Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Christopher F. Santos
KEMATH3 / MATH115
De La Salle University
Special Term 2015
∞
X
The nth partial sum of the series an is given by
n=1
sn = a1 + a2 + . . . + an .
1
The series
∞ n
X 1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
2 2 4 8
n=1
a
is convergent if |r | < 1 and its sum is given by .
1−r
If |r | ≥ 1, the geometric series is divergent.
The series
∞ ∞ n−1
(−4)n
X X −2
= 6·
6n−1 3
n=0 n=1
−2
is a geometric series with a = 6 and r = 3 .
∞
X
If lim an 6= 0, then the series an is divergent.
n→∞
n=1
Theorem: If
X X
an = A and bn = B
Corollary:
X X
1
If an is div, then so is k · an .
X X
2
If an is conv and bn is div, then
X
(an + bn ) is divergent.
X X
3
If an and bn are both div, then
X
(an + bn ) may be conv or div.
1
Integral Test 3
Comparison Test
2
p-Series Test 4
Limit Comparison Test
P
A series an of nonnegative terms converges if and
only if its sequence of partial sums is bounded above.
is divergent.
The p series
∞
X 1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
np 1p 2p 3p
n=1
3. The series
∞
X 1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
n2 + 1 2 5 10
n=1
P P
Let an and bn be series of nonnegative terms.
∞
1 1 X 1
1. Since 2 < for all n ≥ 1 and is conv
n + 1 n2 n2
n=1
then the series
∞
X 1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
n2 + 1 2 5 10
n=1
P P
Let an and bn be series of positive terms and let
an
lim = L.
n→∞ bn
∞
X 4n2 + 3n − 1
1. The series is conv by LCT
3n5 + n
n=1
∞
X 1 an 4
since is conv and lim = >0
n3 n→∞ bn 3
n=1
4n2 + 3n − 1 1
where an = and bn = .
3n5 + n n3
∞
X ln n
2. The series √ is div when compared with
n=3
n−1
∞
X 1
√ either by Comparison Test or LCT.
n=3
n
1
Alternating Series Test 3
Ratio Test
2
Abs Conv Test 4
Root Test
Examples:
∞
X 1
1
(−1)n+1 is conditionally convergent.
n
n=1
∞
X (−1)n
2
is absolutely convergent.
n2 + n
n=1
P P
If |an | is convergent then an is convergent.
(i.e. absolute convergence implies convergence)
P
Suppose
an is a series with nonzero terms and
an+1
lim = L.
n→∞ an
The series ∞
X 4n n
(−1)
(2n + 1)!
n=1
is absolutely convergent while the series
∞
X 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 1)
n!
n=1
P
Suppose
p an is a series with nonzero terms and
n
lim |an | = L.
n→∞
The series ∞
X 2nn
(−1)
n=1
(tan−1 n)n
is divergent while the series
∞
X ln2n n
nn
n=1
P
Theorem: If an is abs conv and b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ,P
. . . is
any rearrangement of the sequence {an } then bn is
abs conv and
∞
X ∞
X
bn = an .
n=1 n=1