E Book Extended Abstract I-iDeA 2018

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THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL
INNOVATION, DESIGN AND
ARTICULATION E-BOOK
(I-IDEA 2018)
Copy Editors:
Dr. Rizana Yusof

Salamiah Zakaria
ii
Publisher
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Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia
eISBN 978-967-15843-2-3
Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in Publication Data
RICAEN,
The 4th International Innovation, Design and Articulation E-Book
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
ID. PAGE
NUMBERS NUMBERS

EVENT CROWN

A064. MONITORING ILLUMINATION LEVEL USING LIGHT Q 1-3
SYSTEM
Nurulzatushima Abdul Karim, Adhilla Ainun Musir, Nor Hafizah
Hanis Abdullah, Adi Izhar Che Ani and Aniza Albar

A134. USE OF EGGSHELLS AND CHITOSAN FILLERS TO IMPROVE 4-14
CORN STARCH-BASED BIO-PLASTIC
Norhafezah Kasmuri, Mohamad Hakimi Maidin, Muhammad
Safwan Abu Zait and Nur Aliah Ahmad Tarmizi
A215. V.A. VITAL ASSISTANCE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SPORT 15-17

CASUAL GARMENT
Zolina Mohamad, Norzaleha Zainun, Nur Farhana Kadir, Maziah
Ab Rashid and Shahrizad Fitri Mustapha
B012. SIS OIL – SACHA INCHI OIL-BASED SERUM FOR SKIN CARE 18-22
Hamidah Jaafar Sidek, Noor Azura Zainuddin and Mohamad Azhar
Azman
B042. OTEL2GO 23-27

Faizal Ayob and Norashikin Ariff

B044. STUDY USAHAWANRIA BOARD GAME AS EFFECTIVENESS 28-32
TOOL IN ENTERPRENEURSHIP COURSE
Hasyireen binti Abdul Halim, Erita Mazwin binti Mazlan and
Faridah binti Che In

B047. MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXTURE FOR ROAD PAVEMENT 33-38
USING POLYETHYLENE
Nor Izzah Zainuddin, Shahreena Melati Rhasbudin Shah, Nuraini
Tutur, Roziah Keria and Tey Li Sian
B079. SISTEM PERPARITAN DI KAWASAN KELANG LAMA 39-42

KURANG EFISYEN DI DAERAH KULIM, KEDAH
Muhamad Tarmymy Bin Che Ani, Farah Izah Binti Abu Hassan,
Muhammad Rezuan Bin Abu Samah, Mohd Hairis Bin Mohd
Haider, Md Razif Bin Mohamad, Firdaus Bin Mat Said, Mohd
Safuan Bin Abdul Majid, Azami Bin Kassim and Cik Wan Nur’Aini
Binti Wan Abdul Halim
iv
B086. RASCA CALCULATOR FOR RAIL INFRASTRUCTURE 43-50
PROJECT IN MALAYSIA
Izatul Farrita Mohd Kamar, Asmalia Che Ahmad, Mohmad Mohd
Derus, Mohd Yusof Kasiron and Mohd Afandi Abu Bakar

B089. IPOMOEA CRUNCHY CRUNCH CEREAL 51-57
Nurul Fardila Abd Razak, Nurashikin A Ridzuan,Siti ’Atikah Rusli,
Derweanna Bah Simpong and Harnidah Samengon

B094. 3D INTERACTIVE MAP USING DEM EXTRACTION FROM 58-61
UAV IMAGERY OF UITM PERLIS
Sharifah Norashikin Bohari, Ain Uzzairah Amran, Mohamad Faris
Jamain, Muhammad Hafizi and Muhammad Haziq Muzaini
B110. HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORE INDUCTION LIQUID SPAWN 62-68

OF GREY OYSTER MUSHROOM
Zarina Zakaria, Nur Zatul ‘Iffah Zakaria, Low Jia Zhen and Chong
Shi Fern

B120. SPEEDAR: ARITHMETIC DRILL VIA RACING GAME 69-72
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain, Razuan Harmy Bin Johar, Aslina
Baharum, Ismassabah Ismail, Siti Rahayu Abdul Aziz, Anita Mohd
Yasin and Azlan Abdul Aziz

B136. POPEEL LOOSE POWDER 73-78
Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim, Zainab Binti Razali, Nadhrah Binti
Mohd Abd Nasir, Nurul Amalina Binti Md Zemi, Nur Azyan
Syahirah Muhd Fuad and Syaheerah Izaty Binti Supardi
B137. DECISION AID FOR LEAN TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 79-83

SELECTION (DEALS)
Mohd Shahir Yahya, Musli Mohammad and Badrul Omar

B144. GREEN CONCRETE CONTAINING RICE HUSK ASH AND 84-88
SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH
Nuraini Tutur, Noor Syafeekha Mohamad Sakdun, Nik Farhanim
Imran, Nurol Huda Dahalan and Hafizah Muhamad Azlan
B156. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION FOR 89-93

UNDERGRADUATE DISSERTATION:
`MYDISSERTPLANNER’
Haryati Mohd Isa, Kartina Alauddin, Yuhainis Abdul Talib,
Kharizam Ismail, Asmalia Che Ahmad and Nor Aini Salleh

v

B156. OH! MY HAND: GAME-BASED CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TO 94-98
ASSES MOTOR-IMPAIRED USERS (WRIST/HAND)
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain1, Hazrati Zaini1, Mohd Nabil Zulhemay1,
Aslina Baharum and Fariza Hanis Abdul Razak

B189. 3D VISUAL MODEL FOR BUILDING QUANTITIES TAKE- 99-102
OFF (3D-VIMo)
Siti Akhtar Mahayuddin, Wan Akmal Zahri Wan Zaharuddin, Ida
Nianti Mohd Zin and Azira Ibrahim
B201. THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN OF LE SWING BEGINNER 103-111

Mohammad Shah Kamarulzaman, Noor Aida Mahmor and Siti
Nazuar Sailin

B203. 3D ANIMATION WORKSHOP: THE IMPLEMENTATION OF 112-114
3D PRINTING IN EDUCATION
Aimi Nabila Anizaim, Nelysa Nurshafira Mohd Roslan and Asrul
Hafiz Huliman Hami Ahmad

B206. FRONT OFFICE SIMULATION TASKS (FOSTS) 115-120
Wei Boon Quah, Azreena Aziz and Azizol Duralim

B214. THE PROSPECT OF RAP AND SHELL WASTE AS SUBBASE 121-125
MATERIAL
Juliana Idrus, Nurjuhanah Juhari, Masyitah Md Nujid, Nur
Shafieza Azizan and Khairul Afinawati Hashim
B242. PHYSICAL MULTIMEDIA LEARNING SYSTEM IN COOKING 126-130

FOR PRESCHOOLERS
Kien Tsong Chau, Zarina Samsudin and Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan
Yahaya

B248. PELAKSANAAN SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KEMAJUAN 131-139
PRESTASI PELAJAR
Manisah Mohd Shah, Haliza Hamzah, Joy Nesamalar Samuel,
Hilezan Zainal and Mahamsiatus Kamaruddin
B254. EFFECTS OF TORREFACTION ON THE BIO-COAL 140-146

PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK: AN AGRO-PROCESSING
WASTES
Farhana Othman, Siti Umairah Mohd Hudzori and Asnida Yanti
Ani
vi
B263. RESEARCH DATABASE TOOLS FOR ACADEMIC SCHOLARS 147-149
(DrTOOLs)
Azrul Abdullah, Mohammad Fadhili Yahya and Mazlee Mohd Noor

B268. CLIMBING PERCH FISH SCALE GELATIN FILM 150-156
INCORPORATED WITH SPENT TEA EXTRACT
Salamiah Zakaria, Wahida Abdul Rahman, Mohd Ikmal Hisyam
Basarudin and Sharizal Hasan

B270. MELIPHOENIX: STINGLESS BEE HONEY AND DATE SEEDS 157-163
HEALING SERUM
Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim, Yang Salehah Binti Abdullah Sani ,
Siti Maisarah binti Azmi, Nurul Wahida Binti Shuib, Muhammad
Amir Irfan Bin Azizan and Nurul Syazwina Binti Roslan
C015. NEEVESPRAY – MULTIFUNCTIONAL NATURAL SANITIZER 164-167

Mohamad Azhar Azman, Hamidah Jaafar Sidek and Muhamad
Shafizul Md Sharudin

C034. BOAT GYRO STABILIZER 168-173
Nur Syazwan bin Abdullah, Muhammad Izzudin bin Shafiee,
Muhammad Fariszuddin bin Abd Samat, Muhammad Azri bin Azmi
and Zuraida Ahmad and Iskandar Idris bin Yaakob

C038 WESTLIVE: WEB-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR LEARNING 174-179
USING GO FORMATIVE APPLICATION FOR IMPROVING
STUDENT’S PHYSICS CONCEPT MASTERY
Himmatul Ulya, Lutfi Maulida, Nur Aini and Deni Ainur

C049. MOMOVERA BATH DA BOMB - ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP 180-182
FOR HEALTHY BODY AND SKIN
Siti Roihan Ibrahim, Hamidah Jaafar Sidek, Nur Amira Abdul
Lateh, Mohamad Azhar Azman and Mohamad Azli Azman

C055. MARINE SOIL BRICK REINFORCED WITH SYNTHETIC 183-185
FIBER
Afifi Fakhri Amir Hamzah, Luqman Hakim Ahmad Sharif, Wan
Safizah Wan Salim and Siti Fatimah Sadikon

C056. CO2 BFBAR: PRODUCER GAS IMPROVEMENT 186-192
Mahadzir M.M., Faiz M.F, Maslinda M.M., Natashea S. and Ismail
N.I.
vii

C073. CIMON NOODLES : YOUR ORGANIC CHOICE ! 193-199
Nazatul Nabila, Nur Shuhada Nabilla, Nurhidayah, Nurul Afifa,
Nur Atiqah and Nor Atikah Husna
C078. OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL CATHODE 200-203

BUTTON CELL FOR INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE
PROTON CONDUCTING FUEL CELL (PCFC)
Ismariza Ismail, Nurul Waheeda Mazlan, Lidyayatty Abdul Malik,
Oskar Hasdinor Hassan, Abdul Mutalib Md Jani and Nafisah
Osman

C080. MUSA EPIGEL 204-208
Husna Haziqah Binti Mohd Rodzi, Nor Atikah Husna Binti Ahmad
Nasir, Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim, Norlin Binti Shuhaime and Ahmad
Zuhairi Bin Abd Rahman

C081. THE NEXT GENERATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS: 209-212
INTEGRATION OF PEROVSKITE NANOTUBES AND SPIN
COATING FILM FOR HIGH PERFOMANCE CELL
Anisah Shafiqah Habiballah, Nurul Afifah Mahmud, Nurul Izzati
Abd Malek, Nafisah Osman and Abdul Mutalib Md Jani

C105. DEVELOPMENT OF ANODE-SUPPORTED BUTTON CELL 213-217
FOR PCFC APPLICATION
Shazana Mohd Senari, Nur Syafkeena Mohd Affandi, Oskar
Hardinor Hassan, Abdul Mutalib Md Jani and Nafisah Osman

C125. CANDY SORTING ARM ROBOT BASED ON COLOUR 218-224
DETECTION
Ng Hock Seng, Siti Khadijah binti Mohd Pauzi, Nur Liyana Binti
Azmi and Mohd Rizal bin Manan

C126. DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING ROBOTIC ARM 225-229
Chee Kuok Yew, Farah Nabilah binti Zabani, Norazimah binti
Abdulah and Mohd Rizal bin Manan
C127. DEVELOPMENT ON MEAL CALORIES DETECTOR DEVICE 230-239

Nur Rodiatul Raudah binti Mohamed Radzuan, Noor Hikmah binti
Mohd Salleh, Sofi binYahya and Mohd Rizal bin Manan
C128. HAIRBISCUSS: A NATURAL HAIR SHAMPOO 240-246

Nurul Mardhiah Abdul Rahim, Nor Aniezan Mohd Said, Rohayu
Ramli, Ahmad Zuhairi Abd Rahman and Nor Atikah Husna Ahmad
Nasir
viii
C133. KROKOT STEAMED BROWNIES : UTILIZATION OF 247-250
KROKOT PLANTS (PORTULACA OLERACEA L.) AS SOURCE
OF OMEGA 3 SNACKS
Hindun Nur ‘Aisyah, Astri Anggraeni, Zidni Khasanah, Rizky
Hermawan and Denda Wiguna
C138. EASY LATERAL RADIOGRAPHIC HOLDER 251-254

Rabiahtuladawiah binti Musa, Mariam binti Salleh, Mohd Faizz
Fahmi bin Ariaff, Faeizal bin Sariman, Mohd Riduan bin
Mohamad, Sallehuddin bin Bachok, Hanun Hamizah binti Zakaria
and Nurul Asyiqin binti Azman
C139. ECZEMA RELIEF MIST 255-260

NurA’tiqah Binti Haron, Nurhanani Binti Ayub, Nur Syafiqah Binti
Rahim, Zainab Binti Razali and Norlin Binti Shuhaime
C150. MATHEMATIC EDUCATIONAL GO (MEGO) 261-264

Mohamad Rhafiq Bin Sulaiman, Wan Farhan Hakim Bin Wan
Rosmadey, Aznilinda Binti Zainuddin, Farah Marinah Binti
Aminuddin, Munirah Binti Onn and Anis Shafiqah Binti Radzuan
C151. PICK AND PAY 265-269

Muhamad Ruhaizan Bin Ramli and Nurazlya Natasha binti
Abdullah
C158. RAPID DETECTION METHOD OF ORTHODONTICS 270-273

CONTACT POINT DISPLACEMENT FOR PAR INDEX
Muhamad Nurhadi Bin Salleh, Raja Mohd Aizat bin Raja Izaham,
Wan Mohd Shukri bin Wan Salleh, Dr Adni Binti Hamdan, Dr
Hasni binti Md Zain, Dr Ummu Aiman Bt Yusof, Auni Afıqah Bınti
Khalid, Norashikin Binti Mohamad, Mohamad Fırdaus Bın Mohd
Kamaruddın and Muhammad Asyraf Bin Azhari
C159. GOLD NANOPARTICLES ON VARIOUS SUPPORT 274-279

MATERIALS AS CATALYST FOR REDUCTION OF p-
NITROPHENOL
Hanani Yazid, Abdul Mutalib Md Jani, Farah Wahida Ahmad
Zulkifli, Najwa Afifi Abdul Wahab and Najatin Syahirah Ahmad
Sabri

C170. ADJUSTABLE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS FOR CEREBRAL 280-286
PALSY CHILDREN
Eka Noorul Amanina Darwin, Wan Nur Fatini Syahirah W.
Dagang, Ahmad Aizat Johar, Mohamad Syafiq Azwan Mohd Nor
and Nur Iman Immara Abdul Rahman
ix
C181. 3PS-PMT: PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP 287-291
PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT TOOL (VERSION 4)
Nor Suzila Lop, Kharizam Ismail, Haryati Mohd Isa and Natasha
Khalil
C182. ZUMBA DANCE APPS : EVERYONE CAN ZUMBA 292-295

Irdayu Ibrahim, Noraida Abdul Ghani, Nurulhuda Ramli, Nor
Atikah Hussien and Md Nor Irwan Shah Md Ab Rahim
C195. FIRE SAFETY USING FIRE ESCAPE APPS 296-300

Nurulhuda Ramli, Noraida Abdul Ghani, Nazihah Ahmad, Irdayu
Ibrahim and Md Nor Irwan Shah Md Ab Rahim
C221. USING ‘TETSI’ TO HELP TEACHERS IDENTIFY POTENTIAL 301-307

EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SKILLS
Siti Sarah Binti Mohd Johari, Nazirah Ahmad Azli, Marzuki
Ab.Manan and Rozhan M. Idrus
C244. CLEANER, GREENER, SAFER AND HELATHIER OF 308-310

DIHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID (DHSA) FROM JATROPHA OIL
Mohd Jumain Jalil, Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin, Nur Radzi Adhary
Anuar and Iqbal Adnan
C249. HELUVA APP V2 311-314

Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Mohammad Amirul
Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti
Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti Azman and Aunie Qamarina binti
Mohd Haris

C250. SLEA APP V2 315-318
Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Mohammad Shakir
Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti
Mohd Haris

C265. BIO-DURIOPANDANUS WRAPPING PAPER 319-324
Sarina Mohamad1, Farah Madihah Mustafa Kamal and Siti Sarina
Sulaiman

C278. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A 325-331
PHOTOVOLTAIC/THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTOR
Noran Nur Wahida Khalili, Mahmod Othman, Mohd Nazari Abu
Bakar and Hamzah Sakidin
x
C209. NATURAL COCONUT COIR FIBER AND EGG CARTONS AS A 332-337
POTENTIAL NOISE REDUCER
Nur Shafieza Azizan, Juliana Idrus, Zuraisah Dollah, Amalina
Amirah Abu Bakar and Nor Azliza Akbar

C264. MYSCANLIB@QRCODE 338-343
Mohamed Aqil Zafry Bin Zainoddin, Amirul Hariz Bin Yunuz, Mad
Khir Johari Bin Abdullah Sani and Noor Zaidi Sahid

EVENT CRYSTAL

D044. AVERRHOA BILIMBI VINEGAR (ABV) 344-347
Zazolnizam Zakaria, Hazman Al Wazif Abu Bakar and Khuzairi
Irfan Khairul Anuar
D055. BIOMASS SMART CAMPING STOVE THAT CAN PRODUCE 348-350

ELECTRICITY USING THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
Mohd Haziq Fahmie Bin Yusni and Thifal Izyanie Bt Mohd Nazri

D073. MARIGOLD MINT BIO BASED INSECT SPRAY 351-352
(MM-ARI SHOOH!)
Najidah Humairah Mohd Najmuddin, Muhammad Najmuilmi
Hakimbin Mohd Najmuddin and Azizah binti Hamzah
D090. R-METAL GREEN CREATIONS 353-355

Muhammad Firas Mohd Nazri, Muhammad Harith Haikal
Tarmizi, Muhammad Fakhri Rashdan Rizzuanoor, Haslinda
Ramli and Azira Ayub
D097. RAM SEBAGAI SATAH CONDONG YANG DIUBAHSUAI 356-357

DARIPADA TANGGA
Muhammad Aniq Danial Bin Mahamad Faizal dan Ahmad Aqil
Hakimi Bin Roslan
D141. 5R SMART BIN 358-359

Muhammad Isma Danial bin Ismail and Raja Nur Batisha binti
Raja Izuddin Chulan

D157. THE EFFECT OF ANNONA MURICATA ON RATTUS RATTUS 360-362
Ainin Sofia Binti Md Yusri, Qurratu'ain Zakirah Binti Noor Hisham,
Nur Hafizah Hasan and Marina Mohd. Top @ Mohd. Tah

xi

E014. POP! POP! JAWI BOOK: FUN AND INTERESTING 363-366
Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad, Azlina Mohd Mydin, Zuraira
Libasin, Rafizah Kechil and Siti Nurleena Abu Mansor
E023. KELUARGA ‘u’ DAN ‘n’ AJAIB 367-383

Nor Shahida Saroni dan Muhammad Faiz bin Alias

E031. LET’S JUMP AND THINK WITH KETINGTING 384-387
Siti Mariam Saad, Mahanim Omar and Siti Nurleena Abu Mansor

E056. 3D MAGIC CARPET 388-389
Noranyza Binti Zainol, Muhammad Nur Asyraf Bin Zukri and Nur
Nabihah Binti Mohd Sholihin
E074. ABCS IS FUN 390-391

Najla Humairah binti Mohd Najmuddin, Najidah Humairah binti
Mohd Najmuddin,Muhammad Najmuilmi Hakim bin Mohd
Najmuddin and Azizah binti Hamzah
F012. ACKIT: EASY AND CONVENIENT 392-397

Azlina Mohd Mydin, Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad, Rafizah Kechil,
Zuraira Libasin dan Siti Nurleena Abu Mansor

F013. MUMKIT 398-401
Rafizah Kechil, Zuraira Libasin, Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad dan
Azlina Mohd Mydin

F032. MINOVEIN 402-408
Rafizah Kechil, Zuraira Libasin, Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad dan
Azlina Mohd Mydin

F060. KEBERKESANAN E-PENGKALIAN BAGI MENGATASI 409-415
MASALAH LEMAH OPERASI DARAB DALAM KALANGAN
PELAJAR PERINGKAT AWAL PERSEKOLAHAN
Maheran Zakaria, Nor Haryanti Md Nor, Siti Maziah Abdul
Rahman dan Noreen Azella Nawi

F119. EASY-TO-USE APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR 416-421
ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE IN WEST MALAYSIA
Azhani Arshad and Akmal Hidayah Halim

F159. REG: TOWARDS THE LIFE QUALITY OF COMMUNITY 422-426
Nur Hanim Ilias, Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain, Azran Mansor,
Khairul Adham Ibrahim and Norizan Mt. Akhir
xii
F161. GREEN MOSQUE MODEL: SHAPING MOSQUES OF THE 427-430
FUTURE
Siti Syamimi Omar, Ruwaidah Borhan, Mohd Zulhaili Teh and
Atikah Fukaihah Amir
F182. MUSA ACUMINATA PEEL - A WATER PH NEUTRALIZER 431-434

Sharir Aizat Kamaruddin, Syazana Suhaime, Nur Adlin Sabrina
Abdul Aziz and Zamzila Erdawati Zainol1

EVENT COMIIC

G006. ADSORPTION FROM NON AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY RAW 435-436
SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND TARO STEM
Nurul Syafiqah binti Ariff and Nurul Farhana binti Farezol

G007. I-STOP@PETROL PUMP 437-438
Nurul Izzati binti Anuar and Noor Athirah binti Md Fuad

G063. CALCIUM CARBONATE SUPPLEMENTS TO COMBAT 439-440
OSTEOPOROSIS
Zainol A’mzar and Muhd Noramin
G064. FRACHET TO PREVENT WEEVILS IN ORYZA SATIVA 441-442

Nur Herlianaemielya Binti Hamdan and Qistina Alysha Binti
Norasrie
G072. DARK PHOSPHORESCENT POWDER 434-444

Nala Fatihatun Ni’ami bt Mohd Jaafar and Saidatul Najihah bt
Mohd Shukor

G074. MULTI-FUNCTION STICK 445-446
Luqman Al-Hakim Bin Abdul Rahim, Sarah Hanni Binti
Suhaifuddin and Muhammad Izdham Bin Ishak
G075. MULTI-FUNCTION UMBRELLA 447-448

Muhd Akmal Bin Md Akhir, Adib Edham Bin Azree Edham and
Muhammad Iqmal Mustaqeem Bin Ahmad Kamal
G076. MULTI PURPOSED ROLLER 449-450

Fasihah Hannah Binti Mohd Fadzli, Nur Alisa Fikriyah Binti Mohd
Maulana and Rabiatul Arina Binti Jasri
xiii
G078. CHROMOLAENA ODORATA EXTRACT FOR HEALING 451-454
PROCESS
Puteri Alya Syazwina Binti Saharudin and Saidatul Husna Binti
Saiful Nizam

G083. STIMULATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY BY 455-457
ALOCASIA DENUDATA STEM CRUDE EXTRACT AS TESTED
ON DF-1 CHICKEN FIBROBLAST CELL LINE
‘Ainatul Soraya Ramzani, Aishah Nurain Binti Zulazli, Hang Nur
Deanna Sofea Binti Hang Al Nuqman Shah, Siti Marziah Binti
Mohd Dani and Muhammad Amir bin Yunus
G091. NATURAL ANT REPELLENT 458-460

Chong Min Kee, Wong Shin Yi and Gan Lui Nam

G092. CACO TILES 461-462
Nur Izzah binti Muhammad Syaifun Azli and Darwish bin Moktar
G093. MANGOILSTEEN 463-465

Muhammad Shahril bin Azhar and Mohammad Faris bin Mohd
Farisham

G094. LEMUNI HITAM-SHERBS: A GOOD ANTICEPTIC SOURCE 466-467
Aliah Adlina Binti Sahrolnizam and Mohamad Ikmaluddin Bin
Mohd Sabri

H004. ATTACHABLE MICRO-CHIP NEAR-INFRARED SENSOR 468-470
(AMNeIS)
Nur Fakihin Auni Ahmad Razali, Raziefa Razak and Noradila Rusli
H019. DETECTION OF LUNG NODULES USING IMAGE 471-473

PROCESSING
Thasarathan A/L Gunasegaran and Dr. Haniza Binti Yazid

H022. REAL TIME ROAD ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (RTRAA) WEB 474-478
BASED
Nur Fatma Fadilah Yaacob, Mohd Farid Mazlan and Mohd Nur
Adnyn Mohd Tajudin
H032. 4D HOUSEHOLD ASSISTANCE GAME 479-480

Mohd Izzat bin Nordin, Muhammad Afif bin Othman and
Jum’azulhisham bin Abdul Shukor

xiv

H061. ANODIC ALUMINIUM OXIDE MEMBRANE AS SUPPORT 481-482
MATERIAL FOR GOLD NANOPARTICLES CATALYST
Norizwan Nordin, Nur Jamilin Rosyidah Uzma, Hanani Yazid and
Abdul Mutalib Md Jani
H068. PERCEPTUALLY ADAPTIVE IMAGE WATERMARKING 483-486

APPLICATION
Taha Basheer Taha, Ruzelita Ngadiran and Phaklen Ehkan

H082. MULTIPURPOSE POLE FOR FRUIT HARVESTING 487-488
Bakri Bin Ali, Mohd Hanapiah Bin Abdullah and Zainal Hisyam
Bin Che Soh

H095. PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR WITH 489-490
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS
Wong Shy Kit

H097. SLEA APP V2 491-494
Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Mohammad Shakir
Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti
Mohd Haris
H098. HELUVA APP V2 495-498

Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Mohammad Amirul
Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti
Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti Azman,
and Aunie Qamarina binti Mohd Haris
xv
International Innovation, Design and Articulation i-IDeA, Vol 1 (2018) 1-3
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
MONITORING ILLUMINATION LEVEL USING

LIGHT Q SYSTEM
Nurulzatushima Abdul Karim1, Adhilla Ainun Musir1, Nor Hafizah Hanis Abdullah1, Adi
Izhar Che Ani2 and Aniza Albar1,
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang
2
Faculty of Electrical, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang
Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang Malaysia
E-mail: nurulzatushima@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Illumination level of lighting system is needed to comply and achieve the minimum
recommendations of Malaysia Standard. The objective of this project is producing the LightQ
system. The LightQ is developed to provide instant and easy monitoring tools of lighting
illumination level. The scope areas of the measurement of illumination level were at various
places in UiTM Pulau Pinang. The illumination levels for the selected places were obtained
and the result was analyzed by using the LightQ in order to comply with Malaysian
Recommendation Standard. The illumination level of poor, moderate and good are shown in
LightQ. As the result, there are places complying with the standard and some places failed to
follow the minimum recommendation level. From this project, there are several places need to
give attention and do fast correction action and maintenance especially for walkways and
sport centre. The level of illumination for these places was below the minimum requirement
of the standard.
Keywords: Lighting, Illumination Level, Monitoring, Maintenance,System.
INTRODUCTION
Lighting touches every inch of our lives. Thus, lighting directly influences every dimension of
human existence. Tanner reiterated, Light is one of important things in our life, after our main
needs food and water in order to control our bodily functions (Wurtman, 1975). Lighting
system is very important in University of Technology Mara Pulau Pinang (UiTMPP) as an
instituitional and most of the building equipped with the lighting system. According to
Monteiro (2012), the majority of lights level at workplaces are not fulfill the standard level
and the values are more represent the general and localized lighting. The critical problems
that many organizations faced were the poor lighting system, less use of natural lights and
lack of maintenance of it (Lyons, 2001). Therefore, it is necessary to do some study regarding
this issue in several places in UiTMPP. This study will focus on the values of luminous lux at
the certain area that have been designated.
METHODOLOGY
LightQ is a system which is developed to provide instant and easy monitoring tools of
lighting illumination level. Initially, direct measurement of the lighting illumination is done
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by using lux meter. The handy and user friendly of lux meter allows for quick and easy
collection data at any places and time. Then, the data are keyed-in into the system. Finally, the
system will provide the users on the illumination level.
Figure 1. Research Workflow
FINDINGS
The questionnaire is intended to get the data in a practical way in which to learn the actual
situation that has occurred in the study area. Questionnaires were distributed to target groups,
UiTM’s students. Furthermore, this questionnaire will also be distributed to users, namely,
staff and worker in this university. With feedback from a number of parties, it can be made a
few suggestions in improving the effectiveness of the existing lighting system
Figure 2. Illumination level for classroom based on questionnaire
Figure 3. Illumination level for classroom based on Lux meter readings
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Figure 4. Illumination level for classroom based on LightQ system
CONCLUSION
LightQ will help to assess illumination level at working place as an indicator for the visual
comfort. It is very useful to the place like factory and power plant which running 24 hours,
academic block which teaching and learning during day and night and others. LightQ can be
as troubleshooter to minimize the bigger problems in future such as accident and visually
impaired. The uniqueness of LightQ because it is a tool to help in determining the
illumination level and directly determine the compliancy of Malaysia Standard and provide
an instant and easy tool to analyze the data from the scratch then it will produce result
indicator of the illumination level.
Based on physical appearance, LightQ is practically useful to the maintenance department

which makes them easier to know whether the illumination quality is poor or good. A part of
that, LightQ can be used for other department and industries to monitor the illumination level
at their work place. It helps them to take early corrective action to make sure the works can
be continued and lead to the cost saving due to maintenance.
REFERENCES
Wurtman, R. J. (1975) 'The Effects of Light on the Human Body.' Scientific American 233,
(1) 68-77
Lyons, J. B. (2001). Do school facilities really impact a child‟s education. Issuetrak, CEFPI
Brief. November 2001.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
USE OF EGGSHELLS AND CHITOSAN FILLERS TO

IMPROVE CORN STARCH-BASED BIO-PLASTIC
Norhafezah Kasmuri, Mohamad Hakimi Maidin, Muhammad Safwan Abu Zait and Nur Aliah
Ahmad Tarmizi
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, 40450, Malaysia
E-mail: norhafezahkasmuri@salam.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Plastic or polymer is light and durable but hard to degrade, which harms the
environments. The existing plastic needs to be replaced with bio-plastic, which can be
produced from renewable biomass such as corn. Corn contains a high amount of starch,
suitable raw materials to produce bio-plastic. Hence, this research attempted to produce bio-
plastics using cornstarch. Three ingredients were used, which were corn starch-based bio-
plastic (a control), cornstarch with egg shells and the third was cornstarch with chitosan from
shrimp shells. Then their mechanical properties, water absorption, and biodegradability were
tested. The result showed that the cornstarch-based bio-plastic with chitosan from shrimp
shells as fillers was the best bio-plastic among the three. It produced 0.003 N/mm2 tensile
strength and 0.014 N/mm2 of Young's Modulus. İts water absorption was 20%. While the
cornstarch with egg shells and the cornstarch-based bio-plastic showed water absorptions of
22% and 26%, respectively. The corn starch-based bio-plastic with chitosan filler's weight
decreased 63% when buried in the compost soil after 20 days. While the cornstarch with egg
shells and the only corn starch-based decreased only 57% and 69%, respectively. İt can be
concluded that the eggshells, which contained a high amount of calcium carbonate and
chitosan from shrimp shells, had improved the properties of cornstarch-based bio-plastic.
Keywords: egg shells, chitosan from shrimp shells, cornstarch, bio-plastic.
INTRODUCTION
Plastic was invented in the early twentieth century. İt is a material that can be shaped while
soft and become rigid or elastic when cooled [1]. Basically, petroleum or natural gas has been
used as the source to produce plastic. There are seven types of plastic and every type has its
own characteristics and uses as shown in Table 1 [2]. Although it is cheap, light and durable,
plastic is hard to degrade. As a result, it causes many environmental impacts such as plastic
pollution and marine debris in most countries in the world [3].
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Table 1. Types of Plastic [2]
Name Properties Uses
Polyethylene Clear, tough, gas and liquid barrier, heat Plastic bottles, food jars, food containers
Terephthalate resistance
(PET, PETE)
High-Density Liquid barrier, higher tensile strength Bottles of food and non-food items, groceries
Polyethylene compared to PET bags
(HDPE)
Polyvinyl Chloride Chemical resistance, high impact strength Pipe fittings, cable sheathing, insulation,
(PVC) medical tubing
Low-Density Tough, flexible, transparent, acid resistance Garbage bags, container lids, wire covering
Polyethylene (LDPE)
Polypropylene (PP) Chemical resistance, high melting point Takeout meal container, medicine bottles,
bottle caps
Polystyrene (PS) a moisture barrier, stiff, low density, low Foodservice items such as plates, cups,
melting point containers.
Others Tough, transparent, thermal resistance Baby feeding bottle, basins, magnifying lenses
Due to the implication of plastic to the environment, many ideas have been implemented to
overcome or reduce this hazard [4] of which is to replace existing plastic with bioplastic.
Bioplastic is a plastic produced from a renewable source such as biomass. As it is bio-based
and biodegradable, it can be decomposed easily by bacteria, which in turn will reduce its
hazard on the environment.
Malaysian has initiated her steps in manufacturing bioplastic through Scientific and Industrial
Research Institute of Malaysia (SIRIM). With the collaboration and assistance from
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), SIRIM built a polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Bioplastics
Pilot Plant to produce bioplastic from palm oil by-products [5].
Lately, corn is gaining popularity as a source to produce bioplastic. Corn contains a high
amount of starch, one of the raw materials to make bioplastic [6]. Meanwhile, a high amount
of calcium carbonate in eggshells and chitosan is potential to be the filler that can improve the
cornstarch-based bioplastic. So, this study was conducted to produce and test cornstarch-
based bioplastic having egg shells and chitosan as fillers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sample Preparation
The cornstarch, Corn Starch Cap Bintang from Thye Huat Chan Sdn Bhd, was purchased
from Giant supermarket. Meanwhile, the eggshells were collected from food stalls at Dataran
Cendekia, UiTM Shah Alam. Clorox Regular Bleach from The Clorox Company was
purchased from College Mawar’s convenience store. Glycerol was purchased from Ever
Gainful Enterprise Sdn Bhd and chitosan powder from Sigma Aldrich Co. Limited. Other
raw materials such as distilled water and acetic acid were provided in the Environmental
Laboratory Faculty of Civil Engineering, UiTM, Shah Alam. Laboratory procedures
followed the methods in [6] while preparation of eggshells powder in [7]. The ASTM-
D6400-12 was used as the standard specification to label the plastics as aerobically
composted.
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The raw materials to produce the cornstarch were distilled water, cornstarch, glycerol and
acetic acid, while the types of equipment were 10ml and 100ml measuring cylinder, 100ml
beaker, hot plate, weight balance, glass rod and aluminum foil. Meanwhile, the raw material
to prepare the eggshell powder was eggshell together with Clorox and its types of equipment
were oven, ceramic bowl, grinder, and sieve.
Firstly, 60ml of distilled water was measured in a 100ml measuring cylinder and poured into
a 100ml beaker. Secondly, 9.5 grams of cornstarch was weighed and placed in the beaker
with distilled water. The mixture was stirred with a glass rod. After that, 5ml of glycerol and
5ml of acetic acid were measured in a 10ml measuring cylinder. It then was poured into the
beaker with the mixture.
The mixture was stirred again. At the same time, the hot plate was turned on and set at 50˚C.
When the mixture was well mixed, the beaker was placed on the preheated hot plate. The
mixture was stirred continuously. Then, a milky white liquid appeared in the beaker. When it
turned sticky and almost transparent, the hot plate was turned off and the mixture was spread
on a piece of aluminum foil. Lastly, the mixture was left for a week to cool at room
temperature (see Figure 1).
a) The Mixture being Stirred b) The Sticky Mixture
b) Mixture laid on Aluminium Foil c) Mixture being Cooled
Figures 1. The Process of Making Bio-plastic from Cornstarch
The procedures to produce cornstarch-based bioplastic were repeated by adding 2.5 grams of
eggshells powder and/or chitosan powder into the mixture. In order to prepare the eggshells
powder, first, the eggshells were crushed into smaller pieces and placed in a beaker. Next,
Clorox was poured into the beaker with egg shells and stirred using glass rod until the mixture
turning hot and releasing bubbles.
The beaker was closed with aluminum foil and left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the Clorox
was removed and the egg shells were washed using water. At the same time, the oven was set
to 105˚C. The eggshells were placed in a ceramic bowl. After the oven had reached the
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required temperature, the ceramic bowl with eggshells was placed in the preheated oven and
left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the oven was turned off. The ceramic bowl with eggshells
then was taken out and left to cool at a room temperature. Then, the eggshells were grounded
to powder in a grinder. Then the powder was sieved in a 63μm sieve to obtain a constant
size. Lastly, the eggshells powder was stored in a container (see Figure 2).
a) Eggshells after crushing b) Eggshells after grinding
Figure 2. Eggshells as the filler for Cornstarch Based Bio-plastic
Tensile Test
When bioplastic was produced, its tensile was tested in the laboratory with a dimension of
100mm x 30mm [8]. The test was done to determine the mechanical properties; which were
Tensile Strength (TS) and Young's Modulus (YM) of the bioplastic. ASTM-D638-14 is used
as the standard test method for determining the tensile properties of plastics [9].
First, all four types of bioplastic were cut into three pieces measured 100mm x 30mm [8].
Next, the bioplastic was hung to a ring stand with a clamp as shown in Figure 3. Then, an
iron slotted hanger was attached to the bottom of the bioplastic to place the load. The load
was increased slowly till the bioplastic broke into two. The total applied load was recorded.
The final length of the bioplastic was then measured and recorded. The Tensile Strength and
Young’s Modulus were calculated by the following these equations:
Tensile Strength (N/mm2) = F / A (1)

Young’s Modulus (N/mm2) = (F/A) / [(L1-L0)/L0] (2)
Where F is the total applied load (N), A is the area of bioplastic (mm2), L1 is the total length
of bioplastic after breaking (mm) and L0 is the initial length of bioplastic (mm). Lastly, all
data has been averaged and compared between all four bioplastics.
Figure 3: Tensile Test of the Bioplastic
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Water Adsorption Test

The bioplastic, cut measuring 50mm x 50mm was tested for water adsorption [8] to determine
its water absorption behavior. Fifty (50) days (12,000 hours) is the total time needed to
conduct the overall test, mentioned in the ASTM D570-98(2010)e1, the standard test method,
to determine water absorption of plastics [10].
All the cut bioplastic, 50mm x 50mm each, was placed in a pan, and then in the preheated
oven. İt was left there for 24 hours to dry [8] at 80˚C. After 24 hours, the oven was turned
off and the bioplastic was taken out and cooled to a room temperature in a desiccator for 30
seconds. After the cooling, the bioplastic was weighed by a weighing balance and recorded.
After that, the bioplastic was immersed in distilled water at room temperature for 50 days
(12,000 hours) (see Figure 4). Every 10 days, the bioplastic was taken out from the water and
the water on its surface was wiped with tissue paper. The bioplastic then was weighed again
and the weight was recorded. The water absorption was calculated by the following equation:
Water Absorption (%) = [(Wt -Wo) / Wo] × 100 (3)
Where Wt is the weight of bioplastic at the current time (g) and Wo is the initial weight of
bioplastic before being immersed in distilled water (g). Lastly, all data of the four bioplastics
were averaged and compared.
Figure 4. Bioplastic Immersed in Distilled Water
Biodegradability Test
Meanwhile, the bioplastic biodegradability was determined by a biodegradability test using
compost soil. The overall test took 20 days. ASTM D6003-96 is a standard test to determine
the weight loss of plastics [10].
Here, all the four types of bioplastic, which were cut into three pieces, were weighed using a
weight balance [10]. The weight was recorded. Then, the bioplastic was buried in compost
soil for 20 days as shown in Figure 5. Every 4 days, the bioplastic was removed from the
soil, washed with distilled water and dried in a preheated oven at 60˚C for 24 hours. Finally,
the bioplastic was weighed again and the weight was recorded. The percentage of weight loss
was calculated by the following equation:
Weight Loss (%) = [(Wo – Wt) / Wo] × 100 (4)
Where, Wo is the initial weight of bioplastic before buried in soil (g) while Wt is the weight of
bioplastic at the time (g). Finally, all data were averaged and compared among the different
soils.
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Figure 5. The Bioplastic Buried in Compost Soil
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Mechanical Properties
Figure 6 shows that cornstarch-based bioplastic with chitosan as fillers has the highest tensile
strength, which is 0.003N/mm2 and the cornstarch-based bioplastic with eggshells as filler is
the lowest, 0.00111N/mm2. Meanwhile, the tensile strength of cornstarch-based bioplastic
without filler and cornstarch-based bioplastic with egg shells and chitosan as filler is 0.00144
N/mm2 and 0.00233 N/mm2 respectively.
Cornstarch-based bioplastic with eggshells as filler stated the lowest tensile strength
compared to the other three due to the density and void content in the bioplastic. Egg shells
are insoluble material. If there is air void in the bioplastic, egg shells will remain in the air
void. The volume of the bioplastic also was increased and affects its own density to decrease.
Denser bioplastic provides higher tensile strength [2]. The tensile strength of cornstarch-
based bioplastic without filler is stronger than the cornstarch-based bioplastic with egg shells.
However, when chitosan was added to the bioplastic, the tensile strength increased from
0.00144N/mm2 to 0.003N/mm2 and from 0.00111N/mm2 to 0.00233N/mm2 as according to
[11], chitosan is soluble in water. The density of the bioplastic increases as the result of
chitosan dissolves in the bioplastic mixture. Next, the tensile strength of the bioplastic can be
increased by strengthening the particle bonding in the bioplastic [12]. In this experiment, the
total load that was applied to break the bioplastic was higher compared to the other two types
of bioplastic that did not have chitosan.
Meanwhile, Figure 7 shows the results of the bioplastic Young’s Modulus, which decreases
from 0.016N/mm2 to 0.014N/mm2 and from 0.026N/mm2 to 0.023N/mm2 when the chitosan
is added to it. This experiment concurred with the result in [13] that if the tensile strength
increases, the Young’s Modulus will decrease.
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Figure 6. Tensile Strength against Type of Bioplastic
Figure 7. Young’s Modulus against Type of Bioplastic
Water Adsorption
Figure 8 shows the water absorption increases in the first 10 days and reaches the equilibrium
point (no water absorption) as the bioplastic was saturated with water. The weight of the
bioplastic becomes constant after that until the end of the test. A similar trend is also
observed in [12]. Figure 12 shows the cornstarch-based bioplastic without fillers has the
highest water absorption, which is 26.32%. The lowest water absorption, 20.20%, is shown
by the cornstarch-based bioplastic with chitosan. Meanwhile, the water absorption of
cornstarch-based bioplastic with eggshells is 22.42%.
The water absorption of cornstarch-based bioplastic without fillers was highest due to its
higher percentage of the void. During the heating process, the distilled water in the mixture
of bioplastic was evaporated and air bubbles were produced [6]. However, this water could
not have escaped easily through the surface as the bioplastic’s mixture become sticky. So this
water remained in the mixture during the cooling and becomes air voids in the bioplastic.
In the experiment, when the bioplastic was immersed in distilled water, the air voids became a
space for the water to penetrate. However, the air voids during the production of cornstarch-
based bioplastic with eggshells were lower as the air voids were filled with the later. A
similar occurrence happened to the cornstarch-based bioplastic with chitosan, where chitosan
was the material that filled the air voids. The water absorption of this bioplastic is less than
the other two types because chitosan is water soluble [11]. When it is dissolved in distilled
water, the bond between the particles is stronger [12]. Here, the air voids that remained in the
mixture were getting smaller thus providing less space for the distilled water to penetrate.
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The graph shows a similar relationship with the result in [7] and [12] where when egg shells
and chitosan are added as fillers to cornstarch-based bioplastic, the water absorption of the
bioplastic decreases.
Figure 8. Water Absorption against Time
Figures 9. Air Voids in Bioplastic (50x and 100x zoom-in)
Biodegradabality
Figure 10 shows that cornstarch-based bioplastic without filler experiences 69.16% weight
loss after 20 days, which is the highest. In contrast, the cornstarch-based bioplastic with
eggshells lost 56.76%, which is the lowest. Meanwhile, cornstarch-based bioplastic with
chitosan as filler loss is 63.22%.
The cornstarch-based bioplastic without fillers lost most weight compared to the others
because of the reaction between the bioplastic and microorganisms in the compost soil. There
are at least 90 kinds of microorganisms that influence biodegradation of bioplastics. They are
aerobes, anaerobes, photosynthetic bacteria, archaebacteria and lower eukaryotic [14]. These
microorganisms can be found in compost soil [15]. So, they degraded the cornstarch-based
bioplastic without filler continuously for 20 days.
The cornstarch-based bioplastic with chitosan showed less weight loss compared to the
cornstarch-based bioplastic without fillers because of the absence of specific enzymes in the
compost soil. Chitinase and chitosanase are used to degrade chitosan [16]. However, this test
only used compost soil to determine the biodegradability of the bioplastic. Without these
particular enzymes, the cornstarch-based bioplastic with chitosan was slightly hard to
degrade.
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The least weight loss was experienced by the cornstarch-based bioplastic with egg shells due
to the existence of calcium carbonate in the egg shells. This chemical compound hardens the
bond between the particles in the bioplastic but is insoluble in water [17]. Hence, in 20 days,
the organisms degraded only the bioplastic while the calcium carbonate was not. Although
the cornstarch-based bioplastic with eggshells is hard to degrade, more than half of it was
degraded in 20 days.
Figure 10. Bioplastic Weight Loss against Time
a) After 5 days b) After 10 days c) After 15 days
Figures 11. Bioplastic Buried in Compost Soil
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that the use of egg shells and chitosan as fillers improved the cornstarch-
based bioplastic. In particular, adding chitosan had doubled the tensile strength. In contrast,
adding the eggshells reduced the tensile strength.
Secondly, adding egg shells and chitosan slightly improved the bioplastic water absorption.
In the biodegradability, the highest weight loss was by the cornstarch-based bioplastic without
filler, followed by those of with chitosan and egg shells. Here, more than half of the
bioplastic was degraded within 20 days. The experiment also concluded that all types of
cornstarch-based bioplastic degrade in at most 45 days.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledged Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam and Bestari
Perdana 600-IRMI/PERDANA 5/3 BESTARI (063/2018), provided by RMI for financially
supporting this study and providing the resources.
REFERENCES
[1] Gilbert, M. (2017). Brydson’s Plastics Materials. Cambridge: Elsevier.
[2] Abolibda, T. Z. (2015). Physical and Chemical Investigations of Starch-Based

Bioplastics. Leicester: RSC Advances.
[3] Fauziah, S., Liyana, I., & Agamuthu, P. (2015). Plastic debris in the coastal
environment: The invincible threat? The abundance of buried plastic debris on
Malaysian beaches. Waste Management & Research, 812-821.
[4] Jereme, I. A., Siwar, C., Begum, R. A., Talib, B. A., & Alam, M. M. (2015).
Assessing Problems And Prospects Of Solid Waste Management In Malaysia. Journal
of Social Sciences and Humanities, 70-87.
[5] SIRIM. (2015). SIRIM Berhad Corporate Website - Publication - Case Studies. from
SIRIM Berhad Corporate Website: http://www.sirim.my/index.php/publication-
sirim/case-studies. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
[6] Šprajcar, M., Horvat, P., & Kržan, A. (2012). Biopolymers and Bioplastics: Plastics
Aligned with Nature. Ljubljana, Slovenia: National Institute of Chemistry.
[7] Zieleniewska, M., Leszczynski, M. K., Szczepkowski, L., Bryskiewicz, A.,

Krzyzowska, M., Bien, K., et al. (2016). Development and applicational evaluation of
the rigid polyurethane foam composites with eggshell waste. Polymer Degradation and
Stability, 78-86.
[8] Penjumras, P., Abdul Rahman, R., A. Talib, R., & Abdan, K. (2015). Mechanical
Properties and Water Absorption Behaviour of Durian Rind Cellulose Reinforced
Poly(lactic acid) Biocomposites. Advanced Science Engineering Information
Technology, 343-349.
[9] Nur Hanani, Z. A., & Abdullah, S. (2016). Development of Green Banana (Musa
paradisiaca) as Potential Food Packaging Films and Coatings. Advanced Science
Engineering Information Technology, 88-91.
[10] Nguyen, D. M., Vi Do, T. V., Grillet, A.-C., Ha Thuc, H., & Ha Thuc, C. N. (2016).
Biodegradability of polymer film based on low-density polyethylene and cassava starch.
International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation , 257-265.
[11] Yan, N., & Chen, X. (2015). Sustainability: Don't waste seafood waste. Journal of
Science, 155–157.
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[12] Bergel, B. F., da Luz, L. M., & Santana, R. M. (2017). Comparative study of the
influence of chitosan as the coating of thermoplastic starch foam from potato, cassava,
and cornstarch. Progress in Organic Coatings, 27-32.
[13] Ren, L., Yan, X., Zhou, J., Tong, J., & Su, X. (2017). Influence of chitosan
concentration on mechanical and barrier properties of cornstarch/chitosan films.
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.
[14] Emadian, S. M., Onay, T. T., & Demirel, B. (2017). Biodegradation of bioplastics in
natural environments. Waste Management, 526-536.
[15] Accinelli, C., Saccà, M. L., Mencarelli, M., & Vicari, A. (2012). Deterioration of
bioplastic carrier bags in the environment and assessment of a new recycling alternative.
Chemosphere, 136-143.
[16] Sanchez Vazquez, S. A. (2014). Polymers from Food Wastes. London: University
College London.
[17] Lertchunhakiat, K., Saenphoom, P., Nopparatmaitree, M., & Chimthong, S. (2016).
Effect of Eggshell as a Calcium Source of Breeder Cock Diet on Semen Quality.
Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia (pp. 137-142). Phetchaburi:
ScienceDirect.
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V.A. VITAL ASSISTANCE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL

SPORT CASUAL GARMENT
Zolina Mohamad, Norzaleha Zainun, Nur Farhana Kadir, Maziah Ab Rashid and Shahrizad
Fitri Mustapha.
Universiti Teknologi MARA Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia
E-mail: zolina623@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The project is inspired by earthquake phenomena events predominantly causes

catastrophic damages to humanity and environments. Earthquake is a global tragedy.
Earthquake cause tsunami, flood, landslide and multiple scale of damages. The earthquake
victims have to struggle for personal survival, before helps reach their shore. Due to this
prominent concern, the design team has embarked on a creative production journey to
produce the multi-functional sport garment. The design is to necessitate the prime needs of
the task in both conceptually and functionally. The garments is facilitated and consisted of
multiple functional creative produces such as sleeping bags, tent and detachable lamp, plus a
compartment for water storage. The mission of the production is to provide vital assistance to
the earthquake victims. This garment is also marketable for other target consumers such as
outdoor enthusiasts and campers. This active wear product is produced in profound
equivalences that balance in both, quality and functionality.
Keywords: fashion, garment, multi-function, techno fashion
INTRODUCTION
The invention of the product is intended to set its purpose as a conventional safety kit
specially designed for earthquake and other relative natural disaster that pertain to situation of
emergency equivalences. This award winning product is consists of infrastructures that
facilitates basic utilitarian requirement during time of emergency. Despite of safety and
functional qualities, the product also promotes another essential key concept and an
interesting additional element to the product, which is namely apt as easy to access. Easy to
access carries functionality aspect to the next level, which allows users to fully utilize the
product in a hassle free environment with easy using steps. The product designers believe that
by instilling not just utilitarian, but humanitarian sensibilities to the products is vital in
sustaining the innovative epitome and creative usability in the manifestation of the product
idealism. The fundamental principles that lay the foundation of the product ideology is to
promote a product that can be performed and ready to use in the most panic and dangerous
situation without creating panic situation to the users. The product should be easy and ready
to use, thus provides calm and peaceful situation to the earthquake victims when operating the
product.
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METHODOLOGY
The methodology used during the research and investigation process involves conventional
qualitative approach such as questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires were made
through providing questionnaires papers to approximately fifty correspondents. University
students were among the largest group of data providers. There are numerous interesting and
useful advisory recommendations and some are merely considered as quintessential opinions,
but yet from radical angle of perspectives, nevertheless all of these collected ideas and
viewpoints have given useful intel to the development of the product. Few of the testimonials
provided can be witnessed as follow:
“The product could be added with hanging whistle or any type of

whistle that is attached to the safety jacket, and can be easily attached
and detached, so the user can easily use in any level of emergency.
Whistle would definitely come in handy when victim attempts to alert
for help. This would be essential to the functional aspect of the
design.”
Nur Afiqah Muhamad Khuznizam (Fashion Department student, UiTM Perak)
Interviews are another part of methodological approach used by the design team more
appropriately during designed and production stage. In executing and substantializing the
visual ideas into actual product, interviews would be used to intergrate additional elements
and extra qualities into the finalization of the product. Interviews were between team
inventors and internal observers and field experts. New ideas and propositions resulted from
the interviews will be consulted to the next stage: lab testing. Lab test is the third method used
in the whole R&D stage of this research project. New ideas that have been filtered and agreed
are infused into the stage of product revitalization. This is to ensure that redevelopment of the
product contains all ideas and suggestions for betterment are infused.
FINDINGS
The arguments and viewpoints that we have collected can be compartmentalized into several
categories. Many ideas and concerns stressed by respondents, interviewees and observers fall
mostly under categories that touch the aspects of functionality, safety and practicality of the
product. Some reacted on economical aspect of the product. Below are samples of the views
that have opened the pandoras box of interest that intrigued the design team conscience.
“ The product exhibits some considerable qualities but lack in some.

