will have negligible effect on the accuracy of the calculated ampacity.
and natural convection and radiation and h a t gained from the sun Using the for- First. it is assumed that the properties of air are constant and may be evaluated at
mulas provided i t ts porrible to calculate the current clrrylng capacity of M Y con- mid-range temperatures. This is ruronable because variations in heat fapacity. con-
ductor corresponding to a pven temperature nse Examples are provided shonng ductivity. density and viscosity of air tend to compensate for one another and have
methods for calculating the ampacity of conventional t y p a of bus conductom e g , very little net effect on heat transfer over the temperature range of interest. For
bar tube. channel, angle, integral web, etc example, the Prandtl number of air, Cfi is commonly taken as 0.74 over a wide
mnge of ordinary temperatures and pressures.
The second SubJect. properties of matmals. includes the effects of temperature
and outdoor exposure on the mechanical strength. electncal resistinty. dimensional The properties used are as follows:
stability. and surface wndition of the conductor Aluminum alloys. copper. and cop
per alloys are included in the discussion and tabulations No attempt has b a n made 0 h a t capacity of air = 0.235 btu/%-T
to consider the relative ments of the conductors Instead. technical information IS k, thermal conductivity of air = ,018 btu/hr-ft'-T
provided which must be coupled with a x n o m c factors when opiimiung design and Q4k, Pnndtl number of air = 0.74
selecting matmals pa, density of air = 0.062 Ibs/cu Ft.
& p a . kinematic viscosity = 0.9 fk'/sec
HEAT TRANSFER As a result. only the temperature difference between the conductor and the
surrounding air is important in calculating convective h u t losses For example. the
Usually well over half the h a t genmted by resistance losses in a bus conduc- convection losses calculated for a W C temperature rise apply equally for a 7 o T
tor i s removed from the surface by convection of the surrounding u r The remainder conductor in WC air or an 85% conductor io 45T air.
is given off by radiation from external surfaces Unfortunately. i t i s not at all wnve-
nient to run controlled outdoor tests to determine the appropnate h a t transfer c a f - One might expect that the ampacities in the above instances would be different
ficienis As a result there is very little independent support for the formulas found in because the resistivities at 7 0 T and 8ST are different. However, it will be s e n that
the literature the radiation losvs which i n c r a v with the absolute temperature rather than the
temperature difference tend to offset the rise in resistivities. As a result. ampacities
A vanay of formulas an be found for the r i m of conductors of interest All based on the W C ambient apply quite well to ambients from about 20% to WC.
show that convective h a t transfer out-of-doors exceeds that in the indoors when it ts Thus, for any temperature rise there is a single ampacity. (irrespective of the
rsrumed that the wtnd velarity i s 2 f a t per second (fps) However, the difference ambient) and i t is usually not n-ry to calculate a different ampacity for erch.
berwcen the indoor and outdoor rating is often not very g r a t If a slower n n d ambient temperature and temperature rise.
velocity i s assumed. the outdoor h a t losses may be calculated LC lower than those
i n d o o r s . Thli i s n o t p l a u s i b l e . I t i s t h e r e f o r e , concluded
t h a t assumption o f a 2 f p e v i n d 1 8 @ c o n s e r v a t i v e , y e t Computation Method
r e a l l i t l c a p p o a c h . a n d l t w i l l b e used ln t h e e x a a p l e r g i v e n
herein.
The general approach ruggated for calculating the ampacity of any outdoor
The difference between indoor and outdoor convection losres are found to di-
bus conductor i s rummanred below A detailed explanation of each item follows
minish with increasing conductor size and increasing temperature nse Thls IS k-
cause an increase in the temperature nse l a d s lo natural drafts which can be as
Step by step the p r d u r e IS
efkctive as e slight breeze tn promoting h a t transfer Similarly. with luge conduc-
tors. the assumed 2 fps n n d Speed ISJo low as l o add very little benefit over rutunl
convection (I) Identify all extmor surfaces which should be trated as flat planes subject
to forced convection
For the purpose of calculating ampaaty, conditions which are least ~ ~ V U I U -
geous for convection must be considered Thus, tt is assumed that there IS only a 2
(2) Identify MY extenor surfaca which should be treated LC cylindncal sur-
f a c e subject to forced convecuon
Paper F 76 205-5,recommended and approved by the IEEE (3) Identify M Ysurfaces which may be shielded from the w n d and only Im
Substations Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering So- h a t v u natunl convection (the same LC indoors)
ciety for presentation at the IEEE PES Winter Meeting &
Tesla Symposium, New York, N.Y., January 25-30,1976. (4) Identify surface which wll lore h a t also by radiation
Manuscript submitted October 31,1975;made available for (9 Ascmmn the onentation and loution of the conductors in determining
printing November 24, 1975. the projected arm exposed to solar h a t gun
40
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER APPARATUS AND SYSTEMS JULY / AUG 1976
(6) For each of the appropnate areas (items I. 2 and 3) compute the total it 15 assumed that air circulating around the conductor will be in more turbulent
convective heat lorwr. qc flow and provide on the average greater h a t transfer than wouldbe calculated using
the abow equation
(71 For the appropnate values of emittance and area (item 4) compute the
told h a t lost through radiation, qr The convective loss formula above must be applied to a c h a t surface of the
conductor For example, consider a rectangular conductor 6" x 1/2" operating at
(8) Consider the projected area. latitude. altitude. seasonal facton. absorptin- IWC in a W C ambient For the &inch face,, A = 2x6~12= 144 in'/R Then
ty, etc and compute the solar h a t gun, 9
qc6 = (00120)(I44)(60)
(9) Sum the h a t gain and loss terms and. for the appropnatcly temperature 6'1'
compmsated values of resistance (R)and skin eNcct coellicient (F).compute
ampacity using the general formula or
qc6 = 42 3 watts/R
For the 1/2-inch edges. A = 2x(1/2)a12 = 12 in'/R andfi2) = 707
where Then
I = current for the allowable temperature h e amps q 4 112) = I2 2 watts/R
qc = convective heat IOU. watts/ft qc = qc( I/2) + qc6 = 54 5 watts/R

qr = radiation l a . wattdft.
Nocc that for a &inch square tube the convective h a t IOU would have becn
qr = solar heat g i n . watts/ft. twice pc6 alculated above or 84 watts/ft. The h a t l a per unit area, */A, U
84/288 or 0.29 wattdin.'. It will be interesting to compare this value with that ul-
R = direct current resistance at the operating tempenturc, ohmdft. cul.ted for 8 Cinch cylindrical pipe by a different method in the neat section.
F = skin effect cocllicient for 60 cycle current.
The following is an analysis of a c h of the individd operations. It will show 2. Perced C m v e c t i o n O v e r C y l i n d r i c a l S u r f a c e #

that the basic equations can be reduced to eacy to handle fornu
1. Forced Convection Over Rat Surfxu From McAdams'text or Perry's Handbook' heat transfer for a cylindrical
r h 8 p at l a s t I-inch in diameter may be estimated as follows when there U a 2 fps
When iur flows parallel to and over a flat planar surface the followin8 q u t i o n wind and I atmosphm Dressure
may be used to calculate the h a t transfer coefficient'
qc = 0.010 &t' A4T
where d = diamcttr of the cylinder, incha

where
A , = Surface a r a in'/R
h = heat transfer coefficient. btu/hr-T-R' = Difierence in temperature in *C between conductor surface and
&T
= length of flow path over conductor (normally the width or unbient air temperature
L
thickness). in feet
of six incha M ~ & T = 6oC
Thus, for a hypothetical pipe with an 0.0.
V = air velocity. fecthour
A = 6x3.14x12 = 216 in.'/R.
The total heat lorr (in watts/R) frmn the surface due to forced convection U
qc = 000367 h A A T
where
qc = convection I- wattdR qc = (O.OlOX6'%226X60)
h = heat transfer cocf?icient B T U h r T R* = (0.010~)(6)(60)

