Professional Documents
Culture Documents
lec.mt 04 |Page | 96
CHO assimilation ID of yeast
Free of CHO
BHIA Dimorphic fungi
C. immitis High risk to lab personnel
Molds Filamentous
Room temperature
Yeasts Round/tissue form
37’C
Chitin Fungal cell wall
Ergosterol Fungal cell membrane
Hyphae Aerial/vegetative/substrate
Spores Reproductive
Sporangiophore Aseptate hyphae
Conidiophore Septate hyphae
Sexual spores Ascospores
Basidiospores
Oospores
Asexual spores Chlamydospores: rounding terminal hyphae or intercalary
(within)
Blastospores: budding off (yeasts)
Conidia (macro/micro): dermatophytes
Arthrospores: barrel-shaped, produced from fragmentation of
mycelium
10% KOH preparation Skin and hair
Hyphae, yeasts, spores
Dissolves tissue
Calcofluor white Fluorescent dye
Stains the chitin (cell wall)
Green
Giemsa/Wright’s stain H. capsulatum: the only fungi seen in blood smear
Periodic Acid Schiff Glycogen: purple
No glycogen: pink
Gomori silver Black
Dermatophyte test SDA + phenol red
medium
Inhibitory mold agar SDA + cycloheximide + gentamicin
Potato dextrose agar Pigment
Cornmeal Tween 80 Chlamydospore of C. albicans
agar
Rice medium (+) M. canis
(-) M. audouinii
Staib’s nigerseed agar C. neoformans (black colonies)
Urea agar (+) T. mentagrophytes
(+) C. neoformans
Cottonseed agar B. dermatitidis
Biochemical tests API20C, ID32C
lec.mt 04 |Page | 97
CHROMagar Candida
Germ tube test For unknown yeast
Cornmeal agar Dalmau-Plate
Mannan antigen Candida
Galactomannan Aspergillus
Fungicidal agents Target: Ergosterol
-Amphotericin B: systemic fungi (most common)
-Nystatin
-Azole (Fluconazole): fungistatic
-Griseofulvin (IV): dermatophytes
AST methods Broth microdilution method
E-test method
Genus-spp ID (molds) Microscopic exam
lec.mt 04 |Page | 99
S. schenckii Mold form: flowerette/daisy-like conidia
Yeast form: Cigar-shaped (asteroid) bodies
Rose Gardener’s disease
-Cord-like multiple subcutaneous nodules
Colony: White to black
Madura foot agents Maduromycosis: mycetoma
P. boydii = most common cause
Madurella
Leptosphaeria
Actinomycetes
Tissue form: Granules
Lesion: granulomatous lesions on foot w/ multiple draining sinus
tracts
P. boydii Cleistothecia
Teleomorph/sexual form
Scedosporium apiospermum: anamorph/asexual form
Chromoblastomycosis Dematiaceous fungi
agents Type of sporulation: ID of genus and species
1. Phialophora verrucosa
-Vase-like
-TOS: phialophore
2. Fonsecaea pedrosoi
-Short chain
-w/ 1’, 2’, 3’ conidia
-TOS: Acrotheca
3. Cladosporium carrionii
-Long chain (branching)
-TOS: Cladosporium
Infected tissue: Brown sclerotic bodies (Medlar bodies)
Lesion: Cauliflower-like
Colonies: Dark w/ jet black reverse
R. seeberi Size: 300 μm
Rhinosporidiosis
MOT: swimming
Polypoid masses in nose and pharynx
Tissue form: Sporangium (sac-like structures filled w/
endospores)
L. loboi Lobomycosis
Lesion: Keloid-like subcutaneous nodule involving the
extremities
Tissue form: Multiple budding cells in chain (Sampaloc-
like/Longganisa-like)
Systemic Mycoses Dimorphic
MOT: inhalation of spores (mold) – infectious
Specimen: Sputum
BSL III = require BSC class II
No person-to-person contact
Colonies: cottony white to brown
lec.mt 04 |Page | 100
Exoantigen test
-B. dermatitidis
-P. brasiliensis
-H. capsulatum
-C. immitis
B. dermatitidis Agent of:
-North American blastomycosis
-Chicago disease
-Gilchrist disease
Pneumonia and skin infections
Mold form: Lollipop in appearance
Yeast form: Single-budding yeast w/ broad based (double
centered) – diagnostic
Mickey mouse cap
Culture: Medium w/ cycloheximide
Tissue: KOH
Tx: Amphotericin B
P. brasiliensis Agent of:
-South American Blastomycosis
-Lutz Splendore-Almeida disease
Infects spleen, liver, lymph node, skin, lungs
Mold form: Lollipop in appearance
Yeast form: Multiple budding yeast resembling Mariner’s wheel
H. capsulatum RES parasite
Agent of Darling’s disease
“Arise of Tutankhamen’s tomb”
USA = endemic dimorphic ffungus
MOT: inhalation of spores from guanos (droppings of birds,
starlings/chickens, and bats)
Mold form: Tuberculate macroconidia
Yeast form: Yeast cells intracellular in macrophages
Culture: Medium w/ cycloheximide (BM, sputum, tissue)
H. duboisii Double cell
Figure of 8
Causes African histoplasmosis
Grows in N2
Sepedonium Tuberculate macroconidia (resembles H. capsulatum)
To differentiate: Sepedonium is monomorphic
C. immitis Agent of:
-Desert fever
-San Joaquin Valley fever
Alkaline soil
High humidity