For example, the practical aspects of the tent is inadequate. The
impracticality of the tent how-to-use guide should be diminished and
redeveloped, so that making a tent out of the jacket can be readily
usable.”
Mohamad Mu'izz Musa ( Fashion Department student, UiTM Perak)
Comments such above are vital to the redelopment stage of the product. Research team take
serious consideration when confronting building comment such as this. İn respond to the
comment, research team have applied the suggested ideas thus the safety erathquake jacket
has been redeveloped and empowered with the new version, which is facilitated with easy to
build tent guide points that are marked as A, B, C and D. This is a sample case of ideas and
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Vol. 1(2018) 15-17
interchanges correspondents that have been carried out by the team during the development of
the product.
Figure 1. Second design for VA Vital Assistance Multi Functional Sports Casual Garment Collection equipped with torch
light and water container, design by Nur Farhana Kadir
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, allow us to relish the noticeable account of the token of accomplishment the
this creative product of ours have achieved. The product was awarded gold and first place in
INDES 2015. This is truly a profound remark that this safety jacket product has engraved on
the brick wall of the applied arts and creative industry terrain. The earthquake safety jacket
and kit is not only referred as most accomplished practical utilitarian application, but has set
uniqueness in trending fashion trend in latest fashion forecast. This is how product of applied
art should be made.
REFERENCES
Bolton, A. (2002). The Supermodern Wardrobe, V&A Publication
E. Braddock, S; O'Mahony, M. (2002). Sportstech Revolutionary Fabrics, Fashion & Design,

Thames & Hudson
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
SIS OIL – SACHA INCHI OIL-BASED SERUM FOR

SKIN CARE
1
Hamidah Jaafar Sidek , Noor Azura Zainuddin2 and Mohamad Azhar Azman1
1
Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch
2
Academy of Contemporary Islamic Studies (ACIS), Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis
Branch.
E-mail: hamidahjs@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: SIS Oil is a new natural multifunctional product in the form of oil-based serum
specially formulated for skin care. The main objective is to introduce a natural skin care
product without harmful synthetic chemicals. This product consists of beneficial natural
bioactive compounds mainly from sacha inchi oil, propolis oil, and other ingredients.
Propolis oil has been used for a long time for its medicinal properties. In addition,
Plukenetia volubilis (sacha inchi) oil has been added as a booster for the product in
providing fatty acids which are very beneficial for health and beauty treatment. The
presence of these compounds has been analysed by using Gas Chromatography Mass
Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the oils were
evaluated by MIC and MBC analyses, and propolis oil showed a great potential as
antibacterial inhibitor and bactericidal on three skin infection bacteria. SIS Oil or Sacha
Inchi Oil-Based Serum is a multifunctional serum that helps to moisturize the skin, reduce
black heads, act as a scar fader, reduce pimples, reduce pore opening, lighten and soften
the skin. This product is safe to use as it is from natural sources and does not contain
harmful, synthetic chemicals. SIS Oil has also been introduced to close friends and
relatives with good recommendations and testimonies for its effectiveness. This project
has led to many other commercialized products such as moisturizer, mask, soap and scar
fader.
Keywords: Oil-based serum, propolis, Plukenetia volubilis, GC-MS Analysis,

Antibacterial activity
INTRODUCTION
Advancement in skin care product these days is undeniable of the effectiveness but most of
the products are developed from combination of commercialized drugs and synthetic
chemicals that can harm our skin. There are many cases of skin care product that have given
adverse and allergic effects to the facial skin of customers due to the harsh synthetic
components in the product content. Therefore, SIS Oil is the perfect fit to be introduced as a
natural skin care to nourish our skin since this product consists of beneficial natural bioactive
compounds mainly from Plukenitia volubilis (Sacha inchi) and propolis oil also accompanied
with other ingredients.
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Vol. 1(2018) 18-22
Both of these ingredients are chosen because of their unique ability to take care of our delicate
skin. Plukenitia volubilis or Sacha inchi is a plant that originated from the Amazonian forest.
Gonzalez et al., (2015) stated that Sacha inchi oil is very beneficial since it contains high
percentages of omega 3 and omega 6 which are used as dietary supplement and also well
known as traditional remedy for skin care. Sacha inchi oil can help in maintaining skin
softness and for the treatment of wounds, insect bites and skin infection. The second
ingredient is propolis; propolis is one of the bee products which have been used since ancient
time to treat many diseases. El-aidy et al., (2015) stated propolis was used in combination
with herbs to treat wounds and other diseases by ancient Egyptians, Assyrians, Chinese,
Greek, Romans, and Arabians. Besides that, according to Vongsaket al., (2015) propolis
exhibit numerous biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor,
antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antidiabetic activities and is also listed in the London
Pharmacopoeias and Chinese Pharmacopoeias.
The main objective of SIS Oil is to introduce and become a new natural skin care product
formulated without harmful synthetic chemicals. In order to achieve the objectives, several
tests have been done. To indicate the antibacterial activity of Propolis oil, an antibacterial
assay was done toward three skin infection bacteria species which are Staphylococcus aureus,
Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes by measuring the minimum
inhibition concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration. Besides that, both of the
essential oil compounds were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-
MS). SIS Oil toxicity also been measured by using brine shrimp lethality assay and the pH
value also have been determined using pH indicator. The usage of herbs in treating skin
infection has been practiced for an extensive time ago but based on past studies there is no
specific documentation on the traditional treatment methods to cure skin diseases (Bhat,
Hegde, Hegde, & Mulgund, 2014). Lately, the advancement of medicinal studies has
developed the chances to reduce skin infection. This is only possible if various and repetitive
research and product development are being done.
METHODOLOGY
Collection of sample
Both of the samples were collected from local oil producer which were produced by using
cold-pressed method.
Test organisms
The microorganisms used were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus
epidermidis (ATCC 12228), and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 11827) and were obtained
from Microbiology Laboratory 5 UiTM Perlis Branch, Arau, Malaysia.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay

The antibacterial activity of the plants essential oils were determined by using Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay according to (Bag and Chattopadhyay, 2015;
Bussmann, Malca-García, Glenn, Sharon, and Chait, 2011; Yale, 2015)
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assay

Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) was the proceeding test from Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) which was to determine the minimum concentration that can
kill the bacteria. The culture from Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay were
subcultured into new media (Bussmann et al., 2011).
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Vol. 1(2018) 18-22
Phytochemical analysis using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)

According to (Derwich et al., 2010) method, the analysis of the plants essential oils were
determined using the Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis. The
analysis process was done using the instrument in UiTM Perlis Branch, which is the Perkin
Elmer GC-MS.
Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay

The brine shrimp lethality bioassay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of combined
essential oils from plants that showed synergistic interactions according to Bag &
Chattopadhyay, 2015.
FINDINGS
SIS Oil is a new advancement in skin care product where the product is purely developed
without a drop of synthetic chemical compound. The components of the SIS Oil have shown a
great potential in several testings. An evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the plants oil
has been done through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal
Concentration (MBC). Three species of skin associated bacteria were subjected to the test
which were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus epidermidis (ATCC
12228), and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 11827). The results of the research have shown
a promising result where propolis has shown great potential as antibacterial inhibitor and
bactericidal. This is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Inhibitory Effect of Antibacterial Essential Oils on Three Tested Bacteria
MIC MBC
Antibacterial sample
Propolis Sacha inchi Propolis Sacha inchi
Staphylococcus aureus
12.5mg/ml - 25.0mg/ml -
Bacteria
Staphylococcus
12.5mg/ml - 50.0mg/ml -
epidermidis
Propionibacterium
25.0mg/ml - 50.0mg/ml -
acnes
Sacha inchi did not exhibit any antibacterial activities since it lacked compound that worked
as antibacterial agent. Sacha inchi focused more on the compounds that can nourish our skin.
Therefore, after analyzed using the GC-MS, there were certain compounds identified in the
Sacha inchi and propolis oil. The data was tabulated in Table 2.
Besides that, the toxicity of the product was also tested. SIS Oil toxicity level was measured
by using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. The shrimp was exposed to the product
in order to observe the number of nupleii mortality when interact with different concentration
of SIS Oil. The data of brine shrimp lethality assay was tabulated in Table 3.
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Vol. 1(2018) 18-22
Table 3: Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay Data

Concentration Number of live nupleii Number of live nupleii %percentage of death
Day 1 (8 AM) Day 2 (8 AM)
100 mg/ml 10 4 60%
50 mg/ml 10 4 60%
25 mg/ml 10 5 50%
12.5 mg/ml 10 5 50%
6.25 mg/ml 10 6 40%
CONCLUSIONS
In the nut shell, SIS Oil has a great potential to be in line with other skin care product. Some
of the benefits have been proven in the research but there are still needs for further study on
other activities. From the results we can say that propolis play the major role as antibacterial
agent and wound healer. In the data we can see that propolis MIC is 12.5 mg/ml on S.aureus
and S.epidermidis, and 25.0 mg/ml on P.acnes. Besides that, SIS Oil and propolis pH value
are in range 5-6, which is good for skin treatment. The toxicity level of SIS Oil is measured
by observing the percentage of death, high percentage of death indicate high level of toxicity.
From the result we can observe at lower concentration (6.25 mg/ml) the percentage of death
are much lower compared to higher concentration. The death of nupleii can be influenced by
the oil base inside the product where it becomes the causes of oxygen depletion in the water.
With the result, SIS Oil can be introduced as a new skincare product that possessed
multifunction properties in treating skin infection and providing nutrient for skin regeneration
of cells.
REFERENCES
Bag, A., & Chattopadhyay, R. R. (2015). Evaluation of Synergistic Antibacterial and
Antioxidant Efficacy of Essential Oils of Spices and Herbs in Combination, 18557, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131321

Bhat, P., Hegde, G. R., Hegde, G., & Mulgund, G. S. (2014). Ethnomedicinal plants to cure
skin diseases — An account of the traditional knowledge in the coastal parts of Central
Western Ghats,. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 493–502.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.062
Bussmann, R. W., Malca-García, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., & Chait, G. et. al. (2011).
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial
remedies. J Ethnopharmacol, 132(1), 101–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.048.
Minimum
Derwich, E., Benziane, Z., & Taouil, R. (2010). GC / MS Analysis of Volatile Compounds of
the Essential Oil of the Leaves of Mentha pulegium growing in Morocco, 55(69), 103–106.
El-aidy, W. K., Ebeid, A. A., Sallam, A. E. M., Muhammad, I. E., Abbas, A. T., & Kamal, M.
A. (2015). Evaluation of propolis , honey , and royal jelly in amelioration of peripheral blood
leukocytes and lung inflammation in mouse conalbumin-induced asthma model. Saudi
Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(6), 780–788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.11.005
21
Vol. 1(2018) 18-22
Gonzalez-aspajo, G., Belkhelfa, H., & Haddioui-hbabi, L. (2015). Sacha Inchi Oil (Plukenetia
volubilis L.), effect on adherence of Staphylococus aureus to human skin explant and
keratinocytes in vitro. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 171, 330–334.
Vongsak, B., Kongkiatpaiboon, S., & Jaisamut, S. (2015). In vitro alpha glucosidase
inhibition and free-radical scavenging activity of propolis from Thai stingless bees in
mangosteen orchard. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 25(5), 445–450.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.004
Yale, H. (2015). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics for

Synechococcus sp . PCC 7002 in Liquid Growth Media.
APPENDICES
Table 2. Chemical Composition of Essential Oil of Propolis and Sacha Inchi
Retenti Compounds Molecular formula Molecular Activity**

on time Weight
Propolis 29.6 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 228.376 antioxidant, cancer-
(Myristic acid) g/mol preventive, cosmetic,
lubricant, nematicide
25.611 Dodecanoic acid C12H24O2 200.32 g/m antibacterial,
(Lauric acid) ol antioxidant, antiviral,
cadidicide
45.849 nonacosane C29H60 408.799 antimutagenic, antiviral
g/mol
53.347 Lanost-8-en-3-one C30H50O 426.729 antimicrobial,
g/mol antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, antiviral,
antitumorpromoting
32.395 pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 242.403 antioxidant
g/mol
Sacha 21.702 Oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(C 282.468 antiinflammatory,
inchi H2)7COOH g/mol allergenic,
dermatitigenic, cancer-
preventive
19.633 9,12- C18H32O2 280.452 -
Octadecadienoic g/mol
acid (Z,Z)-
18.718 Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.43 antioxidant, nematicide,
(palmitic acid) g/mol pesticide,
antiandrogenic, anti
allopecic
35.241 .beta.-Tocopherol C28H48O2 416.69 antiamyloid-Beta, Beta-
g/mol Blocker, antiTGF, ER-
Beta-Binder
31.458 Cholest-5-en-3-ol C27H46O 386.664 oligosaccharide
(3.beta.) g/mol provider,
cholesterolytic,
antiamyloid
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OTEL2GO
Faizal Ayob1 and Norashikin Ariff2

1
College of Business, Victoria University Melbourne & Founder Otel2Go
2
Co-Founder, Otel2Go
E-mail: mohd.ayob@live.vu.edu.au, norashikin.ariff@otel2go.com
Abstract: A cloud-based PMS offers a way to centralize the property management system
without the bulk and technical requirements of a traditional PMS, which allow hotels to be
more efficient and get ahead of the game. Thus, Otel2Go represents a new democratic
integration concept for small and budget hotels for their property management system (PMS).
Our focus is on delivering an accessible and simpler concept of hotel PMS based on cloud.
Our primary areas of development are on cloud solutions offering to simplify the PMS as a
business aggregator platform to the hoteliers, in order to connect everyone in a simple online
booking concept. These novel ventures aim to help the growth of the small and budget hotels’
(SMDGET) market segments and to strive and win competitors within the hospitality
industry.
Keywords: Cloud-based PMS, small and budget hotels (SMDGET), online booking, business
aggregator and tourism industry.
INTRODUCTION
Budget hoteliers play a significant role to support the success of the tourism industry, but
most hoteliers face numerous constraints in running their businesses (Nasution, & Mavond,
2018). Hoteliers still rely on existing methods to run their hotels, such as installed systems or
manual reporting, due to a high cost trigger solution, which is too technical (Geoghegan, et al,
2008). Existing systems require significant on-property hardware, for example a dedicated
server. In addition, hoteliers feel the mounting pressure to embrace the ‘millennial traveller’
(Beldona, et al, 2018). According to Zhang (2017), travellers are looking for an interactive
online experience that offers a variety of hotels, comprising of different facilities and offering
lower prices to other booking platforms. Due to misconstrued perceptions toward hoteliers,
many are considered as only offering low-grade accommodation services and poor quality-
services.
To date the competition in the hospitality industry is fierce and bullish, travellers want more
for their travel dollar, and costs are always on the rise (Kim & Kim, 2004). Otel2Go offers an
integrated solution to help our small and budget hotels (SMDGET) to be competitive in the
industry and grow their business. Otel2Go is an online booking platform solution which
integrates with the hotels’ cloud system in real-time to support hotel operators with the
reservation system. The solution can help improve guest satisfaction and keep customers
ahead of competitors. Innovative hotel services offer more efficient hotel operations and a
profitable solution for the business. SMDGET is truly valuable and full of worthiness as the
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platform aims to provide our travellers with a unique and distinctive experience during their
stay with the best room deals. The platform’s objectives are to switch the SMDGET from a
traditional system to the new revolution of cloud-based PMS. Furthermore, the cloud PMS is
unique with new features and functionality to ensure SMDGET becomes a competitive
advantage in the industry to embrace the change of digital technology and innovation. In the
future, the application will be integrated with revenue management intelligence solutions, to
help the hotel owners and managers to sell the hotel rooms at optimal prices every day of the
year, to automate hotel daily routine tasks, including channel distribution, and to provide all
necessary information for their hotel’s strategic analysis (Pekgün et al, 2013).
METHODOLOGY
Otel2Go is a custom solution of cloud-based technologies supported with web application,
which will be developed to have a responsive integration design. Otel2Go cloud PMS
provides the admin panel with responsive design and the API development will become the
middleware for the web front end application and mobile apps. Thus, the hardware
requirement includes: the domain and server with SSL, cloud-based server architecture, an
up-to-date apache server payment gateway merchant and SMS gateway. Our solution is built
on the Laravel PHP framework, HTML5, CSS3 and JQuery and uses PgSQL for the database
in conjunction with Amazon Web Services (AWS) as the website’s backbone.
In this research project, the researchers had conducted twelve (12) in-depth interviews and
structured observations’ analysis with the hotel’s owner and manager in Kuala Lumpur, Shah
Alam, Langkawi Island, Pangkor Island, Redang Island, Jeraı Hills, Taman Negara Kuala
Tahan, Mabul Island, Sibu, Malacca, Port Dickson, Alor Star, and Nilai from 25th October
2017 to 5th February 2018. The aim of this research project is to identify the level of usage of
hotel IT solutions OTAs and PMS as well as to analyse the real problems of the current PMS
solutions and OTAs that have been integrated within the hotels.
Most of SMDGET realized the importance of hotel solutions offered by technologies, such as
cloud PMS, or OTAs as competitive in the hospitality industry market. Thus, the hotelier
needs to have the solution that is able to integrate with the Property Management System
(PMS), Central Reservations System (CRS), and the Revenue Optimization/Revenue
Management System (RO or RMS) platforms. In addition, the systems (PMS/CRS/RO) will
need to be connected and fully-integrated as those will feed the distribution channels
intelligently, such as direct booking, call centers, GDS, and OTAs.
RESULTS
In this research project, the researchers conducted two kinds of qualitative research methods,
and carried out complex software development. With the help of the research methods the
researchers were able to provide significant solutions and they created Otel2Go, which offers
specific features and functionality. The researchers’ innovative research project has led to the
pre-commercialization stage for a start-up company. Nowadays, hotel PMS is a critical
business operation system that enables hoteliers to deliver a seamless guest experience that
integrates to other on-site services that impact on the guest's complete experience, such as
revenue management.
Thus, the researchers created the innovative hotel tech start-up, named as Otel2Go to give a
positive impact to hotels’ business operations and performance. In addition, our cloud-based
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Vol. 1(2018) 23-27
PMS can also enable hotel employees to gain insights into guest behavior and preferences, to
improve guest satisfaction and enhance the quality of the guest experience. Our cloud-based
PMS will be more secure than the typical server-based systems located in hotels because the
PMS is hosted in an environment that is managed by a solution technology provider. By
utilizing services on a subscription model, the user does not need to worry about finding
additional server space, hosting, bandwidth, etc. Instead there is a fee for the use of the
services, and the services are delivered to the user. With a purpose-built software-as-a-service
solution, this system is able to process check-in and check-out guests using an attractive drag-
and-drop interface. The function is to push updated availability to the hotel booking engine
and channel manager. The features and functionality will make SMDGET able to maintain
room inventory and maximize the hotel revenue. This solution uses the dashboard to organize
daily operations such as: process check-ins and check-outs, prepare registration cards, update
new reservations, manage room assignments and many other features are also available.
Figure 1. Dashboard for cloud-based PMS
Figure 2. How to add room types and room rate in the system
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Vol. 1(2018) 23-27
Moreover, to cater to our various age group of travellers we want to make them feel welcome
whenever they stay in a budget-friendly accommodation via our booking engine
www.otel2go.com. The platform offers low commission fees to our SMDGET and in the
future, with the integration of the hotel revenue management system that is extremely
intelligent as an innovative of central algorithm, it will be able to maximize the hotel yield
pricing strategies.
Fıgure 3. Online Engine Booking
FINDINGS
Our solution will assist the hotelier to save all reservations for future retrieval. It will be able
to find, download, and manage past and present reservations. The system will also be able to
support the hotelier for the management of room rate control. Hoteliers will be able to create
their own rate as best available rates (BAR) and customize rates by date and season. The
software is also able to create a unique rate plans, specials, and packages, based on the BAR.
These can include employee rates, frequent guest rates, and more. Whenever there is a change
of BAR, all the promotions are updated automatically. Furthermore, this solution is very
productive since it will produce hotel daily reports that give the visibility into the success of
SMDGET. It will generate a hotel occupancy percentage, RevPar and ADR report. SMDGET
will be able to convert the report to Excel format and email or download spreadsheets and
PDFs for the reports. It will also be able to filter any data by type of marketing channel, room
type, year, specials, and more.
CONCLUSIONS
Many experts and operators agree that a good distribution system and proper channel-
management integration are some of the most important integrations for a PMS. Hotels need
to ensure multiple channels are bringing in reservations and automatic pricing uploads to
those channels which are key in providing a better visibility across the business and facilitates
operations to help the hotel run smoothly. The open API will allow us to continue to push
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Vol. 1(2018) 23-27
technology boundaries and be innovative to create the best guest experience. Most of
“SMDGET” are hyper-focused on the guest experience, specifically tailoring adventure travel
to a millennial customer base who wish to travel with purpose (Forgacs & Dimanche, 2016).
To benefit the hotelier, it is important for us to integrate a two-sided platform that includes an
integrated property management system, and online booking engine.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was supported by Hopndget Travelly Sdn. Bhd. We would also like to show our
gratitude to Dr Esther Penney, National Centre for Food Manufacturing, College of Science,
University of Lincoln, UK for her writing assistance, language editing, and proofreading for
this paper.
REFERENCES
Beldona, S., Schwartz, Z., & Zhang, X. (2018). Evaluating hotel guest technologies: Does
home matter? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, (just-
accepted), 00-00.
Dickinger, A., & Mazanec, J. (2008). Consumers’ preferred criteria for hotel online booking.
Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2008, 244-254.
Forgacs, G., & Dimanche, F. (2016). Revenue challenges for hotels in the sharing economy:
Facing the Airbnb menace. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 15(6), 509-515.
Geoghegan, W., Reed, E., Hendrickson, C., Payze, S., & Gray, C. (2008). "Global reservation
transaction management system and method. Washington, DC: U.S.
Kim, W. G., & Kim, D. J. (2004). Factors affecting online hotel reservation intention between
online and non-online customers. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23(4),
381-395.
Nasution, H. N., & Mavondo, F. T. (2008). Customer value in the hotel industry: What
managers believe they deliver and what customer experience. International Journal of
Hospitality Management, 27(2), 204-213.
Pekgün, P., Menich, R. P., Acharya, S., Finch, P. G., Deschamps, F., Mallery, K., ... & Fuller,
J. (2013). Carlson Rezidor hotel group maximizes revenue through improved demand
management and price optimization. Interfaces, 43(1), 21-36....
Zhang, P. (2017). A Study of the Factors that Affect Employee Performance in the UK Hotels
(Doctoral dissertation, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona).
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STUDY USAHAWANRIA BOARD GAME AS

EFFECTIVENESS TOOL IN ENTERPRENEURSHIP
COURSE
Hasyireen binti Abdul Halim1, Erita Mazwin binti Mazlan2, Faridah binti Che In3
1
Electrical Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka,
2
Civil Engineering Department, Politeknik Melaka
3
Commerce Department, Politeknik Melaka
E-mail: Faridahjp@polimelaka.edu.my, hayireen@polimelaka.edu.my
Abstract: Nowadays, games have become one of the useful tools in training. Many instructors
choose to use games to enhance the way of delivering the subject. This study will focus on the
effectiveness of board game as effectiveness tool in enterpreneurship course. Two methods
are used in this study, pilot test, and post-test. These methods are chosen to analyze the
effectiveness of using UsahawanRia Board Game as a teaching tool and the improvement of
student's knowledge in entrepreneurship course. The result indicated that the use of
UsahawanRia board game as a effectiveness tool for entrepreneurship course has a positive
impact on students. It helps students to experience the situation of managing business. It is
one of the easiest ways for improving time management, human resources and
communication skill.
Keywords: Board Games, Teaching Tool, Effectiveness
INTRODUCTION
In area of globalization, education now is very challenging. More an effort and strategy to
educate the young generation, various training tools have been used. These materials have
been designed to facilitate student in develop their critical thinking in the course of
entrepreneur. Previously in the conventional training method, most of instructors assumed
that students will understand the whole teaching goal while the reality is a lot of students only
achieve a part of the goals and the rest of them do not achieve any of the goals (Treher, 2011)
Most of the instructors conduct a class using textbook classes and test (Huang & D. Levinson,
2012). Therefore, an effective approach should be used to inspire and encourage when used
during teaching (Harris, 2009). The implementation of a tool like board provides a non-
threatening, playful and competitive environment where a student can learn from the mistake
(Karen, 2010). The board game is a game involving a counter or token that placed or moved
on a board game provided by a set of instructions.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Board games can be classified into two categories that reflect the realities of life or vice versa
(Cook & Olson 2006). UsahawanRia Board Game is also referring to a game or an exercise
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Vol. 1(2018) 28-32
which incorporated elements of business. This game was built to enable the students to
understand the concepts on how to manage the business. This edutainment game gives
students an opportunity to experience how to deal with problems and challenges in managing
a virtual business (Karen, 2010).
This indoor activity is simple and easy to be done. Game elements provide a competitive
environment, discussion and problem-solving with fellow team members about the content as
the way to educate students to work in teams (Wangenheim & Borgatto, 2012).These games
are simulated from real project management scenario. It is used to impart the competencies,
knowledge, skills and attitude to the students in time management, human resources and
communication skill. This game has been successfully used for college students and
executives to learn entrepreneur management techniques. However, it was never used as a
training tool for polytechnic students. So, the purpose of this research is to study the
effectiveness of using UsahawanRia as a tool in entrepreneurship course.
The effective module of teaching and learning for polytechnic and secondary school students
should meet the needs of educational objectives in Bloom's Taxonomy. The cognitive level
involved in Bloom’s Taxonomy is Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis,
Synthesis and Evaluation (Bloom, 1956). To make sure students achieve maximum learning
outcome, the goals and rules of the game must be clear. The aim of using this game as a
training tool for entrepreneurship is to train students about the importance of time
management, thinking skills, human resource and communication skills.
RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses UsahawanRia board game as a tool in entrepreneurship for polytechnic
students at Melaka. This research is done on 70 students of polytechnic Melaka. The goals of
the game are to help students to increase knowledge of entrepreneurship skills. These studies
used a pre-test and post-test design. UsahawanRia board game pre-test begins with the
completion of survey by each player after the game ends. All comments were collected and
identified to improve the existing module in accordance with the level of understanding Post-
test game was to identify the effectiveness of board game as a training tool for entrepreneur
skills. In this study, a questionnaire was chosen as the analysis the effectiveness of the board
games. It consists of two subcomponents with 15 items of questions. They are user
knowledge and satisfaction. Questionnaire are following Likert Scale from strongly disagree
(1), disagree (2), neutral (3), agree (4), to strongly agree (5).
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

The data are analyzed to identify the level of knowledge and satisfaction of students towards
UsahawanRia board game.
The level of knowledge of students in the entrepreneurship of the effectiveness of

learning through innovation UsahawanRia
From the post –test that have been conducted, it was found that grade C is the minimum
results of the level of student’s knowledge which used the UsahawanRia board game while
the minimum score of pre-test is grade E. This result shows an increase in the percentage of
100 compared to the previous results which used this innovation tool. This achievement prove
29
Vol. 1(2018) 28-32
that this innovation has made a positive impact and suitable for the purpose of teaching and
learning.
Table 1. Level of student knowledge through pre-test
Ujian Pre Test
Range of Marks Gred Quantity Percentage (%)
9 – 10 A 6 10
7–8 B 12 20
5–6 C 30 50
3–4 D 9 15
1–2 E 3 5
In view of the level of knowledge of students, scoring range 9-10 is A, 7-8 is B, 5-6 is C 3-4
D and 1-2 is E. Based on the data that has been analyzed for the pre-test, found a total of 6
students (10%) was obtained Grade A, 12 students (20%) was obtained grade B, 30 students
(50%) achieved a grade C, 9 students (15%) have achieved a grade D and 3 students (5%)
have achieved a grade E. refer to Table 1.
Table 2. Level of student knowledge through post-test
Ujian Post Test
Range of Marks Gred Quantity Percentage (%)
9 – 10 A 15 25
7–8 B 30 50
5–6 C 15 25
3–4 D - -
1–2 E - -
As for the post-test found a total of 15 students (25%) achieved A grades, 30 students (50%)
was obtained grade B and 15 students (25%) had grade C. Tiada students who obtained grade
D and E of the post-test. Please refer to Table 2.
The level of satisfaction of students and lecturers of the effectiveness learning through
innovation UsahawanRia
According to the objectives of this study, two different data analysis was carried out on
students and faculty who have used this innovation. From the Figure 1, found 51% of students
"agree (A)" and 34% "strongly agree (SA)" that they were satisfied with the effectiveness of
learning through innovation UsahawanRia, while the remaining 9%, 4% and 2% of the
students each choose "not sure (NS)", "disagree (D)" and "strongly disagree (SD)".
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Vol. 1(2018) 28-32
Figure 1
Figure 2
Based on the Figure 2 shows the average score received 46% of lecturers "agree (A)", while
34% "strongly agree (SA)" that they were satisfied with the effectiveness of learning through
innovation UsahawanRia. A total of 8% of lecturers was "not sure (TP)", 8% "disagree (D)"
and only 4% of lecturers choose "strongly disagree (SD)".
CONCLUSION
This study proved that UsahawanRia board games are effective to be used as a training tool
for entrepreneur skill. It gives a positive impression to students in learning while playing the
playing game. Furthermore, the majority of the students said that they enjoyed playing the
game. In addition, this game helps in understanding through experiential learning. Based on
the observation, students always focus on the game. The element of competition in this
forcing students to communicate with each other and managed to get the involvement of all
students in the game. On the other hand, based on our experience this game helps a lot in
training students by easing the burden of the instructor during the explanation session. For the
pretest, one student indicates that this game needs to have a brief about rules and guidance on
the game process. As a reflection of this comment, the set of direction and allocation of time
for each stage of the game is examined and modified to its suitability.
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Vol. 1(2018) 28-32
REFERENCES
Harris, C. (2009). Meet the New School Board: Board games are back – and they’re exactly
what your curriculum needs. School Library Journal, 55, 24-26.
Karen A. Milczyaski (2010). Literature Review : Efectiveness of Gaming in The Classroom.

L S. Cook & J.R. Olson. The sky's the limit: An activity for teaching project management.
Journal of Management Education, 30(3), 404-420, (2006)
Bloom, B.S. (Ed.). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational

goals: Handbook I, cognitive domain. New York: Toronto: Longmans, Green. (1956)
E.N. Treher. Learning with Board Games. The Learning Key Inc. (2011)
M.Z.J. Carlos & Gabriel Awad-Aubad. Requirements Game: Teaching Software Project
Management. CLEI Elec.J., 10(1). (2007)
A. Huang & D. Levinson. To game or not to game. Transportation Research Record: Journal
of the Transportation Research Board, 2307(1), 141-149, (2012)
Reid, Maurice; Brown, Steve, and Tabibzadeh. Capstone Teaching Models: Combining
Simulation, Analytical Intuitive Learning Processes, History and Effectiveness, Journal of
Education for Business, 87(3),178-184, (2012)
S. Telukunta, M.S.K. Kota, M.S. Potti, M.H. Shashank & M.T. Reddy. StrateJect: An
Interactive Game for Project Management Experiential Learning, (2014).
C.G. von Wangenheim, R. Savi, & A.F. Borgatto. SCRUMIA-An educational game for
teaching SCRUM in computing courses. Journal of Systems and Software, 86(10), 2675-
2687. (2013)
C.G. von Wangenheim, R. Savi, & A.F. Borgatto. DELIVER!-An educational game for
teaching Earned Value Management in computing courses. Information and Software
Technology, 54(3), 286-298. (2012)
Vigil-Cruz, S.C. Research on Comparative Effectiveness of The PHARM Game® and other
Teaching Tools, University of Connecticut, School of Pharmacy, (2005).
32
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
MODIFIED BITUMINOUS MIXTURE FOR ROAD

PAVEMENT USING POLYETHYLENE
Nor Izzah Zainuddin, Shahreena Melati Rhasbudin Shah, Nuraini Tutur, Roziah Keria and
Tey Li Sian
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang
Pauh, Pulau Pinang.
E-mail: norizzah@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Modified bituminous mixture helps to enhance the properties of mixture to improve
the road performance. The purpose of this study is to determine and to evaluate the properties
in comparison to conventional bituminous mix using JKR specification. Low Density
Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) were mix together as additives.
Marshall Mix design was used to determine the optimum bitumen content (OBC) and further
to test the modified bituminous mixture properties. In total, 60 samples were prepared where
15 samples was used for control sample. The optimum bitumen content for conventional
sample is 5.19%. The percentage of polyethylene added are 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% where half
contribution of LDPE and HDPE for each percent added by weight of aggregate. Both
polyethylene used were in granular shape. The tests include the determination of penetration
index, Marshall Stability and Flow. The results indicated that the modified bituminous
mixture provide better engineering properties which improve the strength, flow, air void and
resulted in longer road service performance. In addition, modified bituminous mixture has
lower OBC compared to conventional sample and this may reduce the amount of bitumen
content in road construction.
Keywords: Modified Bituminous Mixture, Polyethylene, Optimum Bitumen Content,

Marshall Test.
INTRODUCTION
The increase of traffic volume is a major cause of pavement surface distress. Poor condition
and lack of maintenance has caused continuous deterioration to the pavement and resulted in
short serviceability of pavement. In consideration to improve pavement performance for long
term condition, the properties of the bitumen need to be modified by adding additives. In this
study, polymer was used in dry process to create coated surface over to fill the pores.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of bituminous mixture with
polyethylene. In this study the PE will be used as an additive to modify and enhance the
properties of bituminous mix. Therefore, the study is carried out to determine and evaluate the
properties of modified bituminous mix with polyethylene (HDPE mix LDPE) in variation of
1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% in comparison to conventional bituminous mix and JKR specifications.
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Vol. 1(2018) 33-38
According to Rajasekaran et al. (2013), the coatings of waste plastics on the aggregates
improves the quality of aggregates which resulted to better binding, increased strength and
gave better surface condition. The crystallinity of polyethylene creates benefits in strength,
stiffness, chemical resistance, and stability (Ghuzlan et al., 2011). According to Khurshid
(2013), stated that HDPE coating aggregates improve strength and load carrying capability. In
addition, Vamshi (2013) studied on waste plastic (polyethylene) in construction of bituminous
road stated that the bleeding surface pavements reduces in hot climate and help reduce tire
and pavement contact noise. This is because the plastics has property to absorb sound.
METHODOLOGY
Dense graded of hot mix asphalt was used for the wearing course. Gradation in HMA is
important to obtain mix with higher stability, durability and workability to withstand the
environment as well as physical affect. Kumar and Mahendran (2014) stated that dense
graded offer good compressive and tensile strength. Aggregate with maximum nominal size
14 mm (AC14) was used in HMA which the percentage passing accordance with Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 manual. It stated that the dense gradation was selected to produce more
durable and stable mix. Determination of aggregates grading was carried out using sieve
analysis method. Asphalt grade 80/100 PEN was used in this study. According to Hunter,
(2000) he stated that the binder must be cohesive to adhere the aggregates to avoid pavement
deterioration. Due to this Penetration and softening point were conducted to determine the
properties of bitumen and the result was in the range of the allowable limit from JKR
requirement.
Polyethylene has been used widely in packaging, pipes, toys, garbage bag and bottles. It has
long chain of carbon atoms and consists with two hydrogen atoms. In addition, polyethylene is
good chemical resistance, to fatigue and wearing.
Two type of polyethylene which are Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) and High Density
Polyethylene (HDPE) were mixed and used in this research. Both LDPE and HDPE have their
own advantages which can help to create best additives. The percentage of polyethylene
added were 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% where half contribution of LDPE and HDPE for each
percent added by weight of aggregate. Both polyethylene is in granular shape.
15 samples of 1200g in weight for control sample were prepared based on the mix design
where 3 samples for each of bitumen content. Samples were compacted with 75 blows
according to Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85. 45 samples were prepared for modified sample
where 15 samples for each percentage of polyethylene was added. Dry process was used to
create coated surface to the aggregate. Polyethylene were added during aggregate heating
process up to 150-180 Celsius to enable polyethylene to melt and coat the aggregate surface.
The heating temperature is based on type of polymer.
Table 1 shows sample and binder preparation for this study. Each percentage of binder needed
to prepare 3 samples to obtain accurate results. The average of 3 sample for the bulk specific
gravity, stability, flow was determined.
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Vol. 1(2018) 33-38
Table 1. Group of Variation Polyethylene Content

Sample Conventional 1.0% PE 1.5% PE 2.0% PE
Added Added Added
4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
Bitumen 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
Binder 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
(%) 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5
6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
Bitumen binder 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0% were used for AC 14 accordance to the Arahan
Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 to determine the optimum bitumen content. The process of material used
is dry process where polymer was mixed with aggregates before adding the bitumen to the
mixture. Rajasekaran et al., 2013 found that there is improvement in properties of aggregates
when using wet process. He stated that the plastic give coating to the surface aggregates to
help fill the pores.

The stability value for modified bituminous mixture was higher than conventional bituminous
mixture. The maximum stability was 21436 N for 1.50 % of PE content followed by 2.00% of
PE content which was 20760 shown in Figure 1. It shows that the PE content improve the
stability of pavement which helps to withstand higher traffic loading.
The general trend shows that the flow increases as the PE content increase in Figure 2. The
flow for 2% of PE content are generally higher than other percentage of PE content. Flow
modified bituminous mixture are higher compared to conventional bituminous mixture which
indicate that the volume of PE content varies the flow value.
Stability
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50
Bitumen Content, %
Control 1.00 % 1.50% 2.00%
Figure 1. Stability Graph
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Vol. 1(2018) 33-38
Flow
6.000
5.000
4.000
3.000
2.000
1.000
0.000 3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50
Bitumen Content, %
Control 1.00% 1.50% 2.00%
Figure 2. Flow Graph
Table 2 shows the optimum bitumen content for each sample. The OBC was determined by
averaging five optimum bitumen content based on the graphs which are stability, flow,
specific gravity, percentage air voids in the compacted mix (VIM), and percentage air void in
the compacted aggregate filled with bitumen graph (VFB). Each of the graph have their own
requirement as stated in JKR/ SPJ/ 2008-S4 as follows;
i. Peak of curve taken from the stability graph.

ii. Flow equals to 3 mm from the flow graph.
iii. Peak of curve taken from the bulk specific gravity graph.
iv. VFB equals to 75 % for wearing course from the VFB graph.
v. VIM equal to 4.0 % for wearing course from the VIM graph.
Table 2. Summary of OBC for All Samples

PE content (%) 0 1.0 1.5 2.0
OBC (%) 5.19 5.04 5.01 4.97
The same procedure were carried out to evaluate the properties of OBC for modified
bituminous mixture with conventional bituminous mixture. Table 3 shows the summary of
OBC sample data.
Table 3. Summary Result OBC for All Samples

Quality JKR PE content (%)
Requirement 0 1.0 1.5 2.0
Stability, S (N) > 8000 12726 14941 19065 21597
Flow, F (mm) 2.0 - 4.0 3.32 3.50 3.57 4.10
Stiffness (N/mm) > 2000 3832.46 4285.07 5351.77 5283.96
VIM (%) 3.0 -5.0 % 4.44 4.09 3.76 3.63
VFB (%) 70-80 72.90 74.08 75.69 76.18
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Vol. 1(2018) 33-38
From Table 3, it can be stated that the stability value increase accordance to the value of PE
where 2.0% of PE content has the highest value compared to conventional sample. High
stability indicates the mixture can support higher loading.
The same trend can be seen in flow value. Flow is the deformation undergone by the sample
at the maximum load. Low flow value is not desirable as the mixture may have insufficient
bitumen binder which may lead to durability problems. Meanwhile high flow value indicates
the mixture has the potential for permanent deformation. The JKR requirement allowed the
flow value between 2 to 4 m. As can be seen from Table 3, flow value for 1.0 % and 1.5 % of
PE content sample higher than conventional sample and in the range of JKR requirement.
However, the flow value for 2.0% of PE content which was 4.10 mm exceeded the
requirement value. Therefore, the whole set of 2% of PE content was omitted.
Higher stiffness value indicates that the pavement is stiffer which can help to resist permanent
deformation. Based on Table 3, it can be seen that the stiffness properties increased with
addition of PE content.
Too high of VIM can provide path for air and water. On the other hand, low VIM can lead to
flushing. VIM value decreased when the PE content increased. In addition, the value of VIM
for PE content is lower than conventional. However, the value VIM for all sample does not
exceed the allowable value in JKR requirement.
Allowable range for VFB based from JKR requirement is between 70 to 80% The VFB value
increased accordance to the PE content added. The allowable range based on the requirement
is designed to avoid mixture that is susceptibility to rutting under heavy traffic conditions. If
the VFA is too low, there is not enough asphalt to provide durability and to cater traffic
loading.
CONCLUSIONS
To evaluate properties of modified bituminous mixture, a study was conducted to determine
the properties of mixture. First stage, the Marshall stability and flow test were conducted to
determine the optimum bitumen content for each percentage of PE contents. Then the same
test was conducted to evaluate and compare the modified bituminous mixture with
conventional bituminous mixture using the obtained OBC values. Testing and observation
concluded that; the stability value increased with the addition of PE. This indicated that the
PE provide better coating to the surface of aggregates to resist high loading. Adding more
plastic content increase stiffness properties. It can be concluded that plastic makes mixes
stiffer. VFB properties also increased linearly which improved the durability of the
pavement due to better adhesion between aggregate and bitumen. The VIM value decreased
when PE content increased. This shown that the PE provides better adhesion between
aggregates and bitumen and improves the bonding between them.
REFERENCES
Awwad, M. T., & Shbeeb, L. (2007). The Use of Polyethylene in Hot Asphalt Mixtures.
American Journal of Applied Science, 390.
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Vol. 1(2018) 33-38
Ghuzlan, K. A., Al-Khateeb, G. G., & YazeedQasem. (2011). Rheological Properties of

Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Binder. Athens Journal of Technology & Engineering, X(Y),
1-14.
Hunter, R. N. (2000). Asphalts in Road Construction. London: Thomas Telford
Kumar, K. R., & Mahendran, D. N. (2014). Experimental Studies on Modified Bituminous

Mixes Using Waste Hdpe and Crumb Rubber. International Journal of Emerging.
Khurshid;, M. B., Ahmed, S., Mehmood, E. S., & Irfan, D. M. (2013). Comparative Analysis
of Conventional And Waste Polyethylene Modified Bituminous Mixes. Pakistan in the
International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering
(RSETE).
Rajasekaran, S., Vasudevan, D. R., & Paulraj, D. S. (2013). Reuse of Waste Plastic Coated
Aggregates-Bitumen Mix Composite for Road Application - Green Method. American
Journal of Engineering Research, 2(11), 1-13.
Vamshi, A. (2013). Use of waste plastic in construction of bituminous road. Journal of

Engineering (JOE), 2, 123-128.
38
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
SISTEM PERPARITAN DI KAWASAN KELANG

LAMA KURANG EFISYEN DI DAERAH KULIM,
KEDAH
Muhamad Tarmymy Bin Che Ani, Farah Izah Binti Abu Hassan, Muhammad Rezuan Bin
Abu Samah, Mohd Hairis Bin Mohd Haider, Md Razif Bin Mohamad, Firdaus Bin Mat Said,
Mohd Safuan Bin Abdul Majid, Azami Bin Kassim and Cik Wan Nur’Aini Binti
Wan Abdul Halim
Majlis Perbandaran Kulim, Kulim, Kedah
E-mail: farahizah@mpkk.gov.my
Abstrak: Tujuan penciptaan ini direalisasikan bagi mengatasi masalah banjir kilat yang sering
terjadi adalah disebabkan sistem perparitan yang kurang efisyen di kawasan perumahan yang
berkepadatan tinggi. Punca-punca banjir kilat adalah disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yang
dikenalpasti iaitu sampah sarap, longkang yang telah rosak, saiz longkang yang tidak
mengikut spesifikasi yang ditetapkan, taburan hujan yang tinggi di kawasan tersebut, dan juga
pembangunan baru yang pesat bersebelahan kawasan pembangunan sediada. Selain itu,
longkang yang sedia ada di kawasan tersebut tidak lagi mampu menampung kapasiti air larian
permukaan dan masalah penggunaan tanah dikawasan bandar yang pesat oleh era
pembangunan yang moden. Manual Saliran Mesra Alam (MSMA) yang telah disediakan oleh
Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran (JPS) tidak dipatuhi disebabkan pembangunan dikawasan
tersebut adalah mengikut garis panduan yang lama, oleh hal yang demikian air larian
permukaan di salir terus ke sungai berdekatan. Bagi mengatasi masalah banjir kilat di
kawasan perbandaran dan berkepadatan penduduk dan pertumbuhan pembangunan yang pesat
kumpulan MCRC, Majlis Perbandaran Kulim Kedah telah berjaya merekabentuk ‘Dwi Sistem
Perparitan’ dimana fungsinya dapat mengalirkan saliran air dan pada masa yang sama juga
dapat menyimpan air serta mengawal kadar aliran air dengan mengambil kira dan mematuhi
konsep OSD (On Site Storm Water Ditention) serta mesra alam dengan mengurangkan kadar
keluasan penyediaan kolam tadahan dan penjimatan guna tanah. Dengan adanya inovasi
baharu sistem perparitan dwi sistem yang dinamakan ‘smart drain’ telah dapat membantu
menyelesaikan masalah banjir kilat tanpa melibatkan tambahan kos terhadap guna tanah.
Kata Kunci: Dwi sistem perparitan, OSD ’SMART DRAIN’
PENDAHULUAN
Pembangunan yang pesat pada masa kini jika tidak dirancang dengan baik akan menyebabkan
timbulnya masalah kejadian bencana alam sekitar yang tidak diingini seperti banjir kilat dan
banjir. Sebab utama banjir kilat berlaku di kawasan tersebut adalah tiada perancangan yang
teliti terhadap rekabentuk sistem saliran dimana saiz longkang yang tidak sesuai sekaligus
tidak dapat menampung aliran air pada waktu kemuncak. Selain itu, sikap penduduk yang
tidak mengambil kira kepentingan awam dan mementingkan diri sendiri dengan membuat
pengubahsuaian pada kawasan aliran air berdekatan kawasan kediaman mereka dan juga
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Vol. 1(2018) 39-42
sikap membuang sampah di dalam longkang menjadi penyebab utama kejadian bencana alam
berlaku. Faktor tanah juga memainkan peranan penting dalam perancangan sistem saliran
peparitan dan ini juga adalah salah satu cabaran bagi kawasan sekitar daerah Kulim dimana
topografi tanah semula jadi berbukit dan dan tidak rata. Aliran air dibawah tanah sering kali
menyebabkan longkang pecah jika tidak direkabentuk menggunakan bahan yang bersuaian
dan perlu dibaiki.
OBJEKTIF
Objektif penciptaan baru ini diketengahkan bagi menyelesaikan masalah banjir kilat yang
hampir 20 tahun dihadapi oleh penduduk dan orang awam di Kawasan Kelang Lama, Kulim,
Kedah.
KAEDAH KAJIAN
Kaedah kajian yang digunakan ialah dengan merekabentuk dan membuat ujicuba bahan
kajian iaitu Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’) sepanjang 400 meter dikawasan
berkepadatan tinggi dengan pembangunan di Kelang Lama, Kulim Kedah tanpa membina
kolam tadahan dan penambahan gunatanah. Sebelum kaedah kajian digunapakai, soal selidik
terhadap 100 responden iaitu penduduk di Kawasan Kelang Lama, Kulim telah diedarkan
bagi mendapatkan informasi daripada pihak penduduk berhubung banjir kilat di kawasan itu.
PENEMUAN
Selepas enam (6) bulan Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’) digunakan di Kawasan Kelang
Lama, Kulim, Kedah didapati tiada lagi banjir kilat berlaku dikawasan tersebut dan paras air
di dalam kolam tadahan juga tidak melimpah keluar. Berdasarkan data yang telah
dikumpulkan di sekitar kawasan Kelang Lama, Kulim, Kedah menerima sebanyak 12 kali
hujan lebat selama 4 jam dalam masa enam (6) bulan. Selain daripada itu, paras air sungai
dimana larian akhir air dilepaskan didapati tidak meningkat pada tahap yang maksimum serta
didalam keadaan yang baik oleh kerana Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’) dapat
mengawal larian air dan pada masa yang sama menyimpan air lebihan terlebih dahulu
sebelum dilepaskan ke sungai secara berperingkat dan perlahan-lahan.
Rajah 1. Lokasi Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’)
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Vol. 1(2018) 39-42
Rajah 2. Model Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’)
KESIMPULAN
Daripada data yang telah dikumpulkan mendapati Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’)
berfungsi dengan baik di kawasan yang mempunyai kepadatan penduduk dan pembangunan
yang tinggi dan dapat menyelesaikan masalah banjir kilat sediada. Selain itu, dengan adanya
Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’),ia tidak mengubahkan keadaan muka bumi di kawasan
Kelang Lama Kulim oleh kerana Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’) dibina di bawah tanah
(underground) dan sekaligus dapat menjimatkan penggunaan tanah bagi kegunaan lain seperti
pembangunan baru, lanskap, atau kemudahan infrastruktur seperti tempat letak kereta dan
motosikal, dll. Beberapa kekangan berlaku semasa proses menggunakan Dwi Sistem
Perparitan (‘smart drain’) iaitu longkang tersumbat akibat terlalu banyak sampah sarap dan
daun-daun kering dibawa besama aliran air deras menyebabkan Dwi Sistem Perparitan
(‘smart drain’) tersumbat, tindakan yang telah diambil bagi menangani masalah tersebut
dengan meletakkan perangkap sampah pada jarak 3meter sebelum aliran air peparitan
memasuki Dwi Sistem Perparitan (‘smart drain’).
RUJUKAN
Hadibah Ismail, Fatimah Mohd Noor, Azmahani A.Aziz (1996). “Hidraulik Saluran Terbuka.
(Cetakan Awal)”
Jabatan Pengairan dan Salinan Malaysia (2012) .“Manual Saliran Mesra Alam, edisi kedua”
Jabatan Kerja Raya (1995).“Arahan Teknik Jalan JKR”
Jabatan Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Perak (1999).“Garis Panduan Kawasan Kolam
Takungan Sebagai Sebahagian Tanah Lapang”
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (2013).“Garis Panduan Perancangan

Perumahan Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa”

Kejiranan Hijau Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa”

Kolam Tadahan”
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Vol. 1(2018) 39-42

Tanah Lapang dan Reakrasi Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa”
Kementerian Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (2011).“Garis Panduan Tempat Letak

Kereta Jabatan Perancangan Bandar Dan Desa”
42
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
RASCA CALCULATOR FOR RAIL

INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT IN MALAYSIA
Izatul Farrita Mohd Kamar1, Asmalia Che Ahmad2, Mohmad Mohd Derus3, Mohd Yusof
Kasiron4 and Mohd Afandi Abu Bakar5
1
Centre of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri
Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia
2,3
Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seri
Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak,Malaysia.
4
Mass Rapid Transit Corporation Sdn Bhd, Jalan Dungun, Bukit Damansara,
50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
5
Business Management Centre, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri
Iskandar, 32610, Perak,Malaysia.
E-mail: izatul739@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The Klang Valley Mass Rapid Transit (KVMRT) System is set to be one the most
important and largest transport infrastructure projects in Malaysia. The other rail
infrastructure project which is currently in construction progress is Light Rail Transit (LRT)
Bandar Utama to Klang line or known as LRT 3. These projects as an Entry Point Project
(EPP) under the Economic Transformation Programme’s Greater Kuala Lumpur/Klang
Valley National Key Economic Areas (NKEA) and will provide a major boost in the
efficiency of urban public transport. On 15 December 2016, Malaysia and Singapore signed a
consensual agreement to jointly develop the 350km HSR project between Kuala Lumpur and
Singapore. Then in the 2017 Budget, the Malaysia Prime Minister announced the intention of
the government to build the East Coast Rail Project (ECRL). With the vigorous development
of the rail infrastructure project, fatalities, serious injuries and damage to properties at recent
of this project sites occurred every year. Work injuries create significant economic and
humanitarian consequences to our society especially to this project where they involve billion
of Malaysian Ringgit (RM). The awareness of accident cost especially the payment cost is
absent because the contractors, clients and the consultants leave the matters to the insurance
company. They always ignorance on the cost of an accident without realizing the greatness of
its impacts to the industry and the country. Therefore, a correctly developed Rail Safety Costs
Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator is an essential part to come out the specific costs and
calculations for each cost component. This calculator allows contractors to estimate, during
the design phase and the safety costs that might occur in the execution phase of a construction
project at the work site. The most logic amount of safety costs allocation can be achieved in
the future project, as efficiency cost of doing this infra-rakyat project can be improved and
creating the awareness of safety costs allocation to the client and contractors.
Keywords: Safety, Safety Cost, Design Phase, Construction Phase, Rail Infrastructure Project.
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INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the transport infrastructure is moving rapidly toward a modern service
transportation industry. Investment in transport infrastructure requires a significant amount of
public funds. In intercity transport, most of the corridors are already in operation and
investments in large projects such as high‐ speed rail (HSR). High-speed rail (HSR) systems
are already operating in many countries such as Japan, England, Italy, Germany and France.
Further development of the whole European HSR network is planned. It can be viewed as a
purpose to reduce the cost of travelling (time and cost savings, reliability, comfort and
externalities) concerning the situation prevailing without project (De Rus, 2011).
In Malaysia, the construction of urban rail transport project was started operational since 2002
for Light Rapid Transport (LRT) and Kuala Lumpur (KL) Monorail services. This
construction has been managed by Syarikat Prasarana Negara Berhad, who focuses on major
public transport infrastructure projects in Malaysia. This project is expanding all over the time
to enhance and integrate the urban public transportation services; one of the National Key
Result Areas, which is a priority under the Government Transformation Program.
Recently, Malaysia continued to excel in the aspect of urban rail infrastructure with the
completion of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) 1 from Sungai Buloh to Kajang line in July 2017.
The other rail infrastructure projects which are currently in construction progress such as
MRT 2, from Serdang to Putrajaya line, Light Rail Transit (LRT) 3 and LRT Bandar Utama
to Klang line. This development gives some signal that Malaysia is in line with other
developed countries that have high-speed and modern public transportations.
On 15 December 2016, Malaysia and Singapore signed a consensual agreement to develop the
350km HSR project jointly. This project will reduce the travelling time between the two cities
by two hours, to approximately 90 minutes. The HSR serves as an alternative mode of public
transport travel between Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Then in the 2017 Budget, the
Malaysia Prime Minister announced the intention of the government to build the East Coast
Rail Project (ECRL). ECRL identified as a high impact infrastructure project that will form
the backbone of ECER's multimodal transport infrastructure. ECRL will connect many rural
townships and is part of the larger plan to connect rural areas (Yong, 2017). This rail
infrastructure projects would complement existing road/expressway infrastructure as the
Lebuhraya Pantai Timur and the existing KTMB East Coast Line and ports.
With the rapid development of the rail infrastructure project, fatalities, serious injuries and
damage to properties at recent of this project sites occurred every year. Derived from the
MRT accident reports, almost thousand numbers of incident cases occurred for MRT 1
Project since the project started in 2011. Neither the worker’s fatal nor nonfatal injuries, all of
the accidents will create a significant economic burden to the stakeholders of the project.
Previous studies have shown that after the accident happened, a lots of losses have to be
incurred by parties involved (Davies et al., 1994); (Jallon et al., 2011); (Goestsch, 2013);
(Asan, n.d.); (Pellicer et al., 2014) and (Feng et al., 2015a). These losses costs may include
victims, families, employers and society. In addition, it also affects construction company
profit and loss statement due to damages to productivity, property, equipment and morale.
Moreover, the accident occurrence may also raise the cost and reduce contractors` reputation
and other losses as a result of delays in project completion. The costs that related to these
accidents are both human (not directly measurable) and financial either to companies or
society (sick leave, medical treatment and so on).
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However, according to Feng et al. (2014), the quantification, evaluation and identification of
many of the losses incurred in an accident were difficult as they were “hidden”. These
“hidden” costs may be significant, and some may be particularly prominent in the
construction industry. Jallon et al. (2011) supported the same view about the "hidden" costs as
being difficult to isolate, identify, evaluate and therefore quantify. These hidden costs are
often difficult to calculate due to the difficulty in applying the existing models.
Moreover, López-Alonso et al. (2013) revealed that the application of existing model from the
different sector is not easy to the suite with another sector. These models should tailor to each
company according to its circumstances. There are several economic safety cost models from
different countries such as Singapore, United Kingdom and Australia. However, those models
not specific to the construction sector.
While in Malaysia, the Department of Occupational, Safety and Health (Dosh) developed
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Calculator. Nevertheless, the limitation of OSH
Calculator does not include the costs should be allocated by the client for the compliance with
work health and safety regulations and safety cost prevention activities. The model just
focused on the financial losses occurred by the contractor and victim. This is a significant gap
that should highlight in improving these existing safety cost models.
The objective of this study is to develop Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator as
a tool in calculating the safety costs allocation for urban rail infrastructure projects. The
reliable evaluation of the safety costs allocation during the pre-construction phase and the
costs of accidents incurred during the construction phase can help client, employers
(contractors) and victims (workers) to internalise the importance of safety measures from an
economic managerial perspective, and to locate the items that require investment in safety
measures for strategic safety investment plan.
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology refers to the principles and procedures of logical thought processes
applied to a scientific investigation. Methods concern the techniques which are available for
data collection and analysis (Fellows & Liu, 2008). The research methodology for this study
consists of the following phases.
 Desk study – the identification of safety research trends from the literature review.
 Preliminary survey – the establishment of safety costs estimation issues, problems and
the evaluation of the relevant questionnaire.
 Main study – the identification of prevention cost items and the accident cost items
occurred for the urban rail infrastructure project and the determination of the
relationship between safety costs allocation and the factors that influencing these
costs.
 Development and validation of model – the development of a mathematical
formulation for the calculation of each safety cost items and validation of the proposed
Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator for urban rail infrastructure projects.
The proposed methodology for the development of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA)
Calculator shown in Figure 1.
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Desk Study
Reviewing relevant issues
with regards to safety
costs allocation from pre-
construction to
construction phase.
PHASE 1
Secondary data:
LITERATURE Research papers,
REVIEW books, internet, etc.
Semi-structured Identification of issues

PRELIMINARY interview and importance of safety
SURVEY PHASE 2
cost allocation.
Potential respondents
1) Identification of
prevention cost items
and accident cost
items occurred for the
Questionnaire urban rail
Survey infrastructure project.
MAIN STUDY 2) Determination of the PHASE 3
Potential relationship between
respondents safety costs
allocation and the
factors that were
influencing these
costs.
Development of a
DEVELOPMENT Analysis and mathematical
OF RaSCA synthesizing the data formulation for the
CALCULATOR collected. calculation of each safety
cost items. PHASE 4
Conclusion,
VALIDATION OF Recommendation and
RaSCA
future research
CALCULATOR
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FINDINGS
Proposed model of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator
Figure 2 represents the proposed model of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator
for urban rail infrastructure projects. This proposed model was developed based on
refinement from the existing OSH Calculator Model in Malaysia. Three main stakeholders
that have emerged for dealing with the safety cost allocation are client cost, employer
(contractor) cost and victim (worker) cost. All these parties have the different types of safety
components, items and sub-items, which are involved in different phases of construction.
These cost components will specify according to the safety requirements for the construction
of urban rail infrastructure projects, which differs from those of the building construction. The
types of safety and health costs components, items and sub-items have emerged with the risk
identification from the urban rail infrastructure construction.
There are eleven (11) cost components required by the client, which are insurance costs,
prevention costs, evaluation & monitoring costs, OSH management and documentation costs,
safe working area costs, special work condition costs, electrical work costs, plant costs,
facilities at the site, housekeeping costs and emergency respond costs. For the employer costs,
the costs were incurred during the construction when an accident occurred at the site. These
costs divided into direct accident costs and indirect accident costs. The direct accident costs
are the costs that incurred directly from the accident and tend to associate with the injury
treatment and any workers compensation as consequences of being injured. Typically, this
cost can be claimed by SOCSO and insurance company and quite easy to calculate. However,
the indirect accident costs can be more costly than direct accident costs because it is difficult
to calculate. Besides that, all indirect accident costs components are not covered by the
worker`s compensation insurance and insurance company.
There are four (4) costs component involved in the direct accident costs, which are medical
treatment costs, hospital costs, damage/repair costs and fine costs. While for the indirect
accident costs, there are twelve (12) costs component such as accident costs, replacement
costs, legal & administrative costs, schedule costs, productivity costs, work in progress costs,
recruiting costs, uninsured medical costs, management costs, corrective action costs, ex-gratia
costs and reputation/company image costs. For the victim (worker) costs, the costs of
housewives work to take care of the injured worker, and the unpaid leave salary costs (foreign
worker) considered as an effect to the victim costs.
The proposed model of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator indicates that the
present research should includes scales dealing with construction period when estimating the
client costs. While for the employer (contractor) costs, factors that influence the cost
components are the day of Notice of Prohibition (NOP) or Notice of Improvement (NOI) and
types of accident classification. Day of Medical Leave and day of Hospital Admission have
the strong relationship that effects to the cost components for the victim costs. All these
factors give effect to the estimating of safety costs allocation for the urban rail infrastructure
projects.
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CLIENT COSTS
Cost Components:
Insurance costs
Prevention costs
Evaluation & monitoring costs
OSH management &
Construction documentation costs
Safe working area costs
Period
Special work condition costs
Electrical work costs
Plant costs, facilities at site,
Housekeeping costs
Emergency respond costs
EMPLOYER COSTS
Cost Components (Direct Accident
Costs):
Medical treatment costs
Hospital costs
Day of Notice of Damage/repair costs
Prohibition/Notice Fine costs
of Improvement Cost Components (Indirect
Accident Costs):
Accident costs
Replacement costs RAIL SAFETY
Legal & administrative costs COSTS
Accident Schedule costs ALLOCATION
Classification Productivity costs (RaSCA)
Work in progress costs CALCULATOR
Recruiting costs
Uninsured medical costs
Management costs
Corrective action costs
Ex-gratia costs
Reputation/company image costs
Day of Medical
Leave
VICTIM COSTS
Cost Components (Indirect
Day of Hospital Accident Costs):
Housewives’ work costs
Admission
Unpaid leave salary costs
Figure 2. Proposed Model of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator
Development of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator

Development of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA) Calculator based on the proposed
model developed in this research. The formulation of Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA)
measured by the equation (1).
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RaSCAw = WSPC + WEC + WVC (1)

RaSCAw is weighted Rail Safety Costs Allocation
WSPC is weighted Safety Prevention Costs
WEC is weighted Employer Costs
WVC is weighted Victim Costs
Weighted Safety Prevention Costs (SPCw) equation is given as:
PCw = ASPC (W1α1 )

(2)
Where:
ASPC is average safety prevention costs
W1α1 is weighted construction period
The weighted Employer Costs (ECw) equation is given as:
ECw = AEC (W1α1 + W2α2)

2
(3)
Where:
AEC is average employer costs
W1α1 is weighted day of stop work order
W2α2 is weighted accident classification
The weighted for Victim Costs (VCw) equation is given as:
VCw = AVC (W1α1 + W2α2)

2
(4)
Where:
AVC is average victim costs
W1α1 is weighted day of medical leave
W2α2 is weighted day of hospital admission
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CONCLUSIONS
This paper provides a safety cost estimation method to calculate the safety costs allocation
required by the client and the accident costs incurred to the employer (contractor) and victim
(worker) when an accident occurred at the site. It based on a theoretical approach that
classifies these costs in two categories, i.e. direct and indirect costs based on the different cost
bearers, which are employer and victim. The Rail Safety Costs Allocation (RaSCA)
Calculator proposed as a method of estimating the cost components for each stakeholder
involved in the urban rail infrastructure projects. The reliable method in estimation of those
costs can help client, employers and victims to internalise the importance of safety measures
from an economic managerial perspective, and to locate the items that require investment in
safety measures for strategic safety investment plan.
REFERENCES
Asan, A. (n.d.). Developing an Accident Causation Model for Accident Prevention At
Building Construction Sites.
Davies, N. e Teasdale, P. (1994). The costs to the British economy of work accidents and
work-related ill health, Health and Safety Executive. Health and Safety Executive.
De Rus, G. (2011). The BCA of HSR: Should the Government Invest in High-Speed Rail
Infrastructure? Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis, 2(1), Article 2.
Fellows, R., & Liu, A. (2008). Research Methods for Construction (3rd Editio). United
Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell.
Feng, Y., Teo, E. A. L., Ling, F. Y. Y., & Low, S. P. (2014). Exploring the interactive effects
of safety investments, safety culture and project hazard on safety performance: An empirical
analysis. International Journal of Project Management, 32(6), 932–943.
Feng, Y., Zhang, S., & Wu, P. (2015). Factors influencing workplace accident costs of
building projects. Safety Science.
Goestsch, D. L. (2013). Construction Safety and Health (Second). New Jersey, USA: Pearson
Education.
Jallon, R., Imbeau, D., & De Marcellis-Warin, N. (2011). Development of an indirect-cost

calculation model suitable for workplace use. Journal of Safety Research, 42(3), 149–164.
López-Alonso, M., Ibarrondo-Dávila, M. P., Rubio-Gámez, M. C., & Munoz, T. G. (2013).

The impact of health and safety investment on construction company costs. Safety Science,
60, 151–159.
Pellicer, E., Carvajal, G. I., Rubio, M. C., & Catalá, J. (2014). A method to estimate
occupational health and safety costs in construction projects. KSCE Journal of Civil
Engineering, 18(7), 1955–1965.
Yong, H. K. (2017). Infrastructure Financing in Malaysia. Nomura Journal of Asian Capital

Markets, 1(2), 26–30.
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IPOMOEA CRUNCHY CRUNCH CEREAL
Nurul Fardila Abd Razak, Nurashikin A Ridzuan,Siti ’Atikah Rusli, Derweanna Bah Simpong
and Harnidah Samengon
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu. Kelantan
E.mail : fardila.ar@umk.edu.my
Abstract: Expanding admission of leafy foods, while diminishing the measure of trans fat and
sugar utilization is individuals' primary objective. Sweet potatoes give a fantastic sustenance
that contains here are many antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals. Preliminary tests were
conducted with different levels of sugar within the permitted range to acquire better taste
advancement and cereal quality attributes indicated. Cereal was subjected to sensory
assessment on color, crumb color,, taste, smell, general appearance, mouth feel and general
adequacy utilizing five point hedonic scales. For the experiment, there is list of procedures
that are done to guarantee the validity of information collected.The greater part of specialist
(65%) demonstrates that they like somewhat of proto-sort result of Ipomoea Crunchy Crunch.
For examination procedure, the proto-type item is being tried to 23 specialists who are chosen
from postgraduate students, Faculty Hotel and Tourism, UiTM Shah Alam and being situated
in tester room and the questionnaire regarding on the product are being provided together with
the food sample. As a novice product Ipomea Crunchy Crunch has been selected as one of
innovation product in Research Carnival in Universiti Malaysia Kelantan for further research
and commercialization.
Keywords: ipomoea, sweet potatoes, low carb, healthy diet
INTRODUCTION
Background of the product
Exploration on consumption of food resources or edible by-products of food industries is a
promising alternative to address the aggravating world food problem prevailing in the
developing countries (Sharma, 2016). In today‘s society, health awareness is very important.
Increasing intake of fruits and vegetables, while decreasing the amount of trans fat and sugar
consumption is people‘s main goal. Sweet potatoes provide an excellent nutrition. There are
many antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals in the sweet potato. There have been several
studies that have shown the benefits of sweet potato in the prevention and improvement of
several conditions and diseases (Johnson, 2010). For example, the vitamin A/beta carotene
found in sweet potatoes has cancer-fighting abilities for many types of cancer. Other health
benefits of the sweet potato include its reputation as a top dog antioxidant.
The antioxidant properties in the sweet potato—from vitamins A & C—acts as an immune
booster to help keep people healthy (Crawford, 2009). It is also an important crop in tropical
countries. Production of sweet potato has increased in the Asian Country as well with their
health benefits, and the fact they are inexpensive and easy to prepare, sweet potatoes are
increasing in popularity (Hagenimana, 1999). Breakfast cereal can be defined as a food that
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eaten with milk, yogurt or water and it can be eaten cold or hot. According to National Heart
Foundation (2009), many breakfast cereal are relatively poor sources of dietary fiber and as
cereal – based product, they are expected to contribute fiber to diet. Increasing fiber and
reducing fat and sugar content will help reduce the energy density of breakfast cereal. This
innovative product will also contribute especially in helping the minority such as farmers.
Objectives
Having briefly introduced the product, the main objective of this study is:
1. To create a new product based on sweet potato ((Ipomoea batatas).
2. To produce new breakfast cereal which contain high fiber and vitamin A.
3. This innovative product will help poor farmers access higher value markets for sweet
potato which to increase incomes, and improve livelihoods.
Uniqueness of the product

1. This is a new product innovation made from natural plant extract which has not been
commercialized in or outside Malaysia
2. The product base sweet potato is widely available in Malaysia and rich in carotene and
antioxidant, high in dietary fiber, low calories with no preservative and no coloring.
3. This product can be commercialized in the market because it contains a lot of nutritional
value and suitable for those who are concerned with their health
METHODOLOGY
Sweet Potato was subjected to proximate analysis (AOAC, 1990). Preliminary tests were
conducted with different levels of sugar within the permitted range in order to obtain better
taste development and cereal quality characteristics specified. Cereal was subjected to sensory
evaluation on color, crumb color, taste, odor, overall appearance, mouth feel and overall
acceptability using five point hedonic scales (Watts et al., 1989).
Standardized Recipe of Ipomoea Crunchy Crunch
The following Table (1) are standardized recipe using for this product.
Yield :150 gm
Table 1
Orange-fleshed sweet potato
400 gm
Soft flour
150 gm
Corn flour
15 gm
Salt 2 ml @ 1/4tbsp
Barley powder (blend) 2 ml @ 1/8tbsp
Corn syrup 2tbsp
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Procedures
Product formulation
Ingredients Percentage (%)
Orange-fleshed sweet potato
70%
Soft flour
15%
Corn flour
10%
Barley powder (blend)
5%
Total 100%
Preference test
In this research process, the proto-type product is being tested to 23 panelists who are selected
from students of Master of food service management, Faculty Hotel and Tourism, UiTM Shah
Alam and being seated in tester room which in Mock Restaurant and the questionnaire
regarding on the product are being provided together with the food sample. For the
experiment, there is a list of procedures that are done to ensure the validity of data collected.
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The preferred test is conduct for this sensory evaluation to determine the acceptance of new
food product and the quality of the product. The score card is being developed which includes
instruction that need to be followed by the panelist. The example of score card as used in this
test as table (2) below :
Table 2: Score Card

Indicate your preference by ticking the box on the scale that reflects your acceptance.
Code: __________
Like Like Like Neither Dislike Dislike Dislike

very moderately slightly like nor slightly moderately very
much dislike much
Comment :__________________________________ __________________________
FINDINGS
Preference Test
Preference Test
like very much

9% 4% 22%
like moderately
like slightly
neither like nor dislike
65% dislike slighlty
dislike moderately
dislike very much
The majority of panelist (65%) indicates that they like slightly of prototype product of
Ipomoea Crunchy Crunch. This followed by like moderately (22%) and 9% shows that
preference of panelist is neither like nor dislike and dislike slightly.
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Statistical Analysis/Sensory/Consumer Evaluations
In term of colour, 30% of respondents indicate like, natural (26.7%) and strongly like (20%).
Other 16.7% of respondents indicate the Ipomoea crunchy crunch as slightly like and only
6.7% indicate as dislike.
Taste
Strongly dislike
4%0%4%
13% 9% dislike moderately
18% dislike slightly
neutral
12, 52%
like slightly
like moderately
strongly like
Almost 13% of respondents indicate they like slightly the taste of sweet potato while, 13%
of respondent respond that they like moderately and strongly like the taste. 18% is
indicating neutral. This followed by dislike slightly (9%), and dislike moderately (8%).
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In term of the crunchiness, most of the respondents agreed (98%) that Ipomoea Crunchy
Crunch are nearly most crunch only 2% didn‘t agreed with the softness texture of the
resulting.
CONCLUSION
Half of the respondents (50%) indicate that overall they slightly like Ipomoea Crunchy crunch
and another 20% of respondents like moderately and strongly like this product. This followed
by natural (16.7%). Both slightly dislike and dislike moderately is similar comprising 6.7%
Limitation
Packaging is very important for marketing strategy to glamorize the product in order to attract
the consumer’s attention. Sometimes packaging is so important that it cost more than the
product itself in order to lure the consumers to buy it. Most consumers judge a product by its
packaging before buying. The limitation for this product is selecting the right packaging that
maintains the crunchiness of the product.
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REFERENCES
Antia, B.S., E.J. Akpan, P.A. Okon, and I.U. Umoren. 2006. Nutritive and anti-nutritive
evaluation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) leaves. Pakistan J. Nutr. 2: 166-168.
Chau, C. F., & Huang, Y. L. (2003). Comparison of the chemical composition and
physicochemical properties of different fibres prepared from peel of Citrus sinensis L-Cv.
Liucheng. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 2615–2618.
Duke, J.A. 1998. Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Purdue University. 10 Oct. 2009.
Hagenimana, V., M.A. Oyunga, J. Low, S.M. Njoroge, S.T. Gichuki, J. Kabira. 1999.
The effects of women farmer‘s adoption of orange-fleshed sweet potatoes: raising vitamin A
intake in Kenya. Washington, D.C.: Intl. Ctr. Res. on Women. Res. Rpt. Ser. 3.
Heredia, A., Jimeńez, A., Fernańdez-Bolan˜ os, J., Guilleń, R., & Rodrı´- guez, R. (2002).
Fibra alimentaria. Madrid: Biblioteca de Ciencias.
Jaarsveld, P.J., M. Faber, S.A. Tanumihardjo, P. Nestel, C.J. Lombard, and A.J. Spinnler-
Benade. 2005. β-Carotene-rich orange-fleshed sweet potato improves the vitamin A status of
primary school children assessed with the modified-relative-dose-response test. Am J Clin
Nutr. 81: 1080-1087.
Kemper Center for Home Gardening. 2009. Ipomoea batatas. Missouri Botanical Garden. 10
Oct. 2009.
Lo, G. S. (1989). Nutritional and physical properties of dietary fibre from soybean seeds.
Cereal Foods World, 34, 530–533.
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3D INTERACTIVE MAP USING DEM EXTRACTION

FROM UAV IMAGERY OF UITM PERLIS.
Sharifah Norashikin Bohari1,2, Ain Uzzairah Amran2, Mohamad Faris Jamain2, Muhammad
Hafizi4 and Muhammad Haziq Muzaini2
1
Green Environment & Technology (GREENTech) Research Group,
2
Centre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
E-mail: ashikin10@uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The process of production of 3D interactive map using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle is
one of method that is modern and time efficient in terms of acquiring data of 3D model
building. The UAV photogrammetry gives various application including replace conventional
aerial photogrammetry as well as controlled aircraft without pilot. 3D modelling
reconstruction can be produced after measurement is made on the dimension of the object, the
captured image of the object on the ground or the captured image from aerial photogrammetry
of any object such as building. The two techniques to produce 3D model generation which are
terrestrial close range (aerial photogrammetry) and close range photogrammetry whereas the
three method to construct 3D model which are sketching method where no achieve
engineering requirement, procedural method only for expert and CRP method at small area.
Three dimensional simulation and virtual reality are combination required to established 3D
model. The objective of this paper are to produce 3D interactive map of UITM Perlis. The
software used as for flight mission planning are DJI GS Pro and for processing to produce 3D
model are using Agisoft Photoscan and Google Earth Pro. This study consists of four phases
which are preliminary research, data acquisition, data processing and result and analysis. The
combined of two vertical and oblique picture will produced very good result of 3D model.
DSM, DTM, contour line are example of 3D result that produced automatically using
software. It found that create maps on the fly could let a drone use a technique called
simultaneous localization and mapping, or SLAM, which ground-based robots often use to
orient themselves in unfamiliar environments.
Keywords: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, 3D model building, close range photogrammetry,

aerial photogrammetry, Digital Terrain Modelling.
INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, photogrammetry has been included as one of the technique for surveying
land, mapping and military purposes. According to Mohd Nasir & Tahar (2017),
photogrammetry is used for production of topographic map since 1930s as well as production
of 3D model or DEM, DTM. Any expensive map or conventional process in making map has
been inactively produced due to the great impact of existing 3D model. The conventional
method of producing 3D modelling require long duration of work and costly in terms of
acquiring data of 3D model building. Therefore, the process of production of 3D interactive
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map of UITM Perlis is discussed on this paper. The objective of this paper are to produce 3D
interactive map of UITM Perlis. This study consists of four phases which are preliminary
research, data acquisition, data processing and result and analysis. 3D modelling
reconstruction can be produced after measurement is made on the dimension of the object, the
captured image of the object on the ground, or the captured image from aerial
photogrammetry of any object such as building. There are two techniques to produce 3D
model generation which are terrestrial close range (aerial photogrammetry) and close range
photogrammetry whereas the three method to construct 3D model which are sketching
method where no achieve engineering requirement, procedural method only for expert and
CRP method at small area (Mohd Nasir & Tahar, 2017). Three dimensional simulation and
virtual reality are combination required to established 3D model. The combined of two
vertical and oblique picture can produced very good result of 3D model (Bertram & Bock,
2014). DSM, DTM, contour line, etc are example of 3D result and can be produced automated
using software (Remondino et al., 2011). The result obtained will be 3D interactive map in
Google Earth Pro.
METHODOLOGY
This study consists of four phases which are preliminary research, data acquisition, data
processing and result and analysis. In the first phase focus on reconnaissance where the site is
located include site information, site selection and also software selection. So this study select
UITM Perlis as site selection because there have various building with different height and
shape. The software used as for flight mission planning are DJI GS Pro and for processing to
produce 3D model are using Agisoft Photoscan and Google Earth Pro. Next, the second phase
is the data acquisition. This phase reviews data that required to process from the start to
produce the interactive map. In this paper, the UAV imagery is captured by using drone, DJI
Phantom 3 Advanced. The UAV imagery is needed to reconstruct 3D modelling of the UiTM
building in Perlis. Third phase is data processing where the 3D model is required for
producing 3D interactive map in Google Earth Pro. The step to produce 3D model are image
masking, image align, image dense cloud, image mesh and image texture. The result obtained
will be 3D interactive map in Google Earth Pro as shown in Findings.
FINDINGS
Essentially, the end result proved the different between 3D model and 3D graphics. İn 3D
graphics, the result is a 2D rendering of a 3D image or animation, like a photo or object. İn
3D modelling, it is a technical file that can be used as creating tangible object such as how the
building be built and how it looks like once it has been built using 3D modelling and
rendering. The result shown are as Figure 1 and Figure 2 which shows the 3D building of
Academic Height and HEP of UiTM Perlis respectively. The final output in this study are 3D
model interactive map of UiTM Perlis building with attached building’s name on Google
Earth Software.
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Figure 1. 3D building of Academic Height of UiTM Perlis
Figure 2. 3D building of HEP of UiTM Perlis
CONCLUSIONS
İn this study, the alternative that used UAV as the mechanisme tool to produce the 3D
interactive map of building were became easier and fast result obtained. The study also
revealed that the structure of the UiTM Perlis buildings were 3D modelled without using too
much manpower. The suggestion for improving in the future study is choose the early
morning or late evening to capturing image because those time were resulting the good
images of the ground. Besides, the gimbal condition also helpful in order to maintain the
position of camera while UAV in unstable and sway condition.
REFERENCES
Bertram, T. T., & Bock, T. T. (2014). Generation the 3D Model Building by using the
Quadcopter, (Isarc).
Daftry, S., Hoppe, C., & Bischof, H. (2015). Building with Drones: Accurate 3D Facade
Reconstruction using MAVs. Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Automation, 2015–June(June), 3487–3494. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2015.7139681
Mohd Nasir, N. H., & Tahar, K. N. (2017). 3D Model Generation From Uav: Historical
Mosque (Masjid Lama Nilai). ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLII-2/W6(September), 251–255.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-2-W6-251-2017
Remondino, F., Barazzetti, L., Nex, F., Scaioni, M., & Sarazzi, D. (2011). UAV
Photogrammetry for Mapping and 3D Modeling–Current Status and Future Perspectives. The
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International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information

Sciences, 38–1/C22, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXVIII-1-C22-25-2011
Xie, F., Lin, Z., Gui, D., & Lin, H. (2012). Study on Construction of 3D Building Based on
Uav Images. ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and
Spatial Information Sciences, XXXIX-B1(September), 469–473.
https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-469-2012
Yamazaki, F., Matsuda, T., Denda, S., & Liu, W. (2015). Construction of 3D Models of
Buildings Damaged by Earthquakes Using UAV Aerial Images. Proceedings of the Tenth
Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering Building an Earthquake-Resilient Pacific,
2015(August 2016).
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HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORE INDUCTION LIQUID

SPAWN OF GREY OYSTER MUSHROOM
Zarina Zakaria,*, Nur Zatul ‘Iffah Zakaria , Low Jia Zhen and Chong Shi Fern
Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
Campus UniCITI Alam, 02100 Padang Besar, Perlis
E-mail: zarinaz@unimap.edu.my
Abstract: In mushroom industry, grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius) is

commonly cultivated by using solid spawn. In the present study, liquid spawn is proposed as
an alternative to replace solid spawn because solid spawn takes longer time for mycelium run
in the bag and the final yield is low. Liquid spawn was prepared by culturing spawn in Potato
Dextrose Broth while solid spawn was prepared by culturing spawn in grains. This study aims
to investigate the growth kinetics and morphology of P. pulmonarius on sawdust substrate by
liquid spawn and comparison was made with solid spawn which act as control. Screening of
parameters variables was performed using OFAT to determine the effect of the parameters on
the mycelial growth rate and morphology. The parameters studied were seed culture storage
condition, seed culture storage period and liquid spawn inoculum volume. The storage
condition was set at cold 4 C and ambient 25 C2 C, while the storage period used was 1, 2
and 3 months. As for the inoculum volume used was 3ml, 5ml and 7ml. From these
parameters, they were arranged into 18 combinations. From the findings, it was discovered
that the seed culture stored at 4°C for 1 month with 7ml of liquid spawn inoculum volume
demonstrated the highest mycelial growth rate (0.3946 cm/day) and highest average weight of
fruiting bodies (123.0 g). Also, the average diameter of caps (12.6 cm) yield from this spawn
is the highest. Besides, liquid spawn took only 48 days for complete spawn run while solid
spawn took 57 days for complete spawn run. Hence, liquid spawn has the potential to be
commercialized for the advantages it has over solid spawn, for instance, shorter spawn run
period and higher yield.
Keywords: Grey Oyster Mushroom, Liquid Spawn, Solid Spawn
INTRODUCTION
Demands for mushroom have shown a significant increment since 1990s due to the benefits it
possesses. In a recent survey, it reported that the market for mushroom had a value of $35
billion in 2015 and is expected to continue growing by 9.2% from 2016 to 2021 to achieve
$60 billion in 2021 (Rudolf, 2016). Among the mushrooms, Pleurotus or oyster mushrooms is
one of the most popular edible mushrooms preferred by the consumers worldwide. It has been
the second highly cultivated mushroom worldwide (27%) just after Agaricus bisporus (30%)
in 2010 (Hoa, Wang, & Wang, 2015; Sánchez, 2010).
Commercially, the common mushroom spawn use for grey oyster mushroom cultivation is
solid spawn and produce by using tissue culture technique (Abdullah, Ismail, Johari, &
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Annuar, 2013). However, solid spawn will require longer growth period and is easier to be
contaminated (Abdullah et al., 2013; Confortin et al., 2008). The storage period for solid
spawn in ambient condition is limited to a month only and has to discharge if exceeded this
period. While, using tissue culture technique had also caused several problems to mushroom
cultivators such as uncontrolled genetic variation during uncontrolled multiple subcultures
obtain, time consuming, and high percentage of contamination.
Therefore, a solution is proposed, which is using combination of tissue culture technique and
induce sporulation technique to produce induce sporulation liquid spawn cultivation for the
production of P. pulmonarius liquid spawn. It is believed that induce sporulation liquid spawn
would enable higher yield production, better or uniform mycelial biomass followed by
uniform mycelial dispersion with low contamination, hence promoting higher growth rate.
Also, liquid inoculum of the species would colonize the substrate easier and faster, reducing
the risk of contamination.
Yet, there are still insufficient studies regarding the cultivation of P. pulmonarius from using
induce sporulation liquid spawn on sawdust substrate. For instance, the parameters that will
influence the liquid spawn growth on the sawdust substrate, such as the storage condition of
seed culture, storage period of seed culture or the volume of induced liquid spawn use. Also,
although previous study has investigated that spawn storing for shorter period will give higher
yield, yet the exact period for maximum yield is unclearly stated. Apart from that, there are
lacks of significant study regarding the suitable spawn volume of P. pulmonarius to be added
to the sawdust substrate, which is going to be studied here.
METHODOLOGY
Media Preparation
Potato Dextrose Agar and Potato Dextrose Broth were used in this study. The stress media
used was D-glucose soluble starch medium. D-glucose soluble starch media will be act as
stress medium to induce spore in this study (Zakaria et al., 2018).
Substrate Bags Preparation

Sawdust was mixed with rice bran and calcium carbonate in the ratio of 100:10:1 [10], with
the addition of water to moisten the mixture. The mixed medium was filled into autoclavable
polypropylene bags of sizes 6 x 9 inch. The substrate bags were autoclaved for 15 minutes at
121°C under 101.5kPa prior to inoculation with liquid spawn.
Mycelium Culture Preparation by Tissue Culture Technique

Mature fruit bodies of grey oyster mushroom were harvested at day 2 after they emerged from
the substrate bag. The freshly harvested fruit bodies were sterilized using 70% ethanol. The
fruit bodies were dissected in aseptic condition to obtain its deep tissue by using a scalper
which had been prior autoclaved. Tissue of fruit bodies of size around 2cm length and
thickness was inoculated onto the prepared PDA medium. The petri dishes were incubated in
dark at 27°C for about 2 weeks’ time.
Hyphae Fragments Harvesting

After the complete colonization of mycelium on PDA agar, hyphae fragments were collected
from the mycelium in a laminar flow hood. 5ml of sterile 0.85% saline containing 0.01%
tween 80 as detergent was added to PDA medium. A pre-autoclaved loop was used to
dislodge the hyphae fragments from the surface of PDA medium into the saline solution.
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Inoculation of Hyphae Fragment in Stress Media

The hyphae fragment suspension was transferred into 100ml of the prepared stress media in a
250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Subsequently, the culture was incubated in the dark at 27°C for 1
week in an incubator with static condition.
Preparation of Liquid Spawn (Collection and Purification of chlamydospore)

10ml of the spore suspension in stress media was centrifuged at 3000rpm for 25 minutes. The
precipitate was discarded and 5ml of the supernatant was pipetted into the 100ml of
previously prepared PDB. The culture was incubated in the dark at 27°C for two weeks. The
liquid spawn were inoculated onto the sawdust substrate bag prepared with 3 different
volumes (3ml, 5ml, and 7ml). The inoculated bags were kept at 23-25°C in a dark air-
conditioned room of 50-60% relative humidity until fully mycelium had been covered
substrate. After this spawn run process, the bags were transferred into a mushroom house with
the relative humidity of 85-90% at 28-30°C.
Preparation of Solid Spawn (Control)

For solid spawn, corn grain was used as substrate. The grain was filled into a sterilizable and
autoclavable bag covered with plastic cork and was autoclaved for 15 minutes at 121°C under
101.5kPa. After that, the grain was allowed to cool overnight and was inoculated with
mycelium culture grown on 8.5cm diameter of agar media. The solid spawn was stored under
27°C ambient condition until the grain was fully covered with mycelium within two weeks of
incubation. The solid spawn was inoculated into the substrate bags that were prepared earlier.
Evaluation on the Kinetic Growth Rate of Mycelium

The mycelium growth kinetic was measured in terms of the mycelium growth length within
the substrate bags. The mycelium growth length was measured every three days and the data
was used in growth kinetic analysis of the performance of liquid spawn colonization on
sawdust substrate under different factors combination. In this study, General Linear Model
(GLM) was applied to investigate the growth rate for the parameters combination.
General Linear Model:

Y = mX + C. (1)
where Y is the y-axis variable, X is the x-axis variable, m is the gradient of line and C is the
y-intercept.
For GLM to be applied for mycelium growth from liquid spawn on substrate bags, a graph of
length colonized by mycelium against time interval was plotted. Following, the reading from
the log phase or exponential phase as shown from the growth curve plotted was linearized
into the GLM and hence the gradient of the linear line depicted the growth rate (Guadarrama-
Mendoza et al., 2014). The unit for y-axis was usually cm while the x-axis was the time
interval usually in days.
Analyze on Growth Morphology of Grey Oyster Mushroom

Lastly, the growth morphology of grey oyster mushroom was studied. The fruit body
morphology was analyzed 3 days after the fruit bodies emerged from the substrate bag
opening. The studied morphology was the weight of fruiting bodies harvested.
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FINDINGS
Evaluation on the Kinetic Growth Rate of Mycelium on Sawdust Substrate Bags
The mycelium growth shows standard growth curve which compose of lag phase, log phase
or exponential phase, deceleration phase and stationary phase, showing remarkable change
every three days. Lag phase took place during slow growth of mycelium, while exponential
phase took place during rapid growth condition. As for deceleration phase, the growth slowed
down and stationary phase showed no growth. From then, the growth rates are tabulated and
compared critically between different combinations of conditions for the liquid spawn.
In overall, the liquid spawn prepared with seed culture stored at 4°C for 1 month had the
shortest lag phase which was only 3 days and entered the exponential phase after day 3 upon
inoculation. Conversely, liquid spawn of other conditions such as the seed culture stored at
4°C for 2 months as well as seed culture stored in ambient for 1 and 2 months took at least 6
days up to 15 days of slow growth in lag phase before entering exponential phase. For the
seed culture stored at 4°C for 3 months, it took 9 to 24 days before entering the exponential
phase while the seed culture stored in ambient for 3 months took 18 to 24 days before
entering exponential phase, which is the longest out of all conditions.
In terms of the time used, seed culture stored at 4°C for 1 month with liquid spawn inoculum
volume 7ml utilized 48 days to finish colonizing the substrate bags, which was the fastest
compared to all other conditions. As compared to solid spawn, it utilized 57 days for the
mycelium to complete colonizing the substrate bags. In order to harvest fruiting bodies, bags
colonized by liquid spawn took 4 to 7 days to form fruiting bodies while bags colonized by
solid spawn took 7 to 10 days to form fruiting bodies. This has validated the study of Roshita
et al in 2015 where grey oyster mushroom takes around 59 to 97 days to fully colonize a
standard substrate bag until fruiting since the mushroom species has larger pileus size and
takes longer time to harvest (Ibrahim, Yasin, Arshad, & Hasan, 2015). Hence, it was studied
that liquid spawn took shorter time for complete spawn run than solid spawn.
Table 1. Tabulation of data for growth rates of solid and liquid spawns.
Conditions of Liquid Spawns Mycelium Growth Rates (cm/day)
Seed Culture: 4°C, 1 month, 3ml 0.3838
Seed Culture: Ambient, 1 month, 3ml 0.3617
Seed Culture: Ambient, 2 months, 7ml 0.3656
Solid Spawn (Control) 0.3567
As reflected from Table 1, the range of the growth rates is within 0.3 to 0.4 cm/day. By using
OFAT method to analyze the results of the findings, it is observed that the growth rates of the
mycelium increases when the volume of liquid spawn used increases while keeping the
storage temperature and storage period constant. This has verified the statement where low
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volume of inoculum is insufficient to initiate the growth or causes slow growth of mycelium
in the substrate (Bellettini et al., 2015; Sabu, Pandey, Jaafar Daud, & Szakacs, 2005).
However, concentration above limit will lead to rapid depletion of nutrients and reduce
metabolic activity (Bellettini et al., 2015; Patel, Gupte, & Gupte, 2009). Yet, from the study,
7ml inoculum volume shows better growth rate than 3ml and 5ml, which means that 7ml is
not the limit yet and is a suitable inoculum volume used to cultivate P. pulmonarius on
sawdust substrate.
As in terms of the effect of storage period of seed culture, by keeping the storage temperature
and volume constant, the seed culture kept for shorter period shows higher rate of mycelium
growth. In contrast, seed culture kept for longer period such as 3 months shows lower
mycelium growth rate. This has validated the finding of Sobieralski et al. (2007) where seed
culture storing for shorter period will conserve the culture quality as long storage period will
cause insufficient aeration in the culture and disturb the metabolic process of the culture.
For the effect of temperature, by keeping the storage period and inoculum volume at constant,
seed culture stored at 4°C depicts higher growth rate in compare with the seed culture from
ambient condition. This finding is compatible with the finding of Kaur et al. in 2011, where
mushroom cultures of Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus florida, discovering low temperature
favored the fungal culture growth before spawning (Kaur, Dhanda, Sodhi, Kapoor, & Khanna,
2011). Study conducted by Sobieralski and Salwin (2006) also proved the statement where
cold temperature allows the freshness quality of the culture while ambient condition will
decrease the spawn quality over time.
Effect of Parameters on Fruiting Bodies

Overall, there are no certain parameters out of the three parameters studied being dominant in
determining the morphology properties of fruiting bodies. Often, the highest mycelium
growth rate and average weight of fruiting bodies are prioritizing in determining the
efficiency of the spawning method. Hence, it could be stated that seed culture stored in 4°C
for 1 month gave higher yield harvest than the other conditions and including the solid spawn.
Figure 1. Average weight of fruiting bodies under different conditions.
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Comparison of Solid Spawn and Liquid Spawn
Table 2. Comparison of solid and liquid spawn.

Solid Spawn (4-5 g) Liquid Spawn (Seed culture: 4C for
1 month with 7ml inoculum
volume)
Mycelium Growth Rate 0.3567 cm/day 0.3946 cm/day
Average Weight of Fruiting 99.2 ± 4.413 g 123.0 ± 3.980g
Bodies
Period for complete Spawn Run 57 ± 3 days 48 ± 3 days
Table 2 demonstrates the comparison between solid and liquid spawn in terms of the
mycelium growth rate, average weight of fruiting bodies for morphology study and period for
complete spawn run. The liquid spawn used for comparison was seed culture stored at 4°C for
1 month with 7ml inoculum volume of liquid spawn since it showed the highest performance
among the liquid spawn under different conditions. Overall, liquid spawn was preferred over
solid spawn since it had higher mycelium growth rate, higher average weight of fruiting
bodies and shorter period for complete spawn run.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, seed culture stored at 4°C for a month with 7ml inoculum volume of liquid
spawn is the most influenced parameters and it depicted the highest growth rate and shortest
lag phase in the growth curve. The time taken for complete spawn run was only 48 days,
which was faster than the solid spawn run duration which took up to 57 days. In compare of
the three parameters used, by depending on the growth rates of mycelium, the storage
condition was the dominant parameter as it gave highest effect to the mycelium growth rate.
This was followed by storage period and inoculum volume. For morphology study, seed
culture stored at 4°C condition for 1 month with liquid spawn of 7ml inoculum volume had
the highest yield harvested, which was 123g. Compared to the control, the average yield
harvested was only 99.2g. Average yield was used to determine the efficiency of a parameters
condition since the number of caps, cap diameter and length of stipe may differ upon
fluctuation in the environment condition or in terms of the competition between the fruiting
bodies.
REFERENCES
Abdullah, N., Ismail, R., Johari, N. M. K., & Annuar, M. S. M. (2013). Production of liquid
spawn of an edible grey oyster mushroom, Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) by submerged
fermentation and sporophore yield on rubber wood sawdust. Scientia Horticulturae, 161, 65–
69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.06.026
Bellettini, M. B., Fiorda, F. A., Maieves, H. A., Teixeira, G. L., A´vila, S., Hornung, P. S..
Rosemary, H. R. (2015). Factors affecting mushroom Pleurotus spp. Saudi Journal of
Biological Sciences, 85(3), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.06.024
Confortin, F. G., Marchetto, R., Bettin, F., Camassola, M., Salvador, M., & Dillon, A. J. P.
(2008). Production of Pleurotus sajor-caju strain PS-2001 biomass in submerged culture.
Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 35(10), 1149.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-008-0394-x
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Guadarrama-Mendoza, P. C., Valencia del Toro, G., Ramírez-Carrillo, R., Robles-Martínez,

F., Yáñez-Fernández, J., Garín-Aguilar, M. E., Bravo-Villa, G. (2014). Morphology and
mycelial growth rate of Pleurotus spp. strains from the Mexican mixtec region. Brazilian
Journal of Microbiology, 45(3), 861–872. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-
83822014000300016
Hoa, H. T., Wang, C. L., & Wang, C. H. (2015). The effects of different substrates on the
growth, yield, and nutritional composition of two oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus and
Pleurotus cystidiosus). Mycobiology, 43(4), 423–434.
https://doi.org/10.5941/MYCO.2015.43.4.423
Ibrahim, R., Yasin, N. F. L., Arshad, A. M., & Hasan, S. M. Z. S. (2015). The growth and
post harvest performances of different species of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus spp.) cultivated
on sawdust and oil palm frond. Malaysian Applied Biology, 44(1), 75–82.
Kaur, L., Dhanda, S., Sodhi, H. S., Kapoor, S., & Khanna, P. K. (2011). Storage and
Preservation of Temperate Mushroom Cultures, Agaricus Bisporusand, Pleurotus Florida.
Indian Journal of Microbiology, 51(2), 234–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0152-z
Patel, H., Gupte, A., & Gupte, S. (2009). Effect of different culture conditions and inducers
on production of laccase by a basidiomycete fungal isolate Pleurotus ostreatus HP-1 under
solid state fermentation. BioResources, 4(1), 268–284.
https://doi.org/10.15376/BIORES.4.1.268-284
Sabu, A., Pandey, A., Jaafar Daud, M., & Szakacs, G. (2005). Tamarind seed powder and
palm kernel cake: Two novel agro residues for the production of tannase under solid state
fermentation by Aspergillus niger ATCC 16620. Bioresource Technology, 96(11), 1223–
1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.11.002
Sánchez, C. (2010). Cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus and other edible mushrooms. Applied
Microbiology and Biotechnology, 85(5), 1321–1337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-009-
2343-7
Sobieralski, K., & Salwin, M. (2006). Effect of Spawn Storage at the Temperature of Liquid
Nitrogen of Four Strains of Field Mushroom Agaricus Bisporus (LANGE) Imbach on its
Growth and Pinhead Setting. Roczniki Akademii Rolniczej W Poznaniu, 40, 43–51.
Sobieralski, K., Salwin, M., & Sas-Golak, I. (2007). Effect of the Method of Spawn Storage
of Selected Strains of Field Mushroom Agaricus Bisporus (Lange) Imbach on Yielding in
Conditions of Commercial Cultivation. Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 1(8), 1–7.
Zakaria, Z., Mohd Shayuti, S. A., & Mohd Ishak, M. A. (2018). Growth Kinetic Analysis of
Grey Oyster Mushroom ( Pleurotus Pulmonarious ) Spore Induction Spawn from Various
Preservation Treatments. World Azademy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Bioengineering and Life Sciences, 12(5), 178.
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SPEEDAR: ARITHMETIC DRILL VIA RACING GAME
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain1,*, Razuan Harmy Bin Johar1, Aslina Baharum2, Ismassabah Ismail1,
Siti Rahayu Abdul Aziz1, Anita Mohd Yasin1, Azlan Abdul Aziz1,
1
Faculty Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University Technology MARA (UiTM),
Cawangan Melaka, Kampus Jasin, 77300 Merlimau, Melaka, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS)
Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: nurulmz@fskm.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Arithmetic is the oldest branch of Mathematics which consists the study of
numbers, specifically the properties of the basic traditional operations. According to the
previous study, most of the users agree that Mathematics subject is a hard subject and there is
lack of enjoyment in practicing arithmetic drills. Therefore, we develop enjoyable arithmetic
drills via racing games and we named as a Need for Speed Arithmetic (SpeedAr). The
SpeedAr game was implemented Rapid Application Development (RAD) approach as it
provides stable and faster design and development process which is appropriate in developing
the game. We evaluate the user’s enjoyment while playing SpeedAr game using adapted
EGameFlow Model. The findings suggest the combination of gaming element with arithmetic
drills in the Mathematics subject produced the enjoyment experience in learning process.
Keywords: arithmetic drill, racing game, enjoyment, EGameFlow Model
INTRODUCTION
Arithmetic is the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics. It consists of the study
of numbers, especially the properties of the basic traditional operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. Arithmetic is an elementary part of number theory.
The number theory is one of the top-level divisions of modern mathematics, along with
algebra, geometry and analysis. The terms arithmetic and higher arithmetic used until the
beginning of the 20th century as synonyms for number theory and are sometimes still used to
refer to a wider part of number theory (Atiyah, 2016). Arithmetic taught to the students at a
very young age to get them to know the numbers and developing the love towards it. Even at
every stage of a person’s life, arithmetic still involves in their everyday life routines such as
counting the prices of an item, paying the bills and planning the expenditure of money on
needs.
The scope of this project covers the arithmetic syllabus of 10 years old student. This age of
group corresponds to the standard four primary school in Malaysia. The students will learn
the basic arithmetic operations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
The aim of the project aims is to incorporate an element of enjoyable in sharpening their
arithmetic skills and thereby cultivate the interest in the Mathematics subject. According to
Cojocariu & Boghian, (2014), game-based learning can stimulate a positive attitude towards
learning and develop memory skills, along with its potential to link learners and help them
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build self-constructed learning. Since students are having the lack of enjoyment while doing
mathematical questions or exercises, game-based learning incorporates both element of
learning and enjoyment into one single design.
The reason of involving drill task through racing game is the racing nature itself. The nature
of racing is to be the fastest to reach the main objective. Racing is a competition of speed,
against an objective criterion, usually a clock or to a specific point. The competitors in a race
tries to complete a given task in the shortest amount of time. Typically, this involves
traversing some distance, but it can be any other task involving speed to reach a specific goal.
Linking racing game and arithmetic drill could be appropriate because both have the same
main objective, which is to be fast. By developing racing game, it will create adrenaline and
momentum to the student or children to solve the problem fast when reaching to the
arithmetic questions.
METHODOLOGY
Rapid changes in marketplace has encouraged every business to search for new opportunities.
Sometimes, the opportunities take short time and require highly cost. For business to survive,
the organization or businesses must efficient in taking particular opportunities. Therefore,
RAD (Rapid Application Development) methodology is extremely helpful method to make
the project successful in a short time, high quality and lower cost. Martin, (1991) stated that
RAD is a software lifecycle, which develop software faster, achieving better results and has
maximum advantage of recent advances.
The objective of RAD is fast development and high quality system at low delivering cost
(Dahiya, 2010). Iterative development and prototypes construction were involved in RAD
processes. Berger & Beynon‐ Davies, (2009) stated RAD was focused on prototyping and
user involvement and in RAD, the phases were compressed into a short sequence and iterative
development cycles. Iterative concept encourages effectiveness and self-correcting because
each increment was refined and improved. RAD categorized into two types which is intensive
and non-intensive forms (Berger & Beynon‐ Davies, 2009). A non-intensive way refers as
system development time were spread over a number a month while intensive ways refers as
system development time were reduced within a short timeframe.
As shows in Figure 1, the flow of the methodology starts in requirements planning. This is the
phase where all the collected information about the project will be gathered from various
sources like article, journal, online journal, online news and book. All requirements were
analyzed and the problems occur are solved using selected method. Then, the process flows to
user design phase. In this phase, interactive process happens as well as models and prototypes
were developed which represents all system processes, input and outputs. Construction phase
is a phase for project development. User continue to participate and can still suggest changes
or improvements for the project (Martin, 1991). Lastly, cutover or testing phase where the
user tests the project during this phase so that the project can be deployed.
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Figure 1. Rapid Application Development Model
RAD methodology is adapted in this project because of its flexibility to changes. It focusses
on problem with end user rather than developer’s technical problems. Identifying the
addressing flows early, especially performance limitations can reduce the cost to fix them
while the impact on the project schedule will be minimize. The biggest difference of RAD
with other models is the uses of prototypes. After a quick requirement-planning phase, users
will be presenting with a prototype application. Feedback from the user provides a loop to
improve or add functionality to the application.
FINDINGS
Upon the completion of the project, all the objectives were met. The SpeedAR arithmetic drill
successfully develop to help the standard four primary school students on their interest
towards Mathematics. There has been slight improvement on their level of interest towards
Mathematics subject especially when practicing the mental arithmetic of the basic operations
of Arithmetic. Thus, the development of this game gave impact on the students’ mental
arithmetic capability and critical thinking on numbers. The game made some improvement by
combining the technology and lesson compare to the traditional ways in learning
Mathematics. This combination has been widely used nowadays, because children are more
interested in technology rather than traditional ways in learning new things especially in
Mathematics. The objectives achievement of this project was determined based on the
evaluation of the users. The evaluation phase adapted EGameFlow Model (Fu, Su, & Yu,
2009) scale to evaluate regarding the enjoyment of this game.
The EGameFlow Model involved eight elements that contribute to enjoyment including
Concentration, Goal Charity, Feedback, Challenge, Control, Immersion, Social Interaction,
and Knowledge Improvement. Since this game was not involved with social interaction
elements, the elements excluded from the evaluation criteria. The total mean of all elements is
above average agreeability scale. The highest of total mean is Immersion element with 4.16.
This indicated that the game was contributed in encourages player immersion experience.
According to Fu et al., (2009), increment of the degree of immersion is one of the important
element that the learning tool provides student with form of enjoyment. The other element is
also above agreeability scale, which proves that the game complies with the rules of every
elements in EGameFlow model.
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CONCLUSIONS
Game-based learning is a very effective tool that is yet to be utilized to its full extend.
Education today works in a way that the knowledge is forced onto the learners instead of
creating a learning experience that they would enjoy and easy to remember. By creating
enjoyable experience in SpeedAR, learning process would be something the learners look
forward to instead of a dreading experience that most students remember school as. The
game-based learning is not limited to Mathematics subjects only but could also accommodate
Science, History, English andothers area. This has been proven countless time by different
medium and researches but yet to create a permanent impact in our society.
REFERENCES
Atiyah, M. F. (2016). Mathematics and the computer revolution. Izvestiya: Mathematics,
80(4), 637. Retrieved from http://stacks.iop.org/1064-5632/80/i=4/a=637
Berger, H., & Beynon‐Davies, P. (2009). The utility of rapid application development in
large‐scale, complex projects. Information Systems Journal, 19(6), 549–570.
Cojocariu, V.-M., & Boghian, I. (2014). Teaching the Relevance of Game-based Learning to
Preschool and Primary Teachers. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 142(February
2015), 640–646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.679
Dahiya, D. (2010). Enterprise systems development: impact of various software development

methodologies. In Software Engineering and Data Mining (SEDM), 2010 2nd International
Conference on (pp. 117–122). IEEE.
Fu, F. L., Su, R. C., & Yu, S. C. (2009). EGameFlow: A scale to measure learners’ enjoyment
of e-learning games. Computers and Education, 52(1), 101–112.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.07.004
Martin, J. (1991). Rapid Application Development. Indianapolis, IN, USA: Macmillan