A = a r a of flat surfaces. square inchesnincar foot
= 66.8 wattdft.
AT = temperature difference, betwan the surface of the conductor and
surrounding iur. 'C The h a t transfer per unit area is qc/A or ,298 watts/in'. This value is virtually
identical to that calculated for the square tube of the same major dimension and may
P" where P is the u r prasurc in
At elevations above sea level multiply qc by
be taken as an indication of the credibility of both methods.
atmosphera This will reduce.h-convective coefficient for lower prasura.
It is of interest to make the comparison b e t w a n square t u b a and pipa for
For the properties of air noted earlier. conductors of other sire.
qL
= 00085Ew Major
*/A. wattdin'
,Fer"
Dimension Square Tube pipe
= air velocity. feet/sec
(d or ) 1 */A = (0.0120)(60) qc/A = (0.010)(60)
V
in incha R 'h d 0.W
1 = length of surface over which air flows. inches (= 12L) 3 0.415 0.386
6 0.293 0.293
For v = 2 feet per second
qc = 0.012 ALAT 9 0.240 0.248
It is secn that for the larger bus conducton the heat transfer effictency of the
ppe is about the same as that of the square tube In fact they are identical at about 6
This cimplilied formula applies to iur flow parallel to the surface. Outdoon air inches. Note that the h a t transfer efficiency decreases with incrurin8 size of the
flow i s seldom unidirectional and cannot always be parallel to the surface. However, conductor.
41
3 N a t u r a l C o n v e c t i s n fs? F l a t and C y l i n d r l c a l Surfacem 4 . R.dUClonLaS
Some surface on conductors or in arrays of conductors may be shielded from h he b~ S t d a n - b l t m n equation'tor radiation from a surfacx (or narrow I
direct exposure to n n d Assuming that there is nevertheless sufficient space for nat- diu. which are trated as black bodla) 11as follows
unl convection to occur. such surfaces may be trated as though conv%tive lows
outdoor would be the same LI natural convective losses indoon For such shielded qr = 369 x IV" C A(Tc' -Tay
surfaces h u t lonra are calculated using generally accepted equations for natural
convection Whae
Exampla of a r c s requiring such treatment are the spaces between double an- = emissivity corresponding to the tcmperaturu of interest. H e it
gler. double channels, or parallel rectangular conducton. The UK of the natural con- is mumed emissivity at f c equals absorptivity of energy spctrum at fr
vection equations is probably justified when the space between conductors is grater This is usually a good approximation.
than 20% of the m a p dimension of the conductor or I-inch, whichever is smaller.
This estimate of the permissible spacing is bascd on the fact that the boundary layer TC = Temperature of conductor, Xelvin.
for nuss transfer is, very roughly, IO% of the length of the flow path. When the
. ) a c i n i between cooductore l e g r e b t e r r t a n r h o a a j o l e i r e n e l o n O f t h e fa = Temperature of surrounding bodies, Xelvin.
c o n d u c t o r , t h a n t h e forced e o n v 8 c t l o n f o r c u l ~ r p l v e : above abY a p p l y .
qr P Radition lar w a t t d i n a r foot
Because of the restncted flow away from the interior surfaca of integral web
conducton, i t is suggested that the natural convection loss formulas given here for Typical v d u a o f c f o r bur conductors are in the nnge of 0.3 to 0.9.A value of
surfacewfacing down be applied to all interior surfaces. 0.5 would apply to havily wathered aluminum while 0.84.85 is appropriate for
coppr which has achieved a dense green or black-brown patina. High values of
The appropriate natunl convection formulas are as follows: emittance may be achieved also with special paints, coatings or wrappings on the
conductor. While high emittance improves h u t dksipation v u radiation it would
Vertical or upward facing surface and cylinders llLp incrcrre h a t gain Vi. s o h aborption.
qc = 0.0022 AT'" fi A Eumple
Surfaces facing down Consider the conductor of emittancc equal of 0.5 operating at l O O t (373'K)in
M envimmmt of W C (313%) then
qc = 0.0011 aTbnl
-w A
*/A * (~.9Xnr'3(0.5X373'-3133
A T = Diffacncc in rcmpaaturc between amductor surface ud By comparing this figure to the f o r d convective lorsa calculated arlier it
ambient ure temperature in *C can be seen that radiation losses may make up 3 Q 4 % of the total h u t losses.For
large d u c t o n with high emissivity. losses by radiation may ex& t h e due to
1 = Length of conductor surf= (width or t h a n a s )
in i n c h (12L)
convection.
A = conductor surf= M in inchcs'/fcmt

5. Solar Hat Cisin
+ I Conductive h a t lar in -tu/
b a r fwl ThC h a t ylned fron incident mlar d u t i o n U atinuted .
I follows:
FM 3,6.and 9 inch wide vCrtiul surfaces at a 6lYC tempaaturc differaux
9 = 0.00695 tQd'k(sin &
3" p d A = 0.W22((soT'f
Whae
-
3u
E' = coefficientof Iplar absorption. usually m e w h a t higher than em
0.28 watu/in' tmc+ but ~ e n m l l ylaken as equal to that used for radmtion loss
6" +/A = 0.234 wrttdin' 0 L effective M@C of incidence of sun, cor-'[wsHc CO( (Zc - ZI)]
9" +/A = 0.21 watWin' 9 S d . r h a t gain in watts/ linar foot
Whm surfaces face downward the h a t tnnsfer per unit M is only Wf the where
d u e alculated in the above eaunpk.
Hc P Altitude of sun, degrees
Considering m e other temperature differences, we get the following annpri-
am between forced convection and natunl convection. ZC = Azimuth of run. degrus
21 L Azimuth of conduaor line,

Eumpk 0 or 180 for N-S
90 or 270 for E W
For a Cinch f L t conductor
A' = projectedua of conductor. quare inches per fmt (ua-1-
+/A. wattshn' ing shadow)
b T = n A T = n A T = m QI = Total solar and sky radiated h a t on a surface nornu! l o wn'a

nya. watu/q. h.
F o r d convection
(outdoor) .390 .293 .I95 K = h a t multiplying faclors for high altitudes
Natural convection In u u s w h m solar h a t input is high, it is important to consider whether
(indoor or amfimd solar hating will p a k during the time the maximum current lad is on the circuit.
rpra) ,335 .2w .I41 IC not. the estimate of the solar lod should'be reduced accordingly in order to amve
at the most cost-effective conductor size.
iodoor
Z&r A6 .795 ,125 The projetted area of a flat rurface is the area of its shadow on a plane normal
10 the direction of the sun's nys, e.g.. per foot of conductor.
Thus. for large conductors and luge temperature rises the u l c u l r t d bendit of
thc 2 fps wind of h a t transfer OUtdoors over natunl convection on favorably A' = I2 sin t x conductor sire
oriented surfaces indoors is only I&20%. The effect on unpcity will be even kcr
ud may be U low U only 2 or 3% for luge conductors and high temperatures. Whae
42
k = angle between p t n e of the conductor surface d sun's altitude. zc = 9s
For a venial surface Qs = 72.3 watts/R'

