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Rheological and raveling properties of asphalt mortar and porous mixture with red mud were evaluated.
Larger filler-bitumen ratio leads to improved raveling resistance and lower permeability of porous asphalt mixture.
Porous asphalt mixture with red mud shows excellent rutting, raveling and aging resistance.
Red mud can be used as an alternative filler of limestone powder.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Porous asphalt pavement material is a special asphalt mixture with a void content of 18% or more. The
Received 24 September 2017 porosity is essential to the ecological functions of porous asphalt pavement, i.e., water drainage, noise
Received in revised form 15 November 2017 reduction, water purification. However, the porous structure of pavement also has caused some struc-
Accepted 19 November 2017
tural defects. Rutting, raveling and void clogging hindered its popularization in heavy-load and high-
speed field. The major cause of the raveling and rutting is the temperature sensitivity and a lack of adhe-
sion of asphalt mortar, especially under repeated heavy load from vehicles. Firstly, this study prepares six
Keywords:
types of asphalt mortar including two types of fillers (limestone powder and red mud) and three filler
Porous asphalt pavement
Asphalt mortar
bitumen ratios (0.3, 0.6, 0.9). Secondly, the rheological properties of asphalt mortar are investigated
Red mud through Brookfield Viscosity, Superpave high temperature binder criteria G⁄/sind, Multiple Stress Creep
Adhesion Recovery and Bending Beam Rheometer. Thirdly, this study investigated the effect of filler type and
Rutting filler-bitumen ratio (FB ratio) on the air void, permeability, adhesion performance and raveling resistance.
Raveling Finally, Hamburg Wheel Tracking Test and three types of Cantabro Tests (standard, water immersion and
aging) are performed to confirm that the raveling and rutting resistance performance of red mud is better
compared to the widely used limestone powder. The results indicate that the performance of porous
asphalt with red mud filler at 0.9 FB ratio exhibited enhanced performance for raveling and rutting
resistance.
Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction behind vehicles, improves wet pavement friction and reduces traf-
fic noise [2]. However, many states stopped using porous pave-
Porous asphalt (PA) pavement, in the beginning also be called as ment due to the inferior performance and lack of adequate
open-graded friction course (OGFC), has been used since 1950s in durability, i.e., rutting, raveling and pore clogging [3]. Significant
different areas of the United States to reduce traffic noise and improvements have been made in the porous asphalt pavement
improve the surface frictional resistance [1]. It improves wet during the last few years in the gradation and binder type, espe-
weather driving conditions by draining the water away from the cially the development of high viscosity polymer modified asphalt
roadway surface through its porous structure. The improved sur- [4]. However, the large amount of pores dramatically reduces the
face drainage reduces hydroplaning, reduces splash and spray strength and durability of porous asphalt pavement which is
reflected by its vulnerability to rutting and raveling, that is, the loss
of stone from the pavement surface. Raveling, a type of failure that
⇑ Corresponding author at: 4800 Caoan Rd, Shanghai 201804, China. finds its cause within the stone-to-stone contact region, is a
E-mail address: hli@tongji.edu.cn (H. Li).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.105
0950-0618/Ó 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
708 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 160 (2018) 707–713
dominant defect of porous asphalt pavement resulting in frequent Then the optimal filler-bitumen ratio (FB) in this study was chosen
road distress like pit slot and rutting. Therefore, compared with the through the comparison of raveling resistance and permeability of
traditional dense-graded asphalt mixtures that have a service life Porous Asphalt (PA) mixture with different filler binder ratio. The
of approximately 18 years, the average service life of porous raveling and rutting resistance were explored using Hamburg
asphalt mixtures is limited to 10–12 years even shorter [5]. Usu- Wheel Tracking Test (HWTD) and three types of Cantabro Tests
ally, the porous asphalt pavement is just limited to the application (standard, water immersion and aging). The possibility of red
of sidewalk, eco-park, parking lot and areas with light traffic [2]. mud used as alternative filler in porous asphalt pavement was also
According to the research by L.T. Mo [6], the raveling of porous analyzed.