Publishing Co., Inc.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
POPEEL LOOSE POWDER
Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim, Zainab Binti Razali, Nadhrah Binti Mohd Abd Nasir, Nurul
Amalina Binti Md Zemi, Nur Azyan Syahirah Muhd Fuad and Syaheerah Izaty Binti Supardi
Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis,
Malaysia
E-mail: nursyafiqahrahim@gmail.com
Abstract: There are abundant of cosmetics product that contains harmful substances such as
paraben, synthetic colours and carcinogenic ingredients. Therefore it is an urge to look into
alternative natural based cosmetics. PoPeel loose powder is a natural-based beauty loose
powder that has the goodness of plant-based ingredients. This product is created as make-up
tools for people with sensitive skin and has a skin problem. It also meant for people who are
concern of healthy skin care product and looking for alternative cosmetic that derived from
natural sources and have no harmful chemicals. PoPeel loose powder is created by using
natural substances with plant based ingredient without adding any harmful preservative and
chemicals. The main ingredients of this miracle powder consist of pomegranate peel powder.
It has been tested for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Allergic patch test was
conducted to test for allergic response in a person. Stability test on the product were tested to
assure its physical, chemical and microbiological stability. From the finding, the ingredients
that made up the PoPeel loose powder have shown to possess high antioxidant and
antibacterial properties. This product has given no allergic skin reaction and at the same time,
it is estimated to be stable at room temperature for long term storage. PoPeel loose powder is
also able to absorb excess oil that produced by skin. It is believed that this miracle face
powder can be a potential marketable cosmetic product in purpose of able to treat skin
problem such as sensitive, oily and acne prone skin. It is also might be able to fade off acne
scars in a natural way. Overall, this product free from any harmful substances and promoting
healthier skin.
Keywords: natural, poegranate peel, loose powder, cosmetic, sensitive skin
INTRODUCTION
In these days, makeup is a daily requirement basis for every person of any gender. However,
cosmetic is one of the main contributors to skin problems. Most of the cosmetics products in
market mainly consist of harmful substances such as paraben and carcinogenic ingredient that
will give a long-term side effect to the users. By sense of responsibilities, the alternative
towards the natural based cosmetics are being develop. PoPeel Loose Powder is a natural-
powder that is created as a make-up tool for people with sensitive skin and has a serious skin
problem. It also meant for people who are concern of healthy skin care and looking for
alternative cosmetic that derived from natural sources and has no harmful chemical. Therefore
to meet those needs, this product is created by natural substances which are plant-based
ingredients without adding any harmful preservative and chemicals. The shade of this loose
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Vol. 1(2018) 73-78
powder is naturally made of fruits pigment without any addition of artificial colouring agent.
As all ingredients are from natural based, PoPeel Loose Powder is suitable for Muslims as it
is totally Halal and does not contain any animal-based ingredients. This product is expected to
give no allergic skin reaction. After a month of keeping this product, it is estimated to be
stable in room temperature without any contamination and spoilage. The goodness of
pomegranate peel was added into the loose powder as the main ingredients as it shows to
possess high antioxidant and antibacterial activity. There are many benefits of pomegranate
peel towards skin such as help in reduce acne, folliculitis, allergic dermatitis as well as reduce
burn. In addition, pomegranate peel also known for their high nutrient composition such as
vitamins A, B6, C, E, folate, potassium and okalic acid (Amani et al., 2014). Not only for
skin, the nutritional value of pomegranate peels were also used since ancient times as anti-
helmintic, anti-tracheabronchitis, wound healing, ulcers, bruises, stomatitis, diarrhea, vaginitis
and against bleeding. Kanoun (2014) reported that antimicrobial of pomegranate peel were
demonstrated to inhibit pathogenic bacteria.
METHODOLOGY
The main ingredients of this product which is pomegranate peel have been tested for its
antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Oil absorption test will be conducted to shows it
capability to absorb extra sebum on skin. Allergic patch test will be conducted to test for
allergic response in a person. Stability test on the product will be tested to check for its
physical, chemical and microbiological stability.
Antioxidant test (DPPH test)

The extraction method of pomegranate powder was referred to Yamaguchi et al., (2000) with
slight modification. 1.5 ml of DPPH reagent was dissolved in 95% ethanol and mixed with
varying concentration of the extract (0.1 - 1.0mg/L). The mixture was shaken vigorously and
left to stand for 30 minutes in the dark at room temperature. The amount of DPPH remaining
was measured at 517 nm using UV- spectrophotometer. This activity was calculated as %
scavenging effect using the following equation:
Scavenging Effect (%) = [ 1- ( A sample/A control)] x 100
Antibacterial test (Agar Disc-diffusion Method)

The antibacterial activity of pomegranate peels extracts was tested using agar disc-diffusion
method. Muller Hinton agar was poured into petri dish and inoculated with the suspension
containing bacteria. Briefly, sterile paper discs was soaked with pomegranate peels extract
dissolved in distilled water and placed on the surface of agar plate. Gentamycin was used as
the positive control. The plates then were placed in an incubator at 37oC for 24 hours. The
diameter of the zone of inhibition around each of the discs were measured and recorded. Each
experiment was performed in triplicate.
Oil Absorption Test

According to Werden, (2018), there is no specific oil that matches the natural oil in human
skin. However, jojoba oil is the most favoured to have more similarities to sebum compared
to other oil. The oil adsorption of the powder is defined as the number of grams of jojoba oil
absorbed by 100g of the powder. Thus, the test indicates the ability of the powder to hold onto
the oil. 25g of PoPeel loose powder were put on the glass plate. Drop by drop of jojoba oil
were added onto the powder by using the glass tube until a very stiff paste were produced.
The paste was spread on the glass plate, gently rolls the paste with the spatula until it is
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Vol. 1(2018) 73-78
clump, and not separated. The test was repeated in triplicate. The amount of oil absorb were
calculated as the following formula:-
Oil Adsorption =
Allergic Patch Test

The patch test was conducted with the cooperation of random respondents by applying the
PoPeel Loose Powder on the inner of arm for 24 hours (Matsko, 2016). The result is expected
to show no allergic reaction such as red, welting up and rash on the skin.
Stability Test
The stability test was tested by keeping the PoPeel Loose Powder for a month at room
temperature. If the product is stored at 45oC for three months and exhibits acceptable stability,
then it will be stable at room temperature for two years. The product stored at 25oC (77F) for
a period of one year. A good control temperature is to be at 4oC (39F) where most products
will exhibit excellent stability (Making Cosmetics Inc. 2017) with no fungal growth and no
colour change of the PoPeel loose powder.
FINDINGS
The ingredients that made up PoPeel Loose Powder have shown to possess high antioxidant
and antibacterial activity. The product is expected to give no allergic skin reaction. It is also
estimated to be stable in room temperature without any contamination and spoilage after keep
for a month.
Antioxidant activity
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel ethanol extract was measured in terms of
hydrogen donating or radical scavenging ability, using a modified DPPH method (Amani et.
al, 2014)
Table 1. Percentage of Inhibition of Pomegranate Peel Extract at Different Concentration
Pomegranate Peel Extract Percentage Inhibition (%)
0.001 mg/ml 72.11
0.01 mg/ml 72.19
0.1 mg/ml 93.59
1 mg/ml 97.22
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As referred to Table 1, 1 mg/ml of pomegranate peel extract shows high antioxidant activity
with 97.2% of free radical scavenging. Figure show that the changes of colour determine the
antioxidant of the pomegranate peel from 0.001 to 1 mg/ml. The colour changes from purple
to yellow indicate that the extract possess high antioxidant activity.
Figure 1. Colour changes of DPPH solution from purple to yellow
Antibacterial activity
Disc diffusion method is the most commonly used method in clinical laboratories because
provides the greatest flexibility and cost effectiveness. This method was conducted to test
antimicrobial activity of pomegranate peel. Four bacteria strains which are two Gram-positive
(Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhimurium) were tested.
Table 2 shows the mean values of inhibition zone produces by four types of bacteria strains.
As referred to the table, the tested pomegranate peel extract able to inhibit bacteria growth at
100 and 1000mg/ml. Escherichia coli give the highest zone of inhibition as compared to
others bacteria with 18.17mm for 100mg/ml and 21.67mm of inhibition for 1000mg/ml
extract concentration. All the bacteria show susceptibility towards the extract at concentration
1000mg/ml. It is shows that the pomegranate peel extract possesses antibacterial properties.
The inhibition zone for each of the bacteria was illustrated in Figure 2.
Table 2. Inhibition zone of pomegranate peel extract towards Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and
Salmonella typhimurium
Pomegranate peel Inhibition zone of microorganism (mm)

extract Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus Escherichia coli Salmonella
aureus typhimurium
Gentamycin 17.17 ± 0.20 17.67 ± 0.29 27.67 ± 0.25 15.67 ± 0.42
Distilled water N.I N.I N.I N.I
0.01 mg/ml N.I N.I N.I N.I
0.1 mg/ml N.I N.I N.I N.I
1 mg/ml N.I N.I N.I N.I
10 mg/ml N.I N.I N.I N.I
100 mg/ml 8.83 ± 0.20 10.83 ± 0.29 18.17 ± 0.25 7.83 ± 0.42
1000 mg/ml 12.67 ± 0.20 13.17 ± 0.29 21.67 ± 0.25 13.00 ± 0.42
Notes: mean ± standard deviation (SD), N.I = No Inhibition Zone
Notes: mean ± standard deviation (SD), N.I = No Inhibition Zone
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A B
1000
10 1 100
0.1 +ve -ve

0.01
100 10
-ve 0 1
0.01
100
+ve 0.1
C D
0.1
1
0.01 0.1
1 10
10 100
100
-ve 0.01
0 +ve
100
100 -ve
+ve 0
Figure 2. Inhibition zone of A) Bacillus subtillis, B) Staphylococcus aureus, C) Escherichia coli and D) Salmonella
thypimurium towards pomegranate peel extract
Oil absorption test

It is expected that the PoPeel loose powder able to absorb jojoba oil.
Allergic Patch Test

It is expected that no allergic reaction such as red, welting up and rash on the skin after apply
the powder for 24hr.
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Stability Test
PoPeel Loose Powder are expected to show no contamination of mould, fungi and bacteria
after keeping for a month in room temperature and avoid direct sunlight.
CONCLUSION
PoPeel Loose Powder is believe to be a potential marketable cosmetic product that able to
work as cosmetic that are suitable to all type of skin including to those who have skin
problem such as acne prone skin, skin irritation, dry skin and intense sunburn. It is also might
be able to fade off acne scars in a natural way. Overall, this product is promoting a healthier
skin and free from any harmful substances. This product contains 100% natural ingredients
which need a proper storage in dry and room temperature area and avoid direct sunlight to
prevent any contamination and spoilage
REFERENCES
Amani, S. R, Edward, G., Al-Sibani, M., Al-Thani, G., Al-Harasi, S. A. & Rahman, M. S.
(2014). Phenolics Constituents of Pomegranate Peels (Punica granatum L.) Cultivated in
Oman. Retrieved March 10, 2017 from
http://www.journalrepository.org/media/journals/EJMP_13/2013/Dec/Al-
Rawahi432013EJMP6417_1.pdf
Kanoun, K., Abbouni, B., Gabbés, S., Dellani, S., & Zizi, N. (2014). In-vitro Antibacterial
Activity of Algerian Pomegranate (Punica granatum linn) Peels on Some Antibiotic
Resistant Gram-Negative and Positive Bacterial Strains. Retrieved March 13, 2017 from
https://www.idosi.org/mejsr/mejsr21(9)14/23.pdf
Making Cosmetics Inc. (2017). “Stability Testing of Cosmetics.” Retrieved June 27, 2017
from https://www.makingcosmetics.com/Stability-Testing-of-Cosmetics_ep_59.html
Matsko,ChrisM. (n.d.). “How To Patch Test Skin.” Retrieved June 28, 2017 from
http://www.wikihow.com/Patch- Test- Skin.
Werden K., (2018). Which Oil is the Closest To the Body Oil? Retrieved March 27, 2018
from https://www.leaf.tv/articles/which-oil-is-the-closest-to-body-oil/
Yamaguchi, F., Ariga, T., Yoshimira, Y. and Nakazawa, H. (2000). Antioxidative and anti
glycation activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry 48(2): 180-185.
78
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
DECISION AID FOR LEAN TOOLS AND

TECHNIQUES SELECTION (DEALS)
Mohd Shahir Yahya1, Musli Mohammad2 and Badrul Omar2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Diploma Studies, Universiti Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor
2
Industrial System Engineering Research Group (ISERG), Faculty of Mechanical &
Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Johor
Email: shahir@uthm.edu.my
Abstract: Decision Aid for lean tools and techniques (DEALS) was developed in order to
help Malaysian manufacturing industries to select the right lean tools and techniques based on
their context. There are more than 50 lean tools and techniques that can be used by the
organisations to improve their quality, productivity and sustainability. The right tools and
techniques to be used may vary depending on several factors, for instance, the current
maturity level of the organisation, areas in which the tools and techniques are implemented,
organisation type and size, and the capabilities and responsibilities of the workforce. To keep
away from unnecessary waste and dissatisfaction, it would be better for individuals to choose
the right lean tools and techniques that will fit with organization’s situation and give benefits
to the organization. In order to help organisations to select suitable lean production tools and
techniques according to the contexts, therefore, a decision aid for lean tools and techniques
selection (DEALS) was developed.
Keywords: Lean, tools and techniques, decision aid, manufactruing, productivity
INTRODUCTION
Lean production is known as manufacturing without waste. Waste can define as any activities
that give non-added value to the product. There are seven common types of waste such as
waiting time, overproduction, excessive inventory, inappropriate processing, excess motion,
unnecessary transportation, and product defects (Melton, 2005; Ohno, 1988; Womack, 2003).
Some of the lean tools and techniques that can help to reduce the waste include 5S, kanban,
value stream mapping (VSM), total productive maintenance (TPM), single minutes exchange
of dies (SMED), cellular manufacturing, kaizen, pull production system, and poka yoke
(Abdulmalek, 2007; Doolen, 2005; Yahya, 2016). There are various lean production tools and
techniques have been used by many industries depending on the size of the industries. (Yahya,
2016) in their studies shows, there are more than 50 lean tools and techniques available in the
market with their own strength and limitation. Thus the selection and the implementation of
the appropriate lean tools and techniques is very importance in order to avoid unnecessary
waste and frustration. The right selection of the lean tools and techniques that fit to the
organisation context expected to results in (Melton, 2005);
i) Reduce the lead time for customer.
ii) Reduce the operation costs
iii) Reduce inventory levels
iv) Higher quality of product
v) Shorter throughput times
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Organizations are facing problems in selecting appropriate lean tools and techniques due to
more than fifty lean tools and techniques currently available in the market for example
Kaizen, Value Stream Mapping (VSM), Total Productive Maintenance (TPM), Visual
Management. The adoption of lean tools and techniques also requires time, financial,
resources, and knowledge. To avoid unnecessary cost and complexity, DEALS will help
people to choose the right lean tools and techniques that will fit with organization’s situation
and give benefits to the organization. Decision Aid for Lean Tools and Techniques Selection
(DEALS) was developed in order to allow managers, practitioners, and/or consultants to
make a rational and informed decision on the selection of appropriate lean tools and
techniques to be used by industries based on their context. This decision aid using MS Excel
as a platform, and this decision tool was designed to be intuitive and user friendly.
METHODOLOGY
DEALS can be considered as one of the first decision support tool for selecting lean tools and
techniques based on Malaysian context. Two techniques of decision making were used which
are: (1) Simple Average Weighted for simple or basic decision making and; (2) Analytical
Hierarchical Process for comprehensive decision making. The steps of using this deal as follows:
Using Simple Average Weighted (SAW)

Using this method, first step user need to key- in their information such as name, position, and
company name. After user key-in their information, users need to select if they want to
diagnose their company waste because they don’t know the current waste at their company. In
this case, user can proceed to diagnose waste. User need to give weight for level of waste at
their company (low/medium/high) based on their current situation. Then they will know
which waste shows the highest level and need to solve first. After user know their waste to be
reduced, then they will select or shortlisted 2 or 3 lean tools and techniques that can helps in
reducing appropriate waste. Then, user need to select 2 or 3 the most important criteria that
affect the decision of selecting lean tools and techniques based on their context. After that,
user needs to give degree of importance for each selected criteria and give score for criteria
versus lean tools and techniques. Lastly user can print the final results of lean tools and
techniques selecting based on ranking calculated.
Using Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP)

Firstly, user need to key- in their information such as name, position, and company name. The
same method with SAW, after user key-in their information, users need to select if they want
to diagnose their company waste because they don’t know the current waste at their company.
In this case, user can proceed to diagnose waste. Users need to give weight for level of waste
at their company (low/medium/high) based on their current situation. Then they will know
which waste shows the highest level and need to solve first. After user know their waste to be
reduced, then they will select or shortlisted 2 or 3 lean tools and techniques that can helps in
reducing appropriate waste. Then, users need to select 2 or 3 the most important criteria that
affect the decision of selecting lean tools and techniques based on their context. After that,
users need to give weight for pairwise comparison among criteria. Then they need check the
consistency ratio that need to be less than 10%. If the consistency ratio more than 10%, user
need to revised the weight until the result of consistency ratio less than 10%. After that, user
proceeds to next step which is give weight for pairwise comparison among lean tools and
techniques related to criteria 1, criteria 2 and criteria 3. They also need to check the
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consistency ratio (<10%) before proceed to the next step. Lastly, users can print the final
results of lean tools and techniques selection based on ranking calculated.
Sampling
The purposive sampling will be used in this research to validate the used of the proposed
decision aid. Purposive sampling can be described as a “selection of individuals/groups based
on specific questions/purposes of the research in lieu of random sampling and on the basis of
information available about these individuals/groups (Tashakkori and Teddlie 1998). The
reason of choosing this sample was due to their knowledge and/or experience in the selection
and /or implementation of lean production tools and techniques. The semi-structured
interviews will be conducted with selected CEOs, directors, managers or executives,
academician in the area of lean production /operational improvement from organizations, and
also consultants with specialism in lean and operational improvement.
Figure 1. Process flow of using DEALS
FINDINGS
Interview
The respondents involved in this study were consists of one academician, two consultants and
six lean practitioners from industries. The results from interview (Table 1) shows that most of
the respondents agreed that this proposed decision aid were fulfilled the criteria that reflect to
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the evaluators’ evaluation such as the purpose of the decision aid is clear (100%), possible to
used (100%), the decision aid is useful (88.9%), interesting (100%), inspiring (88.9%), and
accurate (100%). The others criteria also shows the high degree of agreement such as the key
steps of selecting lean tools and techniques are relevant (100%), the decision aid provides a
clear indication of what organisations should consider when selecting lean tools and
techniques (88.9%), the decision / selection criteria proposed in the decision aid are relevant
to be considered (100%) and the information given in the decision aid is valid (100%).
Nevertheless, the criteria such as the description of the decision aid is easy to understand
(77.8%), the key steps of selecting lean tools and techniques are clearly explained (66.7%)
and the key steps of selecting lean tools and techniques are easy to follow (66.7%) shows the
lower agreement.
Table 1. The evaluation results from the interview with experts
Degree of agreement for each criteria that reflects your

evaluation of the decision aid (n=9)
Criteria for Evaluating the
No. 5 4 3 2 1 0 Mean
proposed decision aid
Strongly Strongly Don’t
Agree Neutral Disagree
agree disagree know
The purpose of the decision 1 8
1. 4.11
aid is clear. (11.1%) (88.9%)
The decision aid is possible 1 8
2. 4.11
to be used. (11.1%) (88.9%)
The decision aid is easy to be 1 6 2
3. 3.89
used. (11.1%) (66.7%) (22.2%)
3 5 1
4. The decision aid is useful. 4.22
(33.3%) (55.6%) (11.1%)
The decision aid is 2 7
5. 4.22
interesting. (22.2%) (77.8%)
8 1
6. The decision aid is inspiring. 3.89
(88.9%) (11.1%)
9
7. The decision aid is accurate. 4.00
(100%)
The description of the
7 2
8. decision aid is easy to 3.78
(77.8%) (22.2%)
understand.
The key steps of selecting
1 5 3
9. lean tools and techniques are 3.78
(11.1%) (55.6%) (33.3%)
clearly explained.
2 4 3
(22.2%) (44.5%) (33.3%)
easy to follow.
9
(100%)
relevant.
The decision aid provides a
clear indication of what
8 1
12. organisations should consider 3.89
(88.9%) (11.1%)
when selecting lean tools and
techniques.
The decision / selection
criteria proposed in the 3 6
13. 4.33
decision aid are relevant to (33.3%) (66.7%)
be considered.
The information given in the 9
14. 4.00
decision aid is valid. (100%)
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Commercialization Potential
This decision aid has the potential to be commercialized to Malaysian Productivity
Corporation (MPC), Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM), Small Medium
Enterprise Corporation (SMECorp) and other interested organizations.It can be used for
training, workshop, consultancy, mentoring, and competency development for managers,
practitioners, consultants, researchers, academicians and/or students in the area of quality,
productivity, industrial engineering, operations and business.
CONCLUSIONS
By using DEALS, it would help Malaysian organizations to select right lean tools and
techniques based on their context. It also beneficial to consultants to provide consultancy
services in proposing appropriate lean tools and techniques to be implemented by
organizations. By developing this decision aid, Malaysian organizations would get enormous
benefits in order to select the right lean tools and techniques based on their context and thus
enhance their productivity by eliminating waste of time, resources and financial to the
organizations because of inappropriate lean tools and techniques being used.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors express gratitude to Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) for facility
provided to achieve the successful of research findings. The authors also would like to thank
the Malaysian Productivity Corporation (MPC) for their support given.
REFERENCES
Abdulmalek, F. A. a. R., J. (2007). Analyzing the benefits of lean manufacturing and value
stream mapping via simulation: a process sector case study. International Journal of
Production Economics, 107(1), 223-236.
Doolen, T. L. a. H., M. E. . (2005). A review of lean assessment in organizations: an

exploratory study of lean practices by electronics manufacturers. Journal of Manufacturing
Systems, 24(1), 55-67.
Melton, T. (2005). The benefits of lean manufacturing. What lean thinking has to offer the
process industries. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 83(A6), 662673.
Tashakkori, A. and C. Teddlie (1998). Mixed methodology: combining the qualitative and
quantitative approaches. California, Sage publications.
Ohno, T. (1988). The Toyota Production System. English translation: Productivity Press.
Womack, J. P., and Jones, D. T. . (2003). Lean Thinking: Banish Waste and Create Wealth in
Your Corporation. London: Simon and Schuster.
Yahya, M. S., Mohammad, M., Omar, B. and Ramly, E.F. (2016). A Review on The Selection
of Lean Production Tools and Techniques. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied
Sciences, 11(12), 7721-7727.
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GREEN CONCRETE CONTAINING RICE HUSK ASH

AND SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH
Nuraini Tutur, Noor Syafeekha Mohamad Sakdun, Nik Farhanim Imran, Nurol Huda Dahalan
and Hafizah Muhamad Azlan
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500
Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang.
E-mail: nuraini.tutur@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: This research had been studied the effect of partial replacement of cement by
sewage sludge ash and rice husk ash. The effects on the nature of concrete exhibited
mechanical properties of concrete such as compressive strength, water absorption, from a
combination of sewage sludge ash and rice husk ash at different proportions. There were 108
samples had been prepared at different percentages of replacement of cement by using sewage
sludge ash and rice husk ash. Sewage sludge ash (SSA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are used as
partial replacement of cement for 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% in the concrete. The
samples had been tested with compressive test. From the results, initially, there was an
increment compressive strength of concrete at 10% amount replacement SSA and RHA, but
the compressive strength declined when the amount replacement SSA and RHA are
developing more than 10%. In addition, the concrete also showed increasing of compressive
strength within the additional curing period, which was 7 days, 14 days and 28 days.
Therefore, there is potential to reuse this waste material as part of construction materials and
hence, its plays an important role for future researches in minimization of waste.
Keywords: Rice Husk Ash, Sewage Sludge Ash, Recycle, Compressive Strength, Concrete.
INTRODUCTION
The cement industry sector has become the highest carbon emitting industrial sectors. During
the cement manufacture process, the high-volume cement Kiln Dust (CKD) was released into
the environment which caused the global warming (Modarre et al., 2015). In order to cater
these matters, the cement industry has implemented an integrated system to save energy by
focusing the waste materials as the partial replacement of cement instead from destroying
these wastes. The option of reusing waste materials as substitutes of cement raw material,
offer big savings in terms of natural resources, for example, up to 38% replacement of
limestone or 72% replacement of clay (A. Aranda Usoń et al., 2013).
Besides that, Malaysia is also facing a severe problem in handling a large amount of
agrowastes and wastewater produced throughout a year. For example, rice husk and sewage
sludge disposal. These big quantities of rice husk and sewage sludge are uncontrolled and
have affected the land, and environments (Khan et al., 2011). The study on potential of waste
material has been surveyed to be adopted in the construction industry. This can help to reduce
the cost of material and also the cost of housing. Thus, the utilization of sewage sludge ash
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and rice husk ash has a big potential in construction materials. The fine size of these materials
shows the cementitious behavior which similar to cement characteristics (Antiohos et al.,
2014). Hence, SSA and RHA are very ideal to be used as partial replacement of cement as
they can reduce the waste disposal costs and conserve of the environment. The limited landfill
of waste disposal can be solved by reusing them in a proper way. The mechanical properties
of SSA stated by Chen et al. (2013) may improve the strength and durability in concrete.
According to Gastaldini et al. (2009) the increased amount of RHA increased the concrete’s
total shrinkage and compressive strength in concrete.
Reaction in Sewage Sludge Ash

The major elements of SSA, such as Si, Al, Ca, Fe and P are always have quartz (SiO₂),
whitlockite (Ca₃(PO4)₂) and hematite (Fe₂O₃) to form crystalline. Aluminium is especially
present in feldspar and XRD amorphous glassy phases (Mahieux et al., 2010). This is an
important characteristic when considering SSA as a potential pozzolanic additive in blended
cements. Metals such as Hg, Cd, Sb, As and Pb are expected to be volatilized during
combustion (Elled et al., 2007).
As given in (ASTM C618, 2008) the meaning of a ‘‘pozzolanic’’ material was defined. The
absence content of siliceous and aluminous material in SSA showed no cementitious value,
but they have same cementitious properties which have a fine size can be filled between the
cement particles in the presence of moisture, react with calcium hydroxide chemically at
normal temperature to form compounds. The large amount of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ present in SSA
and low loss of ignition possess the requirement that may have potential as a pozzolan. Any
clay contains in sludge incinerated may be thermally activated can contribute pozzolanic
properties to SSA.
Pozzolanic reaction in RHA

Pozzolanic materials in concrete make the structural element become more durable and
capable. The greater the volume of the pores, the weaker the strength of the concrete. The
micro filling ability and pozzolanic activity of RHA will improve the compressive strength.
The highly reactive RHA reacts with calcium hydroxide (a byproduct of cement hydration)
and produces additional C-S-H which reduces the porosity of concrete by filling the capillary
pores (Chopra et al., 2014). Thus, the compressive strength increased by improving the
microstructure of concrete in bulk paste matrix and transition zone. A decline in compressive
strength was observed when the amount of silica available in the hydrated blended cement
matrix was high and the insufficient amount of C-H to react with available silica and as a
result of that, some amount of silica was left without any chemical reaction (Chopra et al.,
2014).
As significance findings found through the literature, this present study had been initiated to
investigate the potential of local rice husk ash combined with sewage sludge ash to be used as
partial cement replacement in making concrete. To identify the strength development of
concrete grade 30 containing SSA and RHA as partial cement replacement.
METHODOLOGY
Materials rice husk ash (RHA) was originated from the rice mill Padiberas Nasional Berhad
(BERNAS) in Pinang Tunggal, Pulau Pinang while sewage sludge ash (SSA) was generated
from the sewerage treatment plant (STP) from UiTM Pulau Pinang. The design mix for a
proportion of Portland cement (OPC), sewage sludge ash (SSA), rice husk ash (RHA), coarse
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and fine aggregate and water were prepared. The water cement ratio used in this study was
0.54. The samples have been subjected to five different percentages of RHA and SSA
replacing cement, which is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Proportion Replacement of Cement by RHA and SSA
Design mix % % %
Cement RHA SSA
Control OPC 100 0 0
5%RHA+5% SSA 90 5 5
10%RHA+10% SSA 80 10 10
15%RHA+15% SSA 70 15 15
20%RHA+20% SSA 60 20 20
25%RHA+25% SSA 50 25 25
These concrete specimens were casted in cube concrete cube with the dimension of
100x100x100 mm. Another batch of control conrete also prepared for this study without
adding RHA and SSA ın the mıx propotıon. After 24 hours of castıng, concrte specımens
were remolded and cured under the water curıng condıtıon. The entıre specımens were tested
for compressıve strength at the age of 7,14,28 days. The purpose of compressive strength is to
determine the ability of specimen to cater the load and estimate the characteristic of ductile
and plastic material limitations by compressing specimens in a compression test machine.
The test was conducted accordıng to BS 1881-108:1983. The compressive strength was
calculated as given equation below;
Where:
fm=compressive strength (MPa or N/mm2)
P= total maximum load (N)
A= area of loaded surface (mm2)
FINDINGS
Figure 1 illustrated the percentage increase and decrease of compressive strength of SSA and
RHA concrete compare normal concrete (OPC). At 7 days curing time, the percentage of
compressive strength of all the combination is decreased, while for 14 days the percentage
increase at 10% replacement, which is 3.01%, but for 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% replacement,
the percentage strength decreases significantly. Finally, for 28 days, the percentage strength
increase at 10% and 20% replacement, which are 14.42% and 12.05%, respectively, and the
percentage of strength decrease continuously at the 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of replacement.
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Figure 1. Compressive Strength Result of OPC and different percentages of SSA and RHA in concrete (%)
From the graph analysis, the highest value of compressive strength is 5%RHA+5%SSA which
is 31.87 N/mm² at 14 days and 40.15 N/mm² at 28 days. Meanwhile, the 25%RHA+25%SSA
combination achieved the lowest value of compressive strength for all curing times, which is
1.72 N/mm², 1.49 N/mm² and 1.03 N/mm² respectively.
There are several factors that affected the declination of strength in RHA and SSA concrete.
One of the factors is the reduced amount of cement in the concrete. According to Wan Chik
et al., (2011) stated that the reduction of the amount of cement concrete will lessen the
hydration process. When the amount of cement reduced, the hydration and hardening process
will become less. Hence, the components of mixed concrete will not effectively combined.
CONCLUSIONS
From discussion of the present study, the findings are outlined as follows:
i. Reusing RHA and SSA as cement replacement in concrete mix enhanced the
compressive strength of RHA +SSA concrete.
ii. The optimum value of RHA and SSA concrete is at 10% replacement, which is high
compressive strength, 40.15 N/mm² at 28 days. The pozzolan effect developed at
optimum which makes the concrete become durable than OPC.
More exploration in many factors need to be conducted to verified and produce a better
quality of RHA+SSA concrete. It is suggested that this local made RHA and SSA to be reused
as partial cement replacement in making concrete or any reinforced concrete structure such as
wall panel, slab, culvert drain etc. Nevertheless, deep researches regarding this matter need to
be accomplish before it is being practically used.
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REFERENCES
Alfonso Aranda Usón, Ana M. López-Sabirón, Germán Ferreira, & Eva Llera Sastresa
(2013). Uses of Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials in The Cement Industry as Sustainable
Waste Management Options. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 23 (2013): 242-
260.
Antiohos, S. K., V.G. Papadakis, & S. Tsimas, (2014). Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Effectiveness
in Cement and Concrete as A Function of Reactive Silica and Fineness. Cement and Concrete
Research 61-62 (2014): 20-27.
Chen, M., Blanc, D., Gautier, M., Mehu, J., Gourdon, R. (2014). Environmental and
Technical Assessments of The Potential Utilization of Sewage Sludge Ashes (SSA) as
Secondary Raw Materials in Construction. Waste Management 33.5 (2013): 1268-1275.
Chopra, Divya, Rafat Siddique, & Kunal (2014). Strength, Permeability and Microstructure of
Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Rice Husk Ash. Biosystems Engineering 130 (2015):
72-80.
Elled, A. L., Amand, L. E., Leckner, B., & Andersson, B.A. (2007). The Fate of Trace
Elements in Fluidised Bed Combustion of Sewage Sludge and Wood. Fuel 86, 843–852.
Farah Alwani Wan Chik, Ramadhansyah Putra Jaya, Badorul Hisham Abu Bakar, & Megat
Azmi Megat Johari (2011). Effect of Rice Husk Ash to The Performance of Concrete Block.
International Journal of Applied Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 3; June 2011 53- 61.
Gastaldini, A. L. G., Isaia, G. C., Saciloto, A. P., Missau, F., & Hoppe, T. F. (2009). Influence
of Fineness of Rice Husk Ash and Additives on The Properties of Lightweight Aggregate.
Fuel 88 (1), 158–162.
Rawaid Khan, Abdul Jabbar, Irshad Ahmad, Wajid Khan, Akhtar Naeem Khan, & Jahangir
Mirza (2011). Reduction in Environmental Problems Using Rice-Husk Ash in Concrete.
Construction and Building Materials 30 (2012): 360-365.
Mahieux, P. Y., Aubert, J. E., Cyr, M., Coutand, M., & Husson, B. (2010). Quantitative
Mineralogical Composition of Complex Mineral Wastes. Contribution of the Rietveld method.
Waste Manage 30, 378–388.
Modarres, Amir, Hossein Ramyar, & Pooyan Ayar (2015). Effect of Cement Kiln Dust On
The Low-Temperature Durability And Fatigue Life Of Hot Mix Asphalt. Cold Regions
Science and Technology 110 (2015): 59-66.
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THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION

FOR UNDERGRADUATE DISSERTATION:
`MYDISSERTPLANNER’
Haryati Mohd Isa, Kartina Alauddin, Yuhainis Abdul Talib, Kharizam Ismail, Asmalia Che
Ahmad and Nor Aini Salleh
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch,
32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak
E-mail: harya966@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The research interest among undergraduate students are vital for their academic
achievements. Research dissertation is important and leads towards development of
knowledge. Undergraduate students are lacking structured application to assist them in
planning their research journey and poor time management. Hence, contributes towards poor
preparation for future task that lead to delay in submission of dissertation. This research aim
is to establish mobile application for undergraduate students and supervisors in managing
their research activities. In line with this aim, three research objectives had been established i)
to explore the existing mobile application relating to research planner and dissertation (ii) to
identify the key problem faced by the students during the dissertation process and (iii) to
develop a mobile application that integrates planning and dissertation guideline. The data is
gathered by analysing the existing mobile application used by university students. In addition,
a pilot survey was also conducted among undergraduate students in UiTM Perak. The data
were analysed using descriptive analysis. The finding reveals that majority students have
difficulty in managing the research process and contribute to delay in submission of their
dissertation. Therefore, there is a significant need in developing `myDISSERTplanner’ as a
mobile application to ease undergraduate students in planning their research activities.
Keywords: myDİSSERTplanner, mobile application, undergraduate students, research
INTRODUCTION
The research interests among undergraduates’ students are vital for their achievements.
Research is important and leads towards development of knowledge and products that can
help improve issue arise. Research requires high level of skills, knowledge and critical
thinking to produce the best research outcome. Katkin (2003) highlighted that the
development of research skills is continuously being considered as “an underlying principle”
of undergraduate programmes. Among important requirements for undergraduate is the
production of the dissertation. In fact, the higher education has developed many courses
including dissertations as one of the curriculum to enhance student’s research skills. Previous
studies emphasized the importance of research and supervising for embedding research skills
among undergraduates’ students (Kuh, 2008, Shanahan et al, 2015, Feldon et.al., 2015; Garg
& Passey, 2018). The issue is on students’ effectiveness in managing their research time even
though they have supervisor during the process. Students are struggling to complete their
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research and dissertation, due to lacking of the required skills for conducting effective
research and produce the dissertation. At the same time, students tend to procrastinate due to
other commitment in student life. Undergraduate students are also lacking structured
application to assist them in planning their research journey and poor time management
(Manathunga, 2007). Hence, contributes towards poor preparation for future task that lead to
delay in submission of dissertation (Affero, 2011). Therefore, the research aim is to establish
a mobile application for undergraduate students in managing their research activities. In line
with this aim, three research objectives had been established (i) to explore the existing mobile
application relating to research planner and dissertation, (ii) to identify the key problem faced
by the students during the dissertation process, and (iii) to develop a mobile application that
integrates planning and dissertation guideline.
AN ANALYSIS ON EXISTING MOBILE APPLICATIONS OF

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
An analysis base on the existing application was done via downloading application at website
https://play.google.com/store/apps on January 16, 2018. Keywords such as ‘PhD Planner’
‘Master Planner’ ’Dissertation Planner’ ‘Study Planner’ ’Thesis Planner’ has been used to
search for related application that existed in the Google Play Store. The total of 10
applications has been acknowledged. Five applications were related to topic of study planner.
Meanwhile, another five applications relating to the topic on dissertation have also been
identified and discussed discretely in this research. Five applications that related to study
planner are PhD Planner, My Study Life – School Planner, Smart Study Plan, Studies Planner
and Study Manager: Smart Student.
a) PhD Planner
This application was design as organizer to achieve the completion of PhD thesis. This tool
consists of ongoing and upcoming task, milestone, studies, conferences, workshop and
holidays. The star rating is 5 with only 2 users
b) My Study Life – School Planner

My Study Life is a planner suitable for students and teachers designed to manage study task.
It allows user to store classes’ timetables, homework and exams which integrate activities of
academic life. The rating is 4.3 stars with 46,047 users
c) Smart Study Plan

The Smart Study Plan is solid study schedule to ensure studying success. All the courses
should be added to this application and the application will generate a study plan and will
remind the student to when and what to study. The star rating is 4.5 with 319 users
d) Studies Planner
This application allows students to organize simple subject timetable and keep track of the
studies. Students can save test results in order to keep track of the grades. The application is
rated 4.0 stars with 121 users
e) Study Manager: Smart Student

Study manager could assist student to organize course information, notes, assignments,
quizzes, homework, classes and examination. User can mark the task as complete or not
complete with selection of ringer mode. The application is rated as 3.7 stars with 310 users
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Four out of five existing planner focus on organizing study life at school such as classes,
homework and assignment. Only one application specifically spells out PhD task and
activities that related to research journey. It is discovered that is no existing study planner
specifically created for managing undergraduate university students’ activities. Additionally,
the undergraduate student has no experience in managing research task and preparing
dissertation as the university requirement.
The other 5 applications identified as related to dissertation or thesis are Writing Thesis, Help
in Dissertation, How To Write A Thesis Statement, Your Thesis and How To Write A Thesis.
a) Writing Thesis
This application assist student to search thesis topic and generate essay statement that suits
the research topic. The application has listed quite a number topic that can modify
accordingly. The topics however are arranged according to faculties. The star ranking is not
very high which are 3.8 with 208 users
b) Help in Dissertation
This application offers support for students in doing their dissertation and assignment. The
student will get to communicate to a group of expert on any topic requested. Students can chat
and communicate with experts by instant notification, updates and replies with certain
charges. The application was rate as 5 star with only 2 users.
c) How to Write a Thesis Statement

This application could guide students in doing their thesis by providing samples of the
complete bachelor’s thesis. The students can download the samples such as the abbreviation
page, abstract page as well as chapters. These samples are to ease the students by providing
information in process of writing the academic content. This application rating is 4.6 with 19
users.
d) Your Thesis
This application allows student to share their publication and thesis through social media.
This application forms a digital medical library where most of the topic is on medical issues
that arranged according to specialism. The rating of this application is 4.5 with 14 users.
e) How to Write a Thesis

This application provides information on how to write a thesis. There are list of written
articles and tips on how to start writing a thesis that students can refer such as writing an
introduction and getting creative with the thesis. The star rating is 4.1 with 107 users.
All the five applications on dissertation or thesis focus on the guide of writing a dissertation
or thesis. Three of the thesis applications have less than 20 users. The other two applications
obtain more than 100 users but less than 250 which conclude that the existing application has
a low number of users. None of the identified applications offer the service on planning and
scheduling the related task to complete until the dissertation submission. These show the gap
on the need to create a new innovative dissertation planner that combine both planner and
dissertation guideline for undergraduate students. Thus, `myDISSERTplanner’ is developed
to provide a comprehensive and efficient timeline for the undergraduate students.
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METHODOLOGY
Generally, this research adopted three phases. Firstly, a literature review on the existing
research mobile applications was analysed. This is to explore on the existing mobile
applications used by the university students.
Secondly, a pilot survey to identify the key problem faced by the undergraduate students in
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perak was conducted. A sample of approximately thirty
undergraduates’ students is identified. Stratified random sampling was used to select samples.
This data obtained were than analysed by using descriptive analysis. The final research
methodology is the development of `myDISSERTplanner’ to ease the planning and tracking
of research activities among undergraduate students.
FINDINGS
Data Analysis and Findings
Figure below represents the sampling of 30 respondents gathered in December 2017.
Figure 1. Distribution of the research respondents
The respondents consist of 60% female and 40% male undergraduate students in UiTM
Perak. Four main problems faced by the students in completing their dissertation were
posted to the respondents. Among them are difficult to manage the process of preparing a
dissertation, uncertain of the steps to be taken in progressing research, difficult to understand
the dissertation manual and uncertain on the actual research timeline. In addition, the
respondents were also asked to rank these problems.
Table 1. Problems faced by the undergraduate students in completing dissertation
PROBLEM FACED BY UNDERGRADUATE RANKING (N=30)

STUDENTS
Difficult to manage the process of preparing a dissertation 1
Uncertain of the steps to be taken in progressing research 2
Difficult to understand the dissertation manual 3
Uncertain on the actual research timeline 4
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Table 1 illustrates on the key problems faced by the students in completing their dissertation.
The finding reveals that majority students ranked difficult to manage the process in preparing
dissertation as the main problems, followed by students are unsure with the steps to be taken
in progressing their research. Difficulty in understanding the dissertation manual is rank as
the third main problem. Finally, uncertainty of the actual research timeline is rank as the least
problem.
CONCLUSIONS
`MyDİSSERTplanner’ is a mobile application that is easily accessible from any smart phone
browser. There are many advantages to use mobile event applications. First and foremost it
can be easy access to every single information that the students need to attend. It is a
centralised information where the student can keep track with the activities and checklist that
they need to comply with the deadline. Building the communication structure through
technology has speed the flow of data and information resulted the ease of use, reach and
content of accessible information about writing dissertation for UiTM’s undergraduate
students. It is envisioned that the development of `myDİSSERTplanner’ will be a demanding
tool for undergraduate students in the universities as well as to help the students graduate on
time (GOT). GOT requirements become a policy in most universities in all over the globe as
it reduced cost of operation to the universities.
REFERENCES
Feldon, D. F., Maher, M. A., Hurst, M., & Timmerman, B. (2015). Faculty mentors’, graduate
students’, and performance-based assessments of students’ research skill development.
American Educational Research Journal, 52(2), 334-370.
Katkin, W. (2003). The Boyer Commission Report and Its Impact on Undergraduate
Research. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 93, 19-38.
Kuh, G.D. (2008). High-Impact Educational Practices: A Brief Overview. Association of

American Colleges & Universities: Washington, DC. Retrieved on 7 January 2018 from:
http://www.aacu.org/leap/hip.cfm
Garg, A., & Passey, D. (2018). Research Skills Future in Education: Building Workforce
Competence: Research Report 1: Do We Cultivate Research Skills? Veracity versus Falsity.
Manathunga,C (2018). Early warning signs in postgraduate research education: a different

approach to ensuring timely completions. Teaching in higher education. Routledge
Taylor&Francis Group.
Shanahan, J.O., Ackley-Holbrook, E., Hall, E., Stewart, K., & Walkington, H. (2015). Ten
salient practices of undergraduate research mentors: a review of the literature. Mentoring &
Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 23(5), 359-376.
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OH! MY HAND: GAME-BASED CLINICAL ASSESSMENT TO

ASSES MOTOR-IMPAIRED USERS (WRIST/HAND)
Nurul Hidayah Mat Zain1,*, Hazrati Zaini1, Mohd Nabil Zulhemay1,Aslina Baharum2 and
Fariza Hanis Abdul Razak1
1
Faculty Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University Technology MARA (UiTM),
Cawangan Melaka, Kampus Jasin, 77300 Merlimau, Melaka, MALAYSIA
2
Faculty of Computing and Informatics, Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: nurulmz@fskm.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Motor impairment is known as, where a person will experience symptoms of the
inability of the body part or all of his limbs. This can lead to weakness of muscle,
stamina, muscle control and paralysis. Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) is
intended to quantify wrist disability and pain in daily activities. The PRWHE allows patients
to evaluate their levels for wrist disability and pain starting from zero to ten. The findings
from preliminary study showed that most of the users lack of enjoyable experience while
doing clinical assessment. Therefore, the purpose of this present innovation was to design and
develop a game-based clinical assessment for wrist/hand evaluation. The User Centered
Design (UCD) was implemented to design and development of this innovation which is
comprised of; understand and specify context of use, specify the user requirements, design
and constraints, produce design solutions and evaluate designs against requirements. In
addition, there is an initial activity, identify needs for human-centered design, which is about
learning how to perform UCD. This includes aspects like understanding the users, reserving
time and resources, and to plan when and where users should be involved during the
development process. The findings suggest the implementation of game-based clinical
assessment can produce enjoyable experience while doing wrist/hand evaluation.
Keywords: game-based assessment, clinical assessment, motor impaired user, wrist/hand

disabilities
INTRODUCTION
Games that are generally used in education give positive feedback in creating enjoyment (Mat
Zain, Jaafar, & Abdul Razak, 2016). It is know that games can raising engagement (Abdul
Jabbar & Felicia, 2015; Hamari et al., 2016; Wiebe, Lamb, Hardy, & Sharek, 2014), creating
flow experience (Mat Zain et al., 2016; Zain, Jaafar, & Razak, 2012) and increase motivation
(Erhel & Jamet, 2013; Plass et al., 2013; Woo, 2014). Additionally, games create environment
for critical thinking (Carolyn Yang & Chang, 2013; Halpern et al., 2012) and problem solving
(Hou & Li, 2014) to enrich learning outcomes.
Motor impairment consists of two types, which are gross motor impairment and fine motor
impairment. Besides, motor impairment is caused by several factors which peripheral issues
are influencing the muscles, issues in the focal sensory system influencing the yield of the
muscle and sensory problems including the muscles, development and equalization.
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Therefore, motor impairment can cause of several disease such as stroke (Kwah, Harvey,
Diong, & Herbert, 2012) and early sign for someone to get Parkinson’s disease (Klucken et
al., 2013)
According to World Health Organization (2011), research which tentatively assigns group of
human or human participants to one or more related intercessions to assess the impact on
health outcomes is also called as clinical self-assessment. In motor impairment, clinical self-
assessment is increasingly important especially for young children with acknowledgement in
which motor impairment is connected with intellectual, dialect, social and enthusiastic
troubles (Piek, Hands, & Licari, 2012)
In this project, Patient-Rated Wrist/Hand Evaluation (PRWHE) clinical self-assessment used

as a scope to study the implementation of game in clinical self-assessment. PRWHE is
intended to quantify wrist disability and pain in daily activities. The PRWHE allows patients
to evaluate their levels for wrist disability and pain starting from zero to ten (MacDermid,
2007).
METHODOLOGY
User Centered Design (UCD) is the process which user are given priority in the planning
process of design. Moreover, UCD principles constitute as early focus on users, users being
continuous tested and design with iterative process. In this project, the design and
development of the game is focused on motor impaired user. This game should be constructed
where the motor impaired user can use it. Figure 1 shown the phases of UCD.
First phase for UCD model is requirement analysis. In this phase, the motor impaired user
needs, requirements, problems and environments are need to be analyzed. This is to ensure
that this project can be user friendly and can be assess by motor impaired user. Next phase is
prototype design solution. During this phase, the potential design solution must be accordance
on the initial of user requirement. After all the appropriate data and information have been
collected, systematic and intensive planning must be done before the real project will be
developed.
The third phase is evaluation and analysis. In this phase, the project design will be evaluate
and analyzed to ensure whether the design is meet the user requirement. This phase is
important because in UCD, the end user needs and requirements are given more priority.
After received an understanding concerning of the project requirement, design and evaluation,
the last step is finalizing design solution phase. This phase also called as implementation
phase. During this phase, the design have been finalized and prototype will be developed and
implemented to the target users. Additionally, during this phase, project milestone also have
been alert to record all the progress during the development of the project.
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Figure 1. User Centred Design (UCD) Phases
FINDINGS
To evaluate the user enjoyment while playing an assessment game in this project, an efficient
and convenient method is applied. The instrument used in this testing survey is called the
MIU GameFlow Model where it has seven elements. The elements that are being measured
are Concentration, Challenge, Player Control, Clear Goal, Feedback, Immersion, and
Flexibility. Moreover, each of these elements also have its criteria which the total of the
criteria is 32 . Total of 5 motor-impaired users were involved in evaluation phase which is
two participants are in age between 50 to 60 while the other three participants in between age
20 to 30.
The overall mean score for the game based on MIU-GameFlow model is 4.49. This shown
that participants agreed that this game fulfilled the criteria of MIU-GameFlow model.
Moreover, participants also said that this game give an enjoyable experience to the users
while answering the PRWHE clinical assessment and reduce the stress and anxiety on them.
Therefore, it can be seen clearly that the objectives of this game has been successfully
achieved.
CONCLUSIONS
This project has been successfully implemented as designed in order to achieve its objectives.
Various measures have been taken during the construction of this project. During the
development of this game, it can be seen that each of the process involved motor impaired
users. The project was produced game that give more enjoyable experience and reduce
anxiety to the user while using the gamified prwhe clinical assessment. Moreover, the game is
also designed to suit for all ages and levels so that everyone can play the game and can help
them to detect an early symptom of motor impairment.
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REFERENCES
Abdul Jabbar, a. I., & Felicia, P. (2015). Gameplay Engagement and Learning in Game
Based Learning: A Systematic Review. Review of Educational Research, 1–40.
https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654315577210
Carolyn Yang, Y. T., & Chang, C. H. (2013). Empowering students through digital game
authorship: Enhancing concentration, critical thinking, and academic achievement. Computers
and Education, 68, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.05.023
Erhel, S., & Jamet, E. (2013). Digital game-based learning: Impact of instructions and
feedback on motivation and learning effectiveness. Computers & Education, 67, 156–167.
Halpern, D. F., Millis, K., Graesser, A. C., Butler, H., Forsyth, C., & Cai, Z. (2012).
Operation ARA: A computerized learning game that teaches critical thinking and scientific
reasoning. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 7(2), 93–100.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2012.03.006
Hamari, J., Shernoff, D. J., Rowe, E., Coller, B., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2016).
Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and
immersion in game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 54, 170–179.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.07.045
Hou, H. T., & Li, M. C. (2014). Evaluating multiple aspects of a digital educational problem-
solving-based adventure game. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 29–38.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.052
Klucken, J., Barth, J., Kugler, P., Schlachetzki, J., Henze, T., Marxreiter, F.,Eskofier, B.
(2013). Unbiased and mobile gait analysis detects motor impairment in Parkinson’s disease.
PloS One, 8(2), e56956.
Kwah, L. K., Harvey, L. A., Diong, J. H. L., & Herbert, R. D. (2012). Half of the adults who
present to hospital with stroke develop at least one contracture within six months: an
observational study. Journal of Physiotherapy, 58(1), 41–47.
MacDermid, J. (2007). The Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) User Manual. School of
Rehabilitation Science, (June). Retrieved from http://www.srs-
mcmaster.ca/portals/20/pdf/research_resources/prwe_prwheusermanual_dec2007.pdf
Mat Zain, N. H., Jaafar, A., & Abdul Razak, F. H. (2016). Enjoyable Game Design:
Validation of Motor-Impaired User GameFlow Model. International Journal of Computer
Theory and Engineering (IJCTE), 8(2), 116–121.
https://doi.org/10.7763/IJCTE.2016.V8.1029
Piek, J. P., Hands, B., & Licari, M. K. (2012). Assessment of motor functioning in the
preschool period. Neuropsychology Review, 22(4), 402–413.
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Plass, J. L., O’Keefe, P. A., Homer, B. D., Case, J., Hayward, E. O., Stein, M., & Perlin, K.
(2013). The impact of individual, competitive, and collaborative mathematics game play on
learning, performance, and motivation. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(4), 1050–
1066. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032688
Wiebe, E. N., Lamb, A., Hardy, M., & Sharek, D. (2014). Measuring engagement in video
game-based environments: Investigation of the User Engagement Scale. Computers in Human
Behavior, 32, 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.12.001
Woo, J. C. (2014). Digital game-based learning supports student motivation, cognitive

success, and performance outcomes. Educational Technology and Society, 17(3), 291–307.
Zain, N. H. M., Jaafar, A., & Razak, F. H. A. (2012). SGameFlow framework: How to
experience enjoyment in Serious Game (SG) for Motor Impaired Users (MIU). In 2012
International Conference on Computer and Information Science, ICCIS 2012 - A Conference
of World Engineering, Science and Technology Congress, ESTCON 2012 - Conference
Proceedings (Vol. 2, pp. 1020–1024).
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3D VISUAL MODEL FOR BUILDING QUANTITIES