industrial
t =90-Hc
K = 1.15 at 5.000 f a t
For a horizontal surface
Then.
t = Hc
= a%' [cos(62) cos (98-270))
:. e = 117.5-
TABLE 1 sin 8 = 0.885
DATA FOR CALCULATING SOLAR HEAT GAIN For a cylinder, the projected area is 12d (in*/R). Then for a &inch cylinder
withe= 0.8.
Altitude md Azimuth in -rea of the Sun
at Various Latitudes" Declination 23.0 a = (O.uM95XO.83(72.3M12x6) (0.885Ml.15)
Northern Hemisphere 0 June IO ud July 3
q, = 29.5 watts/R.
Example 2
DW- Compute typical 1000 a.m. summertime solar radiation incident on a 6~1/2-
Nortb
Latitude l o a A.M. 1 2 9 0 N. 2%lO P.M inch rectangular bus conductor running E-W at 45" latitude in a c l a r atmosphere
at 5,oOO f a t .
Hc Zc He Zc Hc ZC
From Table I. Hc = 5 7
m 62 78 87 0 62 282
Projected area equals
25 62 88 88 180 62 272
30 62 98 83 180 62 262
+ I/2 sin 5n
35
40
45
61
60
57
107
I15
122
78
73
a
180
I80
180
61
60
57
253
245
238
A'
A' -
= I2 (6 sin 33'
U.28in1/A
0 = COI-' [(COI 57~001(12r-2~0111

so $4 128 63 I80 54 232
60 47 137 53 180 47 223 = cod [(0.545)(o.53)] = d ( . - 2 9 3 )
70 U) 143 43 I80 40 217
8 =lot
Total H a t Roccived by a Surface
at S a Level Normal to the Sun's Rays'
&e =.%
9 = (O.oo695)(0.5M92)(U4.28)(1.1s) (.%)
e a watu/ss R 9 = lS.6 WaITdft.
Solar Altitude
Degrees aar Industrial For compriroa. m i d e r the radiation lau for the m e conductor at BOT
HC Atmosphere Atmosphere with 40' ambient.
-..
5
10
21.7
40.2
12.6
22.3
= (36.9xKr'3(0.5MI2)(IZ + 1x353'-3 129
= 17.0 watt/R.
15 54.2 30.S
20 64.4 39.2 This U a c u e where emissivity (abeorptivity) is of minor importance in the
25 71.5 46.6 ntina of 8 bus conductor. In contrut, at a lower altitude and for a gruter tempera-
ture rise, hi& emissivity would provide for improved ampcity. It should be noted
30 77.0 S3.0 that except during periods of peak solar lo& high emissivity provides the lowat
35 81.5 573 qmating r e m p n t u r a and therefore the * u t power l a u
40 84.8 61.5
45 87.4 64.5
so 90.0 673
6 . Summation of Convective
60 92.9 71.6
70 95.0 75.2 For each of the conventional t y p a of bur conductor, the convective loss arms
80 95.8 77.4 for which the formula given in itmu I. 2. and 3 apply arc U follows.
90 96.4 78.9
Area for A r a for
Forced Natural Summation of
Solar Heat Multiplying Factors (K) Sh.P Convection Convection Convection Loavr
for High Altitudes'
Single Rectangle 24( &+t) 0 0.288 A T(f '/I+
t'/?
Ekvation above Multiplier for 0.
sa Level. fca Multiple (N) 24(k+Nt) 24)W-1) 0.288 4 TU 'fa+
Recungla NtJ? +0.0528.
0 1.lo A T'? C(N-1)
5.000 1.15
10,000 1.25 Round Tube or Bar lmd 0 0.377 A T db'
15.000 1.30
Square Tube 481 0 0.576 A TJ'P
Rectangular Tube 24(l+w) 0 0.288 A T(I'f'+

(1xw) W'P)
Assume conducton are in industrial area on a E-W line at 30" latitude at
5.000 foot elevation. If maximum current is required. at 10NJ a.m. from Table I, Universal Angle Z q +w) 0 W ' P ) A T ( I 'P+
0.288
(1 rwxignoring
Hc =62 thickneu)
43
0288 d T ( f 'I'+wivyt Square Tube 1 2 1 (sin(WHc)+sin Hc]

00462 4 T'" M"'+
W '3 Rectangular Tube ( l x w ) 121 fsin(PO-Hc)+w an Hc]
Single Channel 24(1+2w) 0 Universal Angle 121fsin(90-Hc)+w sin Hc]
Double Channel 24( 1+2w) 2 4 ( 1 + 2w)'
Integral Web Zqa + 2b+ 2c)**
Integral Web 12[lsin(90-Hc)+2w sin Hc+[(g2w)+ ]sin Hc]
c 3 4
*Averaged over all surfaces on intenor assuming equivalent of 3 favorably onented

surfaces and I unfavorable [3( 0022)+( 001 ])I24 = 00462. 9 - Computation of Ampanty
4
The ampacity computation requires dividing the sum of the h a t loves by the
**Due t o overhang count all l n t e r l o r 8urCac.a a8 bnlavorably orlentrd product of the resistance (R)and the skin dTect factor (R
f o r natural convactlon.
Resistance increases w t h increasing temperature and this must be amunled
for in the calculation Skin efFCct factors are a function of raismce. frequency
and geometry The factors are readily available for simple shapes Cblculaling skin
effect factors for complex shapes is beyond the scope of this P P - ~ and no guidance
7. Cummatian o f Radiation Loaien wll be offered except that the factors can bc significant and should be included when
calculations are performed The skin dTecr factors decrease slightly w t h increasing
For each of the conventional bus conductors the a r c s which radiate energy iemperature and should be adjusted accordingly This SubJSct IS discussed in the Icc-
are as follows tion on properties of matenals
As shown in the section on propenis of matenalr. the resistance at any tem-

Arms Whxh perature may be calculated as follows
&have &s
Black Body Summation of For copper and copper alloys
Slit or Hole Radiation L o s
Shape (f * =1) i(Tc'-Ta')x 10." R = 8.145aICV [ I + 0.00393C Cr2-2011
CA2 100
Single Rectangle 0 886s ( l + t )
For aluminum alloys
Multiple (N) (N-l)2rs 886C ( k + N t ) +
Rectangles 8WN-I)S R = 8.145~10' [1+03Ou)3C (T2-20)]
( S w i n g = S)) CA2 61
Round Tube or Bu 0 where

Square Tube 0
C = conductiWy LI 70 IACS
Rectangular Tube 0
dxw) A2 = cross-sstionrl area. square inches
Universal Angle 0 T2 = conductor temperature. 'C
Double b g k 24s
Vwo Angles)
(Spacing = S)
Channel 0
Example
Double Channel 24(1+2W) 24s
(Two Channels) Compute the 60 cycle outdooj ampacity of a 12" by 1/4" copper cnnductor
(Spacing = S) oprating with a temperature n x of 65'C above a W C ambient Assumec=O 5 . no
solar heating. c ' = 9 8 % IACS,and F= I 28
qc = (0288M65)[12'(*+(1/4)'II
qc = 14 watts/ft
qr = (886KO 5HI2 250KIO ")(378'-313')

6. S u m m a t i o n of S o l a r Radiation C a i n a qr = 58 2 watts/ft
The effective projected area for each of the conventional shapes is pven below qc +qr = 1322 watts/h
Only direct solar radiation has been considered A smaller amount of energy is n d i -
ated from the sky However, it has been ignored here If data is avaihble for the
parricular ocation. sky radiation impingng on other surfaca may be added to the
R = 8 1 4 5 ~ 1 0[I+~
(KqKqm)
000393(98) (105-20)
loo 3
overall energy balance
= 3 68x10' ohms/ft
*S Effective ProJccted Area
RF = (3 68K1 28)xlO' = 4 7x10' ohms/ft
Single Rectangle 12[9 sin(WHc)+t sin HcJ
I = [(qc + q r ) / R q ' P =
Multiple gu) Rectangles 1211 sin(WHc)+(Ni+(N-I)WL bin Hc] lo' (132 2/4 7 ) ' p
Round Tube or &r 12d I = 5.310 amps
44
PROPERTIES O F MATERIALS The total load is S x A2
where AI = cross-sectional area, sq incha