Lab. acquired infection
Mold form: Barrel-shaped arthroconidia (200μm)
Yeast form: spherule w/ endospores
Culture: medium w/ cycloheximide (30’C)
Not processed ---(send)---> Reference lab
lec.mt 04 |Page | 101
Lab. Diagnosis 1. Direct examination
(Systemic mycoses) a. Histoplasma: Wright’s/Giemsa
b. Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, Coccidioides
- KOH: tissue form
- PAS
- H&E
2. Cultures
a. SDA = RT’ (mold)
b. BHIA + blood = 37’C (yeast)
3. Immunological tests
a. Coccidioidin
b. Histoplasmin
Exoantigen Test Principle: Double Diffusion
A = B. dermatitidis
HS, HL, F = C. immitis
H & M = H. capsulatum
1, 2, 3 = P. brasiliensis
Opportunistic Normal flora (Ex. Candida)
Mycoses At risk: immunocompromised person
-Candida
-Cryptococcus
-Aspergillus
C. albicans Normal flora: skin, mucous membrane, GIT
Produce yeast and hyphae in vivo
-Germ tube
-Chlamydospore
-Blastoconidia
-Pseudohyphae
-True hyphae
(+) Sucrose
EMB: feathering colonies
Diseases:
-Thrush
-Diaper rash
-Candidiasis (Old: Moniliasis): cutaneous, oropharyngeal (white
patches), esophagitis, cheilitis, onchomycosis, vulvovaginitis,
invasive infection (CNS, blood)
Predisposing factors:
-Prolong antibiotic use especially broad spectrum = disturb pH
-Pregnancy
-DM
-Malnutrition
Lab. Diagnosis:
1. (G) SDA
2. Screening test: Germ tube test
= Organisms + Serum ---(35’C for 2-3 hours)---> (+) Germ tube
3. Confirmatory test: Chlamydospore Cornmeal agar
= C. albicans Inoculate: CMA ---(RT’ for 48-72 hours)---> (+)
lec.mt 04 |Page | 102
Chlamydospore
Other Candida spp C. tropicalis = infection on immunocompromised host
C. glabrata = 2nd common spp
C. krusei = hematological disorders
C. parapsilosis = endocarditis
Lab. Diagnosis Vaginal pH: 4.5
(Candida) Rule out vaginosis/Trichomoniasis = alkaline pH
Vaginal discharge = 10% KOH (Whiff’s test)
Fungal culture
(+) Germ tube test C. albicans = (+) Chlamydospores, (+) Sucrose, (G) 42’C
C. stellatoidea = (-) Chlamydospores, (-) Sucrose, (NG) 42’C
G. candidum = (+) Arthrospores
C. dubliniensis = (NG) 42’C, double conidia
Cryptococcus Found in pigeon droppings and soil
(Filobasidiella) MOT: inhalation of airborne organism
neoformans Encapsulated yeast (India ink)
Diseases:
-Meningitis
-Torulosis (Old: Cryptococcosis)
-Pneumonia
Lab. Diagnosis:
-Old: India ink preparation = CSF, pulmonary tissue
-New: Latex agglutination (Ag): capsule
-Biochemical tests:
= (+) Inositol
= (+) Urease
= (-) NO3 assimilation = yellow
= (+) Phenoloxidase = makes the colonies black
= (+) Phospholipase
-(G) Birdseed agar
= Assimilate creatinine
= Colonies: Yeastlike, mucoid, cream to brown
-Culture: SDA w/o cycloheximide
Tx: Amphotericin B, Fluconazole
Rhodotorula Resemble C. neoformans
Encapsulated
To differentiate: Rhodotorula = pink colonies, (+) Urease, (+)
NO3 assimilation
Aspergillus Bread mold
Septate hyphae
Found in nature: soil, plant, air
Vesicles: swollen conidiophores
A. flavus Aflatoxin (toxicoses) = HCC
Lab. Diagnosis:
1. Tzanck smear: multinucleated giant cell w/ cowdry
type A inclusion (HSV, VZV)
2. IFT: method of choice
EBV Infects B cells (CD 21)
(+) Heterophile antibodies
Agent: IM
Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Lab. Diagnosis:
-Not cultured
1. Heterophil Ab test: monospot
2. EBV specific Ab test: EBVCA IgM, EBNA
3. Hematology: Downey cells
CMV MOT: Transplacental, oral, sexual, blood, tissue
transplant
#1 congenital infection
Mononucleosis-like but (-) Heterophile Ab
“Owl’s eye” inclusion (PAP or Giemsa) = urine/tissue
Culture:
lec.mt 04 |Page | 108
-HDF cell = method of choice
HHV-6 Roseola infantum
6th childhood disease: skin rash
Reactivation in AIDS:
-Encephalitis
-Pneumonitis
-Chorioretinitis
HHV-7 No known disease
HHV-8 Kaposi’s sarcoma (HIV)
Polyomavirus BK virus = renal disease
JC virus = PML: Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy
Papillomavirus Tropism for squamous epithelial cells = Warts
(fingers, sole, face)
Cervical, squamous cell, vulvar, penile cancer
Condylomata acuminate = anogenital warts
Adenovirus #1 Viral conjunctivitis
Serotypes:
1.) 3, 4, 7, 21 = acute respiratory disease
2.) 8, 19 = epidemic keratoconjunctivitis
3.) 11, 21 = hemorrhagic cystitis
4.) 40, 41 = infantile gastroenteritis
Hepadnavirus Acute and chronic hepatitis B
#1 Blood borne disease
HCC
Co-infection/superinfection w/ HDV
Lab. Diagnosis:
-ELISA
-PCR
-Markers:
a. HBsAg
b. HBeAg
c. anti-HBc
d. anti-HBs
e. anti-HBe