TAKE-OFF (3D-VIMO)
Siti Akhtar Mahayuddin, Wan Akmal Zahri Wan Zaharuddin, Ida Nianti Mohd Zin and
Azira Ibrahim
Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan
Perak
E-mail: sitia880@uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Quantifying building construction are normally based on two dimensional drawings
(plan and section) and written specification. Based on students’ feedback and lecturers
experiences, students are having difficulties in visualizing the building elements that need to
be quantified. Thus, the students are struggling in taking-off building quantities. Therefore,
additional teaching aid are required to facilitate teaching and learning of the taking-off
building quantities. The innovation of additional teaching aid will help the students in
visualising the building elements and assist them in taking-off building quantities. The
concept of this innovation involves multi-media tool which is 3D visual model and
cooperative learning. The 3D visual model will be prepared for each buiding elements taught.
During the learning session, students will be divided into small groups (3-5 students per
group) and will learn the taking-off with close supervision and guidance from the lecturer.
Students will be provided with this 3D visual model in addition to the two dimensional
drawings and specification. The 3D visual model will assist the students in visualising the
building elements that need to be quantified. Thus, understanding the taking-off process will
be easier and faster. The combination of 3D visual model and the cooperative learning in
groups is expected to enhance students interest in this subject. Thus increase their
understanding in taking-off building quantities.
Keywords: Building Construction, Taking-off, Quantities, 3D Visual Model
INTRODUCTION
Building quantities course is one of core course for built environment students. In this course,
students are taught to quantify building materials for building element from the two-
dimensional drawings (2-D Drawing) (plan and section) and written specification. The
students will do the quantifying work or normally known as taking off based on the taking off
list prepared. During the teaching and learning process, the lecturers often received feedbacks
from students that they had difficulties in imagining or visualizing the building element from
the 2-D drawing. Students need to ‘read’ construction drawings (Hodgson et al., 2010). But
some students were unable to completely do taking-off the quantity due to “missing out’ a
few items which they unable to visualize from the 2-D drawing.
Generally, this course is conducted through lecture and tutorial. The source of learning
difficulties in taking-off are lecturer, lecture and learning facilities (Tunji-Olayeni, 2016).
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Over the years, the lecturers had use powerpoint slides in their lecture. Meanwhile, guided
exercise by the lecturer is conducted in tutorial session. However, insufficient of illustration
in the examples given in class make comprehension difficult (Tunji-Olayeni, 2016). The
traditional method of teaching and learning could be improved to enhance the students
understanding. Therefore, there is a need to develop new teaching method to understand the
basics of building elements and sequence of construction easier than the conventional method
(Lee et al., 2014). Presently students are more interested with computer and mobile devices.
For example, students are satisfied with the instructional video in addition to the traditional
face-to-face method (Wong, 2016). The use of softwares would aid in visualizing and
understanding the theories of construction process which is need for building quantities take-
off (Tunji-Olayeni, 2016).
The new teaching aid and method for builders’ quantity take off in this paper is proposed for
the Diploma in Building program in Universiti Teknologi MARA, Seri Iskandar Campus,
Perak. Performance of the Diploma in Building students for three consecutive years as in
Figure 1 became the basis for the proposed 3D visual model (3D-ViMo). Majority of the
students achieved grade C which is “Good”.
Figure 1. Performance of students in building quantities take-off
The proposed 3D visual model (3D-ViMo) for each building element is an additional to the
building plan and taking off list used in class. The taking off activities conducted during
tutorial class will adapt cooperative learning concept and worksyop approaches. The small
group of learning environment and the additional teaching aid, 3D-ViMo shall benefit both
lecturers and students in the teaching and learning process.
METHODOLOGY
The trend of students results reflects their understanding of the course (Figure 1). Lecturers
received numerous feedbacks (orally) from students on their difficulties in taking off building
quantities. Therefore, the first step in preparing 3D-ViMo is the identification of problems
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and challenges faced in teaching and learning building quantity take-off. Questionnaire
survey will be conducted to second year students who had taken this course. Inputs from
lecturers involved in this course will be acquired too. The questionnaire survey will cover
two research questions; “why students have difficulties to understand” and “how to boost
students understanding the steps in quantity take-off”. Next is the identification and
documentation of the current style of teaching of building quantitiy take-off by the lecturers.
The students’ learning style will be identified too.
The results of the analysis of the questionaire survey will become the foundation for the
proposal of new method of teaching building quantity take-off. The concept in the innovation
of 3D-ViMo will involves multi-media tool which is 3D visual model and cooperative
learning.
FINDINGS
Basically, the major challenge in understanding this course in difficulties in visualizing the
building elements that need to be measured. A new teaching aid to minimize this challenge is
needed. The 3D visual model will be prepared for each buiding elements taught. However,
this innovation project will start with the development of 3D-ViMo of one building element
only. The chosen building element will be “work below lowest floor finish” (pad foundation,
stump and ground beam) as taught in Builders Quantity and Estimating I. The preparation of
this 3D-ViMo will follow exactly as the 2-D drawing and taking-off list for the chosen
building elements. Later, this 3D-ViMo will be distributed to students before their class.
They may familiarize themselves with this 3D-ViMo and prepare for the next lessons.
During the learning session, students will be divided into small groups (3-5 students per
group) and will learn the taking-off with close supervision and guidance from the lecturer. In
addition to the 2-D drawing and specification, students will refer to the 3D-ViMo in their own
laptop while doing the taking-off. This 3D-ViMo will assist the students in visualising the
building elements that need to be quantified. The sequence of the 3D-ViMo will be similar as
in the taking-off list. Therefore, students will be able to visualize the building elements as
they measure the 2-D drawing. This exercise could minimize error in quantification of the
building elements. The potential of students to get all items measured cound be increased.
CONCLUSIONS
The propose 3D-ViMo could ease the challenges faced by the lectures and students in
mastering this course. The usage of 3D-ViMo has a potential to mimize error in quantity
take-off. The preparation of 3D-ViMo require proper planning and time consuming. This
3D-ViMo will be prepared in stages and will regularly consider feedbacks and comments
from the lecturers and students involved. The effectiveness of 3D-ViMo still have long way
to be identified. However, the propose 3D-ViMo is expected to increase students’ ability to
visualize the building elements. As a result, this 3D-ViMo could increase students grade,
from “Good” to “Very Good” level (grade C to Grade B).
REFERENCES
Hodgson, G., Sher, W., & Mak, M. (2008). An e-learning approach to quantity surveying
measurement. Building Resilience, 300.
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Lee, J., Lee, H. S., Choi, C. H., & Park, Y. J. (2014). Multi-media Assisted Teaching Method
for Building Construction Quantity Take-off. Proceedings of Joint International Conference
on Engineering Education & International Conference on Information Technology, 110-108.
Tunji-Olayeni, P. F., Amusan, L. M., Omuh, I. O., Afolabi, A. O., & Ojelabi, R. A. (2016).
Learning Difficulties in Building Measurement. In: INTED2016 Conference, 7th-9th March
2016, Valencia, Spain.
Wong J. K., Oladinrin, T. O., Ho, C. M., Guilbert, E., & Kam, R. (2016). Assessment of e-
learning in construction measurement course. Proceedings of MAC-ETeL 2016, 114.
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THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN OF LE SWING

BEGINNER
Mohammad Shah Kamarulzaman, Noor Aida Mahmor and Siti Nazuar Sailin
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Email: msk@uum.edu.my, nooraida@uum.edu.my, sitinaz@uum.edu.my
Abstract: Le SWinG (Learning Sight Words in Games) is an early literacy research based
digital educational game to make literacy milestone fun. The game is developed towards
mastery of sight words in English Language in order to teach young learners age between 6-
12 years old to read and write. Child cognitive development begins with recognizing words
and learning what the words mean. Thus, Le SWinG Beginner provides young learners the
tool to quickly decode words and unlock meaning. Le SWinG Beginner is designed based on
the principles of teaching sight words and Taxonomy Alignment for Gaming. Le SWinG
Beginner is a product of Design and Development Research (DDR) based on the five phases
of the ADDIE model. This paper documents the first cycle of Le Swing Beginner instructional
design process that incorporates the methods and approaches of DDR. Evaluation of Le
SWinG Beginner was conducted through product testing and focus group interview with
content and instructional design experts and potential users to inform improvements. Findings
from the experts’ evaluation reveal that Le SWinG Beginner scores highest in terms of its
functionality and navigation as well as graphics and user interface design. Potential users
provide some recommendations in terms of usability of the product.
Keywords: educational game, vocabulary acquisition, early literacy, instructional design, fun
learning
INTRODUCTION
This paper discusses the potential of Le SWinG (Learning Sight Words in Games) as early
literacy research based digital educational game to make literacy milestone fun. It focuses on
the ınstructıonal desıgn of Le SWinG Begınner. The game is developed towards mastery of
sight words, also known as common words/ high frequency words, in English Language in
order to teach young learners aged between 6-12 years old to be able to read and write. Sight
words are the words a reader can recognize on sight. The process is automatic and consists of
articles, prepositions, pronouns, common adjective and adverbs, names of common things,
people and places, and words related to topics about which children habitually reads. Le
SWinG provides young learners the tool to quickly decode words and unlock its meaning. The
game is built to assist learners and to cater to their needs and demands in the 21st century in
language learning, to promote interactive and fun teaching using technology; and to meet the
aspirations of the Malaysian education system.
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Challenges in English Language Learning

In Malaysia, students’ low proficiency and competency level of English language is alarming
and has been highlighted in the media throughout the country (The Star, 12 Jun 2016; The
Sun Daily, 5 Oct 2017; The Star Online, 1 Oct 2017). Many students struggle to learn English
as a second language (L2) and one of the contributing factors is lack of vocabulary (Kaur et.
al. 2008). Vocabulary is the collection of words in a language and it is one of the priority
areas in teaching the young learners (Cameron, 2001; Harmon, Wood, & Keser, 2009; Linse,
2005). The foundation of a language is its vocabulary and therefore, vocabulary development
is an important language development (Greenwood 2004; Harmon, Wood, & Keser, 2009;
Linse, 2005). However, many teachers consider the teaching of English vocabulary to be
secondary (Greenwood 2004). Thus, Le SWinG project is a response to English Language
proficiency deficiencies among young learners in Malaysia.
Educational Games in Learning

Digital games can be used for learning. Studies suggest that students acquire vocabulary,
grammar and general language through interaction with other players and feedback (Zheng et.
al 2009; Tri Ramadhaniarti, 2016). Young learners are naturally attracted to game and
activities and they often have positive attitudes and enjoy the activities with game and thus,
by integrating game and language learning help develop their language development (Butler
et. al, 2014; Tri Ramadhaniarti, 2016). Educational computer games support ESL syllabus:
listening, speaking, reading and writing skills, vocabulary enrichment, provides motivation
and competitive environment, encourages students’ engagement through fun experiences and
a medium for interaction and practice (Herselman, 1999; Sundqvist & Sylven, 2012; Filsecker
& Bundgens-Kosten, 2012).
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This study revolves around building a digital game for vocabulary acquisition for young
learners. Le SWinG employs Design and Development Research (DDR) methodology (Richey
and Klein, 2014) which involves systematic process of designing, developing and evaluating
instructional and non-instructional products and tools to establish empirical evidence. The
study involves building the game and usability testing and evaluation from the content experts
and potential users. Hence, DDR is mostly suited in this study because it focus on the dual
objectives of developing creative approaches to teaching and learning (i.e. educational game)
while at the same time adding knowledge to the existing literature on the theoretical
significance of using games to improve students’ learning.
This paper seeks to answer the following questions: what is the best way to develop Le
SWinG Beginner game play for vocabulary acquisition? It is relevant to theory and practice as
this study aims to build an educational digital game for language learning informed by
research. As such, this study combines theories of language learning and technology
instructional design and development to produce the output.
Participants of the Study

Four content and instructional design experts were selected to participate in this study to elicit
their opinion regarding the design and development of the game. Ten potential users aged 6-8
years old were involved in the usability testing.
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Data Collection and Analysis

Mixed method approach was employed in data collection and analysis which involved focus
group interview with the experts and system testing with potential users. In focus group
interview, the product was introduced and demonstrated to the experts. Then, they were
allowed to experiment the game and are given a set of evaluation rubric which consists of
several criteria: (i) graphics and user interface design; (ii) functionality and navigation; (iii)
sound design and effects; (iv) interactivity, game play, and rules; (v) feedback for the user;
(vi) motivation and transfer to real world situations; (vii) educational value of subject and
content, goals and objectives; (viii) higher order thinking skill; and (ix) learning styles and
ease of accessibility. Each criterion was evaluated according to four scores. The purpose of
expert and potential users’ evaluation was to gain insights into the usability of Le SWinG as
educational material to enhance vocabulary acquisition among young learners. System testing
was also conducted with potential users.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LE SWING BEGINNER

In the development of any educational instructional materials or games, it is imperative that
the development is based upon an instructional design model (Roytek, 2010). ADDIE model
is used to guide the research procedures in order to increase the efficiency of the instructional
design process. The five phases of ADDIE model are analysis, design, development,
implementation, and evaluation. Each phase explains the steps taken and objective in building
the game. This paper focusses on the first cycle of the Le SWinG Beginner design and
development which is to document the instructional design process involved in this project. In
terms of product evaluation, this paper elaborates the usability of Le SWinG Beginner from
the views of content and instructional design experts and potential users.
THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN OF LE SWING BEGINNER

Le SWinG Beginner enhances learners’ vocabulary acquisition through word recognition
skills and basic word attack strategies such as configuration clues, picture clues and
contextual clues to help young learners to quickly decode words and unlock meaning in a fun
and interactive way. In each level, users undergo several cognitive processes such as
activating prior knowledge/ schemata, analyzing visual/pictorial cues, guessing and making
meaning, and consolidating new words. At each interval, progress bar will notify users of
their progress and at the end of the game, users will be exposed to their scoreboard.
Immediate feedback and reinforcement are also provided during the course of the game.
Finally, rewards are given for their achievement. The following section explains the
instructional design process involved in the development of Le SWinG Beginner which
simultaneously provides the answer to the research question addressed in this paper.
Analysis Phase
In this phase, the goal for Le SWinG Beginner is identified that is to help young learners to
master Tıer 1 sight words through word recognition and word attack skills. The underpinning
theoretical framework for this project is based on several existing educational and
motivational theories and models. Le SWinG Beginner adopts and supports behaviourist
perspective in which behaviour is shaped by environment and learning happens when learners
experience things (Filsecker & Bundgens-Kosten, 2012).
In terms of motivational value, Le SWinG employs ARCS model to enhance young learners’
engagement. The ARCS model presumes two factors that affect people’s motivation to learn:
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the value in the knowledge presented and optimistic expectation for success. ARCS consists
of four main elements which are attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction (Keller,
1983; 1987; 2006). Apart from that, Le SWinG also adopts communicative competence model
(Canale and Swain, 1980) in language learning which refers to the ability to understand and
use language effectively to communicate in social and school environment. The components
of communicative competence are linguistic, strategic, socio-linguistic and discourse.
Understanding and using vocabulary is one of the linguistic aspects in the communicative
competence. In addition, the Malaysian English curriculum emphasizes grammar and
vocabulary as additional skills to the existing four skills.
Design Phase
Three aspects of designing involved in this phase namely gameplay design, content design
and interface design. Le SWinG content design is based on several theories underpinning
teaching sight words: the five principles of teaching Sight words by Ehri (2005); and the
Three Tier Word Classifications model by Beck, McKeown, & Kucan (2002). However, Le
SWinG Beginner also takes into account the most common group of words used by many
teachers around the world i.e. the Dolch’s 220 sight words and Fry’s 100 sight words and also
the words listed by the Ministry of Education in the English Language syllabus.
To make the game feasible, interesting and challenging, Le SWinG’s gameplay (types and
level) is designed based on Taxonomy Alignment for Gaming (TAG). However, Le SWinG
Beginner is considered as recall and memorization game because it mainly aims for word
recognition and word attack skills. Aligned with its content design and gameplay, the
interface design of Le SWinG adopts ten usability heuristics by Nielsen (1994) to ensure the
effectiveness and usability of the game. Some major aspects are also taken care off during the
designing of the interface such as colour selections, sounds, images, buttons, navigation,
feedback and scoring, and reinforcement appropriate to the target users.
Development Phase
Development of Le SWinG prototype involves creating and assembling the content assets that
were created in the design phase. The tool used for developing Le SWinG Beginner prototype
is known as XOJO which runs on Windows platform. An example of the Le SWinG
screenshot is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Screenshot of Le SWinG Beginner.
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Implementation Phase
Usability testing of Le SWinG Beginner was conducted among the potential users. It was
decided that Le SWinG Beginner will be first used by the public during a one day game and
gamification themed exhibition. Therefore the participants were expected to be random. Ten
young learners age range 6-8 years old from multiple schools have experimented the game
and their feedback was recorded.
Evaluation Phase
Two groups of participants involved in the evaluation (usability testing) which were the
experts and the potential users. Four content experts were selected to elicit their views and
feedback on the design and usability of Le SWinG Beginner for the continuous improvement
of the game. The evaluators were given analytic rubric during the demonstration which
consists of several criteria and each criterion was divided into four scores. Analysis of the
evaluators’ feedback based on the rubric indicates that Le SWinG Beginner prototype receives
high scores on most of the criteria. Based on a 4 points scale, functionality and navigation as
well as graphics and user interface design receive the highest scores - Exemplary (3.88).
Figure 2 illustrates the results of the evaluation.
Figure 2. Expert Evaluation on Le SWinG.
Results from the focus group interviews highlighted several comments on the areas to be
improved as synthesized in Table 2.
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Table 2. Summary of Feedback and Comments from Experts

Criteria Feedback & Comments
Graphics and User Interface Design Use darker colour for the button.
Letters and colour effects need to be more attractive
so that it could give better impact
Sound Design and Effects Add suitable appropriate sound effect to attract
potential users
Feedback for the User Include motivational sounds for responses
Responses/ feedback Use sounds, images or written words for

encouragement/ reinforcement.
Clue button to help learners. Words arranged according to syllable.
Learning Styles and Ease of Accessibility Do learners profiling so that they can jump level
(according to ability).
Others Consider culture context
The positive feedback and comment above indicate that Le SWinG Beginner prototype has the
potential to be used as educational tool. As for users’ feedback, Le SWinG was tested with ten
users which consist of primary school children age between 6-8 years old. Overall, users were
satisfied with the game. Nevertheless, they recommended two improvements i.e. to use
QWERTY keyboard and to extend the given time to complete the game. Hence, Le SWinG
Beginner is acceptable among the users and can be improved further to meet the demands and
needs of the learners.
CONCLUSIONS
Le SWinG Beginner is a product of Design and Development Research using the five phases
of the ADDIE model. Findings from experts’ evaluation reveal that Le SWinG Beginner
scores highest in terms of its functionality and navigation as well as graphics and user
interface design. Potential users provide some recommendations in terms of usability of the
product. The results also suggest that the outstanding features of Le SWinG Beginner has the
potential to enhance students’ motivation, allows for knowledge transfer to real world
situation and provides feedback for the users. Thus, Le SWinG prototype is feasible and
usable and with some improvements the game is expected to be more interesting for users. As
for future work, this study seeks to improve prototype based on the findings from this first
cycle of ADDIE. Another usability testing will be conducted to see the effectiveness of the
improvements made. In addition, the second part of the study will be conducted to evaluate
the effectiveness of Le SWinG Beginner on learning which will be conducted through pre-test
and post-test with young learners on the sight words acquisition and its effects on motivation
in learning. In addition, Le SWinG prototype will then be developed further as a mobile
application once the Windows version is stable and finalized.
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3D ANIMATION WORKSHOP: THE

IMPLEMENTATION OF 3D PRINTING IN
EDUCATION
Aimi Nabila Anizaim, Nelysa Nurshafira Mohd Roslan and Asrul Hafiz Huliman Hami
Ahmad
Faculty Film Theater & Animation, UiTM Puncak Perdana
E-mail: aiminabilaanizaim@gmail.com
Abstract: A 3D animation workshop will be organized by the Animation Department from

Faculty of Film Theater and Animation. The target participants will be primary and secondary
school students between the ages of 10 to 17 years old. The participants of this workshop will
work closely with the experts in 3D Animation industry to link the participants’ imagination
and creativity into tangible forms. The contents throughout the workshop will cover the basic
knowledge of 3D animation software at the beginner level. The end result of this workshop
will be physically manifested into a 3D model by using the provided 3D printing facilities.
This workshop would offer the first-hand exposure on interactive experience by bringing
creative imagination into reality. This approach will; in gist, expose the participants to the
current technology in the animation industry. Thus, it will motivate them to be an active
learner among their peers. This workshop aims to prepare the school students to enter the
workforce since 3D industry is becoming a demand from various sectors.
Keywords: 3D Animation Workshop, 3D Printing, Education
INTRODUCTION
A 3D animation workshop will be organized by the animation department from faculty of
film theater and animation. The contents of the workshop will cover the basic knowledge of
3D animation software at the beginner level. The end result of this workshop will be
physically manifested into a 3d model by using the provided 3d printing facilities.
The concept of this 3D workshop is one of the many means to support our government’s
emphasis to nurture science, technology, engineering & mathematics (stem) in this country’s
education system. We believe the 3D industry can offer a rich way to enhance and reinforce
the interest of stem within this young generation and the next. This program’s primary
objective is to at the tip of the iceberg, expose these children to the ‘cogwheel’ of today’s 3D
technology.
METHODOLOGY
This research will attempt to gain insight about whether 3D technology is effective enough to
engage the students to remains active and tackle easily what has been taught in classroom by
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conducting a 3D workshop besides improving method of teaching. This 3D animation

workshop will be organized by the researcher’s team as a part of a test rollout in primary and
secondary school within Bukit Jelutong and Puncak Perdana area. The contents of the
workshop will cover the basic knowledge of 3d animation software at the beginner level and
relate with the syllabus contents in classroom. The end result of this workshop will be
physically manifested into a 3D model by using the provided 3D printing facilities.
Participant
The target participants will be primary and secondary school students between the ages of 10
to 17 years old. The participants of this workshop will work closely with experts in the 3D
animation industry to link the participants’ imagination and creativity into tangible forms. The
engagement of participants throughout the workshop will be examine.
Survey/ validation of questionnaires

A survey shall be conducted at the beginning and at the end of the workshop for the
participants to analyze their responds before-and-after the assimilation of 3d technologies
been introduced. This data will be collected and analyze as a result for this research. The
parent’s responds also shall be analyzed for their responds on the new method of learning that
will be introduce in education system.
Data wıll be analyzed usıng spss and represented by mean and standard devıatıon.
FINDINGS
This research and 3D workshop is useful for the development of children’s problem solving
ability, presentation of ideas, digestion of information and the promotion 3D Visual
Presentation technology in the education system. Through this 3D Animation workshop, a
general awareness of the 3D Animation industry in Malaysia among the children can be
developed and learning process would be more interactive in classroom.
CONCLUSIONS
It is now common to see children at the spectator’s seat 3D presentation technology; i.e.
Children’s Cartoon flicks, games and etc., they have yet to use this 3D technology to present
ideas and imaginations of their own. This workshop and research will spark an interest among
them and teach them what, why and how to use this platform.
REFERENCES
Petch, M. (2016, 3 23). Redshift by AUTODESK. Retrieved JAN 24, 2018, from Redshift by
AUTODESK: https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/3d-printing-in-education/
Swearer, R. (2017, 8 30). Redshift by AUTODESK. Retrieved JAN 22, 2018, from Redshift by
AUTODESK: https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/future-of-education/
Steer, H. (2017, July 24). Stem Education Toys Motivate Students to Play Hard in Science
and Math. (R. Omary, Interviewer) Shift by AUTODESK.
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Eisenberg, M. (2013, January). 3D Printing For Children: What to build next? Retrieved
August 30, 2017, from sciencedirect.com:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212868912000050
Horvath, J. (2014). Matering 3D Printing. (M. Lowman, Ed.) New York, US: Technology In
Action.
Invest in STEM education, says Sultan Nazrin. (2017, August 21). Retrieved August 30, 2017,
from The Malay Mail Online: http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/invest-in-
stem-education-says-sultan-nazrin#GEMYZkesqrU5Vlwc.97
McClue, T. (2011, NOV 1). 3D Printing Will Transform Education. Retrieved SEPT 15,
2017, from ww.Forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/tjmccue/2011/11/01/3d-printing-
will-transform-education/#37e6e7864491
Ministry of Educational of Malaysia (2013). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025 (Pre-

School to Post-Secondary Education). Putrajaya: Ministry of Education.
Palamar, T. Mastering Autodesk Maya 2016: Autodesk Official Press. Indiana, Indianapolis,
Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Slavin, T. (2015, FEB). 3D Printers. Retrieved AUGUST 20, 2017, from

www.kidscodecs.com: https://www.kidscodecs.com/3d-printers/
Slavin, T. (2015, FEB). What is 3D Printing? Retrieved SEPT 13, 2017, from
www.kidscodecs.com: https://www.kidscodecs.com/what-is-3d-printing/
Toybox 3D Printer. (n.d.). Retrieved Sept 14, 2017, from make.toys: https://www.make.toys
Horvath, J. (2014). Matering 3D Printing. (M. Lowman, Ed.) New York, US: Technology In
Action.
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FRONT OFFICE SIMULATION TASKS (FOSTS)
Wei Boon Quah1, Azreena Aziz1 and Azizol Duralim2

1
Department of Hotel Operation, Sungai Petani Community College, Sungai Petani, Kedah
2
Department of Student Intake, Sungai Petani Community College, Sungai Petani, Kedah
E-mail: skyman823000@yahoo.com
Abstract: The front office department is the major department and the most important area of
the organization. The front desk of a hotel requires many different skills in order to make sure
guests have a pleasant experience at a hotel. Students unable to imagine the real situation that
will be happen because students only doing or practicing one role play task. Front Office
Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) has been created to offer a new experience for students to take as
hotel employee through the many responsibilities of a hotel employee. Front Office
Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) is a simulation activity that has been designed to create the real
working environment for students to learn in the areas of front office operations. All tasks
have been designed and created by lecturers. Each student will get the opportunity to rotate
for any positions like Reservationist, Concierge, Bellman. All the tasks will be occurring at a
particular instant in time. Students that perform as front office employees are challenged to
solve problems related to guest satisfaction, safety, security, and business operations. This
activity will be recorded, then lecturers will show to the students when lecturers do reflection
with students. We will use the Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) as an activity to train
students in order to adapt themselves in the real situation. Students are tested their confidence,
knowledge and skills through making strategic decisions in regard to front office operations
for example checking in and checking out (Receptionist), handling reservations
(Reservationist), provides information about the City Events (Concierge), and carrying and
bringing guests to guest rooms (Bellman). The cost of building this tasks card is zero as
lecturers will design the tasks by using words as save as pictures and distribute through
Whatsapp or any online platform. This idea can be used by any institutions that offered Front
Office subject or for hotel industrial training purposes. This Front Office Simulation Tasks
(FOSTs) is very useful to help students to understand the real situation job ability when
students involved themselves in this activity.
Keywords: Simulation, Front Office, Tasks, Receptionists, Concierge, Bellman
INTRODUCTION
The front office department is the major department and the most important area of the
organization. The front office or can be known as the main nerve of the hotel is the first and
the last sector that interact with a client. The part of this department are Front Office
Manager, Assistant Front Office Manager, Receptionist, Night Auditor, Cashier,
Reservationist, Concierge, Bellman, Doorman and Telephone Operator. The front desk of a
hotel requires many different skills at a time in order to make sure guests have a pleasant
experience at a hotel. However, hospitality students only doing or practicing one task at a
time or students only role playing one task at a time. When lecturers ask students to do a role
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play on two tasks together for example check in and check out, students unable to see the flow
and sequence and lack of common sense and skills to connect all the tasks and to perform all
tasks together. Moreover, students unable to imagine the real situation that will be happen
because students only doing or practicing one role play task.
Simulation modeling is a well-established technique that duplicates the “features, appearance,

and characteristics” of a real business or management system through an iconic or symbolic
model (Render & Stair, 1997, p. 692). A simulation can be defined as “an exercise involving
reality of function in an artificial environment, a case study, but with the participants inside”
(Thavikulwat, 2009, p. 243). Essentially, simulations are a representation of reality.
Simulations can be used to introduce or reinforce concepts by providing a simplification of
reality that facilitates the exploration of different scenarios and outcomes (Douglas et al.,
2008). Computer simulations, virtual worlds, games, the use of cards and role playing are all
forms of simulations that can encourage and engage learners to learn by doing (Edelheim &
Ueda, 2007).
Figure 1. Simulation modeling (Feinstein & Parks, 2002)
In Pratt and Hahn’s (2015) findings, they concluded that simulations have developed as a
learner-centered tool and have been found to be particularly relevant for capstone courses in
the hospitality industry. In their study found that students perceived that their problem-solving
skills improved through the use of the simulation and that students were provided with a
better understanding of departmental managerial decisions for future work opportunities.
Students also felt that the simulation provided a worthwhile learning experience through the
development of teamwork, offered a fun method of learning, and integrated their knowledge
from other courses. Overall, the results indicate that simulations can be an effective learning
method to increase students’ satisfaction. Therefore, Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs)
as an innovation idea that has been created in order to build simulation tasks card and prepare
the simulation environment for students to align well with learning check-in/check-out
processes which require students to combine motor skills (data entry, credit card/cash
processing) with customer service and orientation (greet and interrelate with guests).
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METHODOLOGY
Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) has been created to offer a new experience for
students to take as hotel employee through the many responsibilities of a hotel employee.
Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) is a simulation activity that has been designed to
create the real working environment for students to learn in the areas of front office
operations. All tasks have been designed and created by lecturers in order to give to students
to perform as a guest. Each student will get the opportunity to rotate for any positions for
example as a Reservationist, a Concierge, or a Bellman. All the tasks will be occurring at a
particular instant in time that have been designed by lecturers. Each simulation section will
have 10 students to become hotel employees and 15-20 students will become hotel guests.
When this Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) activity is running, students will be able to
see the real situation happening. Students that perform as front office employees are
challenged to solve problems related to guest satisfaction, safety, security, and business
operations. This activity will be recorded, then lecturers will show to the students when
lecturers do reflection with students.
Figure 2. FOSTs’ cards
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During the activity, lecturers will use Front Office Learning Tools Kit (FOTOKIT) (2 in 1)
for Beginners an innovation built with two versions that are manual and online based hotel
systems features. Besides, it guides the learners on arranging and handling rooms’ status that
leads them to the understanding of front office department affiliation with housekeeping
department as the most concern. Therefore, the main operations listed up as: Booking
Calendar / Reservation, Checking In & Checking Out Procedures, Products & Guest Billing.
Figure 3. FOTOKIT’s guest folio & booking calender
Lecturers will also use VIRTEST plus 3D an innovation created for Learning area 02.02 –
bellman job scope to make students easier to understand the procedure to introduce the
facilities in the guest room to guests due to our college don’t have simulation guest room.
VIRTEST plus 3D divided into two parts:
(i) Virtual guest room and
(ii) 3D floor plan
Virtual guest room is a floor plan that enable students to view virtually and enable students to
view as inside the real situation in the guest room. Lecturers will use projector to show the
VIRTEST plus 3D, and lecturers/students will use mouse to move the screen just like in the
real situation. Then, students able to see all the facilities in the guest room and students are
able to introduce the facilities to the guest.
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Figure 4. VIRTEST plus 3D’s guest room
FINDINGS
Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) simulates real conditions for hotel operations. It
provides a simulation environment which enables to provide invaluable training opportunities
for students to improve their managerial and operational skills and efficiencies. It also
provides great learning experiences to students who are studying hospitality business
management. Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) as a method for assisting the skills
development includes skills, issues, problem-based and speculative-based approaches
(Armstrong, 2003). Advantages of simulation relevant to this study include:
 providing practise in various types of behaviours/skills;
 opportunities for communications skills, other than written text to be practised;
 immediate feedback is possible;
 being generally student-centred to address needs of the learner as they learn a skill;
 replicating real-world situations;
These advantages, match the learning outcomes required for the subject, which are to improve
the learning of front office reception skills including the adoption of dispositions congruent
with a ‘service orientation’. Armstrong (2003) suggests role play is used as a training method
in the tourism management industry due to its emphasis on participatory, experiential learning
approaches and application to real-world practice.
CONCLUSIONS
Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) create a simulation platform and tasks to train
students in order to adapt themselves in the real situation. Students were tested their
confidence, knowledge and skills through making strategic decisions in regard to front office
operations for example checking in and checking out (Receptionist), handling reservations
(Reservationist), provides information about the City Events (Concierge), and carrying and
bringing guests to guest rooms (Bellman). Front Office Simulation Tasks (FOSTs) can be
used as an interactive teaching tools for hospitality students in learning front office subject.
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REFERENCES
Armstrong, K. (2003). Applications of role-playing in tourism management teaching: An
evaluation of a learning method. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education,
2(1), 5-16. doi:10.3794/johlste.21.24
Douglas, A., Miller, B., Kwansa, F., & Cummings, P. (2008). Students’ perceptions of the
usefulness of a virtual simulation in postsecondary hospitality education. Journal of Teaching
in Travel & Tourism, 7(3), 1-19. doi:10.1080/15313220801909270
Edelheim, J., & Ueda, D. (2007). Effective use of simulations in hospitality management
education–A case study. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 6(1),
18-28. doi: 10.3794/johlste.61.104
Feinstein, A. H., & Parks, S. J. (2002) The use of simulation in hospitality as an analytic tool
and instructional system: A review of the literature. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism
Research, 26(4), 396-421 doi: 10.1177/109634802237486
Pratt, M. A., & Hahn, S. (2015). Effects of simulation on student satisfaction with a capstone
course. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 27(1), 39-46.
doi:10.1080/10963758.2015.998911
Render, B., & Stair, R. M. (1997). Quantitative analysis for management. (6th ed.). Upper
Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Thavikulwat, P. (2004). The architecture of computerized business gaming simulations.

Simulation & Gaming, 35(2), 242-269. doi: 10.1177/1046878104263545
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THE PROSPECT OF RAP AND SHELL WASTE

AS SUBBASE MATERIAL
Juliana Idrus, Nurjuhanah Juhari, Masyitah Md Nujid, Nur Shafieza Azizan and
Khairul Afinawati Hashim
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
E-mail: julianaidrus@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: In order to promote sustainability of the environment, the utilization of waste and
recycled materials especially in the construction industries are significant. The reuse of
materials such as Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Shell Waste (SW) as subbase
materials for road construction eventually is an alternative solution to overcome the depletion
of natural aggregates and reduce the stockpile of waste problems in future. The green
environment in our country can be disregarded due to the increasing demand of quarry
product that eventuate the depreciation of natural resources such as limestone and granite. To
deal with this situation, a study on recycle construction and natural wastes as subbase material
replacement was carried out. The mixture of 70 % RAP and 30% SW as subbase materials
substitution showed satisfactory physical characteristics and can be classified as extremely
high durable which resulted the slake durability index of 95%. Hence, this innovation
provides better solution to the industrial key players in term of economic saving, high-quality,
well-performing and sustainability.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Shell Waste, Subbase, Slake durability index,
Sustainable.
INTRODUCTION
The exploitation of the natural resources for economic growth leads to the environmental
degradation. The incremental of construction activities and demolition of existing structures
generated vast amounts of construction and demolition wastes and hence created landfill
problems. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) is considered as one of the construction waste
produced by a process of removing asphalt layer from the paved structure. These materials
were subsequently disposed to landfill or near road side, which later create global
environmental issues and climate change. According to Jamshidi et al. (2012), waste materials
from civil engineering construction and maintenance works have increasingly threatened the
environment and public health. Environmental policy makers and project managers have tried
to develop new technologies to recycle waste materials using energy efficient methods while
simultaneously imposing minimum environmental loads. As part of supporting sustainable
development, the use of RAP wastes as subbase should be a viable option for the construction
industry, which needs to be thoroughly researched before its potential application in
construction.
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Subbase is one of the flexible pavement layer that has lower stresses and strains if compare to
base course. The subbase layer requires a suitable material that can sustain high impact of
loading from the vehicles load. Lee et al. (2010) claimed that by using recycled materials in
the base and subbase layers of a highway pavement can solvent in reducing 20% of global
warming potential, 16% of energy consumption, 11% body of water consumption and 6% of
hazardous waste contemporaries. Thus the selection of suitable materials for subbase would
be predominant in the pavement design.
According to Abukhettala (2016) depending on the attributes of the characteristics of the

recycled material, the inclusion varies. Some recycled materials have been proven to possess
preferable properties over the other and have performed satisfactorily in the field. However,
there are numerous concerns regarding such incorporation based on both laboratory
experimental and field observations which have turned out to be of the essence for further in-
depth studies. It is proven in the studied by Al-Qadi et al. (2007) that RAP has low strength
and high potential of creep and permanent deformation. However, in order to increase the
strength of RAP, this material can be blended and stabilized by other materials to gain better
performances. Thus, in this study shell waste is incorporated to stabilize the mixture.
The shell waste is cockle shell that contains calcium carbonate made up of aragonite which
has high of density and hardness (Mohamed et al., 2012). Safi et al. (2015) claimed that the
chemical elements in seashell have similar composition and higher than limestone. Thus,
Muthusamy et al. (2012) suggested a substitution of coarse aggregate in concrete with the
cockle shell. It is proven that the replacement of 20% cockle shell contributed to higher
compressive strength and workability.
Based on the literatures, the suitable proportion of different waste composition exhibited to
the better performances of a material. Therefore, different percentage of RAP and Shell Waste
composition was carried out in this study. The performances were investigated in terms of
toughness and weathering resistance of the mix composition.
METHODOLOGY
For this study, raw materials of RAP were taken at its stockpile at JKR (Bahagian Jalan)
Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang and the shell waste were collected at Sungai Juru, Pulau Pinang.
The laboratory works were conducted based on British Standard and ASTM Standard to
satisfy the specifications and requirements of flexible pavement design in Malaysia. Three (3)
samples were prepared to determine the average value for three (3) different percentage
mixtures of RAP and Shell Waste as shown in Table 1. Two (2) laboratory tests which are LA
Abrasion and Slake Durability Test were conducted to identify the physical characteristic of
the materials.
Table 1. The Mix Proportion of the Materials

Mixture Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (Rap) Shell Waste (Sw)
(%) (%)
M1 50 50
M2 70 30
M3 30 70
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LA AbrasIon Test (ASTM C 131)

LA abrasion test provides typical measure to indicate the aggregate toughness and abrasion
characteristic which includes impact and grinding in a rotating steel drum with severe number
of steel balls or known as charges. The 2.5kg of 14 mm and 10 mm samples were washed and
oven dried for 24 hours in 105 – 110 0C temperature. The samples were taken out from the
oven and weighted (Mo) after being cooled at room temperature. Then, the samples were
placed in the Los Angeles machine with 11 numbers of steel balls. The machine was rotated
at a speed of 30 to 33 revolutions per minute for 500 revolutions.
After the drum was stopped, the samples were sieved to separate the aggregates. The samples
retained on 1.70 mm sieve were washed and dried in the oven for 24 hours. The final mass of
sample was weighted as (Mf). The percentage loss from this test was obtained by:
Loss = (Mo – Mf) / Mo x 100 (eq. 1)
where
Mo = original mass of sample in gram
Mf = final mass of sample in gram
Slake Durability (ASTM D 4644)

Slake Durability test was carried out to determine the resistance of samples to weakening and
disintegration. The samples were placed in a drum and weighted before the first cycle (B).
The drum is mounted in the trough and coupled to the motor. Then, the trough was filled with
distilled water to 20 mm below the drum axis. The drum was rotated at 20 rpm for 10 min.
The samples with drum were oven dried for another 24 hours. These steps were repeated for
second cycle and the water temperatures were recorded at the beginning and the end of the
test. Mass of the sample (WF) and drum (C) after oven dried for second cycle were recorded
and the slake durability index then calculated as follow:
Id(2) =[(WF - C)/ (B - C)] X 100 (eq.2)
where
Id(2) = slake durability index (second cycle)
C = mass of drum
B = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen before the first cycle in gram
WF = mass of drum plus oven-dried specimen retained after the second cycle in gram.
FINDINGS
Aggregate abrasion is used to measure the aggregate toughness in order to determine the
quality of material for road construction. The harder the aggregate, the higher its resistance
towards crushing. Figure 1 shows the results of LA abrasion loss for M1 (37%), M2 (39%)
and M3 (35%). It proved that all mixtures have good performance of abrasion resistance as
stated in Public Works Department of Malaysia's (PWD) Specification for Road Works
(JKR/SPJ/2014); the value for LA abrasion loss for subbase must not more than 50%.
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Figure 1. Results of LA Abrasion
Materials for road must be resist to breakdown or disintegrate when subjected to wetting and
drying process. Figure 2 shows the results of slake durability index for M1 (98.1%), M2
(99.2%) and M3 (98.8%). From the results, the durability index for all mixtures are more than
95% with slaking value only range from 0% to 5% and it can be categorized as extremely
high durable as stated in Table 2. Chandra & Franklin (1972) also mentioned that durability
exceed 95% is well cemented and can be categorized as harden aggregate.
Figure 2. Results of Slake Durability
Table 2. Slake durability index classification (Chandra & Franklin, 1972)
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CONCLUSIONS
It can be concluded that the abrasion loss for three (3) different percentages of RAP and Shell
Waste satisfied the recommended value proposed by JKR specification for subbase which is
less than 50%. The combination of RAP and Shell Waste showed good physical
characteristics in term of durability. It can be classified as extremely high durable of material
which exceed 95% slake durability index. In promoting the use of RAP and Shell Waste as
subbase material in the future, M2 (70% – 30%) of RAP and SW is selected after considered
the important properties of subbase as drainage layer.
REFERENCES
Al-Qadi, I. L., Elseifi, M., & Carpenter, S. H. (2007). Reclaimed asphalt pavement - A
literature review. Retrieved from
https://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/46007/FHWA-ICT-07-001.pdf
American Society Test Method (ASTM). (2003). Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size

Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine 1, 4, 4–7.
American Society of Testing and Material (ASTM). (1998). Standard Test Method for Slake
Durability of Shales and Similar Weak Rocks 1, 87, 1–3.
Chandra, R. and, & Franklin, J. A. (1972). The Slake Durability Test. International Journal of
Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 9, 325–341.
Jabatan Kerja Raya. (2014). Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/58: Manual Pavement Design. Malaysia.
Lee, J. C., Edil, T. B., Tinjum, J. M., & Benson, C. H. (2010). Quantitative assessment of
environmental and economic benefits of using recycled construction materials in highway
construction. Transportation Research Board, 2158(1), 1–11.
M. Abukhettala (2016). Use of Recycled Materials in Road Construction. Proceedings of the

2nd International Conference on Civil, Structural and Transportation Engineering, 138
Mohamed, M., Yusup, S., & Maitra, S. (2012). Decomposition Study of Calcium Carbonate
in Cockle Shell. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 7(1), 1–10.
Muthusamy, K., & Sabri, N. A. (2012). Cockle Shell : A Potential Partial Coarse Aggregate
Replacement In Concrete. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology,
1(4), 260–267.
Safi, B., Saidi, M., Daoui, A., Bellal, A., Mechekak, A., & Toumi, K. (2015). The use of
seashells as a fine aggregate (by sand substitution) in self-compacting mortar (SCM).
Construction and Building Materials, 78, 430–438.
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PHYSICAL MULTIMEDIA LEARNING SYSTEM IN

COOKING FOR PRESCHOOLERS
Kien Tsong Chau, Zarina Samsudin and Wan Ahmad Jaafar Wan Yahaya
Centre for Instructional Technology and Multimedia, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
Email: chaukientsong@usm.my, ina@usm.my, wajwy@usm.my
Abstract: Based on the idea of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, a learning gap
emerges between preschoolers and multimedia learning system where the cognitive capability
of a preschooler whose cognition is still in a state of preoperational level and the condition of
multimedia which only delivers information in digital visual-auditory format. In light of the
compelling theory, a multimedia prototype augmented with the use of physical objects named
“PhysiCook” has been designed and developed. PhysiCook is a game-like learning system in
cooking. Acquiring know-how to cook is not the final objective of the system, but to
understand the real objects and ingredients involved, how and when they are used in the
cooking process. To examine the capability of the prototype, a research that deployed the
instrument called Smileyometer, which capable of measuring the level of enjoyment of
subjects towards experimental system, on 248 preschoolers recruited from seven Malaysian
kindergartens was conducted. Analyses revealed that the PhysiCook system stimulates
preschoolers’ enjoyment significantly more than regular multimedia. Overall, the findings led
to the conclusion that the physical multimedia is one of the source of state of enjoyment in
multimedia learning for preschoolers.
Keywords: Physical object, Multimedia, Physical Multimedia, Preschoolers
INTRODUCTION
Current years have witnessed significant innovation in ICT. iPad, a line of touch-screen tablet
computers, has arisen as an advancement that prominently facilitates intuitive interaction of
humans and computer in the delivery of digital information. With iPad in hand, preschoolers
interact with the computer naturally using finger. Various multimedia learning systems for
preschoolers have followed the step of iPad where touch-screen is embraced in aid of
teaching and learning. However, there exists an inconspicuous problem in such systems.
Preschoolers are group of young children in state of preoperational level where their cognitive
structure on which all learning attained is highly dependent on external concrete stimuli
(Piaget, 1952, 1972). In addition, they have limited vocabulary and unskilled motor acuity
(Huang, Smith, Spreen, & Jones, 2008; Read, MacFarlane, Casey, 2002). Conversely,
multimedia only conveys information using digital visual and auditory format. The
repercussion for these two opposite ends is a large learning gap between preschoolers and
multimedia learning systems. The gap further develops by huge quantities of learning systems
that go beyond the young children’s learning capacities (Mohamad Jafre, Majid,
Souriyavongsa, Chin Da, & Ong, 2011). For preschoolers who have distinctive nature
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connoted by Piaget (1952, 1972), touch-screen interaction in iPad is insufficient. Additional

attribute that is truly aligned to their cognitive structure is required. As interaction-friendly
innovation does not mean it is cognitive-friendly to preschoolers, thus, a new attribute in
multimedia learning system has to be sorted out for them.
Figure 1. Missing attribute in digital multimedia environment
Based on the notion of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development (Piaget, 1952, 1972),
physical objects are the attribute necessary for cognitive learning to take place efficiently in
multimedia learning system for preschoolers. The points of view of the theory explicitly
rationalises the role of learning activities associated with physical objects, that is, support the
need of physical sensation via physical objects for preschoolers to grip in order to make sense
of the concepts, especially ideas outside of their immediate context. In light of the theory
prescribed by Piaget, a new genre of multimedia system augmented with physical objects has
been conceived.
PROPOSING PHYSICAL MULTIMEDIA (PHYSICOOK)