1 Thermal Expansion
For 6"x1/2" bus conductor the associated load on the bur supp0rU in the
Bus conductors expand as thnr temperatures n x The amount of expansion dkne caw would be 51.OOO pounds In practice this high load would not be gener-
may be calculated b) multiplying the coeflicients below by the increase in tempera- ated Complete r a t r e n t is unlikely due to bending. sliding. or plsst~cdeformation of
ture The bax temperature corresponding IO zero expansion IS the installation tem- the conducton However, lo be sure loads are not exccssi~eit is suggested that ex-
perature not the ambient temperature panvon joinU be provided to minimize thermally generated stresses.
Matmal
~
Average codficient of Thermal

Table 2 Expansion for the Range Indicated
cn/in-T idin'C
(68-2 1 2T) (20-lOcrC)
Aluminum and Alloys 13 0x10' 23 4x10'
Copper and Alloys 9 22x10' 16 6x10'
Steel 6 3x10* 1 1 4x10'
Concrete 3 5 to 8X10* 6 3 to 14 4 ~ 1 0 ~
Example
What is the total thermal expansion of a 15-foot run of copper bu5 conductor
installed on a concrete pad at 2oT and operating at W C over a W C ambient (I e at
WC)
For the bus conductor
A copper = total expansion = (I2~lSNl68xlO'X70)

= 0211 inches
For the concrete pad (assumecodfcient of expansion = IOxIO*
Aconcretc = (12X15M1Ox103(20) 4luminum Alloys

= 0036 inches 6101-T6 I5,m 13.380 IO,110
t063-T6 15,000 13,620 9,720
Copper (Hard) 9.000 9.000 8.700
Net amount of restraint on bus conductor is the difference between the expan- Copper (Soft) 5 . 100 4.800 4,700
sion of the bus and the wncrete pad
The above strength levels apply to the usual conductor matenalr Special alloys
d net = 0.2114.036 = 0.175 incha of aluminum or copper and coppers with small additions of silver mv be used where
higher strength or resistance to relaxation or softening are required
The strain on the copper (assuming mssivc n g d pad) i s
a=L' = 0.175 = 0.001 inchdinch

1 2 m
b. Resistance
where L' = length of restmned conductor in same
U rwtance of bur conductors increases with increasing temperature. For aluminum
units U A net
d n d s p p e r alloys, resistance at an elevated temperature (TI) may be expressed In
terms nf rcxirtance at ZOC as follous
Strases and Forces Due to Thermal Expansion RTI = R20(l+ 6 C f I - l O ) ]

2.
When a material is totally restrained from expanding or contracting normally u here

as temperatures change, stresses are induced to account for the effective change in
length. OC = temprature coeflicient of resistance for a base of 20%
(ohms/ohms-T)
The strus. S. is
RIO = resistance i t 2VC per unit length in ohms/foot
= =PA2
where E = modulus of elasticity Whae
For the materials of construction = raintivity, ohm-in'/ft

Table 1 E modulus of elasticity. x 10' psi Ai I cros-acftiorul Mof conductor at 2O%,in sq. in.
ZM:
- m
- IOOT
- Thc temperature coefficient of resistance for capper of conductivity qd to
lOO9b of the International Annalcd Copper Standard (IACS) is 0.003931T 8nd for
Aluminum IO IO 10 duminum of conductivity qual to 61% IACS it is 0.00403K. For copper and d u -
Copper 17 16.5 16 minum conductors of other conductivities the following relations may k written for
Stal M 3
4 30
Concrete 310s 3tos It05 C = % conductivity (U % IACS)
-__
Examfie 4 cu. * 0.00393C
-mi---
For the example a b o v e
S = 17a1bx10~= 17.000 p i
&d.? - 0.00403C
61
45
The above relations e v e the following for c o p p r A conservative atinute of dF/dX is a l ~ ( F

~ - ly) a~. Then
and for aluminum -IRK(F-l)
R n =?‘AI [I + 0.00403C flZ-ZO)] TherdorC

61
FI = Fi ;
L (TI-TI) ( F I - I ) . C
For copper of 100% IACS conductivity the resistivity. , is 8.145~10‘ohm- . a
in’/ft. Then
Cowr AMPACITY TABULATIONS
R n = 8.145~lW[l + 0.00393C fl2-20)l The procedures described herein have brcn used to d c u l a t e ampcity tables
CA2 61 which are a separate document.
REFERENCES
Aluminum
’Chemical Engineer’s Handbook. 1. H. Perry, ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Rn = 8 . 1 4 5 ~ 1 6[I + 0.00403C fll-ZOll 1950 Chapter 6 by McAdams. W. H.
CAI 100
UcAdams. W. H.. H u t Transmission. McGraw-Hill Book Co., N.Y.. 1954.
5 . Emissivity and Absorptiviq %e American Nautical Almanac. U.S. Naval obrervatory. Washington. D.C..
1957.
For ordinary ulculationr the emissivity and absorptivity of a bus conductor
uc taken as equal. Strictly speaking. since they apply to different energy spectra they ’sight Reduction Tables for Air Navigation, U.S. Navy Hydrographic ~ i c c H.
. 0.
uc not equal. but for practical purposes the error is small. Publication No. 249, Vols. II and 111.
For conditions of interest. ’Hating. Ventilating and Air-conditioning Guide 1956. American Society of H u t -
ing and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
Table r; E = Emissivity. absorptivity
‘J. 1. Yellot. “Power from Solar Energy.” ASME Trans.ctions Vol. 79. NO. 6. AU-
GCo ‘ Aluminum ’ gust. 1957. pp. 1349-1357.
Clan Mill Finish 0.1 0.I Note 1

The wind is considered a forced draft with the air circulating
Light Tarnish parallel to each surface of the conductor and perpendicular to the
(-1 outdoor installa-
tion or indoor) 0.3-0.4 0.2 length.
After Extended Outdoor Exposure 0.7-0.85 0.34.5 This paper is part of the work of a task force of the IEEE Sub-
stations Committee’s Working Group 69.1 “Rigid Bus Design Criteria
Painted Black 0.9-0.95 0.9-0.95 for Outdoor Substations”. Messrs. Bleshman, Pemberton, Craig and
Prager are members of that task force.
Discussion
6. Skin E r r e c t
W. H. Dainwood. 1. E. Holladay, and S. W. K e d (Tennessee Valley
Authority, Knoxville, TN: The authors should be commended on this
For common conductor shapes plots are available which provide skin effect paper in which they have presented a very sophisticated method of cal-
cocfficimts as a function of current frequency and resistivity When such plots are culating the temperature rise for a certain value of current. It should be-
avulabk the vanation in skin effect with temperature may be determined by com- come an important reference for design of rigid bus systems.
puting the resistivity of the shape at vanous temperatures and determining the asso. We are utilizing a procedure for calculating temperature rise that is
ciated skin effect coefficients When only a single value of the skin effect coefficient similar to the authors’ approach. However, at the present our computer-
is available or when a convmimt equation is needed for computer calculations. the ized procedure is limited to tubular and solid round conductors. We use
following procedure may be used to obtain a conservative (slightly) high estimate of the equations for heat loss which are in the Westinghouse Electrical
the skin &ect coefficient at a higher temperature
Transmission and Distribution Reference Book, copyright 1964, Fourth
Edition, Fifth Printing. Also used as a reference is the book Elements of
For
Power System Anulysis, second edition, by William D.Stevenson, Jr. As
with the equations in this paper, the ones we use express current as a
FI = skin effect coefficient at fmperature Ti function of temperature rise. Primarily, we are interested inspecifying a
value of current and determining the temperature rise. To do this, we
Fa = skin effect coefficient at temperature TZ use the Newton-Raphson technique to solve the equation which ex-
presses the current as a function of temperature rise. Have the authors
then FZ = FI +A F (TI-TI) considered this approach?
A T We would suggest that the authors include, under “PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS” No. 6 , Skin Effect. the method for calculating the
skin effect ratio defined as resistance. It appears the authors have
Normally the &in effect d i c i e n f is liven as a function of DC resistance.
@rcqumcy/Resistivity x Id which we will ddine as X for convenience here. Then given a conservative method for estimating the skin effect ratio. This
d F = d F dX dR estimate approach seems to be somewhaf in disagreement with the
E d r d r d r statement in the ABSTRACT which says, ‘This paper will allow the en-
gineer to reexamine the factors involved in increased current loadings of
rigid bus and possibly determine new thermal limits.” If the object of
the paper is to move away from conservative estimates and look at what
is actually happening, then it appears that more explicit equations for
skin effect could also be presented. We feel that this would further en-
hance a very significant paper.
46
The following is an extract from the computer program which we