asphalt pavement usually happened at the stone-to-stone contact
region due to a lack of adhesion of asphalt mortar rather than just 2. Materials and methods
asphalt binder itself. Mineral fillers could change the rheological
properties of asphalt binder so that they play a crucial role in the This study used SBS modified asphalt produced in Guangzhou, China. The SBS
content is 8%. Its properties are shown in Table 1. The two types of filler used in this
adhesion between aggregate, not just the volume-filling effect in
research were limestone powder and red mud obtained from the aluminum indus-
asphalt mixture [7–9]. In the early development of porous asphalt try in Henan province, China. The properties of these materials are shown in
pavement, to pursue the large porosity and the excellent ecological Table 2.
functions (noise reduction, drainage, anti-skid, etc.), usually a very During the preparation of porous asphalt mixture, two types of aggregates were
small amount of mineral powder filler has been used in the design selected, of which basalt and limestone were used as coarse aggregate (4.75 mm)
and fine aggregate (<4.75 mm) respectively.
of mixture. Thus, it leads to the raveling distress at an early stage
FB usually changes in the range as in actual construction. In Superpave asphalt
[2]. As a consequence, it is important to deeply investigate the mixture design code, FB range is advised from 0.8 to 1.6. However, this is suitable
mortar’s effect on porous asphalt pavement. for the dense gradation asphalt mixture [15]. When it comes to open gradation
Nowadays, natural resources are depleting worldwide, while at asphalt mixture like PA mixture, the FB is usually lower. In order to analyze the
influence of filler type and filler bitumen ratio, mortar’s rheological properties of
the same time the wastes generated from the industries are
two type of fillers with different FB (0.3, 0.6, 0.9) were tested. The preparation pro-
increasing substantially. Red mud generated out of Bayer’s process cedures of asphalt mortar are listed as follows,
for alumina production from Bauxite is a high volume solid waste
[10]. In China, the production of 1-ton alumina will produce 0.8– 1) Asphalt binder was first heated up to 185 °C till it became liquid.
1.5 ton red mud, depending on the mineral property, production 2) A corresponding amount of filler according to FB was added in three times
with equal amount, while a 5-min shearing procedure using an agitator
methods and technical level. Most of red mud in China is concen- with a shearing rotor was applied at 185 °C after each adding; the shearing
trated in Shandong, Henan, Guangxi, Shanxi, Guizhou. In 2011, Chi- speed is 4000 r/min and the total shearing time is 15 min.
na’s red mud output is about 70.0 million ton, what’s more the 3) Rheological properties of these mortar should be tested immediately.
cumulative stockpile is about 400 million ton. A large number of 4) The storage time of these mortar shouldn’t exceed one week to prevent seg-
regation. Within one week, before using these mortar to conduct rheologi-
red mud is difficult to get full and effective use. Furthermore, tra-
cal properties, a 5-min stirring procedure should be applied at 185 °C for 5
ditional stockpiling and landfill not only pollute the environment min, and the stirring speed is 500 r/min.
but also cause a waste of resources. Hence, the exploitation and 5) To eliminate the effect of shearing procedure on the comparison of rheolog-
utilization of red mud resources have attracted growing attention ical properties between asphalt and asphalt mortar, the asphalt also was
of all countries in the world. sheared at 185 °C with a speed of 4000 r/min for 15 min.
Table 1
High viscosity asphalt properties.
Table 2
Limestone powder and red mud properties.
Table 3
Composition of PA mixture with three different FB.
OGFC-13
Sieve/mm 1# 2# 3#
Percent Percent Percent
Passing/% Passing/% Passing/%
19 100 100 100
13.2 95 95 95
9.5 70 70 70
4.75 21 21 21
2.36 16 16 16
1.18 12 12 12
0.6 9.5 9.5 9.5
0.3 7.5 7.5 7.5
0.15 5.5 5.5 5.5
0.075 1.2 2.6 4.5
Asphalt Content/% 4.8 4.2 3.7
FB 0.31 0.59 0.89
Asphalt Film 12.0 12.2 12.3
Thickness/lm
design, asphalt film thickness was kept as a content of 12 lm, Fig. 1. Brookfield viscosity results of asphalt and asphalt mortar.
Fig. 5. BBS test results of asphalt and asphalt mortar. Fig. 6. Standard Cantabro test results of PA mixture with different FB.
712 H. Zhang et al. / Construction and Building Materials 160 (2018) 707–713
Fig. 7. Air Void and Permeability test results of PA mixture with different FB.
4.8. Hamburg wheel tracking test and three types of Cantabro test
results
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