We propose to term such multimedia that embrace the sense of physicality for preschoolers as
“physicality augmented multimedia learning system”, or in short, physical multimedia. To
collect empirical evidence about the enjoyment level of such multimedia, we developed a
relevant prototype of physical multimedia named PhysiCook for research.
METHODOLOGY
Design and Implementation of PhysiCook
PhysiCook is a game-like learning system in cooking. It comprises two arenas, that is,
physical arena and virtual arena. Physical arena consists of a display table, speaker, mouse,
keyboard, monitor, CPU, and an array of physical objects whereas virtual arena composed of
virtual learning objects and background scene.
The learning process in PhysiCook starts when a preschooler grips a physical object, and
points it to the sensor devices to trigger the virtual learning object to respond and animate on
the computer screen. The physical and multimedia objects binding were implemented through
the adaptation of sensors technology, which comprises RFID readers, force sensors, spatial
sensors, and electronic sliders. Each physical object was glued with sensor devices.
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Figure 2. Sensor devices deployed in PhysiCook
RFID reader and tags was installed to identify physical objects. It is done in a way that RFID
tag is inserted into a physical object. When the physical object is moved towards the field of
radio wave generated by a compatible reader, the tag will transmit the identification
information to the reader, thereby establishing mutual communication that allows the
computer to identify the object (Figure 3).
Figure 3. Implementation of physicality in in PhysiCook
Performing movements in physical space is human innate traits to interact with physical
objects (Sharlin, Watson, Kitamura, Kishino, & Itoh, 2004; Xie, 2008). Spatial sensor was
attached on physical objects for the purpose of spatial movement in PhysiCook (Figure 3). By
performing simple gestural movement suit to the preschoolers’ level of motor acuity and
mental structure, corresponding virtual objects in PhysiCook will be responded accordingly.
Although different types of sensor devices are used, they are converging and deployed in
complementary ways to deliver multimedia contents. In PhysiCook learning session,
acquiring know-how to cook is not the final objective of the session, but to understand the
real objects involved, how and when they are used in the cooking process. For example, the
preschoolers are expected to learn the ingredients required in cooking. When “add sauce” text
is exhibited on screen, the preschooler will be required to identify and pick the physical sauce
embedded with RFID tag, and point to the RFID reader. If the preschooler picks incorrectly, a
wrong message will be highlighted. If the child picks correctly, the virtual sauce will be
animated, and slowly moved towards the virtual frying pan (Figure 4).
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Subsequent step for the preschooler is to learn more physical objects, namely condensed milk,
lemon juice, macaroni, and etc. All their corresponding physical objects are embedded with
distinct tags for identification. After all ingredients are “poured” into the virtual frying pan, a
virtual stirring spatula will be shown (Figure 4). This indicates that it is time for the
preschooler to identify the physical stirring spatula, which is augmented with spatial sensor.
After picking up the physical spatula, the child will need to perform simple hand movement
detectable using spatial sensor. As a result, a simulation of the stirring action will be played in
PhysiCook.
Figure 4. Moving physical sauce & spatula to trigger animation of virtual sauce & spatula
FINDINGS
Design and setting of PhysiCook potentially bridge the gap faced by the preschoolers in
multimedia learning. To gauge the capability of the prototype, 248 preschoolers aged five and
six from seven Malaysian kindergarten were recruited as the evaluators in the research.
Unstructured observation and Questionnaires (Smileyometer) were engaged to elicit ideas
pertaining to the usefulness of the PhysiCook from the preschoolers.
Observation revealed that the most attractive feature in PhysiCook to the preschoolers was the
physical objects. The preschoolers were inquisitive to learn the learning objects. They
deliberately explored the physical objects organised in front of them. They tinkered with the
physical objects and attempted different positions and alignments to the computer. None of
the evaluators indicated that they wanted to stop prior to completion of the allocated amount
of time for learning in the learning session. Physical sensation of objects was believed to have
enhanced their interest of learning.
Smileyometer were used to gauge the participants’ level of enjoyment respectively. We

referred the enjoyment to “joy-of-use” or “likeability” of using PhysiCook. The self-report
instrument was modified to be child-friendly by the use of smiley, a pictorial representation of
dissimilar types of happy faces to signify the diverse levels of enjoyment. The research
discovered that the participating preschoolers generally rated their state of enjoyment of using
the PhysiCook with the high score (enjoyed and enjoyed very much) in Smileyometer. The
outcome of the research demonstrated that PhysiCook was an enjoyable system. We believed
that iterative hands-on experiences enriched with multimedia expressions contributed to this
positive outcome.
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CONCLUSIONS
Considering the strength of physical affordances prescribed by Piaget’s theory of cognitive
development, physical objects are worth to be introduced into the multimedia landscape. The
positive result in the research provides a synopsis of the ability of physical multimedia in
bridging the learning gap between preschoolers and multimedia. The design of the prototype
of physical multimedia, PhysiCook system is rudimentary. We wish more research efforts on
the physical multimedia to overcome the limitations posed by PhysiCook in the research.
REFERENCES
Huang, K., Smith, J., Spreen, K., & Jones, M. F. (2008) “Breaking the sound barrier:
Designing an interactive tool for language acquisition in preschool deaf children”,
Proceedings from IDC ’08: The 7th International Conference on Interaction Design and
Children, pp210-216.
Mohamad Jafre Zainol Abidin, Majid Pour-Mohammadi, Souriyavongsa, T., Chin Da, &
Ong, L. K. (2011) “Improving Listening Comprehension among Malay Preschool Children
Using Digital Stories”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(14), pp159-
164.
Piaget, J. (1952) The origins of intelligence in children, New York, USA, University Press.
Piaget, J. (1972) The principles of genetic epistemology, New York, Basic Books.
Read, J. C., MacFarlane, S. J. & Casey, C. (2002) “Endurability, Engagement and

Expectations: Measuring Children's Fun”. Proceedings from IDC'02, ACM Press.
Sharlin, E., Watson, B., Kitamura, Y., Kishino, F., & Itoh, Y. (2004) “On tangible user
interfaces, human and spatiality”, Personal and Ubiquitous Computing (8) 5, pp338 - 346.
Xie, Z. (2008) Comparing children's enjoyment and engagement using physical, graphical
and tangible user interfaces, Master dissertation, School of Interactive Arts and Technology,
Simon Fraser University, Canada.
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PELAKSANAAN SISTEM PEMANTAUAN KEMAJUAN

PRESTASI PELAJAR
Manisah Mohd Shah1,*, Haliza Hamzah2, Joy Nesamalar Samuel2, Hilezan Zainal1 and
Mahamsiatus Kamaruddin3
1
Jabatan Matematik, IPG Kampus Pendidikan Teknik
2
Jabatan Pendidikan, IPG Kampus Pendidikan Teknik
3
Jabatan Teknologi Komputeran, IPG Kampus Pendidikan Teknik
*Email: manisah@pendidikguru.edu.my
Abstrak: Kajian ini tertumpu kepada pelaksanaan sistem pemantauan kemajuan prestasi
akademik pelajar Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Pendidikan (PISMP) di Institut Pendidikan
Guru Kampus Pendidikan Teknik (IPGKPT). Sistem ini dibangunkan bagi memenuhi
keperluan pengakreditasian oleh Malaysian Quality Accrediation (MQA), yang menekankan
penambahbaikan kualiti berterusan (CQI). Usaha pemantauan prestasi pelajar penting untuk
mengetahui kualiti akademik program institut yang dijalankan. Kajian ini dilakukan melalui
kaedah kajian keperpustakaan termasuk mengumpul maklum balas daripada pihak ‘stake
holder’ IPGKPT berkaitan keperluan pemantauan kemajuan prestasi pelajar. Kajian ini
berfokus kepada aspek kebolehcapaian maklumat kemajuan akademik pelajar secara cepat,
mengenal pasti trenda keputusan peperiksaan individu mengikut semester dan pengurusan
pemantauan prestasi akademik pelajar secara sistematik. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan
pembangunan sistem yang dibangunkan ini telah dapat memenuhi keperluan pemantauan
prestasi akademik pelajar melalui peningkatan kecekapan pentadbiran institut. Ini adalah
kerana kemajuan prestasi akademik pelajar telah dapat dikesan seawal semester pertama
pelajar memulakan pengajian sehingga ke semester akhir pengajian. Dengan demikian pihak
‘stake holder’ dapat memantau perkembangan prestasi pelajar dengan lebih berkesan dengan
mengambil tindakan selanjutnya untuk membantu peningkatan prestasi akademik pelajar.
Kata kunci : Pengakreditasian, pemantauan akademik, PISMP
PENGENALAN
Sejajar dengan hasrat kerajaan Malaysia untuk menjadikan pendidikan negara ini sebagai
pusat kecemerlangan pendidikan di rantau antarabangsa, justeru pelbagai usaha pengiktirafan
dan pengakreditasian telah dilakukan oleh Malaysian Quality Accreditation (MQA) sebagai
asas perakuan dan pengiktirafan pendidikan di negara ini. Sehubungan itu, Majlis Akreditasi
Malaysia telah meletakkan pelaksanaan pendekatan pendidikan berasaskan hasil (OBE –
Outcome Based Education) sebagai salah satu elemen utama untuk tujuan akreditasi. OBE
adalah satu kaedah reka bentuk kurikulum dan pengajaran yang memberi tumpuan kepada apa
yang sebenarnya pelajar boleh capai selepas mereka diajar. Semenjak itu, OBE telah menjadi
tumpuan utama dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Berhubung dengan pelaksanaan
baru, pemantauan, kajian dan peningkatan proses pernyataan hasil program telah menjadi
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tugas besar untuk semua program Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam (IPTA) dan Institusi
Pengajian Tinggi Swasta (IPTS) di seluruh negara (Haliza & Siti Khadzimah, 2015).
OBE merupakan proses yang melibatkan penstrukturan semula iaitu 1. kurikulum, 2. kaedah
pembelajaran dan pengajaran, 3. kaedah penilaian, dan 4. pelaporan pencapaian bagi tujuan
penambahbaikan program.
OBE bertujuan untuk menangani persoalan seperti berikut:

1. Apa yang anda mahu pelajar miliki/kuasai atau mampu lakukan? (Hasil Pembelajaran)
2. Bagaimana anda boleh membantu pelajar untuk mencapainya? (Metodologi, strategi)
3. Bagaimana anda tahu pelajar telah mencapai HP berkaitan? (Pentaksiran)
4. Bagaimana anda mengukur pencapaian? (Closing the loop / CDL)
OBE adalah satu proses yang melibatkan penyusunan semula kurikulum, penilaian dan
laporan amalan dalam pendidikan untuk mencerminkan pencapaian pembelajaran aras tinggi
dan penguasaan hasil pembelajaran. Antara perubahan yang diharapkan adalah seperti
penyusunan semula kurikulum/semakan, kaedah penyampaian inovatif/fleksibel, pelbagai
pentaksiran & kaedah penilaian, pengumpulan bukti-bukti serta peningkatan kualiti berterusan
(Closing the loop, CDL) (Haliza & Siti Khadzimah, 2015).
Oleh itu, berdasarkan penjelasan di atas dan isu pemantauan kemajuan prestasi akademik
pelajar yang dikenal pasti oleh pengkaji sebelum ini (Manisah et al., 2018), kajian ini
memfokuskan kepada pelaksanaan Sistem Pemantauan Kemajuan Prestasi Pelajar (SKPP)
bagi menyokong usaha peningkatan kualiti berterusan dalam memastikan proses CDL
dipatuhi.
PENYATAAN MASALAH
Kajian ini dijalankan lanjutan teguran MQA berkaitan pemantauan terhadap penilaian
kemajuan prestasi pelajar dan OBE iaitu pendidikan berasaskan hasil, di mana rekabentuk
kurikulum, kaedah pengajaran dan pembelajaran (PdP) dan kaedah pentaksiran pelajar
ditentukan berdasarkan kualiti pelajar yang perlu dicapai. Kualiti pelajar yang perlu dicapai
ini adalah berdasarkan keperluan stake holders bagi sesebuah program akademik.
Justeru, bagi sebuah IPTA seperti Institut Pendidikan Guru Kampus Pendidikan Teknik
(IPGKPT) yang merupakan salah sebuah institusi di bawah Institut Pendidikan Guru Malaysia
(IPGM) yang menawarkan Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan (PISMP) kepada calon
yang bakal menjadi guru selepas tamat program pengajian yang diikuti, kualiti pelajar di
institusi ini penting ditentukan. Didapati satu platform perlu disediakan untuk memantau
perkembangan akademik pelajar dan OBE sepanjang lapan semester mereka berada di
IPGKPT. Platform tersebut penting bagi membantu dalam membuat keputusan mengenai
prestasi akademik pelajar dan dapat mengenal pasti sekiranya terdapat sebarang masalah
pelajar yang timbul.
Sebelum ini strategi pemantauan penilaian kemajuan prestasi pelajar hanya dilakukan secara
manual tanpa disokong oleh data. Strategi yang dibuat adalah dengan merangka dan
menjalankan aktiviti atau program bagi meningkatkan pencapaian akademik pelajar. Hal ini
demikan, kerana belum ada lagi sistem yang dibangunkan secara khusus untuk memantau dan
menilai prestasi kemajuan akademik pelajar IPGKPT sepanjang lapan semester mereka
mengikuti program PISMP. Akibatnya, peningkatan atau penurunan prestasi pelajar tidak
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dapat dikesan sehinggalah pelajar berada di semester akhir di mana adalah terlalu lewat bagi
mengambil tindakan untuk membantu peningkatan prestasi pelajar tersebut.
TUJUAN KAJIAN
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk:
1. menentukan mekanisme pemantauan penilaian kemajuan prestasi akademik pelajar
PISMP IPGKPT
2. melaksanakan pembangunan Sistem pemantauan Kemajuan Prestasi Pelajar
berdasarkan mekanisme pemantauan yang telah ditentukan
TINJAUAN LITERATUR
(a) Keperluan / Kepentingan OBE
Pendidikan berasaskan hasil (OBE) telah menjadi ciri utama bagi memperoleh akreditasi
sesuatu program ijazah yang ditawarkan oleh mana-mana institusi pengajian tinggi masa kini.
Jadual 1 merumuskan beberapa fokus kajian lepas berkaitan keperluan/kepentingan OBE
dalam sesebuah program kursus yang dijalankan.
Jadual 1. Kajian literatur berkaitan keperluan / kepentingan OBE
Keterangan Kajian
Penyelidik
Tajuk kajian Keperluan/ kepentingan OBE
Tshai et. al Outcome-based OBE menganjurkan peralihan paradigma dari amalan tradisional
(2007) Education – The daripada pengumpulan kredit kursus untuk memberi tumpuan
Assessment kepada pencapaian pelajar dalam pembelajaran aras tinggi dan
of Programme penguasaan kemahiran berfikir aras tinggi. Ini dipercayai
Educational merupakan ukuran yang lebih baik berbanding kejayaan pelajar
Objectives for an dalam mencapai kemahiran penting yang diperlukan.
Engineering
Undergraduate
Degree
Nur Irfah et. Implementation of Kajian ini menyarankan bahawa untuk menutup gelung (Closing
al. (2010) Outcome Based the loop - CDL), tiga peringkat perlu diselesaikan, iaitu tahap
Education in UNITEN- Kursus, tahap Program dan Objektif Pendidikan Program (PEO).
Closing the Loop Tiga tahap ini haruslah melalui proses yang berterusan.
(PEO). Pencapaian untuk menutup gelung adalah untuk mendapatkan
tahap minimum 3 dari carta kriteria prestasi, juga perlu
mengekalkan hasil PEO tahap 3 ke atas di samping dapat
meningkatkan kualiti graduan dari semasa ke semasa dengan
melaksanakan CQI (Peningkatan Kualiti Berterusan).
(2014). UTeM Workshop on OBE Kelebihan OBE yang dibincangkan ialah:

● Lebih banyak kurikulum yang diarahkan & koheren
● Graduan akan lebih "relevan" kepada industri dan pihak
berkepentingan lain (graduan yang lebih baik)
● Penambahbaikan Kualiti Berterusan (CQI) adalah akibat
yang tidak dapat dielakkan.
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Davis, Outcome-based- Kelebihan OBE disenaraikan seperti di bawah:

MH (2003) Education ● Panduan untuk Penilaian
● Relevan
● Ketulusan
● Kejelasan
● Peruntukan Rangka Kerja
● Akauntabiliti
● Pembelajaran Berasaskan Diri
● Fleksibiiti Panduan untuk Penilaian
● Sumbangan kepada Perancangan Kurikulum
● Memudahkan Penilaian Kurikulum
● Pendidikan berterusan
Spady (1994) Outcome-Based Buku ini menggariskan "Golden Rules" bagi kejayaan rekabentuk
Education: Critical kurikulum berasaskan hasil iaitu:
Issues and Answers. ”Consistently, Systematically,and Creatively”.
Juga membincangkan keperluan untuk bertukar kepada sistem

OBE iaitu melalui komponen yang berikut:
● ditetapkan hasil (bukannya ditetapkan kalendar)
● peluang yang diperluas (bukannya kekurangan peluang)
● pengiktirafan prestasi (bukannya kelayakan berkasta)
● integrasi konsep (bukannya segmentasi kandungan)
● jurulatih pengajaran (bukan pelajaran kurikulum)
● kemunculan pencapaian (bukan pencapaian kumulatif)
● kejayaan termasuk (bukan kategori pemilihan)
● pembelajaran koperatif (bukan pembelajaran berasaskan
peraduan)
● pengesahan kriteria (bukannya penilaian berasaskan
perbandingan)
● struktur kerjasama (bukannya struktur selular)
(2010). OBE: Ontario’s Laman web ini menyenaraikan kepentingan OBE iaitu:
Degree Level ● Menyediakan cara strategik untuk meningkatkan kualiti
Expectations. pengajaran dan pembelajaran;
● Membantu memastikan kelulusan dan akreditasi program
baru dan sedia ada;
● Menyediakan mekanisme untuk memastikan akauntabiliti
dan jaminan kualiti;
● Membantu pelajar mengambil tanggungjawab untuk
pembelajaran mereka sendiri;
● Menyediakan cara untuk pelajar menyatakan
pengetahuan, kemahiran dan pengalaman yang diperoleh
semasa program mereka;
● Memberi rangka kerja untuk perancangan kurikulum
kolaboratif;
● Memberi alat untuk menilai dan meningkatkan
kurikulum; dan
● Membantu menggalakkan kesinambungan antara
pendidikan siswazah, pascasiswazah dan pendidikan
berterusan.
Haliza & Siti Panduan Kefahaman Antara perubahan yang diharapkan melalui pelaksanaan OBE
Khadzimah Tentang MQA dan adalah seperti berikut:
(2015) Pelaksanaan ● Penyusunan semula kurikulum /semakan
Kurikulum Pendidikan ● Kaedah penyampaian inovatif /fleksibel
Berasaskan Hasil ● Pelbagai pentaksiran & kaedah penilaian
(OBE) ● Pengumpulan bukti-bukti
● Peningkatan kualiti berterusan (closing the loop)
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(b) Pemantauan Kemajuan Prestasi Pelajar

Pengurusan akademik oleh mana-mana institusi pengajian tinggi penting untuk melaksana
pemantauan kemajuan prestasi akademik pelajar bagi mengukuhkan program pengajian yang
dijalankan supaya selari dan memenuhi standard nasional bagi program pengajian yang
dijalankan. Keupayaan mengurus data akademik pelajar dengan efektif merupakan suatu
kelebihan dalam pengurusan program pendidikan. Beberapa mekanisme kajian lepas
berkaitan pelaksanaan sistem pemantauan kemajuan akademik pelajar dikenal pasti dijelaskan
seperti Jadual 2 berikut :
Jadual 2: Kajian literatur sistem pemantauan kemajuan akademik pelajar
Keterangan Kajian
Penyelidik
Tajuk Kajian Deskripsi
Mohd Azree et The Log-Book - menjelaskan pelaksanaan sistem pemantauan akademik

al. (2005) and Online pelajar (CGPA rendah) di Jabatan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal di
Monitoring salah sebuah universiti menggunakan ‘Log-Book’ dan secara
system for sistem pemantauan atas talian.
Students with Low - berdasarkan data, pelajar secara individu perlu berbincang
CGPA dengan penasihat akademik masing-masing untuk tindakan
lanjut
Lalas & Developing a - menjelaskan analisis situasi berkaitan penggredan dan

Marcial (2016) Grading and pemantauan akademik di salah sebuah kolej kepada
Monitoring sokongan membuat keputusan oleh pihak pengurusan
System: Towards - perbincangan kajian turut menjelaskan mengenai
an Effective pembangunan ‘Grading and Monitoring System’ yang
Academic mempunyai pilihan fungsi berkaitan :
Evaluation ● pelaksanaan penggredan, perancangan aktiviti dan notis
pemberitahuan
● modul pemantauan gred pelajar mengikut subjek,
semester, kursus
● laporan analisis untuk sokongan membuat keputusan
serta paparan statistik berasaskan pendekatan Business
Intelligence(BI)
Academic S. Academic - menjelaskan laporan berkaitan ‘Academic Monitoring and

(2012) Monitoring and Exclusion Policy’ yang dilaksanakan di salah sebuah
Exclusions Policy universiti berfokus berkaitan pemantauan pencapaian
and Procedures akademik pelajar dengan harapan pelajar berprestasi rendah
dapat dikenal pasti terlebih awal serta dapat diberi bimbingan
- Pencapaian pelajar dikategorikan mengikut ‘Good academic
standing’ (green), ‘at risk ‘ (orange) dan ‘severely
underperforming’ (red).
Adagale, Academic - menjelaskan pelaksanaan sistem pemantauan pengurusan

Agrawal & Monitoring akademik pelajar bermula dari hari pertama pelajar melapor
Dane (2016) System diri sehingga tamat pengajian
- sistem yang dibangunkan mengandungi fungsi pelaporan
maklumat pelajar, kedatangan dan prestasi kursus secara atas
talian
Ogor (2007) Student Academic - menjelaskan proses pelaksanan sistem pentaksiran untuk
Performance pemantauan prestasi akademik sepanjang tempoh pengajian
Monitoring and pelajar bagi sokongan membuat keputusan menggunakan
Evaluation Using ‘Data Mining Techniques (DMT)’
data Mining - pelaksanaan pembangunan sistem melibatkan agen
Techniques ‘knowledge discovery’, ‘SQL - query tools’, ‘Fuzzy theory’
dan sebagainya.
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METODOLOGI
Kajian ini telah menggunakan kaedah kajian keperpustakaan dan menjalankan analisis
laporan audit MQA untuk mengenal pasti mekanisme berkaitan pemantauan kemajuan
prestasi akademik pelajar. Daripada dapatan tersebut pelaksanaan pembangunan Sistem
Pemantauan Kemajuan Prestasi Pelajar (SKPP) bagi mencapai tujuan kajian kedua
dikemukakan seperti Rajah 1 berikut:
Rajah 1. Pelaksanaan kerangka kerja SKPP
PERBINCANGAN DAPATAN KAJIAN

Hasil dapatan kajian dilakukan secara eksplisit dan daripada pelaksanaan SKPP, tiga aspek
berkaitan pemantauan prestasi akademik pelajar di IPGKPT telah dapat dilakukan iaitu :
- aspek kebolehcapaian : maklumat kemajuan akademik pelajar dapat diakses secara
cepat,
- aspek trenda keputusan : maklumat kemajuan akademik dapat dikenal pasti trenda
keputusan peperiksaan individu mengikut semester, dan
- aspek pengurusan data: maklumat pengurusan pemantauan prestasi akademik pelajar
dapat dilakukan secara sistematik
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Tema Item
Kebolehcapaian - tiada akses kepada data akademik

- maklumat pelajar berpotensi cemerlang,
- maklumat pelajar lulus
- maklumat pelajar bermasalah akademik
Trenda keputusan - tiada analisis trenda keputusan

- tidak platform pemantauan trenda
- bagaimana dilaksana
- bagaimana ditentukan
Pengurusan data - peranan

- tanggungjawab
- kemahiran pengurusan data
- kaitan pengurusan data
- sokongan dan penglibatan
- kesedaran sistem
- sumber data
Secara khususnya, rumusan SKPP adalah :

i. Sistem penilaian kemajuan prestasi pelajar dapat dilaksanakan untuk membantu
pengurusan dan pentadbiran akademik di IPGKPT dengan lebih cekap.
ii. Memudahkan urusan pemantauan pelajar secara lebih sistematik.
iii. Membolehkan semua maklumat pelajar disimpan dan capaian dengan lebih cepat.
iv. Mengurangkan penggunaan kertas secara optima dengan mewujudkan konsep
“paperless”.
v. Memudahkan carian, capaian data dan maklumat di samping data dapat dijana menjadi
maklumat yang lebih berguna mengikut kehendak pengguna.
vi. Memudahkan pengeluaran maklumat diri, pemarkahan, dan laporan akademik tanpa
sebarang kesilapan.
vii. Menjimatkan kos dan masa pengurusan dan pentadbiran institut.
viii. Memastikan ketepatan, kebolehpercayaan maklumat pelajar terjamin dengan konsep
perkongsian data antara bahagian dan unit yang lain.
Sebelum inovasi dijalankan, terdapat beberapa masalah yang telah dihadapi oleh Ketua
Jabatan Akademik (pemilik program) khususnya dalam mengenal pasti pelajar-pelajar yang
berpotensi cemerlang, pelajar yang dalam kategori lulus dan pelajar yang mempunyai masalah
akademik. Sistem yang dibangunkan ini dapat membantu mengatasi masalah yang wujud dan
pemantauan terhadap kemajuan prestasi pelajar dapat dilakukan secara sistematik.
KESIMPULAN
Pengurusan akademik bergantung pada data dan maklumat untuk membuat keputusan.
Penggunaan maklumat untuk membuat keputusan perlu dapat diakses pada masa yang singkat
dan dapat menunjukkan senario atau isu yang berlaku. Membuat keputusan berkaitan
pengurusan akademik merupakan suatu proses penting kerana melibatkan masa depan pelajar.
Kajian ini menjelaskan bahawa suatu mekanisme untuk pemantauan prestasi akademik pelajar
di IPGKPT yang merupakan bakal guru pada suatu masa kelak penting dilakukan sepanjang
mereka mengikuti program pengajian di kampus. Mekanisme yang dikenalpasti adalah
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dengan melaksanakan suatu sistem pemantauan prestasi akademik yang dapat menangani isu
kebolehcapaian, menentukan trenda keputusan dan mempertingkatkan prestasi pengurusan
organisasi. Dalam hal ini, aspirasi pelaksanan sistem tersebut dapat dijayakan bergantung
kepada penglibatan warga organisasi yang memahami kepentingan peranan dan
tanggungjawab agar dapat memantapkan proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang dijalankan
di kampus. Perspektif how, what, where, when, dan who boleh digunakan untuk meneliti lebih
lanjut berkaitan sistem yang akan dibangunkan.
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http://cll.mcmaster.ca/COU/degree/outcomes.html
(2014). Workshop on OBE. UteM, Melaka.
Academic, S. (2012). Academic Monitoring and Exclusions Policy and Procedures Academic
Monitoring and Exclusions Policy. Retrieved from
http://registrar.ukzn.ac.za/Libraries/policies/Academic_Monitoring_Exclusion_Policy_Proced
ure_-_CO06041209.sflb.ashx
Adagale, A., Agrawal, D., & Dane, S. (2016). Academic Monitoring System. International
Journal of Computer Science and Network. 5(2), 218–221.
Davis, Margery H. (2003). Outcome-based-Education. Journal of veterinary

medical education. The American Association of School Administrators
Haliza Hamzah & Siti Khadzimah Sallip (2015). Panduan Kefahaman Tentang MQA dan
Pelaksanaan Kurikulum Pendidikan Berasaskan Hasil (OBE). IPG KP Teknik.
Haliza Hamzah and Siti Khadzimah Sallip (2015). Panduan Kefahaman Tentang MQA dan
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Monitoring System for Students with Low CGPA. Proceedings of the 2005 Regional
Conference on Engineering Education, December 12-13, 2005 Johor, Malaysia. 282–286.
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Kursus Penyelidikan Kualitatif Siri 1 2012 at Puteri Resort Melaka on 28-29 Mac 2012.
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Assessment of Programme Educational Objectives for an Engineering Undergraduate Degree.
Accessed on 19 Dis 2017 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 263967125.
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Assessment of Programme Educational Objectives for an Engineering Undergraduate Degree.
Accessed on 19 Dis 2017 at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 263967125.
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an Effective Academic Evaluation. International Conference on research in Social Sciences,
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Humanities and Education (SSHE-2016), May 20-21, 2016, Cebu Philippines. 51-55:
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758.URUAE.UH0516055.
Lalas, G., & Marcial, D. E. (2016). Developing a Grading and Monitoring System : Towards
an Effective Academic Evaluation. International Conference on research in Social Sciences,
Humanities and Education (SSHE-2016), May 20-21, 2016, Cebu Philippines. 51-55:
http://dx.doi.org/10.17758.URUAE.UH0516055.
Manisah Mohd Shah, Haliza Hamzah, Joy Nesamalar Hilezan Zainal and Mahamsiatus
Kamaruddin, (2017). Mission Possible – Academic Achieving With SKPP. IPGKPT
Innovation Competition 2017. SILVER medal.
Manisah Mohd Shah, Hilezan Zainal, Mahamsiatus Kamaruddin, Haliza Hamzah and Joy
Nesamalar (2018). Issues of Monitoring Student’s Academic Achievement At Institut
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Business, Economics, Education and Social Sciences 2018 (ICBEESS 2018), 25-26 January
2018, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
EFFECTS OF TORREFACTION ON THE BIO-COAL

PROPERTIES OF RICE HUSK: AN AGRO-
PROCESSING WASTES
Farhana Othman, Siti Umairah Mohd Hudzori and Asnida Yanti Ani
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, Malaysia
E-mail: farhana2876@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Rice husk, an agro-processing waste in the Malaysia rice mills was investigated for
its suitability as a prospective bioenergy feedstock for better fuel characteritics. In order to
improve the bio-coal quality, rice husk pretreatment was done for upgrading the biomass
feedstock before pyrolysis taken place. Bio-coal was produced by torrefaction which is a
thermal process occured in a quartz reactor with nitrogen gas flow 100 ml/min. The operating
was varying in reaction temperature (200, 250 and 300 °C) and processing time (10 min, 20
min and 30 min). The results of 1.35% mass yield, 80.07 % energy yield with higher heating
value (HHV) of 19.024 MJ/kg was achived at optimum temperature 300°C and 30 minutes
processing time. Proximate analysis of bio-coal indicated 1.35% moisture content and 15.69%
of ash content. The temperature and processing time of torrefaction are found to be the most
sensitive parameters in terms of energy yield and mass yield of bio-coal. Therefore, rice husk
would be practical alternative as solid bio-fuel for cofiring with coal.
Keywords: torrefaction, bio-coal, rice husk.
INTRODUCTION
Due to the abundance and renewability of biomass resource, the conversion of biomass into
biomass derived fuels and chemicals has received worldwide interest in recent years (Zhang
et al., 2018). It has been agreed that pyrolysis is a promising method for conversion of
biomass to high value-added products, such as char, oil and gas (Zhang et al., 2016).
Torrefaction, also referred as a mild pyrolysis, is a thermochemical process for biomass
pretreatment at the temperature range from 200 to 300 °C under an inner atmosphere and low
heating rate (Ibrahim et al, 2013). The temperature range could modify some of biomass
feedstock properties and affect bio-coal quality.
In fact, torrefaction process has two type which were dry torrefaction (DT) and wet
torrefaction (WT). WT is carried out in hot compressed water in some range of temperature
which is 150 °C - 260 °C. Meanwhile, DT undergo thermochemical pretreatment of biomass
at temperature range of 200 °C –300 °C in an inert atmosphere and low heating rates. Both
these methods can produce torrefied products with the following properties: hydrophobicity,
lower moisture content, increased energy density, improved grindability and increased heating
values (Wang et al., 2018). Bach et al., (2015) conducted a study on WT and the result had
been indicated that the energy density was increased and subsequently decreasing the mass
yield from 86.7% to 47.9%. Although fewer reports are available of WT on pyrolysis, but it
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has increase severity as result in reduction in mass and energy yields and enhancement of
energy density. Meanwhile, Chen et al. (2017) proved that DT would influence the pore
structure, aromaticity and gasification activity of rice straw chars during pyrolysis at 800-
1200 °C. Additionally, DT was found highest percentage of energy yield in rice husk as
compare to coffee residue and sawdust at various temperature from 240 °C to 270 °C for 30
min until 1 hour (Chen et al., 2012). Both WT and DT methods had reported has significant
improvement respectively for bio-coal properties. However, DT is preferable for biomass
residues with lower moisture contents, whereas WT is more appropriate for municipal waste,
sewage slug, animal manures, and direct treatment of the biomass residue from the field
(Acharya et al., 2015). In that case, DT was likely chosen for dry sample as for rice husk.
Rice husk is known to be an agricultural waste that come from outer covering of rice kernel
that obtained by milling of paddy. Husk or hull is comprising about 20% by weight of the
rough rice. The total area paddy plantation in Peninsular Malaysia was 454 917 ha, which
constitutes 61.3% of total paddy plantings from the data Ministry of Agriculture on year 1993
(Hashim et al., 1996). Rice husk as a lignocellulose biomass used a pyrolysis method to
produce bio-oil and biochar has been investigated by many researchers and the divergent
results of pyrolysis char were found at high pyrolysis temperature. However, waste rice husk
need to pre-treat before continues with torrefaction method. Untreated biomass materials will
give disadvantages such as contains in higher water content, low energy density and it is
difficult to handle (Runge et al., 2013). Therefore, DT and dewaxed pretreatment of rice husk
was performed.
In this work, the main objective is to determine the effect temperature and time on the
properties of rice husk in bio-coal during torrefaction. To meet this objective, dry torrefaction
in the temperature range from 200 to 300 °C for 10 to 30 min was applied on rice husk prior
to pyrolysis process. This study seeks a knowledge in biomass of rice husk into renewable
sources by measuring the properties of bio-coal rice husk such in term of energy yields, HHV,
moisture contents and ash contents. The expectation outcome of this study is the enhancement
of the method on producing the natural coal that will give small impact for environments
especially in preventing the open burning phenomenon.
METHODOLOGY
Preparation of Rice Husk
Rice husk was acquired from a local rice milling namely BERNAS located in Perak. In order
to discard impurities (mainly dust) rice husk need to be wash extensively with distilled water.
After impurities was discarded, rice husk was dried under sunlight. Rice husk was later grind
into small pieces by using food processing machine and sieved pass through a 1-2 mesh.
Then, the sieved rice husk was dried in oven at 105 °C for 24 hour and stored in room
temperature. Dry powdered rice husk was then pretreated by extracting with organic solvent,
which were hexane and methanol with a solvent ratio 2:1 v/v. The mixtures was allowed to
extract for 5 hours by using soxhlet method in order to remove oil and wax. Then, filtration
took place and the dried rice husk was divided for further analysis. To understand the effects
of temperature and time in torrified rice husk, raw and pretreated rice husk was compared in
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis.
Torrefaction of rice husk

In order to investigate the effects of temperature and time, torrefaction of rice husk was
performed in the quartz reactor. For each run, a total of 5 g of pretreated rice husk sample was
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loaded in the center of the quartz tube of reactor which was purged by N2 with a flow rate of
100 mL/min (25 °C) to keep the thermal degradation of biomass in inert environment during
torrefaction process. The rice husk sample was heated to the desired temperature at a heating
rate of 10 °C/min. Three different torrefaction temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C and
holding for 10, 20 and 30 min conditions were selected in this work. The torrefied rice husk
sample was cooled and weighted directly.
Characterization of raw and pretreated rice husk samples

The determinations of proximate analysis which were ash and water content in rice husk
samples were carried out in according to ASTM method. The higher heating value (HHV) of
rice husk was measured by calorimetry. The mass yield and energy yield were calculated as
follows:
𝑚𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑌𝑚 % = 𝑥 100 1
𝑚𝑜
𝐻𝐻𝑉𝑡
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑌𝑒 % = 𝑌𝑚 𝑥 100 (2)
𝐻𝐻𝑉0
where mo and mt mean mass of rice husk samples before and after torrefaction HHV0 and
HHVt mean higher heating value of rice husk samples before and after torrefaction.
FINDINGS
Proximate Analysis of Rice Husk
In proximate analysis, moisture and ash content of the torrified rice husk samples were listed
in Table 1. Moisture content shows decreased in value as reaction temperature increased from
200⁰C to 300⁰C. The lowest moisture content of 1.46 wt% reported at 300⁰C in 30 min. This
behavior may be due to loss of hydroxyl (–OH) groups from biomass during torrefaction
reaction which indicates that torrefied biomass cannot absorb moisture (Gogoi et al., 2017).
The low moisture content will reduce the energy loss in the burning, increasing energy
efficiency, enhancing energy product quality, as well decreasing emissions during the energy
conversion process (Li et al., 2015). Meanwhile, ash content indicated increased gradually
from 11.64 to 15.69 wt% as increasing reaction temperature and time. Function of
determination of ash content is to measure the specific amount of inorganic components
present within biomass. An increasing ash content is directly related to the removal of
inorganic elemental from biochar into liquid phase of hydrothermal carbonization process
(Wilk & Magdziarz, 2017).
Table 1. The properties of the torrified rice husk

Biomass Torrefaction condition Moisture (wt%) Ash (wt%)
Rice Husk 200⁰C in 10 min 2.81 11.64
200⁰C in 20 min 2.31 11.84
200⁰C in 30 min 2.04 12.09
250⁰C in 10 min 2.28 12.77
250⁰C in 20 min 1.75 12.88
250⁰C in 30 min 1.47 13.22
300⁰C in 10 min 2.08 14.43
300⁰C in 20 min 1.74 15.36
300⁰C in 30 min 1.46 15.69
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Fourier transform-Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) of Rice Husk

FTIR was used to identify a significant functional group and absorption intensity were
compared in raw and pretreated rice husk in Table 2. It can be observed several similar
absorption peaks, such as O-H stretching vibration of hydroxyl at around 3343 cm-1; the peak
at 2929 cm-1 for C-H stretching vibration of methyl and methylene groups and C=C stretching
in lignin positioned at 1635 cm-1. Vibrations aromatic lignin skeletons C=C and vibrations of
C=O for raw husk both at 1512 cm-1; however, the band became exceptionally weak for
pretreated rice husk at 1423 and 1456 cm-1 implying that lignin was successfully removed in
the soxhlet extraction pretreatment (Zhang et al, 2017). The sharp peak at 1034 cm-1 indicated
Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching due to presence of silica in rice husk. Another significant band
was identified at 801 cm−1 indicated the presence of glucosidic linkage bonds which exhibits
the cellulose and hemicellulose contents were increased after the de-lignification in
pretreatment (Zhang et al, 2017).
Table 2. FT-IR analysis for raw and pretreatment of rice husk
Functional group Wavenumber (cm-1)
Raw Rice Husk Pretreatment Rice Husk
O-H stretching vibration 3332 3343
C-H stretching vibration 2923 2929
C=C stretching 1637 1635
Vibrations aromatic lignin skeletons C=C and 1512 1423
vibrations of C=O 1512 1456
Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching 1029 1034
Glucosidic linkage - 801
Mass and Energy Yield

It is importance to know mass yield since lower mass yield content indicated a higher carbon
content. Lower the value of mass yield content will help to achieve thermal stability of
hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin (Gogoi et al., 2017). Besides, energy yield content was
giving significant impact in this study which was related with HHV value that typically been
measured by bomb calorimetry. The mass yield, energy yield, and HHV of torrified rice husk
were listed in Table 3. With increasing torrefaction temperature and time, the HHV values
were improving at temperature beyond 250°C. The highest HHV for rice husk biochar was
yielded 19.024 MJ/kg at 300°C for 30 min. Increasing HHV value of biochar of rice husk
stipulate higher contain in carbon that will help in lowering the rate during heating. While, the
energy yield displayed higher value than mass yield. The result in gradually decreasing mass
yield was due to the release of the volatile gaseous product for example H2O, CO, CO2 and
other organics (Zhang & Hu, et al., 2016).
Table 3. Mass yield, energy yield and HHV results in different torrefaction conditions
Torrefaction Processing time Mass yield (%) Energy yield (%) HHV (MJ/kg)
temperature (°C) (min)
200 10 90.5 95.00 16.719
200 20 89.5 93.80 16.754
200 30 88.5 93.30 16.777
250 10 80.1 92.00 17.501
250 20 80.2 91.00 17.505
250 30 78.0 90.80 17.787
300 10 70.1 83.30 17.929
300 20 68.1 80.30 18.890
300 30 67.1 80.07 19.024
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19.5
y = 0.0225x + 12.245
19
HHV (MJ/kg)
18.5
y = 0.021x + 12.37
R² = 0.R² = 0.971
18
17.5 y = 0.012x + 14.35

R² = 0.972
17
16.5
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310
Reaction tempeture (°C)
96 y = -0.017x + 98.283
94 R² = 0.946
92
Energy yield (%)
90 y = -0.012x + 94.267
88 R² = 0.87
86
84 y = -0.0323x + 89.298
82
R² = 0.803
80
78
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310
Reaction temperature (°C)
Processing time: 10 min Processing time: 20 min Processing time: 30 min

Figure 1. Effects of energy input on mass yield, energy yield and HHV of torrified rice husk
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From Figure 1, the correlation between HHV and reaction temperature was strong especially
at processing time at 30 minutes where high R2 value (>0.99). It was found that from this
study, prolonged reaction times had liberated a carbon-rich energy-dense solid. Mass yield
underwent sharp reduction as was temperature was raised from 200°C to 300°C. The large
drop of mass yield was due to extensive degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose that
promoted conversion of oxygenated groups into volatile species to cause biochar yields. The
highest mass yield was reported at 90.5% and tremendous drop to 67.1% under severe
torrefaction at 300°C for 30 minutes. The dominating effect of reaction temperature was
observed in this parameter (Rago, Surroop & Mohee, 2018).
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the effects reaction temperature and processing time of torrefactıon on the bıo-
coal propertıes of rıce husk was investigated. 80.07 % energy yield with higher heating value
(HHV) of 19.024 MJ/kg was achieved at optimum temperature 300°C and 30 minutes
processing time. The results indicate that the bio-coal properties of rice husk were improved
notably through torrefaction. The HHV value increases with temperature, whereas the mass
and energy yield show the opposite trend. Pre-treatments of rice husk by soxhlet extraction
also indicated as a potential approach to improve biomass a mild pyrolysis product.
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Chemical Engineering, 6(1), 811-822.
Runge, T., Wipperfurth, P. & Zhang, C. (2013). Improving biomass combustion quality using
a liquid hot water treatment. Biofuels, 4(1), 73-83.
Wang, X., Wu, J., Chen, Y., Pattiya, A., Yang, H. & Chen, H. (2018). Comparative study of
wet and dry torrefaction of corn stalk and the effect on biomass pyrolysis polygeneration.
Bioresource Technology, Advance online
publication.doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.02.114
Wilk, M. & Magdziarz, A. (2017). Hydrothermal carbonization, torrefaction and slow

pyrolysis of Miscanthus giganteus. Energy, 140(1), 1292-1304.
Zhang, S., Dong, Q., Zhang, L., Xiong, Y. (2016). Effects of water washing and torrefaction
on the pyrolysis behavior and kinetics of rice husk through TGA and Py-GC/MS. Bioresource
Technology, 199, 352-361.
Zhang, S., Su, Y., Xu, D., Zhu, S., Zhang, H. & Liu, X. (2018). Effects of torrefaction and
organic-acid leaching pretreatment on the pyrolysis behavior of rice husk. Energy, 149, 804-
813.
Zhang, Z., Zhu, M. & Zhang, D. (2017) Pyrolysis Characteristics of Cellulose Isolated from
Selected Biomass Feedstocks using a Thermogravimetric Analyser. Energy Procedia, 142,
636-641.
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RESEARCH DATABASE TOOLS FOR ACADEMIC

SCHOLARS (DRTOOLS)
Azrul Abdullah1*, Mohammad Fadhili Yahya1 and Mazlee Mohd Noor2

1
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, 02600, Arau, Perlis,
Malaysia
2
Centre of Excellence for Frontier Materials Research, School of Materials Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), 01000 Kangar, Perlis, Malaysia
*Email: azrul229@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Research Database Tools for Academic Scholar (DrTOOLs) version 1.0.0 is a
shared database that provides academic researchers with link tovarious effective online digital
tools. It contains 150 tools that are selected based on REOP (i.e. Reliable, Efficient,Open and
Practical) approach concept which has been categorized into six different research activities
cycle (i.e. Searching, Writing, Analysis, Publication, Outreach and Impact). DrTOOLs is
very useful and important for researchers to reduce the time spent on conducting research as
well as improving the process of traditional research workflow. Besides, the embedded tools
can also improve researchers’ and articles’ visibilities. DrTOOLsalso can be commercialized
as an application for Android and Apple market.
Keywords: Research Tools, DrTOOLs, Research Activities Cycles, Database
WHAT IS IT ABOUT?
There has been a surge for scholarly research tools in the recent year (Barbour & Marshall,
2012; Espinoza Vasquez & Caicedo Bastidas, 2015;Shanks &Arlitsch, 2016) but how
researchers incorporating these tools into their researcher workflow todays still unclear. Since
there is avalanche of research tools in currentscenario (Bianca &Jeroen, 2015) as well as no
standard modelto verify the efficiency and effectiveness of all the available online research
tools, the establishment of “research database tools” for academic scholar it seem importantto
meet the demand of modern current research needs. Specifically, it will able to reduce the
time of researcher spent in every single step of their researcher cycle activities. Indeed, this
will improve the traditional researcher’s process. In this regards, we have design a share
database known as DrTOOLs. It contains a list of 150 research tools that have been selected
and tested based on several approaches before charting down in the DrTOOLsversion 1.0.0
template. Since these tools always changing from time to time due to technological
advancement, future plan for DrTOOLs will be facilitated with a new dynamic elements to
chart the changing landscapes of every listed available tools.
HOW WE DO IT?
DrTOOLsis an initiative project that was started in the year 2015 whereby we had begunby
searching all available online tools related to research activities through internet survey,
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blogging, self-checking and database literature. Throughout two years progressing time we
observed that there are many tools available that are useful for research activities. To this
extent we have found identifiedthat there are about 500 tools are currently available online
that can be used differently in every stage of research cycle activities. In order to select
effective research tools into the DrTOOLs templateversion 1.0, we emphasize REOP (i.e.
Reliable, Efficient, Open and Practical)approach as a basis to choose the best tools available
for six different research activities. This approach is different from several previous studies
(Bianca&Jeroen2015; Green & Courtney, 2017). In general, tools that make research more
efficient normally can be reliable. However, in our case, toreflect REOP basically we checked
each tools functionality in detail by experiencing it through a hands-on approach, then we
looks the standardization and technicality of these tools. Besides, we also see thelevel of
barrier of these tools including whether it well connected with some other platform (i.e.
openness). Each of these tools then categorized into six different categories which are
Searching, Writing, Analysis, Publication, Outreach and Impact in the excel spreadsheet. In
addition, we also conduct several sets of testing and modellingthe effectiveness of all the
categorise in DrTOOLs template through hands-on training for 2 yearsat different level of
researchers that participates, we identify that only 150 tools are efficients and effective to be
used. In this respect, we charting and come out with the first version DrTOOLs.
OUR PERSPECTIVES
It has been observed that traditional research-related activities, including conducting and
collaborating in research, taking part in multidisciplinary projects, and publishing in journals
contribute most to scholarly reputation can be improved in today’s technological
advancement. There are a lots of research tools (i.e. platform) available and can be used to
enhance traditional model of research activities (Izenstark, 2014; Nentwich&König, 2014;
Alheyasat, 2015 and Green & Courtney, 2017). Looking into this fact, modern researchers
need to embrace technology into their research activities and need to develop a new skills as
well as hands-on experience increating techniques to optimize their research agenda. Since
there is specific share database that able to provides in current dates, DrTOOLs can be
perceived as an authoritative source in the ever-changing field of digital academic. Perhaps,
reaching the highest level of engagement in digital academic by using DrTOOLs, researcher
can become cyberenterpreneur academician for the benefit of research andscience.
REFERENCES
Alheyasat, O. (2015). Examination expertise sharing in academic social networks using
graphs: The case of ResearchGate. Contemporary Engineering Sciences, 8(1-4), 137-151.
Barbour, K., & Marshall, D. (2012). The academic online: Constructing persona through the
world wide web. First Monday, 17, n.p. Retrieved March 18, 2015 from
http://firstmonday.org/ ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/3969.
Bianca, K., & Jeroen, B. (2015). 101 Innovations in Scholarly Communication - the Changing
Research Workflow.
Espinoza Vasquez, F. K., & Caicedo Bastidas, C. E. (2015). Academic social networking
sites: a comparative analysis of their services and tools. iConference 2015 Proceedings.
148
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Green, H., & Courtney, A. (2017). Digital collections offer researchers opportunities to
develop new skills and scholarly communications networks. Impact of Social Sciences Blog.
Izenstark, A. (2014). Look good when you’re googled: Creating and optimizing your digital
identity. Library Hi Tech News, 31(9), 14–16. doi: 10.1108/LHTN-07-2014-0061.
Nentwich, M., &König, R. (2014). Academia goes Facebook? The potential of social network
sites in the scholarly realm. In Opening science (pp. 107-124). Springer International
Publishing.
Shanks, J., &Arlitsch, K. (2016). Making sense of researcher services. Journal of Library
Administration, 56(3), 295-316.
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CLIMBING PERCH FISH SCALE GELATIN FILMS

INCORPORATED WITH SPENT TEA EXTRACT
Salamiah Zakaria*, Wahida Abdul Rahman, Mohd Ikmal Hisyam Basarudin and Sharizal Hasan
Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, Arau
campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, MALAYSIA.
*Email: salamiah882@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Gelatin film from Climbing Perch (Anabas testidenius) fish scales incorporated
with 0.7% spent tea extract (STE) were prepared and characterized in comparison with
(control) gelatin film without STE. The FTIR spectra analysis showed the existence of
protein-polyphenol interactions in the incorporated gelatin film. The incorporation of STE
enhanced the water resistance of gelatin film by reducing the film solubility and water vapor
permeability but no significant differences in thickness for both films. The incorporation of
STE into gelatin film increased the mechanical properties of the gelatin film. The
incorporated film had higher tensile strength (TS), elastic modulus (EM) and lower
elongation at break (EAB) compared to control film suggesting that incorporated film was
much stiffer and stronger. The degradation rate of incorporated film was slower than control
film. It can be concluded that the incorporation of gelatin film with STE could affect the
properties of gelatin film due to the formation of polyphenol cross-links.
Keywords: climbing perch, fish gelatin, cross-linking agent.
INTRODUCTION
Gelatin is a polypeptide that had extracted from collagen in fish skins or bones and mammal
which supply varieties of functional properties for example film-forming properties, water
binding capacity and emulsifying abilities. Moreover, the combination of triads of
hydroxyproline, proline and glycine (rigid blocks) with triads of -amino acids with glycine
at every third position (soft blocks) forms copolymer of gelatin. The yields of fish gelatin are
produce during the thermal hydrolysis of collagen with acid pre-treatment and alkali pre-
treatment that cause the cross linkages between polypeptides chain bond of collagen along
with some amount of polypeptide chain bonds are broken down. Besides that, gelatin also
perfect as dispersing film forming agent due to the -, -, -chains and other peptide
fragments of gelatin structure that detain the native hydrophilic and hydrophobic domain.
Futhermore, gelatin is known as unique protein creation because it has special ability to form
thermo-reversible gel with a melting temperature close to body temperature and its solubility
in water. Gelatin also is widely used in food industry, in cosmetics industry and also in
pharmaceutical area because of it varieties functionality. The quality of gelatin produced
depends on its physiochemical properties that are greatly influenced by the species and tissue
from which it is extracted and also manufacturing process. The production of gelatin has
increase over the years. Current report shows that the annual world output of gelatin is nearly
326,000 tons, with pig skin derived accounting the highest (46%) output, followed by bovine
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hides (29.4%), bones (23.1%) and other sources (1.5%) therefore it becoming issues among
Muslim due to the religious dietary restrictions as gelatin will be part of packaging materials
and they cannot use any things that made form bovine or porcine (Niu et al, 2013). Because of
the problems, freshwater fish gelatin had becoming an ideal alternative way to solve it by
extract the gelatin from bones and skin. Unfortunately, gelatin that produced form marine life
shows poor results in functional properties and high water vapor permeability compare to the
mammalian species. In order to fix the problems, chemical cross-linking agents and enzyme
are used for example formaldehyde and gossypol but some of it need high cost and contain
toxicity (Rattaya et.al, 2009). Therefore, natural cross-linking agent which is polyphenols that
produced from spent tea leaves was used instead of chemical cross-linking (Wu et. al, 2013).
The phenolic compound contain in the spent tea can enhance the properties of the composite
film as it act as a cross-linker to the composite film. The combination of polyphenols with
gelatin is due to the hydrogen bond and hydrophobic bond. Hydrogen bond from the
polyphenol entered the hydrophobic part of the gelatin while phenolic hydroxyl of
polyphenols combined with polar group of gelatin. Hence this study was attempted to
incorporate gelatin extracted from freshwater fish namely climbing perch fish with spent tea
extract as a natural cross linking agent.
METHODOLOGY
Extraction of gelatin
60 g of climbing perch fish scales were washed by using tap water for 1 h. After that, the
scales were soaked in 420 ml of 0.4% (w/v) NaOH for 4 h. Then, the scales were washed
again by using running tap water for 1 h. After that, the scales were soaked in 420 ml of 0.4%
(w/v) HCl for 4 h. The scales were washed again using running tap water to neutralize the pH.
Afterwards, the scales were extracted by using distilled water at 70°C for 1.5 h. The extracts
were filtered by using two layers of cheese clothes and freeze dried for at -15 °C for 24 h at
0.014 mbar. The dried gelatins were kept in desiccator for further used.
Extraction of spent tea leaves

1g of spent tea leaves was infused in 100 mL of aqueous ethanol at 50% (v/v). The infusions
were filtered after 5 min extraction by using tea strainer. The spent tea leaves extract (STE)
was placed in reagent bottle and covered with aluminum foil in order to avoid light exposure.
Preparation of gelatin films incorporated with spent tea extract

The preparations of gelatin films incorporated with spent tea extract were conducted
according to method reported by Wu et al., (2013) with slight modifications. Firstly, 4%
gelatin concentration of gelatin film-forming solution (FFS) was prepared by dissolving
gelatin powder in distilled water at 45°C for 60 min. Then the STE leaves were added to
obtain concentration of 0, and 0.7% (w/v) in FFS. At the concentration of 25 % (w/w) of
gelatin, glycerol was added as a plasticizer with continuous stirring at 45°C for 30 min.
Rotary evaporator was used to remove air bubbles in the film-forming solution (FFS). De-
aerated FFS (100 mL) was casted on the horizontal surface in low density polyethylene boxes
(120 x80 mm) and dried at a ventilated oven at 22 ± 0.5°C for 24 h. The de-aerated FFS was
removed from the boxes and conditioned at 22 ± 0.5°C and 60 ± 2% relative humidity (RH)
for 3 days before testing.
Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR)

The film was placed onto the crystal cells and clamped the cells into the mount of FTIR
spectrometer. In 32 scans at a resolution of 4 cm-1, the spectra in the range of 650- 4000 cm-1.
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Film Solubility
3 pieces (1cm x 4 cm) of each film were weighed and dried in an air-circulating oven for 24 h
at 105°C. After that, the samples were recovered and reweighed to obtain the initial dry
weight. Then the samples were immersed in 30 ml distilled water and gently shaken (100
ppm) the mixture at room temperature (22-25°C) for 24 h. Afterwards, the samples were
passed through a weighed filter paper (Whatman 1). The insolubilized fraction together with
filter paper was dried in forced-air oven for 24 h at 105°C and weighed.
Water Vapor Permeability

The water vapor permeability of the films was carried out according to ASTM D1653-93
method.
Measurement of stress-strain properties

The measurement of stress-strain properties were conducted according to the method reported
by Ahmad et al., 2015) with some modifications. The stress-strain properties were elongation
at break (EAB) and tensile strength (TS). The properties were determined by Universal
Testing Machine. The test was performed in controlled room at 25-28°C and 50 ± 5%
Relative Humidity (RH). By using initial grip length of 3 cm, 5 dumbbell shape films
(7.5 cm x 1 cm) were tested. The films were clamped and deformed under tensile loading
using a 10 kN load cell with the cross-head speed of 5 mm/min until the samples broke. The
maximum load and final extension at break were used for calculation of TS and EAB.
Biodegradeability
According to (Wan et al., 2009), degradation process of incorporated film was carried out at
ambient temperature under moisture controlled conditions. Each of the incorporated films
were triplicated and placed in a series of perforated boxes containing moisturize soil. Samples
with size (30 mm x 10mm) were buried 100 mm below the surface of soil and moistured with
distilled water regularly. At predetermined time points, the samples were removed and
carefully washed with distilled water several times to stop degradation. The samples were
dried at room temperature to obtain constant weight and then stored in dark place until
analysis. The samples were weighed to obtain average weight loss.