have developed : ber' ax = -2w+
. w, - ...
Calculation of skin effect ratio:
The literature defines a quantity in b e i ' ax = - 'w, +
m = j y &ere a =2n4
P = I)(: resistivity i n s o b - m ker ax = - (In y + C) ber ax
Stevenson demonstrates (PowerSystem Analysis. pages 8 1-82):
+ Tf b e l ax
't
where F = 60 Hz
RO = ohm/tdl ( E ) - + A 4 - ...
A2
or k e i ax = - ( I n 2+ C) b e l ax
- rI T ber ax
+ a i - ~ 3 ...+
For a solid round conductor of radius r
Now it follows from t h i s that:
AK =
ker' ax =
(w)
WhereC=.57721 566490 153286061
- 5
$ ...
( In
(1 + $+
+ C) ber' ax
+ 1
f)
Where Ro is the DC resistance in n / f t of a solid conductor of radius r. - 2 ber ax

X
By calculating m by this formula, you can be sure the units will come
out right. + 5 b e i ' ax
The ratio is IElectrical Coils and Conductors, page 172): - x29 + a41 - ...
kei ax = - ( In 5
+ C) b e i ' ax
L -- 1 b e i ax -r
l f ber' ax
+ a11 = x31 + ...

X'K = AK
M.Rager. D.L.R,mberton,A. G.Craig, and N.A. Bleshmv: The authors

thank Messrs. Dnnwood, Holladay, and Kercel for the= timely com-
j = q=i ments. The formulas presented in the paper were selected as the first
stage. in a program to develop ampacity tables for commercial bus con-
Io ( a r ) = ber mr + j b e i mr ductors. Such tables may be used alternatively to determine the allow-
Io (a q) = ber mq + j b e i mq able current for a specified temperature rise or the temperature rise for
a specified current. Many of these tables have been prepared based on
Ko (a r ) = ker mr + j k e l mr
these formulas and they will be the subject of a forthcoming paper.
When a quick estimate of the temperature rise for a given current
( a q) = ker mq + j k e i mq is needed the following procedure may be used without the need for a
computer. The temperature term in the express'on for radiation 10s
Io' (ar ) = e-3 n /4 (ber' mr + j b e i ' mr) (i.e., T24-T14)may be approximated by 1.6 x I d A T and the exponen-
Io' ( U q) = e-d l4 (ber' mq + j b e i ' mq) tial term in the natural convection equations AT^ 25) may be approx-
imated by 2.8AT. Substituting these terms into the eneral expression
%' ( a r ) = e - j Tf /4 (ker' mr + j k e i ' mr) relating currht to heat loss and resistance I = d-provides
KO* ( a q) = e-3 Tf /4 (ker' mq + j k e i ' mq)
an equation in which the unknown (AT) appears to the first power. The
Where the following bessel functions are defined by infinite series: solution is then easily obtained by solving that equation.
In using the expressions suggested by Messrs. Dainwood et. al. to
ber ax = 1 - *J +,%$ - ... calculate the skin effect ratio, it must be remembered that the temper-
ature coefficient should be included in the resistivity term. The authors
took the approach that since the skin effect ratios for conductors were
usually available at one temperature, such data could be modified con-
veniently by the method shown in the text F ~ = F ~ - % ( T ~ - T ~ ) a (FI-~)
The error introduced is negligible for practical purposes.
47
APPENDIX D CALCULATION OF SURFACE VOLTAGE GRADIENT
Appendix D
Calculation of Surface Voltage Gradient

The allowable surface voltage gradient E, for E, = allowable surface voltage gradient,
equal radio-influence (RI)generation for smooth, kV rms/cm
circular conductors, is a function of bus-conduc- go = allowable surface voltage gradient under
tor diameter, barometric pressure, and operat- standard conditions for equal radio-
ing temperature. It may be calculated as follows: influence (RI) generation and for circu-
lar conductors, kV rms/cm (see Fig D1)
7.05b
6 = air density factor =
Eo = ago (Eq D1) 459 F
~
+
where where
Fig D1
Allowable Surface Voltage Gradient for
Equal RI Generation Under Standard Conditions
Versus Bus Diameter
30
I
I
20 t
.
6
v)
zi I
I
15 I +
a I
-3 I
I
cn0
I
I- 10 t t t t t -
z
w0 - 4 t tI '
+ -t- f t..-
8 t 4 1
i-1
a I 1
U I l l I
w
U
a
3
0
> 4
6
5 +-- - A
I- +---t
t
!
4--
+
-+-
-
-
t-
i-
w
0 I- -- ---
a
U
a 3
3
v)
w
-1
m
$ 2
s
-I
a
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20
BUS DIAMETER (in)
48
CALCULATION OF SURFACE VOLTAGE GRADIENT APPENDIX D
b = barometric pressure, cm of Hg For Center Conductor (Three Phase)

F = temperature, "F
The temperature to be used in Eq D1 is gen-
erally considered to be the conductor operating
temperature. Table D1 gives standard barome-
T> CONDUCTOR
tric pressure corrected for various altitudes

above sea level.
Table D1
Standard Barometric Pressure V
(for Various Altitudes Above Sea Level)
Altitude Pressure
(ft) (cm of Hg) GROUND PLANE
- 1000 79.79
-500 77.39
0 76.00
1000 73.30
2000
3000
70.66
68.10 E, =
v, E, = - he E,
4000
5000
m
65.63
63.22
60.91
Ln (9) d
he - 3
8OOo 56.44
10 000 52.27
15 000 42.88
20 000 34.93
where
The average and maximum surface voltage
gradients at the surface of smooth circular con- h = distance from center of conductor to
ductors, at operating voltage, may be deter- ground plane, cm
mined by the following formulae from NEMA he = equivalent distance from center of con-
CC1-1984 [12]. ductor to ground plane for three phase,
hD
he =
For Single Conductor JW' cm
d = diameter of the individual conductor,
cm
D = phase-to-phase spacing for three phase,
CONDUCTOR
cm
Vl = line-to-ground test voltage, kV
E, = average voltage gradient at the surface
of the conductor, kV/cm
E,,, = maximum voltage gradient at the sur-
face of the conductor, kV/cm
h d
I NOTE: V, = 110% of nominal operating line-to-
ground voltage
For the three-phase configuration the center

conductor has a gradient approximately 5 %
higher than the outside conductors. For bundled
GROUND PLANE
circular conductors, formulae for calculating the
surface voltage gradient may be obtained from
E, = v, E, = -E
h
a
NEMA CC1-1984 [12].
d
h -- For satisfactory operation, E, must be less
2 than E,.
49
APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Appendix E
Mechanical Forces on Current-Carrying Conductors
BY
E.D. Charles
Published by
Proceedings IEE Vol 110, No 9
Sept 1963
50
PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110, NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
Mechanical forces on current-carrying conductors