FTIR Analysis
The FTIR spectra for the gelatin film with and without STE were depicted in Figure 1. It can
be seen that both films exhibited quite similar spectra and showed an absorption bands at the
amide region. The presence of amide I and amide A can be observed in both films at 1634.25
cm-1 and 1633.95 cm-1 for amide I and 3282.93 cm-1 and 3288.11 cm-1 for amide A, where the
peaks for incorporated film shifted to higher wavenumber. The result for amide A suggested
that it was in contrast with the result reported by Ahmad et al., (2015) who reported that the
peak for amide A shifted to lower wavenumber for fish gelatin film incorporated with rice
flour which resulted in lower tensile strength (TS) of the incorporated film. According to
Weng et al., (2014), the NH-stretching or OH- stretching and C=O stretching or hydrogen
bonding coupled with COO, were corresponded to the absorption of amide I and amide A
bands in the spectra. The absorption bands of control film and incorporated film in the amide
II region can be noticed at wavenumbers of 1537.22 cm-1 and 1541.43 cm-1 respectively.
Amide II bands were resulted from bending vibration of N-H groups and stretching vibrations
of C-N groups (Hoque et al., 2011). Besides that, it can be observed that both films showed
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absorption bands at 1242.44 cm-1 and 1240.03 cm-1 indicated the presence of amide III in the
films due to N-H stretching (Uranga et al., 2016). Therefore, the FTIR spectra results
suggested the changes in molecular organization and molecular interaction in the gelatin film
incorporated with 0.7% spent tea extract.
Incorporated film
100
95
90 -1
-1 1240.03 cm
1633.95 cm
Transmittance (%)
-1
85 3288.11 cm 1541.43 cm
-1
80
Control film
100
90
80
-1
70 2937.57 cm 1242.44 cm
-1
60 -1 -1
3281.93 cm 1634.25 cm
50 -1
1537.22 cm
40
30
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500
-1
Wavenumber (cm )
Figure 1. FTIR spectra of incorporated film and control film.
Film solubility
The film solubility (%) were calculated based on the average of triplicate samples for both
control and incorporated films.The result showed that the film incorporated with STE
exhibited lower solubility than the control film with 58% solubility compared to 82%
solubility for control film. Araghi et al., (2015) reported that, reduction in water solubility of
gelatin film modified with phenolic compound was because the interaction of polymers by
hydroxyl or carbonyl groups leads to formation of hydrogen or covalent bonds and formation
of cross-linking.
Water Vapor Permeability

Water vapor permeability is one of the most crucial parameter for biodegradable film. The
water vapor permeability was conducted to measure the barrier properties of the films towards
water. The results of water vapor permeability of gelatin films incorporated with and without
0.7% STE were 7.192 x 10-12 gm-1Pa-1s-1 and 5.4 x 10-10 gm-1Pa-1s-1 respectively. From the
result, it showed that the gelatin incorporated with 0.7% STE exhibited lower water vapor
permeability compared to control film due to the formation of hydrophilic bonding between
hydrogen groups and water molecules were hindered by the formation of covalent bonds and
hydrogen bonds when polyphenolic compound reacted with the polar group in the gelatin film
Adilah et al., (2016).
Stress strain properties

The stress strain properties of the gelatin films were measured as a means of elongation at
break, tensile strength and elastic modulus. The result showed that the elongation at break
(EAB) (Figure 2) of the gelatin film was reduced when it was incorporated with STE. The
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lower EAB of incorporated film might be due to improvement of a stiffer and stronger film
network, by means of improving the interaction between protein chains which increased
rigidity and reduced extensibility of the film Prodpran et al., (2012).The tensile strength
(Figure 3) and elastic modulus (Figure 4) of the incorporated film was higher than the control
film. Weng et al., (2015) reported that, the increment in molecular weight of the protein by
the cross linking of protein molecules in the gelatin film lead to the higher strength of film.
Figure 2. Elongation at break
Figure 3. Tensile strength
Figure 4. Elastic modulus
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Biodegradability
The result of biodegradation test was represented in Figure 5. During the first seven days of
biodegradation, all the samples lost between 1% and 16% of initial weight. This may due to
the leaching out of low molecular weight compound mainly glycerol where the glycerol may
be consumed by microoraganisms in the soil (Martucci & Ruseckaite, 2015). The samples
continually undergo degradation under the same conditions and the biodegradation of the
incorporated film were observed to be slower than the control film until the end of the
biodegradation test. This can be proved by the final weight loss of incorporated film which
was 47.40% compared to 73.62% for control film. This result indicated the network formation
in the film through the cross linking by phenolic compound may delay the effect of
biodegradation on the gelatin film. Chio et al., (2008) reported that, the degradation of fish
gelatin with cross linking agent is at slower rate than the fish gelatin without cross linker.
Martucci & Ruseckaite, (2009) reported that the stability of gelatin film against
microoorganisms attack from the soil is influenced by the phenolic compound due to the
biocide activity of the phenolic compound.
Figure 5: Biodegradation
CONCLUSIONS
The gelatin film from the scales of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) fish with and without
incorporation with STE were successfully prepared and characterized. The FTIR spectra
showed that both films exhibited similar functional grooups consist of amide I, amide II,
amide III and amide B. The gelatin film incorporated with STE showed lower film solubility
and water vapor permeability compared to film without STE indicating the low ability of
incorporated film to absorb water. Besides that, both films showed no significant differences
in thickness but incorporated film showed better mechanical properties than the film without
STE. The result of biodegradation test proved that film incorporated with STE degraded faster
than the film without STE due to the cross-linking with phenolic compound in the STE. As
conclusion, the properties the gelatin film extracted from the scale of climbing perch fish can
be enhanced by incorporating the gelatin with STE and it can be a promising source of
biodegradable film in the industry.
REFERENCES
Adilah, Z. M., and Hanani, Z. N. (2016). Active Packaging of Fish Gelatin Films with
Morinda Citrifolia Oil. Food Bioscience.
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Ahmad, M., Hani, N. M., Nirmal, N. P., Fazial, F. F., Mohtar, N. F., & Romli, S. R.(2015).
Optical and thermo-mechanical properties of composite films based on fish gelatin/rice flour
fabricated by casting technique. Progress in Organic Coatings, 84, 115–127.
Araghi, M., Moslehi, Z., Mohammadi Nafchi, A., Mostahsan, A., Salamat, N., and Daraei
Garmakhany, A. (2015). Cold water fish gelatin modification by a natural phenolic
ross‐linker (ferulic acid and caffeic acid). Food Science & Nutrition, 3(5), 370-375.
Chiou, B. S., Avena-Bustillos, R. J., Bechtel, P. J., Jafri, H., Narayan, R., Imam, S. H., ... and
Orts, W. J. (2008). Cold water fish gelatin films: Effects of cross-linking on thermal,
mechanical, barrier, and biodegradation properties. European Polymer Journal, 44(11), 3748-
3753.
Hoque, M. S., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T. (2011). Properties of film from cuttlefish (Sepia
pharaonis) skin gelatin incorporated with cinnamon, clove and star anise extracts. Food
Hydrocolloids, 25(5), 1085-1097.
Martucci, J. F.,and Ruseckaite, R. A. (2009). Biodegradation of three-layer laminate films

based on gelatin under indoor soil conditions. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94(8),
1307-1313.
Martucci, J. F., and Ruseckaite, R. A. (2015). Biodegradation behavior of three-layer sheets

based on gelatin and poly (lactic acid) buried under indoor soil conditions. Polymer
Degradation and Stability, 116, 36-44.
Niu, L., Zhou, X., Yuan, C., Bai, Y., Lai, K., and Yang, F. (2013). Characterization of tilapia
( Oreochromis niloticus ) skin gelatin extracted with alkaline and different acid pretreatments.
Food Hydrocolloids, 33(2), 336–341.
Prodpran, T., Benjakul, S., and Phatcharat, S. (2012). Effect of phenolic compounds on
protein cross-linking and properties of film from fish myofibrillar protein. International
Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 51(5), 774-782.
Rattaya, S., Benjakul, S., and Prodpran, T. (2009). Properties of fish skin gelatin film
incorporated with seaweed extract. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 151–157.
Uranga, J., Leceta, I., Guerrero, P., and de la Caba, K. (2016). Cross-linking of fish gelatins to
develop sustainable films with enhanced properties. European Polymer Journal, 78, 82-90.
Wan, Y. Z., Luo, H., He, F., Liang, H., Huang, Y., and Li, X. L. (2009). Mechanical, moisture
absorption, and biodegradation behaviours of bacterial cellulose fibre-reinforced starch
biocomposites. Composites Science and Technology, 69(7-8), 1212–1217.
Weng, W., Zheng, H., and Su, W. (2014). Characterization of edible films based on tilapia
(Tilapia zillii) scale gelatin with different extraction pH. Food Hydrocolloids, 41, 19-26.
Wu, J., Chen, S., Ge, S., Miao, J., Li, J., and Zhang, Q. (2013). Preparation, properties and
antioxidant activity of an active film from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) skin
gelatin incorporated with green tea extract. Food Hydrocolloids, 32(1), 42–51.
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MELIPHOENIX: STINGLESS BEE HONEY AND DATE

SEEDS HEALING SERUM
*Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim1, Yang Salehah Binti Abdullah Sani2 , Siti Maisarah binti Azmi1,
Nurul Wahida Binti Shuib1, Muhammad Amir Irfan Bin Azizan1 and Nurul Syazwina Binti
Roslan1
1
Malaysia
2
Academy of Language Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis, Malaysia
*Email: syafiqahrahim@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Most pharmaceutical products are mainly based on chemical ingredients and this
may cause various side effects especially to those who have issues with their skin such as
sensitive skin. Therefore, Meliphoenix Serum is developed to promote natural based healing
remedy which is beneficial for its great antioxidant and wound healing properties. This
miracle serum contains stingless bee honey and date seeds as its main ingredients. All the
therapeutic properties of both sources (stingless bee honey and date seeds) play an integral
role as the main contributor to wound healing properties of this serum.Stingless bee honey or
well known as ‘kelulut’ is a type of honey that is naturally produced by stingless bees. It has
been used since ancient times across the globe. Several studies on stingless bee honey have
pointed out the numerous therapeutic profiles of the materials in terms of its antioxidant,
antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, as well as moisturizing properties. Antimicrobial, anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant properties found in stingless bee honey could overcome the
bacterial contamination and thus improve the healing rate. It may also protect the skin tissue
from highly toxic inflammatory mediators. The moisturizing properties of the honey could
improve wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and oxygen circulation. The hidden
potential of date seed as antioxidant will help to accelerate and boost up the wound healing
rate. Therefore, Meliphoenix Serum is one of the highly potential marketable remedy as its
main ingredients are naturally developed and provide numerous benefits to skin.
Keywords : stingless bee, dates seed, wound healing, antioxidant
INTRODUCTION
Stingless bees (Kelulut) is a large group of bees, comprising the Meliponini tribe (sometimes
called as stingless honey bees) in the Apidae family. They are closely related to the common
honey bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees and bumblebees. One of the other bees collecting
honey is Trigona spp., a member of stingless bees. There are more than 30 species of Trigona
spp. in Malaysia. The most common kelulut domesticated Trigona species are Trigona itama,
Trigona leviesap and Trigona thoracica. Honey is a natural product produced by both honey
bees and stingless bees. Both types of honey contain unique and distinct types of phenolic and
flavonoid compounds of variable biological and clinical importance. Honey is one of the most
effective natural products used for wound healing. The traditional uses and clinical
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applications of both honey bees and stingless bees honey such as antimicrobial, antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihyperlipidemic, and cardioprotective properties have been
used by human beings since ancient times for its pharmaceutical properties (Erejuwa et al.,
2010).
Phoenix dactylifera, (dates), is a flowering plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae,
commonly associated as an emblem of Muslim culture. Various types of dates are found
worldwide mainly Khodry, Khalas, Ruthana, Sukkary, Sefri, Segae, Ajwa, Hilali and Munifi
and each type of dates has shown medicinal values in various type of disease prevention.
Dates contain small amounts of vitamin C, B1 thiamine, B2riboflavin and nicotinic acid, and
studies have shown that dates have strong antioxidant, anticancer, anti inflammatory
effect, and antiviral activities (Al-Farsiet al., 2005). Our study focuses more on Ajwa date
seeds as they contain a lot of benefits besides having an anticancer and anti-tumour effect.
Date seeds are also an excellent source of dietary fibres and contain considerable amount of
minerals, lipids and protein. In addition to its dietary use, the dates are of medicinal use and
are used to treat a variety of ailments in the various traditional systems of medicine (Al-Orf1
et al., 2012). Date seeds have been studied as potential sources of edible oils and
pharmaceuticals (Al-Shahib et al., 2003). Date seeds can be used to improve the nutritional
values of incorporated food products (Biglari et al., 2009).
Due to the emergence of multi-resistant organisms, problems with side effects of present
drugs and decrease in potent antibiotics have urge us to look into natural alternative and
traditional remedy. Recent scientific evidences and clinical trials conducted using traditional
and alternative medicine in wound therapy holds great potential in the future. Therefore, the
combination of wound healing properties of stingless bee honey with date seeds is develop to
create a miracle Meliphoenix serum as a healing agent.
METHODOLOGY
The main ingredients used to develop Meliphoenix are date seeds (Phoenix dactylifera) with a
mixture of stingless bee honey. It has been tested for their antioxidant and healing properties.
Date seeds and stingless bee honey preparation

The preparation of date seeds was performed according to the previous study with slight
modifications. Date seeds were cleaned with tap water after being removed from their fleshes.
The seeds then, were dried at 50°C for three days and were finely ground into powder form.
12g of the powder were soaked into 0.96L of 50% acetone and later were shaken in the
incubator shaker for extraction purposes. The extracts were filtered using Whatmann filter
paper number 4 and were soon subjected to rotary evaporator at 50°C to remove solvent. The
balance water content from the extract was removed through lyophilization process. As for
stingless bee honey, the sample were obtained from Syamille Agrofarm and Resort Sdn. Bhd.
in Kuala Kangsar, Perak.
Antioxidant test of date seed

DPPH assay were conducted to test the antioxidant activity possess by date seeds. 50μL of
different concentrations of date seeds (0.01-1mg/ml) were added into 5ml of 1,1 –diphenyl 2
–picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reagent. After 30 minutes of incubation period at room temperature,
the absorbance was read at 517nm. The changes in absorbance reading were recorded and the
percentage inhibition of free radical, DPPH, by the extract was then calculated as follows:-
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[𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐤 − 𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞]

% 𝐨𝐟 𝐃𝐏𝐏𝐇 𝐑𝐚𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐒𝐜𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐠 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐀𝐛𝐬𝐨𝐫𝐛𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐛𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐤
Wound healing properties of stingless bee honey

The wound healing properties of the stingless bee honey was tested on mice as. A total of
eighteen mice aged six weeks old were obtained from Malaysia Research Institute (IMR). The
mice were divided into three groups (n=6) which are negative control (untreated), positive
control (aloe Vera) and stingless bee honey treated group. As referred to Orasan et al., (2016),
the mice were acclimatized in the experimental room at 23°C. Drinks and food were provided
to the mice everyday along with the treatment process. After anaesthetize under general
chloroform, the back of the mice skin was incised to 1.5 cm long. The control group were left
untreated, whereas, the positive control group received daily topical application of aloe Vera
and honey-treated group received daily topical application of natural stingless bee honey. The
wound healing process was observed for 10 days. The length and width of the wound were
measured using a plastic ruler and were recorded.
RESULTS
Antioxidant test of date seed
The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay
with different concentration. Basically, the method used regarding to the reduction of
alcoholic DPPH solution in the presence of an hydrogen donating antioxidant which shows a
strong absorption band at 517 nm and exhibit a dark violet color. Figure 1 shows the changes
process that occurs after the date seed extracts were mixed with DPPH solution. After 30
minutes of the incubation at dark area, some of the mixture of methanolic DPPH and sample
shows a change of color from purple to yellow. It can be seen from the left figure which the
solution with concentration 1 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.01 mg/ml respectively. As stated by
Ilhami et al.,(2014), the ability of antioxidant compound in the sample to reduce the stable
radical DPPH from violet to yellow color of DPPH reagent is due to the reduction of
hydrogen-donating antioxidant in methanolic of DPPH reagent and the production of non-
radical form DPPH-H by the reaction. The reaction with other radicals, electrons or hydrogen
atoms in the sample had led to the loss of color at 517nm (Schaich, Tian, and Xie, 2015).
1mg/ml 0.1mg/ml 0.01mg/ml
Figure 1. Decolorizaton of DPPH solution after addition of date seeds extract
The change in absorbance reading produced was used to determine the ability of date seeds
with various concentration to act as free radical scavenger. The reading was expressed in
terms of percentage of inhibition. The highest percentage of inhibition of DPPH was 89.36%
which at concentration 1mg/ml. Meanwhile, the lowest value is at concentration 0.01mg/ml
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with only 11.84% (Table 1). Supported by previous study, date seeds extract shows a high
percentage of inhibition through DPPH assay are synchronize with high contents of phenolic
and flavonoids (Maqsood et al., 2015). It can be considered that, the antioxidant activity of
date seeds extracts still can effectively performed even at a lower concentration.
Table 1. The percentage inhibition of DPPH with different concentration of date seeds extract
Concentration of date seeds

Percentage of Inhibition (%)
extract (mg/ml)
0.01 11.84 ± 0.840
0.1 47.60 ± 0.521
1.0 89.36 ± 0.111
The value was expressed in mean ± SD
Wound healing properties of stingless bee honey

In the present work, the trigona honey was tested on mice’s wound and was compared with
aloe Vera gel as positive control and negative control which is the mice was left untreated.
Aloe Vera gel was used as positive control because it has been widely used and recognized as
a good wound healing agent. It contains enzyme such as aliiase, alkaline phosphatase,
amylase, bradykinase, carboxypeptidase, catalase, cellulose, lipase and peroxidase.
Bradykinase helps to reduce excessive inflammation when applied to skin topically. Besides,
aloe Vera contains anthraquinones that provides 12 anthraquinones, which are phenolic
compounds traditionally known as laxatives. Aloin andemodin act as analgesics, anti-
bacterials and antivirals. It also contains auxins and gibberellins hormones that help in wound
healing and have anti-inflammatory action. Moreover, fatty acid in the aloe Vera provides
steroids; cholesterol, β-sisosterol and lupeol. All these have anti-inflammatory action as well
as lupeol compound possesses antiseptic and analgesic properties (Surjeshe et al.,2010). The
healing process on mice was observed for 10 days after applied with sample and positive
control (Figure 2).
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Positive control Negative Control

Day Stingless bee honey
(Aloe Vera gel) (Untreated)
10
Figure 2: Process of wound healing on mice from day 1 until day 10
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The reading was taken on average of six mice for each group (Table 2). For the first two days
of observation, there were no changes observed on the wound length. The healing process on
the third day shows a slight change on the healing of the wound of mice stingless bee honey
was applied. Meanwhile, the result for positive and negative control remains unchanged. The
observation was continued up to the sixth day. The results showed that wound of mice treated
with stingless bee honey were reduced to 0.90 cm and 1.30 cm for positive and negative
control. However, most of the negative control mice were found dead on the next day. The
negative control shows the highest death rate. This was probably due to the infection on the
wound with pathogen or microbes that may delay the healing process. This situation happens
when the host’s immune system and the bioburden of the wound are in a state of equilibrium.
Bioburden is a condition where an object is contaminated by a number of bacteria (Korting et
al., 2011). The negative control mice that were left untreated do not receive any treatment
during the healing process may cause the wound to worsen. Length of the treated wound
(stingless bee honey and aloe Vera gel) had shown a positive result and reduced significantly.
Table 2: Recorded length of wound from day 1 until day 10

Positive control Negative Control
Day Stingless bee honey
(Aloe Vera gel) (Untreated)
1 1.50 1.50 1.50
2 1.40 1.50 1.50
3 1.30 1.50 1.50
4 1.00 1.40 1.50
5 0.90 1.40 1.40
6 0.90 1.30 1.30
7 0.80 1.20 1.20
8 0.70 1.00 1.20
9 0.60 0.90 0.90

10 0.40 0.70 0.90
Stingless bee honey shows the best result as it helps to heal the wound faster as compared to
positive control. High of antioxidant content such as flavonoids in the honey may contribute
the healing process. Flavonoids have a broad spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-
bacterial, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory effects. According to the chemical structure,
flavonoids in stingless bee honey are classified into flavones, flavonols, flavanones,
flavanonols, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, isoflavones, isodihydroflavones, flavans,
isoflavans and neoflavanoids. Besides that, it contains terpenoids that exhibit antioxidant,
antimicrobial and other biological activities. pH and nutrient content of stingless bee honey
has potential benefits for prevention and treatment of many kind of diseases as well as in
treating wound (Usman, 2016).
CONCLUSION
Combining the good properties of date seeds extract as antioxidant agent and capability of
stingless bee honey as miracle healing agent has made Meliphoenix Serum a remarkable
healing serum and has a potential to be used as an alternative and traditional remedy healing
agent. The serum is packed in a small bottle making it convenient for it to be used anywhere
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and anytime. This serum is believed to be highly commercialized and marketable as it is

naturally developed and certainly free from harmful chemical substances. Along with this, it
can be a beneficial value in promoting healthier skin for the users.
REFERENCES
Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C., Morris, A., Baron, M., Shahidi F. (2005). Comparison of
antioxidant activity, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and phenolics of three native fresh and sun-
dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53,
pp. 7592-7599
Al-Orf1, S.M., Ahmed, H. M., Al- Atwai, N., Al Zaidi, H. (2012). Nutritional properties and
benefits of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) .Bulletin of the National Nutrition Institute
of the Arab Republic of Egypt. (39) 97
Al-Shahib W, Marshall RJ. (2003). Fatty acid content of the seeds from 14 varieties of date
palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Int J Food Sci Tech. 38:709–12.
Biglari, F., AlKarkhi, A. F. M. and Mat, E, A. (2009). Cluster analysis of antioxidant

compounds in dates (Phoenix dactylifera): Effect of long-term cold storage. Food Chemistry,
998–1001.
Erejuwa, O., , Sulaiman, S. , Wahab, M. Sirajudeen, K., Salleh, M.M. Gurtu,. S. (2010).
Antioxidant protection of Malaysian tualang honey in pancreas of normal and streptozotocin-
induced diabetic rats. Ann. Endocrinol. pp. 291-296
Ilhami Gulcin , Dali Berashvili, A. G. (2014). Antiradical and antioxidant activity of total
anthocyanins from Perilla pankinensis decne Perilla pankinensis decne, (November 2005).
Korting H., Schollmann C. and White R., (2011). Management of Minor Acute Cutaneous
Wounds. Journal European Academy Dermatology
Maqsood, S., Kittiphattanabawon, P., Benjakul, S., Sumpavapol, P., Abushelaibi, A. (2015).
Antioxidant activity of date (Phoenix dactylifera var. Khalas) seed and its preventive effect on
lipid oxidation in model systems. International Food Research Journal 22(3): 1180-1188
Orasan M. S., Roman I. I., Coneac A., Muresan A and Orasan R., (2016). Hair Loss and
Regeneration Performed on Animal Models. Journal of Clujul Medical.
Schaich, K. M., Tian, X., & Xie, J. (2015). Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant
efficacy : A critical evaluation of ABTS , DPPH , and ORAC assays. Journal of Functional
Foods, 14, 111–125.
Surjeshe A., Vasani R. and Saple D.G., (2010). Aloevera: A short Review. Indian Journal
Dermatology, 53(8), 163-166.
Usman A.N.,Syamb, Y., Natzirc, R., Rahardjod, S. P. (2016). Nutrient content and ph of
honey propolis trigona from Masamba, South Sulawesi Indonesia. International Journal of
Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) 26(3) :246-251
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NEEVESPRAY – MULTIFUNCTIONAL NATURAL

SANITIZER
Mohamad Azhar Azman, Hamidah Jaafar Sidek and Muhamad Shafizul Md Sharudin
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau, Perlis,
Malaysia
Abstract: NeeVe Spray is a newcomer of multifunctional health care product in the idea
of protecting and healing human skin, which focusing in moisturizing, refreshing, healing,
and sanitizing our skin. All the miracle properties of the product has been supported by
various types of sources that have been used in order to complete the product. There are
three magnificent plants which are Azadirachta indica (Neem), Aloe barbadensis (Aloe
Vera), and Plukenitia volubilis (Sacha inchi). Each plant provides different properties
toward the products, where the sanitizing property is from the antibacterial activity
possesses by Neem and Aloe Vera. A synergistic antibacterial activity of Neem and Aloe
Vera has been tested on five bacteria that are commonly associated with skin which are
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella aerogenes
and Streptococcus faecalis. A promising result was produced from the test and this result
can increase the potential of the product to act as sanitizer. Besides that, a phytochemical
screening of the Plukenitia volubilis sample was run using Gas Chromatography - Mass
Spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to identify the phytochemical compounds. According to
the result and past study, Plukenitia volubilis oil possesses high content (approximately
85% of the total oil content) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely alpha-
linolenic acid (omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6), and monounsaturated oleic acid
(omega-9). The basic ideas in this product are to use the essential oil of the plants and the
base for sanitizing the selected skin areas from bacteria and also to heal and provide
nutrient for the skin. NeeVe Spray is a modern and innovative medicinal product that may
serve as natural sanitizer to inhibit the bacteria and as a remedy for treating bacterial
infection or disease caused by bacteria.
Keywords: Sanitizer, Skin infection bacteria, fatty acids, GC-MS Analysis, Plukenetia
volubilis.
INTRODUCTION
The raging of skin disease nowadays has become a real deal to be handled and controlled.
Although there are many products that can be used for treating the disease but it is rare to
obtain a product which is free of additive such as synthetic chemical and harmful material.
Consequently, the primary purpose for the development of new product that is free from
additives in treating skin infection. NeeVeSpray is a product of a long term research and
possesses multifunctional benefits such as sanitizing, treating, soothing, and providing
nutrient for the skin. The countless benefits of the product come from three prestigious plants
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which are Azadirachta indica (Neem), Aloe barbadensis (Aloe Vera) and Plukenitia volubilis
(Sacha inchi).
Azadirachta indica (Neem) is an evergreen tree originated in India and has been utilized as
Ayurvedic and homeopathic medicine. The Hindu conventional medication has been utilized
from various parts of Neem for treating numerous complications like irritation,
contamination, fever, dental issue and skin infections. Other than that, Neem has a germicide
property that can mend wound (Girish and Shankara Bhat, 2008). Along these lines, Aloe
barbadensis is a succulent plant that started in South Africa yet has been autochthonous to dry
subtropical and tropical atmospheres. Same as Neem, Aloe Vera likewise have been utilized
as an important folklore medicine for more than 2000 years, and has stood as a vital segment
in the conventional medication of numerous contemporary societies, for example, China,
India, the West Indies, Japan, and Malaysia. Peculiar restorative properties such as antitumor,
antiarthritic, antirheumatoid, anticancer and antidiabetic properties have been affirmed to be
found in Aloe Vera. The different phytocomponents that were synthesised from aloe vera
possessed different natural properties that can enhance wellbeing and forestall malady
conditions (Radha and Laxmipriya, 2015). While, Sacha inchi is an Amazonian plant that has
been an important component of diet of various native tribal groups in Peru. This is because
the seeds of Sacha inchi have high oil content (35-60%), which are made up from Linolenic
(omega-3) and linoleic acid (omega-6).
NeeVeSpray is focused on treating skin infection caused by bacteria, therefore several tests
have been done toward three common bacteria in skin infection in order to indicate the
antibacterial activity in of Azadirachta indica, Aloe barbadensis, and Plukenitia volubilis.
Skin infection like impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, cellulitis, abscesses are caused by
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Ullah et al., 2016). Thus, many types of
research have been done in producing antibacterial agent that can reduce the bacteria activity
that cause these skin diseases. Research has been done to develop a new potential
antibacterial source to treat skin infection by the synergistic effect of two different plants
without chemical interference. The usage of herbs in treating skin infection has been practised
an extensive time ago but based on past studies there is no specific documentation on the
traditional treatment methods to cure skin diseases (Bhat, Hegde, Hegde, and Mulgund,
2014). Lately, the advancement of medicinal studies has developed the chances to reduce skin
infection. This is only possible if various and repetitive research and development are being
done.
METHODOLOGY
Collection of plant materials
All the sample were collected in November, 2017 for the leaves of Azadirachta indica and
Aloe barbadensis plant which are wildly grown in Perlis, Malaysia.
Azadirachta indica leaves, Aloe barbadensis leaves and Plukenitia volubilis seeds essential
oil extraction by hydro distillation
The extraction of essential oil for these three plants were extracted based on hydro distillation
method used by (Bag and Chattopadhyay, 2015)
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Test organisms
The microorganisms used were Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Staphylococcus
epidermidis (ATCC 12228), and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 11827) and were obtained
from Microbiology Laboratory 5 UiTM Perlis Branch, Arau, Malaysia.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay

The antibacterial activity of the plants essential oils were determined by using Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay according to (Bag and Chattopadhyay, 2015;
Bussmann, Malca-García, Glenn, Sharon, and Chait, 2011; Yale, 2015)
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) assay

Minimum Bactericidal concentration (MBC) was the proceeding test from Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) which was to determine the minimum concentration that can
kill the bacteria. The culture from Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay were
subcultured into new media (Bussmann et al., 2011).
FINDINGS
NeeVe Spray is a new miracle product for treating skin infection because mulfuntional
properties can be found in a single product. NeeVe Spray is proposed to sanitize and treat
skin infection caused by the the bacteria. An evaluation of the antibacterial activity of the
three plants essential has been done through Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). Three species of skin associated bacteria were
subjected to the test which are Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 10145), Staphylococcus
epidermidis (ATCC 12228), and Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC 11827). The results of the
research have shown a promising result where Neem and Aloe Vera has shown great potential
as antibacterial inhibitory and bactericidal. This is shown in Table 1.
Table 1. The Inhibitory Effect of Antibacterial Essential Oils on Three Tested Bacteria
MIC MBC
Antibacterial sample
Sacha Sacha
Neem Aloe Vera Neem Aloe Vera
inchi inchi
Staphylococcus aureus 12.5mg/ml 12.5mg/ml - 25.0mg/ml 25.0mg/ml -

Bacteria
Staphylococcus
12.5mg/ml 12.5mg/ml - 50.0mg/ml 50.0mg/ml -
epidermidis
Propionibacterium
25.0mg/ml 25.0mg/ml - 50.0mg/ml 100mg/ml -
acnes
CONCLUSIONS
As a conclusion, the potential of NeeVe Spray to sanitize and treating skin infection has been
proven from the results of the research but there is still needs for further study of antibacterial
potential in Azadirachta indica, Aloe barbadensis and Sacha inchi on all species of bacteria
that are associated in skin infection. This is in order to increase the range of NeeVe Spray
potential in treating skin infection as the study was preliminary. Thus, the next step is to
include the clinical test on living specimen and using other parts of these plants and tested on
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clinical isolates of bacteria and resistant strains. Besides that, from this study it can be
concluded that there is high potential of antibacterial activity from Azadirachta indica and
Aloe barbadensis essential oils. All of the three species bacteria were susceptible at 100mg/ml
concentration of Azadirachta indica and Aloe Barbadensis essential oils. Besides that, both of
the plants essential oils have shown an ability of a functional bactericide. Although in this
study, Sacha inchi essential oil does not show any potential as antibacterial, it can still be
beneficial for further study in other biological activities.. The absent of antibacterial potential
in Sacha inchi is because of the lack of compound that can be used to combat the bacteria.
With the result, NeeVe Spray can be introduced as a new generation medicinal product that
possessed multifunction properties in sanitizing, treating skin infection, and providing
nutrient for skin redevelopment.
REFERENCES
Bag, A., & Chattopadhyay, R. R. (2015). Evaluation of Synergistic Antibacterial and
Antioxidant Efficacy of Essential Oils of Spices and Herbs in Combination, 18557, 1–17.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131321
Bhat, P., Hegde, G. R., Hegde, G., & Mulgund, G. S. (2014). Ethnomedicinal plants to cure
skin diseases — An account of the traditional knowledge in the coastal parts of Central
Western Ghats, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 493–502.
Bussmann, R. W., Malca-García, G., Glenn, A., Sharon, D., & Chait, G. et. al. (2011).
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal plants used in Northern Peru as antibacterial
remedies. J Ethnopharmacol, 132(1), 101–108.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.07.048.Minimum
Girish, K., & Shankara, B. S. (2008). Neem – A Green Treasure. Electronic Journal of
Biology, 4(3), 102–111.
Radha, M. H., & Laxmipriya, N. P. (2015). Journal of Traditional and Complementary

Medicine Evaluation of biological properties and clinical effectiveness of Aloe vera : A
systematic review, 5, 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.006
Ullah, N., Parveen, A., Bano, R., Zulfiqar, I., Maryam, M., Jabeen, S., … Ahmad, S. (2016).
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 6(8),
660–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61106-4
Yale, H. (2015). Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Antibiotics for

Synechococcus sp . PCC 7002 in Liquid Growth Media.
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BOAT GYRO STABILIZER
Nur Syazwan bin Abdullah, Muhammad Izzudin bin Shafiee, Muhammad Fariszuddin bin
Abd Samat, Muhammad Azri bin Azmi and Zuraida Ahmad and Iskandar Idris bin Yaakob
International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM), Jalan Gombak Kuala Lumpur, Selangor
E-mail: syazwan5788@gmail.com
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to identify the real problems of fisherman and
overcome the problem by using our product. In our project we are using the concept of
gyroscope to enhance the stability of the boat by attaching the gyroscope together with the
boat. With a proper attachment of gyroscope, the stability of the boat will increase that help
fisherman in many ways especially their safety. We have found the relationship between the
properties of wave and the boat in order to understand how boat react with wave as we found
the formula to indicate the dangerous wave. We also have found the concept of precession of
gyroscope in order to increase the boat stability when got hit by wave.
Keywords: Angular Momentum, Stabilizer, Gravitational, Buoyancy
INTRODUCTION
There are a lot of hazardous and risky industries in the world but the most dangerous industry
is the commercial fishing. Fishermen must deal with the huge waves, heavy tools and
changing climates which they need to have high skills of survival to work. A chart that can be
an evidence for this issue is a published by Statistics Canada, AWCBC which shows the
global fatality rate by industries in 2011 to 2015 (Tredup, 2011). The highest fatality rate is
fishing and trapping industries which contribute to 69% and this problem can become to
worse if we do not fix it. For your information, there are a lot of causes of death among
commercial fishing workers which are vessels disasters, falls overboard and machinery with
others hazardous on deck. In our research, we are focusing on the fishermen in Malaysia that
usually have problems with their safety issue that can let them to death because of their own
negligence.
Usually they tend to pass the huge waves in the ocean that can cause their boats to upside
down and let them drowning without take any safety precautions to wear the life jacket and
they only depends on the boxes on their boats to keep them balance and safe. Their boats’
stability is not enough to handle their loads and survive when being hit by huge waves.
Therefore, we proposed to build a stabilizer system that can maintain the stability of their
boats in the ocean and keep them safe for fishing.
We have discovered that gyroscope theory can help in maintaining the stability of the boats.
Gyroscope stabilizers that we are proposed is an innovation from the other one which is in the
market but really expensive. We are producing a boat gyro stabilizer that is affordable for
fisherman in Malaysia and have same function with some features. This gyro stabilizer is
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consisting of flywheel, power supply and motor for continuous rotation flywheel to maintain
the stability of boat. The flywheel is made up of a good material that suitable for sea
environment, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The continuous rotation of flywheel
will create a centrifugal force that will counteract the forces produced by waves. Therefore,
the boat can withstand huge waves and maintain the stability. This system can be very useful
for fisherman’s boats and other activities in the ocean and increase the safety awareness
among themselves.
Figure 1. A chart from AWCBC about average fatality rate for traumatic injuries by industries.
Table 1. Fatalities of employees based on job
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METHODOLOGY
Centrifugal forces naturally counteract the action of the forces directed to changing the
location of the spinning rotor plane. The spinning rotor experiences a radial acceleration and a
pseudo centrifugal force. This acceleration and rotation of mass elements create the
centrifugal forces’ pseudo plane, which acts strictly perpendicular to the axis of the spinning
rotor. The plane of rotating centrifugal forces resists on declination, if an external torque is
applied. In uniform circular motions the magnitude of the body’s velocity does not change.
However, since velocity is a vector quantity its direction changes continuously, i.e. the body
is under acceleration.
Centrifugal forces create the rotating forces’ pseudo plane, which acts strictly perpendicular
to the axis of the spinning rotor. The external torque leads to change in the angular location of
the spinning rotor plane and creates a pseudo contracting moment of the centrifugal forces’
components. The plane of rotating centrifugal forces declines and resists action of the external
torque. Wee derived the mathematical model of the resistance torque created by the
centrifugal forces for a thin disc-type spinning rotor. The mathematical model used the
following simplifications: the weight of the rotor shaft is neglected and bearing friction is
negligible. The mathematical model of resistance torque created by the rotating centrifugal
forces plane is represented by the following equation:
Where Tctr is a resistance torque created by the centrifugal forces, J is the rotor’s mass
moment of inertia, ω is the angular velocity of the spinning rotor, and ωp is the angular
velocity of a forced precession of a spinning rotor. Analysis of Eq. (1) shows the centrifugal
forces’ resistance on the external torque depends on the angular velocity, ω, of the spinning
rotor, its radius, R, and mass, M, and on the angular velocity of the forced precession ωp. The
angular velocity of forced precession, ωp, causes the action of the external torque applying T
to the spinning rotor. Absence of external torque means the angular velocity of the forced
precession, ωp = 0. Then, the Eq. (1) gives the resistance torque’s equation of the centrifugal
forces,Tctr = 0, which is a natural result. In uniform circular motion, the tangential velocity
direction of mass elements changes continuously.
In the case of external torque applied to a gyroscope, the inclination of the disc of a spinning
rotor changes the tangential velocity’s direction of a mass element. The tangential velocity’s
change in direction of creates acceleration and the inertial force of a mass element. These
inertial forces start act perpendicular to the plane of the spinning rotor, turning it and cause
the angular torque and the angular velocity of the rotor precession.
This torque acts in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the resistance torque action, which
was created by centrifugal forces (Usubumatov et al., 2014). The following equation
represents the mathematical model of the precession torque created by the inertial forces:
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Where Tinr is the precession torque created by inertial forces, other parameters are as
specified above. Analysis of Eq. (2) shows the precession torque created by the axial inertial
forces of the spinning rotor is the same as Eq. (1), i.e., precession and resistance torques are
created by the same rotating masses and accelerations are perpendicular to each other. The
external torque applied to the spinning rotor causes angular velocity of precession around the
axis that is perpendicular to the rotor’s axis. The rate of change in angular momentum of the
spinning rotor creates the torque, which acts in two directions as precession and resistance
torques and represented by the following equation:
Where Ta.m is the torque created by the rate of change in angular momentum, ωp.i is the
angular velocity of a precession of a spinning rotor in i direction and other parameters are as
specified above. The defined toques values are based on the centrifugal and inertial forces and
the rate of change in angular momentum acting simultaneously on the spinning rotor.
Calculation shows the torque of the rate of change in angular momentum represents 30% of
the total acting torques. We can show the values and results of the forces and motions
calculated by using known gyroscope theory.
FINDINGS
Relationship between waves and boat
To prevent the boat from being knocked down by waves, we need to understand the
relationship between properties of wave and the boat. A study conducted by the University of
Southampton’s Department of Ship Science and a similar study by the Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) along with the United States Yacht Racing Union
(now US Sailing) have shown that:
1. The wave becomes dangerous when the wave height exceeds a certain percentage of the
boat’s length.
2. The boat will have greater chance of being knocked by the wave if the boat being further
from being perpendicular to the wave. It is true that a boat can be tossed end-over-end, but
it needs a wave that is significantly exceeds the size of smaller wave when the boat is
perpendicular to the wave.
3. The boat is in danger if the wave structs the boat unless the wave is breaking, the boat will
ride up and over the wave regardless of the wave’s height.
There’s a formula to determine dangerous wave:
Danger wave height:

Wave height = boat length x 30%
Danger wave Length:
Wave length ≤ Wave’s height x 7
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Precession of gyroscope.
We have found that in a gyroscope, a spinning object produces angular momentum (Brain,
2000). The higher the rotation or the mass of rotating objects, or radius of the spinning object,
the higher the angular momentum created. This can be expressed through the formula below.
I= RMV
I: angular momentum
M: mass
R: radius of spinning object
V: rotational speed
So to relate this to stability of the boat, when the gyroscope is spinning and produce angular
momentum, we want to direct the angular momentum downwards and in line with the axis of
rotation, so that when it hit by the wave and tilted sideways, the angular momentum will
counteract to the tilting angle. Below are the illustration on how gyroscope works.
L: Angular momentum
Wp: Precession
Ws: Rotational speed
CONCLUSION
Based on our project for this i-Dea Crown, there some conclusion that we can made from
overall project and results. There are some exception and limitations from this project
Gyroscope Stabilizer which give us some problem to be faced such as the details specification
needs to be apply when doing the prototype. The prototype must have a ratio respective to the
real product in dimension and need to avoid from having error dimension as it can affect the
performance and stability mechanism for boat. Some materials also need to be order and have
to be shaped by using workshop machining equipment which quiet difficult and need more
experience to use those machine. For the other problem we had faced, it is not easy to find
suitable materials for our product because of limited choice and we have to small the scope
view for this project which focus on gyroscope mechanism and its casing materials selection.
We need to go to certain place which is far and not many shop could provide or have this raw
materials, usually only big factory produces the raw materials that we need. Almost majority
of them selling the materials through the online buying and have to additional cost to pay the
shipping cost especially if that materials we want are outside of the country (overseas).
Money also one of our concerned because the items need for this project to be successful are
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expensive and may out of our budget as a student. So we need to ask for donation to pay some
expensive items to proceed to the next step.
We want to summarize that there are few practical implication of being involved in this
project such as improving the safety of the boat by increasing the stability of the boat. The
boat also will be maintain on its stability when moves at high speed. The most important thing
is this product will reduce the risk of the boat of being tilted when the fisherman is trapped in
storm when they are working. So it will help reducing the number of death because of this
accidents.
To sum up, our project about Gyroscope Stabilizer devices will give some major benefits to
the people or known as fisherman who use it in their challenging daily life. As a Muslim
Engineer, we have to be creative and innovative to solve the society problems. This project
will help them and ease their life especially to stabilize the boat when there is huge wave or
during speed up the boat and protect that gyroscope with suitable materials which is corrosion
resistance, high strength, lightweight and most important is durability and sustainability of the
product for long term use and low cost.
This product will give a massive impact to the fisherman especially in Malaysia or other
people that using boat for work which protect them from dangerous of the hilarious sea wave.
The product will decrease the frequently of fisherman’s death because the statistic shows that
fisherman have higher number of death during on the sea because they usually not concern
about safety precaution and only relying on ice tub that save them from drowning if the boat
tilt upside down.
Our recommendation about this project is to encourage people to use this product especially
fisherman in Malaysia because this product will give them benefits by reducing the risk of the
boat from being tilted when encounter with dangerous wave. We hope that people would
accept this product and will find a good spot in the market.
REFRENCES
Steve Tredup. (2011, March 31). Dangerous Waves and Your Boat. Retrieved from
http://www.oceannavigator.com/Ocean-Voyager-2011/Dangerous-waves-and-your-boat/
Ryspek Usubamatov, Azmi B. Harun, and Mohd Fidzwan B. Md. Amin Hamzas.(2014)
Gyroscope Mystery Solved , Int'l Journal of Advances in Mechanical & Automobile Engg.
(IJAMAE) Vol. 1, Issue 1 ISSN 2349-1485 EISSN 2349-1493.
Marshall Brain.(2000,1 April). How Gyroscopes Work. Retrieved from

https://science.howstuffworks.com/gyroscope1.htm
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WESTLIVE: WEB-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR

LEARNING USING GO FORMATIVE APPLICATION
FOR IMPROVING STUDENT’S PHYSICS CONCEPT
MASTERY
Himmatul Ulya1, Lutfi Maulida1, Nur Aini1 and Deni Ainur2

1
Physics Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Malang State University,
Indonesia
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Malang State
University, Indonesia
E-mail: rara.apriliya12@gmail.com
Abstract: The aim of this research is to test the influence of assessment for learning by using
Go formative web to student’s physics concept mastery. This research is a quasi experiment
with pretest-posttest control group design. The research population is all of grade X MIA
MAN 1 Malang year 2016/2017. The research samples are X MIA 1 and X MIA 3, each
consists of 33 students. Cluster-random-sampling method is used to determine the sample of
this research. X MIA 3 is the control class with direct-instruction model and X MIA 1 as an
experiment class applying assessment for learning by using Go formative. Data analysis
shows the students’ concept mastery of X MIA 1 is better than X MIA 3. In conclusion,
assessment for learning using Go formative web influences much on students’ physics
concept mastery.
Keywords: Assessment for learning, Go formative, concept mastery
INTRODUCTION
Assessment for learning or commonly known as formative assessment is a kind of
assessment that is currently discussed nowadays. The term "formative" comes from the word
"form". Thus, it can be known that formative assessment or assessment for learning is an
education assessment outcomes that has a goal to know how much the students "have
formed" the material or subject after they follow the teaching and learning activities.
Assessment for learning is usually implemented every single subject matter ends (Sudijono,
2005).
Assessment for learning or formative assessment has several aspects that become the main
principles. According to Suratno (2007) and Assessment Reform Group (2002), the aspects
are as follows: a) Formative assessment is part of an effective learning; b) Formative
assessment focuses on how students learn and it is the basis of the learning process as well as
the key of teacher professionalism; c) Better to consider the aspects of sensitivity and
constructive feedback; d) Formative assessment emphasizes on improving students learning
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motivation and emphasizes the development of self-assessment; e) Formative assessment is

aimed at achieving overall educational attainment.
Feedback is one of a form of assessment for learning. The students can use it to know how
far their level of understanding and it also can guide students to achieve teaching and
learning objectives. Feedback will encourage the students to improve the learning motivation
and corrects errors that have been made or decreases negative things that become weaknesses
in their learning. For the teacher, feedback can provide information of the strong and weak of
the process the students have done, or which part of the process that can be improved to
obtain better results (Zainul, 2008).
Black and William (1998) stated that on tests given in the classroom and other exercises
including homework, it is important to apply feedback. Mui (2004) and Leakey et al.,2001
stated that the feedback that teacher gives to the students is a part of the assessment process.
Feedback given on tests or other assessment tasks should guide students on how they should
improve and each student individually gets opportunities to improve their knowledge.
In general, feedback is divided into two, direct feedback and indirect feedback. Direct
feedback is a technique of correcting student errors by giving the correct answer clearly
(Ferris, 2002). While indirect feedback is given if the teacher shows the error indirectly by
showing the parts where there are errors but without providing the correct form/ answer (Lee,
2005).
Go formative or can also be called Formative is a site that can be used in a class or school.
This site was designed to give many assignments for students. Then, the teacher can give
feedback and score to students in a short time. Go formative has several advantages, such as
having many features, the assessment can be done periodically without requiring long time,
paper-less, and can support communication between teacher and student everywhere and
everytime.
METHODOLOGY
This research uses quasi-experiment design. The design of this research is pretest-posttest
control group design. The research design is presented as follows:
Information:
E : Experiment class
K : Control class
O : Pretest and posttest on students’ physics concept mastery
X : Treatment with application of assessment for learning (formative assessment) using
Go formative
The study population are all students of X grade of MIA MAN 1 Malang academic year
2016/2017. There are two classes as the samples in this study, they are X MIA 1 and X MIA
3, each consisting of 33 students. The sample selection uses cluster random sampling method.
X MIA 3 as the control class with direct instruction implementation and X MIA 1 as the
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experiment class with treatment application of assessment for learning using Go formative.
The subject studied is simple harmonic motion.
To obtain data in accordance with the problems in this study, uses the instrument of the test
(initial test and final test that describes the mastery of students’ physics concept). In this
study, the test used is divided into two kinds of tests: a) pretest is the test performed before
treatment is given; b) posttest is the test performed after the treatment is given.
The test instruments are pretest and posttest in the form of 20 multiple choice questions and
validated by two lecturers. Both tests are given to the students to know whether there is a
significant difference in the mastery of the physics concepts between the students who
acquired the learning with the application of assessment for learning using Go formative and
students who acquired the direct instruction approach. The control class and the experimental
class were tested with an identical type of problem both in the initial and final tests. Data
analysis used in this research is normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test.
FINDINGS
The prerequisite test is done in the form of normality test and homogeneity test. Normality
test used in this research is Shapiro-wilk test with 5% significance level. Hypothesis in testing
the normality of data pretest and posttest score are as follows:
H0 : the sample comes from a normally distributed population
H1 : the sample comes from a population that is not normally distributed
Using the 0.05 significance level, the test criteria are: a) If the significance value is greater
than 0.05 then H0 is received; b) If the significance value is smaller equal to 0.05 then H0 is
rejected.
Table 1. Normality test of control class and experiment class score
Based on the data analysis shown by the table above, then H0 is accepted because the
significance value >0.05. Thus, it can be stated that the pretest and posttest score of the
control class as well as the experimental class are normally distributed.
To test the homogeneity of test score data uses Levene test with hypothesis formulation as
follows:
H0 : The sample data is homogeneous
H1 : The sample data is not homogeneous
Using the 0.05 significance level, the test criteria are: a) If the significance value is greater
than 0.05 then H0 is received; b) If the significance value is smaller equal to 0.05 then H0 is
rejected.
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Figure 1. Homogeneity test of control class and experiment class score
Based on the data analysis shown by the picture above, then H0 is accepted because of
significance value > 0,05. Thus, it can be stated that the pretest and posttest score of the
control class as well as the experimental class are homogeneous.
The score mean comparison of control class and experimental class on pretest and posttest can
be seen in figure 2.
Figure 2. The mean pretest and posttest scores of control class and experiment class
If drawn through bar charts, the mean comparison of control class and experimental class
scores on pretest and posttest is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. The mean score diagram of the pretest-posttest of the control class and the experimental class
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Based on the diagram above shows that the mean scores of control class (X MIA 3) pretest
and experiment class (X MIA 1) are relatively similar. However, there are significant
differences in posttest scores between the control class and the experimental class. Thus, it
can be seen that the increase in student learning outcomes in the form of physics concepts
mastery in the experimental class (which applied the application of assessment for learning
with web help using Go formative) is greater than the control class.
The results of the research shows that the average pretest scores of control class and
experiment class are not much different. The average pretest score of X MIA 3 as control
class is 59.85 and X MIA 1 as experiment class is 60.15. Meanwhile, the average posttest
scores of X MIA 3 is 74.39 and X MIA 1 is 82.58. Therefore, it is seen that the increase of
experiment class score is very significant compared to the increase of control class score. X
MIA 1 as an experimental class using the implementation of web-based assessment for
learning using Go formative has significant score increase. This is caused by the provision of
evaluation as well as direct and periodic feedback as well as the presence of a picture or video
links related to learning materials that have been input on the Go formative.
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the results of data analysis and discussion, the average score of students’ physics
concept mastery with the implementation of assessment for learning using Go formative on
simple harmonic motion material is better than students who use direct learning. This leads to
a significant difference between students who use assessment for learning with web-assisted
Go formative and students who use direct learning. Thus, it can be concluded that assessment
for learning using Go formative influence on students’ physics concept mastery of class X
MIA MAN 1 Malang academic year 2016/2017.
REFERENCES
Assessment Reform Group. (2002). Testing, Motivation and Learning. ARG- Nuffield
Foundation-EPPI Centre.
Black, P. and William, D. (1998). Inside the BlackBox: Raising Standard Through Classroom
Assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2).
Black, P., Harrison, C., Lee, C., Marshall, B & William, D. (2004). Working Inside the Black
Box: Assessment for Learning in the Classroom. Phi Delta Kappan, (Vol. 86, No.1), 8-21.
Ferris, D. (2002). Treatment of Error in Second Language Student Writing. Ann Arbour:
University of Michigan Press.
Hanson, Ward. (2000). Pemasaran Internet. Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Leakey, A. and Goldsworthy, A. (2001). Fantastic Feedback Priman- Science Review. 68, 22-23.
Lee, I. (2005). Enhancing the Effectiveness of Teacher Feedback in the Secondary Writing
Classroom. Chinese University of Hongkong.
Lever-Duffy, J. & McDonald, J.B. (2003). Teaching and Learning with Technology. New
Jersey: Pearson.
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Mui SO. (2004). Formative and Summative Assessment. Different Strategies for The
Assessment of Science Learning. The Important Qualities of Meaningful Assessment. Asia-
Pasific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, Volume 5, Issue 2, Article 8.
Popham, W. (2011). Classroom Assessment. Boston: Pearson Education.
Sayuti, Husin. (1989). Pengantar Metode Riset. Fajar Agung : Jakarta.
Sudijono, Anas. (2005). Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
Suratno, T. (2007). Formative Assessment for Learning: Teacher’s Professionalism in Raising