E. D. Charles
Synopsis
Following a brief review of the standard formulae in connection with the forces on current-carrying
conductors the author examines the problem from a more general standpoint, and derives formulae for both
the distribution and direction of forces on conductors lying at any angle in different planes. It is felt that these
formulae (eqns. 4 and S), which have not previously been published, will be of value for the following reasons:
(i) The approximations obtained by application of the standard formulae to non-standard conductor
arrangements may lead to serious over- or underestimation of the true magnitude of mechanical forces
and their moments. (ii) A precise knowledge of the direction of the resultant mechanical force is of consider-
able importance in determining the cantilever stress in the very long insulator stacks used for h.v. installations.
(iii) The general formulae put forward are comprehensive in that all the standard formulae for the
distribution and direction of forces may be readily obtained by suitable substitution.
List of symbols The forces which arise under short-circuit conditions may
d = shortest distance between centre-lines of two amount to several tons and must be taken into account in
straight cylindrical conductors crossing each the design of conductors, insulators and their supporting
other obliquely in different planes, m structures. The calculation of the forces is a simple matter
dF = mechanical force on element dr of conductor, N in the case of very long, straight, parallel busbars, because
for all practical purp&es the forces are uniformly distributed
(- 3
Fp - d_ = mechanical force per unit length a t point P along the length of the conductors. At the extreme ends of
on conductor, N/m the conductors the forces actually ‘tail off’ owing to the
F,,, F, = horizontal and vertical components of Fp, N/m reduction of magnetic-field strength, but this so-called ‘end
I,, I2 = current in conductors, A effect‘ is only of importance in conductor arrangements in
X = angle between direction of mechanical force which short lengths, bends, taps and cross-overs form part
on an element of conductor and the plane of the complete circuit.’
in which the conductor lies A knowledge of the way in which the mechanical forces are
a = angle between conductor and the direction of distributed along a conductor is a first requirement in coni-
the magnetic field in which it lies puting both the total force and the moment of these forces
= angle between one conductor and the trace of
about a particular point.
the other in a plane perpendicular to The total force on a section of conductor is obtained by
the shortest distance between the two integrating the force per unit length over the section. In a
conductors similar manner, the moment of the force on a particular
section of conductor about a specified point is found by
integrating the product of force per unit length times distance
1 Introduction to the point. The mathematical integration of the expression
A large number of papers have been written in COM~C- for force per unit length is possible only in simple arrange-
tion with the forces of attraction and repulsion between ments such as those shown in Fig. 1, so that, in the general
currentcarrying conductors. Following the work of Amp&re, case, graphical methods of investigation must be adopted.
Laplace, Biot and Savart, the underlying principles were well The mechanical force on a particular conductor forming
established, and a number of other investigators formulated part of a complete circuit is found by summing the component
methods of computing the forces in several practical arrange- forces calculated for the individual conductor members
ments of conductors lying in a plane or crossing each other at making up the circuit. The conductor members are treated
right angles. in pairs, each member being taken in combination with every
In the paper a general formula is given from which may be other member, although it is often possible to neglect the
calculated the distribution of mechanical forces along current- more remote parts of the circuit when it is estimated that their
carrying conductors which lie at any angle in different planes. effects are negligible compared with other component forces.
It is assumed that the conductors are of circular cross-
section and that the current is concentrated along the axis
of the conductor. N o error is introduced by this latter
assumption, since, neglecting proximity effects with alternating
2 Conductor arrangements current, the external magnetic field due to current in a
It is well known that adjacent currentcarrying con- cylindrical conductor does not depend upon the radius of
ductors experience a mechanical force which depends u p p the conductor. Proximity effects need not be considered
the magnitude of the current and the geometrical configuration where the clearance between two members is more than
of the conductors. twice the diameter of the conductor.
51
APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENTGARRYING CONDUCTORS
When the conductors are near together, the mechanical 3 Skewed-conductor arrangements
forces in conductors of rectangular cross-section are different It will be realized that (a), (b) and (c) are special cases
from those in conductors of circular cross-section, and for of a more general arrangement in which the axes of the
further information the reader should consult References 2-5. conductors are two straight lines skewed in space at any angle
Methods of calculating electromagnetic forces are presented relative to each other, as in Fig. 2.
in textbooks and papers for the following cases, illustrated in The definition of two skew lines is that they neither intersect
Figs. la, 16 and IC: nor are parallel, although a and c of Fig. 1 may be regarded
as limiting cases.
(a) parallel conductors In pure geometry it is shown that, if two lines J D and HA
(b) right-angled cross-over conductors neither intersect nor are parallel, then (see Fig. 2)
(c) conductors at any angle lying in a plane (i) there is one straight line CB which is perpendicular to
both the given lines
The formula for case (c) was first introduced by Dunton (ii) the length, d, of the common perpendicular is the shortest
in 1927.6 distance between the lines
For ease of calculation, a complete circuit is usually simpli-
fied by regarding it as a combination of the arrangement (a), It follows that JD and HA lie in two parallel planes separated
(b) anp (c), and a further simplification is often obtained in by the distance CB. Thus the general case can be analysed by
arrangement (c) by assuming that the angle between the using one conductor HA and the shortest distance CB
conductors is a right angle. Although these approximations to form the framework of reference shown in Fig. 3. The
suffice in many practical cases, problems may arise where special cases shown in Fig. 1 are obviously obtained from
greater accuracy is desired, and in these circumstances a more Fig. 3 as follows:
detailed calculation may be justfied. (a) fl = 0" (parallel)
(b) = 90"(right-angled cross-over)
(c) d = 0 (any angle in a plane)
A
a
Fig. 2
Skewed conductors
A
b
dx
Fig. 1
Conductor arrangements-special cases
a Parallel Fig. 3
b 90' cross-over
c Any angle in a plane Skewed conductors-reference axes and dimensions
52
PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110,NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
4 Distribution and direction of forces

It has already been pointed out that the mechanical
forces experienced by currentcarrying conductors are not
uniformly distributed along their length, the degree of non-
uniformity being more pronounced in the case of short
lengths, bends and cross-overs. The direction of the forces
depends upon the relative directions of the currents. In the a b
parallel arrangement, the conductors are attracted when the
currents are in the same direction and repelled when the
currents are in opposite directions. Two circuits crossing
obliquely attract each other when both the currents proceed
from or to the apparent point of intersection but repel each
other if one current proceeds from and the other towards
that point.
Fig. 4 shows the approximate distribution and the direction
of forces in the three special cases (a), (b) and (c) when the
currents are flowing in directions such as to cause repulsion
between the two conductors. If one of the currents is reversed,
the direction of the forces will also be reversed. All forces are
at right angles to the conductor. In these special cases it will
be observed that the mechanical forces are uniplanar.
Fig. 5
Direction of forces-skewed conductors
o Magnitude and direction of forces on conductor JD viewed axially
b Onhogonal wrnponents of F,
Fig. 5 shows the skewedconductor arrangement carrying

currents I, and 1, in the directions shown. Consider an ele-
mental portion dr of the conductor JD at point P,. The
direction of the magnetic flux at point PI due to the current
I , in conductor HA is normal to the plane HP,A. The
mechanical force F, experienced by the element uk is in a
direction at right angles to both the flux at point P, and to
the conductor JD. The line from P, representing the force
F, therefore lies in the plane HP,A and is radial to the
conductor JD. In the same way, the forces experienced by an
element of conductor JD at any other point such as Po, Pz,
P3, etc., are radial to JD and lie in the planes containing
both the conductor HA and the point considered. The angles
a t which the forces F,, F,,F2,etc., act depend upon the values
of x, d and p. Fig. 5a shows the magnitude and direction of
the forces as viewed along the axis of the conductor. Fig. 5b
shows the horizontal and vertical components of Fp’
Fh = Fp COS X
F, = Fp sin X
where, as shown in Appendk 10.2, X = tan-’ (d/x tan p).
5 Development of general formula for the

distribution of mechanical forces in
current-carrying conductors
5.1 Magnitude of force per unit length
In Fig. 6, HA and JD are two conductors of circular
cross-section carrying currents I, and l2 amperes, respectively.
Consider the force dFs on a length dx of conductor JD at P
due to current flowing in element dr of conductor HA at G.
Fig. 4 According to Ampkre’s law, the force between the current
Direction of forces-special cases elements dx and riS is
53
APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENTCARRYING CONDUCTORS
From the geometry of Fig. 6 it is easy to show that

' F s i n 4 s i n a x 10-7 . . . . . . (1) I
where z = length of the line PG d[k2 + (I - x cos 8)2]
4 = angle between conductor H A and the line I - (m + xcos@
cos l)H =
a = angle between the normal to the plane HPA at d[kz + (m + x cos B2]
P and the conductor JD.
NOW GE = ds sin + where k = d(d2 + $sin2B
also GE = zd4 It can also be shown that
cos2 fi +
$ sin2 fl
sin -
4 = Id4
dr sina=2/ d2 d2+x2sin2fl (see Appendix 10.1)
'k
but - = sin 4, so that - 4
=- and substituting these values of cos cos &, k and sin U
z z2 k in eqn. 3, we obtain
Substituting in eqn. 1 we get
2 B + x2 sin2 8)
* k sin 4 sin a 10-7 . . . . . . . (2) Fp =
t 1 t 2 1 0 - 7 ~ ( dcos2
d2 + x2 sin2fl
I-xcosfl
{did2 + x2 sin2 p + (I - x COS p)']
m x COS fl + } (4)
~~[d2+x2sin2fl+(m+xcos8)2]
Figs. 7 and 8 show that eqn. 4 applies also to cases in which

fl lies between 90"and 180" and when the dimensions m and
x are negative.
I
Fig. 6
Skewed conductors--B < W O , x and m positive
If this expression is integrated with respect to 4 from 4 = 4"

(where G is at A) to 4 = & (where G is at H), this will give the
force dF on the element dx at P due to the current t2in this
element and the current I , in the whole of conductor HA.
Thus
dF=
k
tlt2dx10-7 sin a
dF=
k
(- cos +)+E
+A
i.e. the force Fpper metre at P is

Fig. 7
Skewed conductors--B > W O , x positive, m negative
54
PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110,NO 9 SEWEMBER 1963
Fig. g
Skewed conductors-numerical example
Fig. 8
Skewed conductors--B < W",
x negative, m positive
5.2 Direction of forces

It has already been stated in the discussion of Fig. 5
that the force per unit length at various points along the
conductor JD acts at right angles to JD (i.e. radially) and
that the force vector lies in the plane containing conductor
HA and the point considered. The angle which the force
vector makes with the plane in which conductor JD lies is
given by
X = tan-'( L)
/3
(see Appendix 10.2)
x tan
. . (5)
so that the orthogonal components of Fp are
Fh = Fp COS X . . . . . ,. . . * (6)
F, = Fp sin X . . . . . . . . . 1 (7) 4
x . metres
Fig. 10
Distribution of mechanical forces on skewed conductors for various
angles of cross-over
6 Numerical example
To illustrate the use of eqns. 47, consider the arrange-
ment shown in Fig. 9. Two conductors are shown 30cm and
80cm long, crossing each other obliquely and forming part
of a complete circuit carrying a current of 104A.The shortest
distance between the two conductors is along a line lOcm
long joining the middle point of the SOcm conductor to a
point lOcm from one end of the 30cm conductor.
The distribution of forces along the 80cm conductor,
computed from eqn. 4, is shown in Fig. 10 for six different
angles of cross-over. It should be remembered that the forces 104'~'
acting on each differential length of conductor are uniplanar
only in the cases for /3 = 0" (parallel) and fi = 90" (right- Fig. 11
angle cross-over) as shown by eqn. 5. 70"cross-over
55
APPENDIX E MECHANICAL FORCES ON CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
Note the transition in form of the curves from = 0' to

= 90" in Fig. IO, the minimum points at x = 0 disappearing
on curves where /?< 45". m i l ;
The component forces for the 70' cross-over (Fig. 11) are d I
plotted in Fig. 12 from eqns. 6 and 7. and it is these curves
which would be used in calculating the total force and moments
J
I
I
I
-1,
I I
I '7
by graphical integration. The magnitude and direction of I-1- '
forces on supporting insulators may be deduced easily from
the moments of the component forces by methods which are Fig. ''
End of long parallel conductor
fully detailed in Reference 1.
(6) End of long conductor (see Fig. 14)

If d and x are very small compared with 1, and m =0
I - X
then
l/[d2 + (1 - x ) ~ ]E
m + x X
and
d[d2 + (m + x)'] = d ( d 2 -xZ)
i
x, metres
Fig. 12 Then from eqn. 4

Orthogonal components of mechanical forces on conductors with 70"
cross-over ' ' ' ' (9)
d
I
(c) Centre of long conductors
m = I , x = 0, and d is negligible compared with 1. Then
from eqn. 4,
Fp = - . . . . . . . . .
2I,I21O-'
d
(94
7 Special conductor arrangements
By suitable substitutions in eqn. 4, formulae may be
obtained for the distribution of mechanical force in special
conductor arrangements which agree with those already 7.2 Right-angled cross-over (see Fig. 15) (p = 90")
published.
7.1 Parallel conductors

(U)
(p = Oo)
Short conducrors (see Fig. 13)
. . .
m
(10)
1
1-x
+
d [ d 2 ( I - x)'] $- d [ d 2 + (m x)~]
. . . . (8)
Fig. 13 Fig. 15
Short parallel conductors 90" cross-over
56
PROCEEDINGS IEE VOL 110, NO 9 SEPTEMBER 1963
7.3 Right-angled bend (see Fig. 16) (p = 90" d = 0 m = 0) Substituting in eqn. 12 we obtain
Fromeqn. IO
Fp = IL[4Tp
I 10-7
X v*
d+*+4:-I2]v + 1) . . (124
. . (11)
which agrees with the formula given by Van Asperen?
Similarly when m =0 and /3 = 45", cos /3 = sin = 4-2
X
2
and 1 = -, giving
7.5 Forces at bends and corners of a conductor

--:1 system
The standard eqns. 1 1 and 12 for angled conductors
lying in a plane do not take into account the non-uniform
Fig. 18 current distribution occurring near the junction of the con-
90' bend ductors. As x + O the current in the bend tapers off with a
corresponding reduction in the mechanical forces in the
7.4 Any angle in a plane (see Figs. 17 and 18) (d = 0)
vicinity of the corner. The problem is outside the scope of
the paper, but an approximate solution may be obtained for
F =
I - x cos /3 a 90" bend by assuming that the force starts at the point
x = 0 . 7 7 9 r . where r is the radius of the conductor.'
+ 4 ( x 2 +m n?+ x+cos2mx/3 cos /3>

In Fig. 18, m is negative and /3 is in the second quadrant, so
that cos ,8 is also negative. 8 Conclusions
When m =0 and fl =
-4 2
135", then cos /3 = - So far as the author is aware, the general formulae
2 developed in the paper have not previously been stated. They
and s i n p =
4-2 should prove useful to designers in circumstances where
2 accuracy is important. In other cases, whe?e approximate
methods are appropriate, the rigid formulae may serve as a
X
Let I = - guide to the percentage error involved.
9 References
*.2 1 TRICK, c . w . : 'Electromagnetic forces on conductors with bends,
short lengths and cross-overs', Gen. Elecr. Rev.. 1933, 36, p. 232
2 CHIN. T. H., and HICGINS, T. J . : 'Equations for evaluating short-circuit
forces on multiple-strap single phase and polyphase busses for
supplyins low frequency induction furnaces', Trans Amer. Insr. Elecr.
€ngrs, 1960. 79, Part 1 I , p. 260
3 HIGGINS, T. 1.: 'Formulas for calculating short circuit forces between
conductors o f structural shape', ibid.. 1943, 62, p. 659
4 VAN WPEREN, c . H . : 'Mechanical forces on busbars under short
circuit conditions', ibid. 1922. 42, p. 1091
5 DWIGHT, H . E.: 'Repulsion between strap conductors', Elect. World,
1917, p. 522
6 DUMON, w. P.: 'Electromagnetic forces on current carrying con-
Fig. 17 ductors'. J . Sri. Insrrum., 1927. 4. p. 440
7 DWIGHT. H . 8 . : 'Calculation of magnetic force o n disconnecting
Any angle in a plane < 90" switches', Trans Amer. Ins:. H e c r . Engrs, 1920, 40, p. 1337
10 Appendixes
10.1 T o determine the angle between conductor JD
and the direction of the magnetic flux (see Fig. 18)
Consider point P on conductor JD. The direction of
the magnetic flux @ at this point due to the current I, in
--I, conductor HA is normal to the plane BPA and is indicated
by the line PT. It is required to find the angle TPJ in t e r m
of x , d and 8.
Rectangular co-ordinate axes PX, PY and PZ with P as
Fig. 18 the origin are reproduced in Fig. 19a, in which PC and PR
Any angle in a plane 3 ma,m negalive represent the directions of the conductor JD and flux vector
57
APPENDIX E
10.2 T o determine the angle between the direction of the .

mechanical force on an element of conductor JD at
point P and the normal to the conductor i n the
plane CPA’ (see Fig. 20).
1
The mechanical force on an element of conductor JD
due to the currents I, in HA and I2 in JD is at right angles
to the direction of the magnetic flux at point P. It lies, there-
fore, in the plane BPA and is represented by the line PF.
Produce PF to cut HA in T. Since the force PF is at right
angles to conductor JD, its trace PS in the plane CPA is
also normal to JD.
Then
ST d
tanX= - =
PS xtanp
. . . . . . . (15)
Fig. 19
Angle berween conductor and direcrion of magnetic flux
I Pxu
PT, respectively. From a well-known proposition in co-ordi-
nate geometry the cosine of the angle between two lines is
equal to the sum of the products of their respective direc-
tioncosines.
Thus, if U , b and c are the directioncosines of PC and
a’, b’ and c’ are the directioncosines of PR, we have
COS a = ua’ -+ bb’ -+- cc’
where a = cos XPC = sin p U’ = cos XPR = cos B
b=cosYPC=cosP b’=cosYPR=O
c = cos ZPC = 0 c’ = cos ZPR = sin 6
Then c o s a = s i n P c o s 8 . . . . . . . . (13)
Fiq. 20
Referring to Fig. 19 it is Seen that Direction of mechanical force
case = d ( d 2 +dxz sip2 /?)

d sin p
Therefore cos a
=d(d2 + x2 sin2 B>
d2ws2P + $sin2/? (14)
58

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ANSI/IEEE Std 605-1987

IEEE Guide for Design of

1. Purpose bus structure. An assembly of bus conductors,

1 SELECT BUS CONDUCTOR

ESTABLISH NEED FOR

CALCULATE TOTAL CALCULATE CALCULATE CONDUCTOR

6. Ampacity 6.1.1 Effective Resistance, RI? A conduc-

FI = .rrWIr,(d + PI), 12 i n / f t 10. Conductor Wind Forces

PROFILE AND WIND DIRECTION

Ratio of span length to vertical dimension of bus-conductor

FG = total bus unit weight, lbf/ft

L, = allowable span length, in

E = modulus of elasticity, lbf / in2 FT = total unit force, lbf / ft

50% for aluminum. The reduction in allowable e = tan-’(

12.2.3.2 Two Fixed Ends. For a span with Table 5

BUS SUPPORT FITTING

SUPPORT I NSU L A T O R TOP

FIs = K3 [?+ (Hi + Hf)

(Eq 33b) mounting structure combination, Hz

14 Conductor Thermal Expansion 15. Bibliography

Letter Symbols for Quantities

Emissivity = 0.50, With Sun Emissivity = 0.50, Without Sun

Emissivity = 0.50, With Sun Emissivity = 0.50, Without Sun

Emissivity = 0.85, With Sun Emissivity = 0.85, Without Sun

Thermal Considerations for Outdoor Bus-Conductor Design

N.A. Bleshman M. Prager

IEEE Power Engineering Society

Thermal Considerations for Outdoor

For the 1/2-inch edges. A = 2x(1/2)a12 = 12 in'/R andfi2) = 707

I = current for the allowable temperature h e amps q 4 112) = I2 2 watts/R

qc = convective heat IOU. watts/ft qc = qc( I/2) + qc6 = 54 5 watts/R

The following is an analysis of a c h of the individd operations. It will show 2. Perced C m v e c t i o n O v e r C y l i n d r i c a l S u r f a c e #

where d = diamcttr of the cylinder, incha

qc = convection I- wattdR qc = (O.OlOX6'%226X60)

h = heat transfer cocf?icient B T U h r T R* = (0.010~)(6)(60)

qc = 0.012 ALAT 9 0.240 0.248

3 N a t u r a l C o n v e c t i s n fs? F l a t and C y l i n d r l c a l Surfacem 4 . R.dUClonLaS

A = conductor surf= M in inchcs'/fcmt

21 L Azimuth of conduaor line,

b T = n A T = n A T = m QI = Total solar and sky radiated h a t on a surface nornu! l o wn'a

k = angle between p t n e of the conductor surface d sun's altitude. zc = 9s

For a venial surface Qs = 72.3 watts/R'

0 = COI-' [(COI 57~001(12r-2~0111

Rectangular Tube 24(l+w) 0 0.288 A T(I'f'+

0288 d T ( f 'I'+wivyt Square Tube 1 2 1 (sin(WHc)+sin Hc]

Single Channel 24(1+2w) 0 Universal Angle 121fsin(90-Hc)+w sin Hc]

Double Channel 24( 1+2w) 2 4 ( 1 + 2w)'

Integral Web Zqa + 2b+ 2c)**

Integral Web 12[lsin(90-Hc)+2w sin Hc+[(g2w)+ ]sin Hc]

*Averaged over all surfaces on intenor assuming equivalent of 3 favorably onented

As shown in the section on propenis of matenalr. the resistance at any tem-

Round Tube or Bu 0 where

Universal Angle 0 T2 = conductor temperature. 'C

qr = (886KO 5HI2 250KIO ")(378'-313')

Round Tube or &r 12d I = 5.310 amps

PROPERTIES O F MATERIALS The total load is S x A2

where AI = cross-sectional area, sq incha

Average codficient of Thermal

Steel 6 3x10* 1 1 4x10'

A copper = total expansion = (I2~lSNl68xlO'X70)

For the concrete pad (assumecodfcient of expansion = IOxIO*

Aconcretc = (12X15M1Ox103(20) 4luminum Alloys

a=L' = 0.175 = 0.001 inchdinch

Strases and Forces Due to Thermal Expansion RTI = R20(l+ 6 C f I - l O ) ]