Standards, Paper on National Seminar of Biologi. Biology Department of FMIPA UPI
Zainul, A. (2008). Asesmen Sumatif dan Asesmen Formatif. Lecture Material of Natural
Science Education Evaluation of Postgraduate Natural Science Department UPI
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MOMOVERA BATH DA BOMB - ANTIBACTERIAL

SOAP FOR HEALTHY BODY AND SKIN
Siti Roihan Ibrahim, Hamidah Jaafar Sidek, Nur Amira Abdul Lateh, Mohamad Azhar
Azman and Mohamad Azli Azman
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau, Perlis,
Malaysia
Abstract: Antibacterial activity is defined as activity of an agent that kill bacteria or stop their
growth. The presence of antibacterial extract from higher plants can be used as a potential
agent that prevent bacterial infections on the skin. Certain pathogens from external
environment sometimes can give infections to human skin such as skin rashes and allergic
reaction rashes. It can be prevented by effective protection like antibacterial soap. MomoVera
Bath De Bomb is an antibacterial soap that is made with the antibacterial bioactive
compounds in the plant extracts that are effective against bacteria such as Staphylococcus
aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This product is
made as a medium to give protection for human skin. This product also can nourish the skin
with the presence of natural ingredients. Antibacterial activity for this product was tested by
the agar disk diffusion method. The result obtained revealed that the synergistic effect
between Momordica charantia and Aloe barbadensis extracts in this product gives an
effective antibacterial activity that can act as skin protection.
Keywords: Antibacterial soap, Skin infection bacteria, Agar Disc Diffusion Method ,
Momordica charantia, Aloe barbadensis
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of using soap as cleansing agent has been around for quite a long time.
Furthermore, hand washing with soap and water has been considered a measure of personal
hygiene over generation for many years. There are various types of antibacterial soap that can
be found in retail market but it is quite difficult to find the product that is made of natural
ingredients with minimal chemical content. Therefore, the presence of the product,
MomoVera Bath De Bomb can solve this problem where it is an antibacterial soap that is
totally made from natural and organic compound as main ingredients. The main objective of
this product is to prevent our body from bacteria and also to provide the skin with beneficial
effects such as smooth and healthy skin. This product is mainly composed of plants which are
Momordica charantia and Aloe barbadensis. The first plant, Momordica charantia, is
commonly known as ‘bitter gourd’ can be found in tropical and subtropical regions of world
such as India, Asia, South America and widely used as food and medicines (Leelaprakash et
al., 2011). The whole part of this plant such as leaves, fruit and seed can be used to treat
different disease especially diabetic, malaria, measles and skin problems. This plant also has
antibacterial activities because of its ability to inhibit the wide range of bacteria such as
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Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

This is because the presence of phenolic compound in the plant indicates that these plants
have antimicrobial agent (Daniel et al., 2014). Meanwhile, Aloe barbadensis contains active
compounds such as aloesin, anthraquinones aloemannan, aloeside, saponins and vitamins
(Mishra, 2017). These compounds are the source of polysaccharides and antibacterial,
antiviral, antifungal and antioxidant properties. Aloe barbadensis has been used worldwide
for pharmaceutical, food and industries. These active components will play a major role in
MomoVera Bath De Bomb as antibacterial agent for treating skin infection. Besides, the two
plants as the main components in the product, Epsom salt is also used as the base that helps to
relieve stress and help to soothe sore muscles. Moreover, it is great for exfoliating the skin,
smoothing out rough patches and preventing wrinkles (Ketteler, 2012).
METHODOLOGY
Extraction of ethanolic compound from Momordica charantia and Aloe barbadensis
leaves extract. The extraction of ethanolic compound in Aloe barbadensis and
Momordica charantia followed the method used by Azwanida (2012).
Test organism
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis
were obtained from Microbiology Laboratory 5 at UiTM Perlis Branch, Malaysia.
Antibacterial activity assay of plants extract

The antibacterial activity was evaluated by using disc diffusion assay and 10µg
gentamicin was used as positive control while ethanol as negative control. About 100µl
of bacteria broth culture was transferred onto the Mueller Hinton Agar medium. Then,
the broth culture of each bacterium was spread with a glass spreader. After 24 hours of
incubation at 37°C, the zone of inhibition exhibited by the bacteria due to their response
to the crude extract of Momordica charantia, Aloe barbadensis, gentamicin and ethanol
were observed and recorded.
FINDINGS
The finding of this research is the inhibitory effect from combination of fruit and leave
extracts of Momordica charantia and Aloe barbadensis showed positive results toward
bacteria that were used in the experiment. The result of antibacterial activity between both
plants is tabulated in Table 1.
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Table 1. Inhibitory effect of synergistic effect of fruit and leave extract of Momordica charantia and Aloe barbadensis
toward bacteria
Concentration Zone of inhibition (mm)

(%)
Gram positive Gram negative
B.subtilis S.aureus E.coli S.typhi p-value
50 10.00±2.00 5.33±4.62 9.67±1.53 10.67±1.53 .001
80 9.33±0.58 9.33±0.58 11.00±1.00 12.33±0.58 .001
100 8.67±7.57 11.33±1.15 12.67±1.15 14.67±0.58 .001
Gentamycin 19.33±1.15 20.00±0.00 22.00±1.73 21.67±1.53 .001
97% Ethanol N.Z N.Z N.Z N.Z N.Z

Notes: The values expressed in mean ± SD (mm), N.Z: no zone of inhibition. *p<0.05 indicate significant
difference
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, the finding of the research has proved the effectiveness of Momordica
charantia and Aloe barbadensis as antibacterial agent to prevent the bacteria infection on the
body. Further study on antibacterial activity of potential natural remedies towards various
species of bacteria, identification of the bioactive compounds present in the plants and other
bioactivities are needed to be explored for further development of the product. Furthermore,
to increase the product effectiveness, several analysis must be done to increase the scientific
proofs of the product. Therefore, MomoVera Bath De Bomb can be used as the new way to
prevent bacterial infection on the body with natural ingredients used.
REFERENCES
Azwanida (2012). A Review on the Extraction Methods Use in Medicinal Plants, Principle,
Strength and Limitations. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(3), 3-8.
Daniel, P., Supe, U. and Roymon, M.G. (2014). A review on phytochemical analysis of
Momordica charantia. IJAPBC, 3(1), 214-217.
Ketteler, M. (2012). Magnesium Basics. Clinical Kidney Journal, 130(4), 13-14.
Leelaprakash, G., Caroline Rose, J., Gowtham, BM., Javvaji, P.K. and Shivram Prasad, A.
(2011). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Momordica charantia leaves.
Pharmacophore, 2(4), 244-252.
Moghaddasi, S. and Verma, S.K. (2011). Aloe vera their chemicals composition and
applications: A Review Journal Biomedicinal Resources, 2(1), 466-471.
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MARINE SOIL BRICK REINFORCED WITH

SYNTHETIC FIBER
Afifi Fakhri Amir Hamzah, Luqman Hakim Ahmad Sharif, Wan Safizah Wan Salim and
Siti Fatimah Sadikon
Fakulti Kejuruteraan Awam, UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang
E-mail: afifi.fakhri@yahoo.com
Abstract: The rapid growth of construction industries has led to the high consumption levels
and demand for various types of construction materials such as bricks. Hence, it is very
significant to explore the potential alternative materials for brick in order to minimize the
reliance on the existing material only. The objective of this study is to access the performance
of marine soil brick with synthetic fiber through investigation of its compressive strength. The
soil samples are oven-dried for 24 hours and then crushed into smaller particles. The brick
samples were produced which consist of marine soil, synthetic fiber (polypropylene) and
water. Two types of brick mixtures for unreinforced and reinforced with synthetic fiber were
prepared. All the materials were blend together, placed in the mould and the final product of
brick were left for air-dried naturally. The bricks samples were subjected to the compressive
strength test by using compressive strength machine according to BS 1881-11:1983. The
result of unreinforced and reinforced brick at 28 days are 3.13 N/mm2 and 3.79 N/mm2
respectively. The finding shows that the compressive strength of the marine soil brick will
improve with the presence of synthetic fiber.
Keywords: Marine soil, synthetic fiber, brick, compressive strength.
INTRODUCTION
High volume of dredged marine soil (DMS) are excavated or removed from the Malaysian
water nowadays. The process of dredging is to maintain and clear the water bodies for
waterways for boats. This dredged marine soil can be varies in term of its properties of
physical, chemical and biological depending to the location, time and land uses in the
watershed. All the properties are important for the purpose of reuse option. This study will be
focusing on how to reuse the marine soil for beneficial use by accessing the performance of
marine soil brick with addition of syhthetic fiber (polypropylene fiber) through evaluation of
its compressive strength. Previous study has shown that polypropylene fiber (PPF) addition is
contribute to the improvement of the mechanical properties of soft soil and concrete. Teja
(2016) has found that PPF increases the UCS of soil upto 49.8 percent. Same pattern of result
also presented in concrete study which associated with PPF as reported by Mohod (2015) and
Alsadey & Salem (2016). Both reserchers studied on the influence of PPF on strength of
concrete with various percentage of fiber inclusion in concrete. In this study, the marine soil
was oven dried for 24 hours and crushed using abrasion machine. After soil properties
acquired, the control and composite bricks sample with 1.5 percent addition of PPF were
prepared. The cube sample with size 100x100x100mm were prepared according to minimum
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requirement for testing and air-dried at 7, 14, and 28 days. The conclusion that can be made is
the addition of PPF into the marine soil brick mixture show the positive increment of
compressive strength compared unreinforced bricks.
METHODOLOGY
The marine soil was taken from coastal area in Butterworth close to Penang port. The soil
samples were oven dried for 24 hours and crushed using abrasion machine. The
polypropylene fiber (PPF) is a man-made fiber that produced by a factory. The PPF was cut
into the size range of 5cm to 6cm in order to ease the casting process. Two different types of
brick mixture were prepared as stated in Table 1. Based on the previous study by Mohod
(2015) and Alsadey & Salem (2016), the optimum percentage of PPF was in range of 1.5 to
2.0 percent. Therefore, 1.5 percent of PPF was selected in this brick mixture design.
Table 1. Marine Soil Bricks Reinforced with Fibers mixture composition
Type of Mixture Mixture Component (%)

Marine Soil Water Fiber
Mixture 1 100 25 0
Mixture 2 100 25 1.5
The randomly distributed method was used during mixing process to offer strength isotropy
and provides ductility to the soil. The mixture was casted using 100mm x 100mm x 100mm
size of mould. Then, the samples were de-moulded after 48 hours and left for air-dried. The
samples were subjected to the compressive strength test according to BS 1881-11:1983 at 7,
14, and 28 days.
FINDINGS
The compressive strength value of the brick samples at each 7, 14 and 28 days are illustrated
in Figure 1. It has been observed that the compressive strength of the control brick samples
are 2.08 N/mm2, 2.31 N/mm2 and 3.13 N/mm2 at 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. While the
result for marine soil brick reinforced with PPF also slightly increase from 7 to 28 days. The
compressive strength value are 2.54 N/mm2, 3.20 N/mm2 and 3.79 N/mm2. The increment at
7, 14 and 28 days are 22.1percent, 38.6 percent and 21.2 percent respectively. Alsadey &
Salem (2016) also shows the similar increment pattern in compressive strength using PPF
inclusion but in concrete. Base on this results, it shows that PPF contribute to increase the
compressive strength of the bricks. This is happen due to the fact that PPF has a nailing
ability to grip the cracks in soil brick and at the same time, crack cannot growth longer. Since
PPF are randomly distributed troughout the brick, they are able to act effectively near to
where cracks start in the brick matrix.
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Compressive Strength, (N/mm2)

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 Days 7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
Age, (Days)
Marine Soil (Control) Marine Soil with Polypropylene Fiber
Figure 1. The compressive strength of the control brick and marine soil brick reinforced with PPF
CONCLUSIONS
The results have shown that PPF inclusion enhanced the performance of marine soil brick in
term of compressive strength which the results of brick for the age in between 7 to 28 days
were increase in the range of 20 to 30 percent. Nevertheless, this result restricted only for
marine soil bricks reinforced by 1.5 percent of PPF with 5 to 6 cm in length. However, it still
gives the positive findings for researchers to include the PPF in bricks for future study. Thus,
recommendation for future work as below;
 Using different percentage range of PPF.
 Using various type of PPF length.
 Using different types of synthetic fiber
 Consider the performance of compressive strength for the longer age.
 Consider additive material to the brick mixture.
REFERENCES
Alsadey, S. & Salem, M. (2016). Influence of polypropylene fiber on strength of concrete.
American Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 5 (7), 223-226.
British Standards BS1881-116:1983. (1983). Methods for determination of compressive

strength of concrete cube: testing concrete
Mohod, M. V. (2015). Performance of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete. Journal of

Mechanical and Civil Engineering, vol. 12 (1), 28-36.
Teja, M. S. (2016). Soil Stabilization Using Polypropylene Fiber Materials. International

Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 5(9), 18906-
18912.
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CO2 BFBAR: PRODUCER GAS IMPROVEMENT
Mahadzir M.M.1, Faiz M.F1, Maslinda M.M.1, Natashea S.1 and Ismail N.I.2
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang,
Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
2
Automotive Research and Testing Center (ARTeC), Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Pulau Pinang,Jalan Permatang Pauh, 13500 Bukit Mertajam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
E-mail: mahadzir399@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: In this project, the product of capturing CO2 gas has been developed. It is called the
bubbling fluidized bed CO2 absorption reactor (CO2 BFBAR). CO2 BFBAR consists of a
main furnace, stand and gas distributor plate. The overall height of the CO 2 BFBAR is 877.5
mm. The inner diameter of the reactor is 74 mm and the outer diameter is 88 mm. The
operation of CO2 BFBAR is based on absorption-desorption of Calcium Oxide (CaO) and
Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). CO2 BFBAR product can increase the heating value of the
producer gas from 4.37 MJ/Nm3 to 6.04 MJ/Nm3. It is an increase of 38% in 15 minutes. This
will not just improve its heating value but inadvertently improve the amount of combustible
gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane.
Keywords: Syngas Quality, CO2 capture, CO2 absorbent, CaO-CaCO3
INTRODUCTION
Fuel is undoubtedly the most important source of energy. It has been used predominantly in
power plants and to generate work in internal combustion engines. However, the extensive
exploitation of fossil fuels for power has given rise to a number of serious problems namely
depletion of fuel reserves, price inflation of raw materials, adverse effects on the environment
due to emissions from combustion devices and increment of greenhouse gas emissions.
Renewable energy offers opportunity to lower fossil fuel consumption. Because most forms
of renewable energy are derived either directly or indirectly from the sun, there is abundant
supply of renewable energy available, unlike fossil fuels. The use of renewable energy also
provides environmental, economic and political benefits, and they are also not subjected to
depletion in time. One of the fuels for renewable energy is biomass. Producer gas, from
biomass gasification process can be used to generate power as an alternative to fossil fuel.
Carbon dioxide (CO2), which is containing in producer gas-air mixture is only 9-15% and
others are hydrogen (15-20%), carbon monoxide (10-15%), methane (3-5%) and 40-50% of
nitrogen by volume (McKendry, 2002 and Munoz et al. 2000). However, CO2 content in the
producer gas reduces its heating values as CO2 acts as a diluent. Removing CO2 from the
producer gas will inadvertently increase its heating value. It will also improve the percentage
of its hydrogen and all combustible gas contents. In this project, the product of capturing CO2
gas has been developed. It is called the bubbling fluidized bed CO2 absorption reactor (CO2
BFBAR). The operation of CO2 BFBAR is based on absorption-desorption of Calcium Oxide
(CaO) and Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3). According to Gupta and Fan (2002), CaO has a high
CO2 absorption capacity and release CO2 at high temperatures above 800 ºC, making it one of
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the most suitable sorbent. Chen et al. (2009), Alvarez et al. (2007), Lu et al. (2008) and Akiti
et al. (2002), wrote that precursors such limestone (also known as Calcium Carbonate,
CaCO3), can be processed to derive CaO. Malaysia country is blessed with abundant reserve
of limestone (CaCO3) resources. Extensive limestone resources are located in the states of
Perak, Pahang, Kelantan, Kedah and Negeri Sembilan. It was estimated over 10 billion tonnes
of limestone resources throughout the country. Example in the state of Perak, there is a
0.0405 km2 limestone quarry and it estimated limestone reserve of 4 million tones. With
current monthly usage of 5000 tonnes per month, the quarry can provide raw limestone for
the next 66 years. CaO which can be converted from CaCO3 is the most suitable sorbent for
this process based on its advantages in Malaysia.
METHODOLOGY
CO2 absorption reactor or bubbling fluidized bed CO2 absorption reactor (CO2 BFBAR) is the
main subject of this study. CO2 BFBAR function was as a space where the reaction process of
absorption-desorption CO2 take place. The CO2 gas contained in the producer gas from
downdraft biomass gasification was absorbed during the process. Two factors been
considered in methodology, 1) Design and development 2) Experimental and analysis.
Design And Development

The design of CO2 BFBAR was based on the amount of CaO to be used, the fluidization and
heat transfer consideration. The finalized CO2 BFBAR design was then fabricated and tested
in the presence of heat. The operating temperature for the CO2 BFBAR will be between
500oC to 1000oC, so the heating performance must be verified.
Experimental And Analysis

CO2 absorption experiments or hot model experiments were conducted using producer gas
from downdraft gasifier. When the blue flare at point 3 was obtained (Figure 1), the producer
gas (PG) was collected using sampling bags at point SP 2. The PG was then analyzed using
the Gas Chromatograph. The PG were passed to the CO2 BFBAR controlled by the rotameter.
The rotameter was set to 45 L/min. The exited PG was passed to the filter bags and cooling
system (gas sampling train) before being collected in tedlar sampling bags for interval of 15
minutes in 60 minutes experiment. PG before and after the CO2 BFBAR were analyzed using
the gas chromatograph and finally recorded.
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Figure 1
FINDINGS
Design And Development
The main construction features of the CO2 BFBAR consist of a main furnace, stand and gas
distributor plate. The overall height of the CO2 BFBAR is 877.5 mm. The inner diameter of
the reactor is 74 mm and the outer diameter is 88 mm. It is based on available ceramic heater
band in the market. The main furnace and gas distributor plate are made from stainless steel
304 to withstand high temperature operation around 1200oC while the stand is made from
mild steel. The height of the main furnace is 600 mm and has 6 holes for thermocouples. The
gas distributor plate has five small nozzles that protrude up from the surface of the plate. Each
nozzle has four holes of 2.7 mm diameter to allow gas to flow. Table 1 and Figure 2 detailed
the estimation design of gas distribution plate for CO2 BFBAR. Figure 3 show the dimension,
3D and actual views of CO2 BFBAR.
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Table 1
Figure 2.
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Figure 3.
Experimental And Analysis

The producer gas (PG) was used to determine CO2 absorption. 3 bar gas pressure with 45
L/min volume flow rate and 50% CaO-sand mixture ratio (1000 micron) were used on this
experiment. In Figure 4 shows the graph represents the percentage of CO2 detected against
time after PG was passed through the CO2 BFBAR with 50% CaO-sand mixture. In the first
15 minutes, CO2 concentration in the producer gas decreased from 11.58 to 2.62%. The CO2
absorption occurred as much as 77.38%. The ability of CO2 capture by CaO decrease and was
observed in every 15 minutes. This due to the kinetically-controlled and diffusion-controlled
regime that occurs in the process of CaO conversion to CaCO3. In the 60 minute CO2
absorption process, 7.8% CO2 was detected by GC and the percentages ability to capture CO2
was 37.7%. The 1000 micron CaO used still can absorb CO2 of PG although it is observed
that the ability of CO2 capture decrease.
Figure 4. CO2 detected by gas chromatograph
Table 2 shows the low heating value (LHV) of PG after the absorption process in the CO2
BFBAR. It was observed that the LHV of PG has improved. In the first 15 minutes there was
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about 38% increase in LHV followed by 16% at the end of the absorption experiment (Figure
5). The reduction of the percentages LHV of PG during absorption experiment conducted is
due to the kinetics reaction of CaO that has fast and slow reactions, and the loss of small
particles of CaO from the CO2 BRBAR.
Table 2.
Figure 5.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this project has achieved its objectives. A bubbling fluidized bed CO2
absorption reactor (CO2 BFBAR) was successfully designed and developed according to the
size of the ceramic heater band available. An experiment was carried out to show the
successful of absorption CO2 content in the actual producer gas which is containing 11.58%
CO2, 20.12% CO, 12.16% H2, 1.46% CH4 and 54.68% N2. The concentration of CO2 content
in the producer gas has decreased from 11.58 to 2.62% during the absorption process in the
CO2 BFBAR. The absorption process occurred in 60 minutes although it has a slower
absorption rate at the end of the experiment. The heating value of the producer gas has
increased from 4.37 MJ/Nm3 to 6.04 MJ/Nm3 an increase of 38% in first 15 minutes and 16%
at end of the absorption process. The innovative achievement in this project is CO2 BFBAR
design. The device has proved to absorb CO2 gas and increased the low heating value of
producer gas produced from downdraft gasifier. This product has added value in renewable
energy especially biomass field and has high potential for commercialization in term of
producer gas improvement.
REFERENCES
Akiti, T. T.; Constant, K. P.; Doraiswamy, L. K.; Wheelock, T. D. (2002). A Regenerable
Calcium-Based Core-in-Shell Sorbent for Desulfurizing Hot Coal Gas. Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research, 41 (3), 587-597.
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Alvarez D.; Pena M.; Borrego A.G. (2007). Behavior of Different Calcium-Based Sorbents in
a Calcination/Carbonation Cycle for CO2 Capture. Energy Fuels, 21 (3), 1534-1542.
Chen, Z.; Song, H. S.; Portillo, M.; Lim, C. J.; Grace, J. R.; Anthony, E. J.(2009). Long-Term
Calcination/Carbonation Cycling and Thermal Pretreatment for CO2 Capture by Limestone
and Dolomite. Energy Fuels, 23 (3), 1437–1444.
Gupta, H. and Fan, L. S.(2002). Carbonation-calcination cycle using high reactivity calcium
oxide for carbon dioxide separation from flue gas, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Research, 41, 4035-4042.
Lu H.; Khan A.; Smirniotis P.G.(2008). Relationship between Structural Properties and CO2
Capture Performance of CaO-based Sorbents Obtained from Different Organometallic
Precursors. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47 (16), 6216-6220.
McKendry, P. (2002). Energy production from biomass (part 2): conversion technologies.
Bioresource Technology, Vol. 83, 47-54.
Munoz, M.; Moreno, F.; Morea-Roy, J.; Ruiz, J. and Arauzo, J. (2000). Low heating value
gas on spark ignition engines. Biomass and Bioenergy, 18, 431-439.
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CIMON NOODLES : YOUR ORGANIC CHOICE !
Nazatul Nabila, Nur Shuhada Nabilla, Nurhidayah, Nurul Afifa, Nur Atiqah and
Nor Atikah Husna
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch, 02600 Arau,
Perlis, Malaysia.
E-mail: shuhadamohdyunus@gmail.com
Abstract: Noodles have been staple foods since many decades all over the world. This is
because it is very easy to cook, rich with nutritional value and tasty. In the industries, lots of
chemical preservatives such as ascorbic acid, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and benzoic acid
are used to prolong the shelf life of the noodles. However, long term consumptions of these
chemical preservatives would lead damage to the human health. To overcome this situation, a
healthy and convenience ways is urgently needed. Thus, the aim of this innovation is to
propose a natural food preservative that able to incorporate in noodle product, mainly for
improving nutritional quality without changed its original taste. In this research, lemon peel
was used to substitute ascorbic acid that commonly used in the noodles. Drying and grinding
method had been used to obtain the smooth texture of lemon peel. Carbohydrate and protein
test had been conducted by using iodine solution, Fehling’s solution and Biuret reagent to
determine the presence of starch, glucose and protein in the Cimon noodles. Results showed a
color change from blue to orange for Fehling’s test and white to slightly blue black for iodine
test, whereas the color change from white to slightly purple for the Biuret method. This
showed Cimon noodles contained glucose, starch and protein. The addition of lemon peels
does not alter the presence of glucose, starch and protein in the noodle. Boric acid test was
performed to indicate the presence of boric acid in the noodles by using the turmeric solution.
As a result, based on this preliminary research, lemon peel has a potential to replace the
ascorbic acid which is used as an antioxidant to prevent spoilage and in the meantime least
number of chemical additives will be consumed in everyday life.
Keywords: noodles, preservatives, lemon, nutritional, ascorbic acid
INTRODUCTION
In 2017, New Straits Times had reported on food manufacturing company was fined by
magistrate court up to RM 10 000 because of their noodles contained forbidden food
additives. In food industries, additives such as ascorbic acid, sodium benzoate, sorbic acid and
benzoic acid are widely used to prolong the shelf life of the noodles. However, according to
Kepong District Health Office prosecuting officer, Mr Arsyad Mohd Jafar (as cited in Karim,
2018), benzoic acid is a preservative that is prohibited that could cause inflammation, asthma
and cancer, if a person were to consume it for a long time. Lemon offers lot of benefits such
as treatment of indigestion, throat infections, fever, internal bleeding, obesity, high blood
pressure and it is also good for the hair and skin. At the same time lemon peels provides many
benefits to humans such as fight cancer, improves bone health and decreases cholesterol
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levels. Lemon peels contain more vitamins than the lemon juice itself, for example, Vitamin
C, Vitamin A, beta carotene, folate, calcium, magnesium, and potassium (Cooper, 2013).
However, for most of the time, lemon peels are treated as waste without being fully utilized.
Thus, the idea of this study is to reduce the usage of chemical substances like boric acid in
noodles as well as to create environmental friendly food industries for future generation by
replaced it with lemon peel.
METHODOLOGY
Preparation of Lemon Powder
60 g of grown lemon was peeled off and with air-dry method, the peels were dried for a day.
Once the peels completely dried, the peels were being whirled by using blender to form a fine
powder. The powder is filtered to obtain a very smooth texture of lemon powder (Russell,
2015).
Preparation of Cimon Noodles

500 g of wheat flour with 3.5 g of lemon powder was mixed in a bowl. Then, an egg was
added into the mixture. 3 ml of plain water was gradually added into the mixture until it
becomes complete dough. The mouth of bowl was closed by using a wrapper for 30 minutes.
Later, the dough was put into the noodle machine and the handle was spun until perfect
noodles were produced. Lastly, the noodles were boiled in a pot for 3 minutes. The diameter
of the noodles produced approximately 2 mm.
Shelf-life Test
Both of Cimon noodles and commercialized noodles were placed into two different
conditions. For the first condition, Cimon noodles and commercialized noodles were placed in
the room temperature for two to three days. After two to three days, both noodles were
observed and the observation was recorded. The second condition, Cimon noodles and
commercialized noodles were placed in the refrigerator about a week. After a week, both
noodles were observed and the observation was recorded.
Nutritional Test for Carbohydrate

Fehling’s Solution Test
2 g of Cimon noodles were chopped into small pieces by using pestle and mortar, and put into
a test tube. About 5 ml of distilled water was added into the test tube and stirred with a glass
rod (British Nutritional Foundation, 1995). 3ml of clear liquid was taken by using a dropper
and being transferred into another test tube. Three drops of Fehling’s solution were added into
the test tube containing clear liquid by using dropper. By using a tube holder, test tube was
firmly being held and placed in a water bath at 38°C. The color change was observed. The
procedures are repeated to test for the controls which are commercialized noodles and pasta.
Iodine Solution Test

3 ml of mixture of Cimon noodles and 5 ml distilled water was taken by using a dropper and
being transferred into another test tube. Two to three drops of iodine solution were added into
the test tube containing clear liquid by using a dropper. The color change of the solution was
recorded. Test was repeated for commercialized noodles and pasta.
Biuret Reagent Test

3 ml of clear liquid was taken from a mixture of 2 g of Cimon noodles and 5 ml of distilled
water by using a dropper and being transferred into another test tube. Three drops of sodium
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hydroxide were added into the test tube by using dropper. Without shaking the mixture, three
drops of 0.1% copper sulphate was added and the mixture was mixed carefully. The color
changed was recorded. Test was also conducted on commercialized noodles and pasta.
Boric Acid Test

5 g of Cimon noodles were put into a 100 ml beaker. 50 ml of distilled water was added and 3
g of turmeric powder were then added into the beaker. The mixture was gently stirred by
using a glass rod. The color change was observed. The procedures are repeated to test for the
controls (Jamhuery, 2017).
FINDINGS
Shelf-life Test
Shelf-life test is conducted to compare the shelf life between commercialized noodles with
Cimon noodles. Table 1 shows shelf life of Cimon and commercialized noodles in refrigerator
(10°C) and room temperature after five days.
Table 1: Shelf-life test
Condition 1 2 3 4 5
Days
Refrigerator Commercialized / / / / /
noodles
Cimon noodles / / / / /
Room Commercialized / / / / X
temperature noodles
Cimon noodles / / X X X
/ = No microorganisms growth X = there were growth of microorganisms
Based on Table 1, when both noodles were kept in refrigerator, both of the noodles can last
long for at least five days. No microorganisms’ growth in both noodles was observed. This is
due to low temperature in refrigerator would prevent the food spoilage (Eddleman, 1998).
However, when both noodles were placed in room temperature, results showed
commercialized noodles could last up to four days without the presence of microorganisms.
Meanwhile, Cimon noodles only able to sustain up to two days. Although commercialized
noodles could last longer than Cimon noodles, results showed it is no significant difference
between organic and non-organic noodles. Thus, Cimon noodles has a potential to be develop
and used as a choice in future. The used of boric acid in noodles allow the noodles to hold on
up to two days at room temperature and lasting more in refrigerator (Jamhuery, 2017).
Carbohydrate Test
Fehling’s Solution Test
Fehling’s solution test was performed to test the presence of glucose in the three different
noodles which were commercialized noodles, pasta and Cimon noodles.
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A B C
A = Commercialized noodles B = Cimon noodles C = Pasta

Figure 1. Color change in Fehling’s test
Figure 1 shows color for test tube A change from blue to orange precipitate while color for
test tube B change from blue to orange and color for test tube C change from blue to
yellowish. Based on the results, in commercialized noodles, a little orange precipitate
indicates that the noodles contain small amount of glucose content while in the pasta, the
color change to slightly orange also showing small amount of glucose presence. The Cimon
noodles show the presence of glucose as the solution change color from blue to orange
(McBrewster, 2010).
Iodine Solution Test

Iodine solution test was performed to test the presence of starch in the three different noodles
which were commercialized noodles, pasta and Cimon noodles.
A B C
A = Commercialized noodles B = Pasta C = Cimon noodles

Figure 2. Color change in iodine test
Based on results in Figure 2, there is no starch in commercialized noodles since the color does
not change while in pasta, the color of the solution change from white to blue black. This is
said that there is starch presence in the pasta. In addition, Cimon noodles also shows the
presence of starch as the color change from white to slightly blue.
Amylose in starch is responsible for the formation of a deep blue color in the presence of
iodine. When following the changes in some inorganic oxidation reduction reactions, iodine
may be used as an indicator to follow the changes of iodide ion and iodide element. Only
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iodine element in the presence of iodide ion will give the characteristics of blue black color.
Neither iodine element alone nor iodide ions alone will give the color for the results
(Goedecke, 2016).
Biuret Reagent Test

Biuret reagent test was done to identify the presence of protein in the noodles. Copper
sulphate and sodium hydroxide were used for this test.
A B C
A = Commercialized noodles B = Cimon noodles C = Pasta

Figure 3. Color change in Biuret test
Results in Figure 3 showed that commercialized noodles contain protein while the pasta and
Cimon noodles only contain small amount of protein. This is because the color change of the
control pasta and Cimon noodles does not really shows violet color, the color change from
blue to slightly purple color. The biuret reagent turns to violet in the presence of peptide
bonds, the chemical bonds that hold amino acids together. The reagent copper ions with
charge of +2 were reduced to +1 in the presence of peptide bond causing the color to change
(Bank, 2014).
Boric Acid Test

The samples also are being tested for the presence of boric acid by using a tumeric solution.
Figure 4 shows boric test of commercialized noodles and Cimon noodles.
A B
A = Cimon noodles B = Commercialized noodles

Figure 4. Color change in Boric acid test
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Based on Figure 4, for the Cimon noodles, the color of the solution does not change indicated
that the noodles content free from any chemical substance such as boric acid (Priyadarsini,
2014). İn contrast to the commercialized noodles, it shows changes in color of the solution
which is from yellow to brick red precipitate. This shows that the commercialized noodles
contain boric acid that act as a chemical preservative in the production of noodles
(Priyadarsini, 2014). The identification of boric acid in yellow noodles can be seen by color
change of yellow turn to brownish red after addition of curcumin (tumeric) indicator. The red
color indicate the presence of Rosocyanine compounds (Jamhuery, 2017).
CONCLUSION
Based on research, Cimon noodles contained glucose, starch and protein same as the
commercialized noodles and pasta. Basically, the addition of Citrus which is lemon peels does
not alter its main nutritional content which is the carbohydrates. Referring to boric acid test,
Cimon noodles is free from boric acid due to no color change observed when the noodles
were tested with turmeric solution. Generally agreed, that chemicals substances such as boric
acid in noodles may give side effects in health problem. The best condition to keep Cimon
noodles is at low temperature (refrigerator) rather than in the room temperature. This is to
make sure the Cimon noodles can be long lasting. In short, this innovation shows a positive
solution by adding lemon peels as a natural preservative. The addition of lemon peels also
shows positive results as it maintains the presence of glucose, starch and protein in the
noodles as well as with zero content of boric acid. To conclude, Cimon noodles have a
potential to be commercialized.
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OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL

CATHODE BUTTON CELL FOR INTERMEDIATE
TEMPERATURE PROTON CONDUCTING FUEL CELL
(PCFC)
Ismariza Ismail1, Nurul Waheeda Mazlan1, Lidyayatty Abdul Malik1, Oskar Hasdinor
Hassan2, Abdul Mutalib Md Jani3 and Nafisah Osman4
1
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
2
Faculty of Art and Design Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
3
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 35400 Tapah, Perak, Malaysia
4
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
E-mail: fisha@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: A key obstacle to the practical operation of proton conducting fuel cell (PCFC) is
the development of high-performance cathode materials at intermediate temperature of 500-
800oC. In this study, we report the fabrication and performance of LSCF|BCZY|LSCF
prepared by two-step modification processes which are (a) microstructure modification of
LSCF by application of ethylene glycol as a dispersing agent during the synthesizing process
and (b) compositional modification by introducing a small amount of proton conducting
phase to extend the triple phase boundary thus accelerate the electrochemical activity of the
cathodes. The electrochemical performances of the LSCF-based cathode after each
modification process were monitored by an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
The area specific resistance (ASR) of pristine LSCF cathode, modified LSCF cathode
(LSCFEG) and composite cathode (LB30) measured at 600oC in the humidified air are 9.74,
1.31 and 0.47 Ω.cm2, respectively. The LSCF-based button cell was found to exhibit a
superior performance after undergoes the modification processes (LB30 > LSCFEG > pristine
LSCF), thus proven its great potential as a promising PCFC cathode.
Keywords: Cathode, button cell, proton-conducting fuel cell, electrochemical performance.
INTRODUCTION
Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as a clean energy production technology has attracted extensive
attention due to limited fossil fuel sources, increased oil prices, and environmental
considerations. Main limitation of SOFC lies in their reliability and durability which is
corresponding to its high operating temperature, typically between 800-1000oC. This high
operating temperature allows fuel flexibility and internal hydrocarbon fuel reforming.
However, it is also associated with undesirable outcomes such as material interaction and
formation of insulating phases which results in unsatisfactory durability as well as high cost
of fabrication materials and maintenances (Ortiz-Vitoriano et al., 2013). Proton conducting
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fuel cell (PCFC), which is based on proton conducting electrolyte, offers a promising
alternative for SOFC. Featuring lower activation energy for proton conduction, PCFC allows
a significant decrease in the operating temperature of the fuel cell. One of the prominent
group of proton conductors is the Ba(Ce,Zr)1-yYyO3-δ (BCZY) which has been reported to
represent a good compromise between ionic conductivity and stability (Zhong, 2007). At an
intermediate temperature range of 500-800oC, cathode polarization resistance still contribute
considerably to energy loss in PCFC operation. Therefore, the current PCFC research is
focused on the development of suitable cathode materials that offers a good electrochemical
performance in the intermediate temperature range.
In this study, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) which is commonly used cathode material for
SOFC is applied as the cathode material for PCFC’s application. Prior to the cathode
development process, the microstructure of the LSCF cathode is improved by application of
ethylene glycol as the dispersing agent during the sol-gel synthesizing process. In addition,
the cathode composition of LSCF is modified by introduction of 30 wt.% protonic phase of
Ba(Ce0.6, Zr0.4)0.9Y0.1O3-δ (BCZY64), forming a composite cathode of LSCF-BCZY64. The
electrochemical performances of the modified cathodes are evaluated and compared to that of
the pristine LSCF.
METHODOLOGY
LSCF cathode is synthesized by a dispersing agent sol-gel method. A stoichiometric amount
of metal nitrate salts which are La(NO3)3.6H2O, Sr(NO3)2, Co(NO3)2.6H2O and
Fe(NO3)3.9H2O were first dissolved in 100 ml of deionized water. Next, citric acid
monohydrate (CA) followed by ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) were added into
the solution. The solution was then heated in 70oC water bath under continuous stirring.
Subsequently, ethylene glycol was added as a dispersing agent to promote dispersion and
prevent the clumping of cathode particles. The black viscous gel obtained was solidified by
pre-heating at 100oC for 12 hours and finally calcined at 700oC for 5 hours to obtain a pure
phase of LSCF. BCZY64 powders were synthesized by a combined citrate-EDTA
complexing sol-gel process (Abdullah, Hasan, & Osman, 2013). The composite cathode was
formulated by addition of 30 wt.% of BCZY64 to the pure LSCF cathode. The LSCF cathode
modified with ethylene glycol and introduced with the protonic phase were each denoted as
LSCFEG and LB30, respectively. For fabrication of the symmetrical cell, dense BCZY64
pellets was obtained by uniaxial pressing and sintering in air at 1450 oC for 12 hours.
Subsequently, the cathode slurry was deposited onto both surfaces of BCZY64 disk by spin-
coating technique. The fabricated cathode symmetrical cells were then evaluated for its
performances using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS measurement was
conducted in humidified air over a temperature range of 500-800 oC. The frequency range of
10 mHz to 1 MHz with an AC signal amplitude of 10 mV was applied using a ZIVE SP2
Electrochemical Workstation. ZMAN™ 2.2 f3 (ZIVE LAB) software was used to analyze the
impedance arcs obtained.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Figure 1 presents the Nyquist plot of the cathode samples measured at 600 oC in humidified
air. The largest impedance arc is observed for pristine LSCF, which represent the highest
polarization resistance among the sample measured. In contrast, the sample of LB30
demonstrated the smallest impedance arc which indicates the lowest value of the cathode
polarization resistance. The area specific resistance (ASR) calculated for pristine LSCF,
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LSCFEG and LB30 are 9.74, 1.31 and 0.47 Ω cm2, respectively. Lower ASR value is desirable
for the cells operation as it signifies a better cathode performance. Based on the ASR value
obtained, better cathode performance is observed for LSCFEG cathode as compared to the
pristine sample. This is associated to the improvement of the cathode microstructure which
results from the addition of the ethylene glycol as the synthesizing aid during the sample
preparation process. Furthermore, when 30 wt.% of BCZY64 protonic phase was
incorporated to the LSCFEG cathode (LB30), the ASR value is further reduced which implies
the superior performance of LB30 as compared to the LSCFEG and LSCF pristine. The reason
behind this is the addition of the protonic phase has increased the contact areas between
cathode and electrolyte layer thus provide more active area for the cathode reaction. In
summary, LSCFEG and LB30 cathode demonstrate about 7 and 16 folds higher performances
as compared to the pristine sample of LSCF.
 Figure 1. Nyquist plot of pristine LSCF, LSCFEG and LB30 cathodes measured at 600 oC in humidified air
CONCLUSION
The modification of the cathode microstructure and composition was found to significantly
enhanced the performance of the pristine LSCF cathode. The improvement in the cathode
performance is mainly attributed to the increased contact area between the cathode and
electrolyte layer which results in the extension of the reaction site (triple phase boundary) and
eventually increase the electrochemical activity of the cathode.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia via Grant 600-
IRMI/TRGS 5/3 (1/2016) and FRGS/1/2017/STG07/UITM/02/2. The authors thank
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for the facilities and support provided.
REFERENCES
Abdullah, N. A., Hasan, S., & Osman, N. (2013). Role of CA-EDTA on the Synthesizing
Process of Cerate-Zirconate Ceramics Electrolyte. Journal of Chemistry, 2013, 1-7.
Ortiz-Vitoriano, N., Bernuy-López, C., Ruiz de Larramendi, I., Knibbe, R., Thydén, K.,
Hauch, A., Rojo, T. (2013). Optimizing solid oxide fuel cell cathode processing route for
intermediate temperature operation. Applied Energy, 104, 984-991.
Zhong, Z. (2007). Stability and conductivity study of the BaCe0.9−x Zrx Y0.1 O2.95 systems.
Solid State Ionics, 178(3), 213-220.
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MUSA EPIGEL
Husna Haziqah Binti Mohd Rodzi1, Nor Atikah Husna Binti Ahmad Nasir1, Nur Syafiqah
Binti Rahim1, Norlin Binti Shuhaime2 and Ahmad Zuhairi Bin Abd Rahman3
1
Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Technologi MARA, 02600
Perlis, Malaysia.
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied science, Universiti Technologi MARA, 02600
Perlis, Malaysia.
3
Department of Haematology, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia.
Email: musaepigel2017@gmail.com
Abstract: Large quantities of fruit waste are generated from agricultural processes worldwide.
This waste is often dumped into landfills or the ocean. However, since banana peels have a
valuable health benefit such as antimicrobial properties, it can be one of great alternatives in
therapeutic treatments. The purposed of developing Musa Epigel is to allow us maximized the
benefit of banana peel as wound healing agent. The antibacterial effect of banana peels extract
against several types of common skin infection bacteria were conducted by using disc
diffusion method against two Gram positive bacteria (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and Gram
negative bacteria (E. coli). Five different concentrations (0.1-1,000 mg/mL) of extract were
used. Highest concentration of extract (1000mg/ml) shows the highest inhibitory effect
against all the bacteria with E. coli (11mm), B. subtilis (10mm) and S. aureus (8mm). In
addition 1,000 mg/mL of the banana peel extract were incorporated in gel and tested on mice
to check its wound healing properties. Wound on mice was healed from 1.5 cm (day 1) to 0.3
cm within seven days with 80% recovery. In conclusion, the result implied that the peel
extract of banana could be a potential of wound healing agent.
Keywords: banana, gel, antibacterial, natural, wound healing.
OBJECTIVES
1. To extract banana peels by using Soxhlet apparatus with 70% ethanol as the solvent.
2. To evaluate the antibacterial activities of banana peel extract with gel on S. aureus, B.
subtilis and E. coli.
3. To examine and compare the antibacterial activities of banana peels extract with gel
using agar diffusion method at five different concentrations which are 0.1 mg/mL, 1.0
mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL and 1000 mg/mL.
4. To test the optimum concentration of extract banana peel with gel on mice.
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METHODOLOGY
Sample collection and preparation
The banana peels were collected from the fruit stall around the city of Kangar, Perlis,
Malaysia. The peels were washed thoroughly under tap water (Jyostan and Ankeeta, 2014).
The samples were cut into smaller size and allowed to dry in an oven at 45ᵒC for 24 hours
(Fairuz et al., 2014). The dried peels were grounded using electric blending machine
(Arawande et al., 2010). The powdered dried peels were kept at 4ᵒC in a tight-capped
container for further use.
Preparation of Extracts
Banana peels (Musa sp.) powder was placed inside a thimble made from thick filter paper.
The thimble was loaded into the middle chamber of the Soxhlet extractor (Fairuz et al.,2014).
70% of ethanol solvent was added into the distillation flask. The solvent was heat to begin the
distillation process. The extractions were carried out 32 hours at 40ᵒC (Sigh and Prakash,
2015). Then, the extracts of the sample were subjected to rotary vacuum evaporator at 40ᵒC to
evaporate the solvent and obtain the extracts (Hamid et al., 2016). The obtained extracts were
kept in sterile sample bottles and keep in the refrigerator at 4ᵒC until required (Sigh and
Prakash, 2015)
Preparation of gel
The formation of gel were prepared by using 1.2% xanthan gum, 5% glycerin and 99.2%
distilled water. 1.2g of xanthan gum powder were mixed with 5mL of glycerin. The mixture
was then stirred until complete homogenize. 92.2mL of distilled water were slowly poured
over the mixture and continue mixing until the gel begins to form and become transparent.
The gel was leave for an hour before mix with banana peel extract (Retetecosmeticebio,
2015).
Bacteria Culture
Bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) that used in this
study were obtained from Microbiology Laboratory, University Technology Mara Perlis.
These species were chosen as they are the most common skin infection bacteria. All the
bacteria strains were grown and maintained by sub-culturing on nutrient agar. All agar plates
were incubated for 24 hours at 37ᵒC and maintained at 4⁰C (Fairuz et al., 2014).
Antibacterial Susceptibility of Musa.sp.peel gel

Antibacterial activities of gel extracts of Musa sp. were carried out on S. aureus, B. subtilis
and E. coli bacteria using disc diffusion method. The concentration of solvent used is 70%
ethanol. Colonies from the agar plates were suspended into sterile nutrient broth to form a
turbidity of 0.5 MacFarland standards (Fairuz et al., 2014). 100 µL of bacteria was suspended
on the agar plate using micropipette (Mounyr et al., 2015) and spread over the agar plates by
using sterile spreader (Fairuz et al., 2014). The inoculated plate was impregnate with paper
disc of banana peel gel with five different concentrations of extracts which is 100mg/mL, 100
mg/mL, 10 mg/ml, 1mg/ml and 0.1mg/ml. The positive control used are Ampicilin and
Gentamicin while negative control used are pure gel. All of the paper discs placed gently into
respective location (Fairuz et al., 2014). The agar plates were incubated at 37ᵒC for 24 hours
(Fairuz et al., 2014). The antibacterial agent will diffuse in the agar medium and inhibits the
growth of the microbial strain tested (Balouiri et al., 2015). The inhibition zones were
evaluated in millimetre (mm) (Eiowenwengan et al., 2014).
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Wound Healing Properties of Musa.sp.peel gel

All the surgical interventions were carried out under sterile conditions under general
anesthesia. The predetermined area for wound infliction at the back of animal was prepared
for surgery by removing hairs with shaver. The animal is anaesthetized with chloroform and
placed on the operation table in its neutral position. Excision wound are inflicted on the dorsal
thoracic region using a sterile surgical blade, the skin from the predetermined area on the
depilated back off the animal is excised to its full thickness to obtain a wound area of about
1.5cm length and 2 mm depth. The wounds were treated with 1,000 mg/mL of banana peel
extract with gel for seven days. The animals are housed individually in their cages and
allowed to recover for monitoring the coverage area (Thakur et al., 2011).
Statistical Analysis
Analysis of Variance which is commonly known as ANOVA is extremely important for
analysis of data. It is a technique employed by researcher to make a comparison between
more than two populations and help in performing simultaneous tests (Surbhi, 2016). The
statistical analysis was made using to-way Analysis of Varience (ANOVA). This statistical
approach is used to compare the means of populations that are classified in two different
ways, or the mean responses in an experiment with two factors (Darkwah et al., 2015). In
other words, the primary purpose of the analysis is to analyse the interaction between the two
independent variables on the dependent variable. The p values of less than 0.05 were
considered significant (Fairuz et al., 2014).
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Inhibition Zone based on Different Concentrations of Banana Peel Extract with Gel
Banana peels are loaded with nutrients and antioxidants that can reduce skin inflammation
(Shapiro, 2015). The experiment was conducted to measure the inhibition zone based on
different concentration of banana extract. Ampicilin (AMP), gentamicin and blank gel were
used as positive control and negative control respectively. The crude of banana peels were
obtained was diluted t different concentration which are 00.1mg/ml, 1 mg/ml, 100mg/ml and
1000mg/ml. The concentration showed the potential antibacterial activity against all the
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria except for the concentration 1mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml
and blank gel. Table 1.0 shows the inhibition zone based on different concentrations of
banana gel, ampicillin, gentamicin and blank gel.
Table 1. Inhibition zone of banana get at different concentration towards Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and
Escherichia coli
Concentration Inhibition zone of bacteria

E. coli S. aureus B. subtilis
1000 mg/ml 11 mm 8 mm 10 mm
100 mg/ml 7 mm 6 mm 7 mm
0.1mg/ml 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm
Ampicilin (AMP) 15 mm 14 mm 14 mm
Gentamicin 17 mm 16 mm 17 mm
Blank Gel 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm
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The study discovered that the highest concentration of banana gel (1000mg/ml) shows the
highest inhibitory effect towards E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis which are 11mm, 8mm and
10mm respectively. For the 100mg/ml concentration of banana gel, the inhibition zone for the
E. coli is 7mm, S. aureus is 6 m and B. subtilis is 7 mm. At 0.1 mg/ml concentration of
banana gel, there is no inhibition zone observed. From the results obtained, it can be
concluded that the highest concentration have the greatest antibacterial effect. Based on the
ANOVA results, there is statistically significant in inhibition zone between the bacteria (p=
.049) and concentration (p = .000) as the p- value for both independent variables are less than
0.05.
Wound healing on Mice using optimum Concentration of Banana Peel with Gel
The optimum concentration (1000 mg/ml) of banana peel extract with gel was test on mice
since it shows the greatest antibacterial effects. This trial was conducted to observe the
potential properties of the banana gel on wound. This experiments was conducted for seven
days and the length of the wound was measured on first, fourth and seventh day. The wound
was treated with 1000 mg/ml concentration of banana gel until the seventh day. The initial
length of the wound on the first day was 1.5 cm. On the fourth day, the recovery length of the
wound as measured which is 0.8cm and for the last day the length measured is 0.3cm. The
reductions of the length on mice wound proved that the highest concentration of banana peel
extract with gel has antibacterial potential that can heal wound.
A B C
Figure 1. Process of wound healing on mice A) Day 1 (1.5cm), B) Day 4 (0.8cm) and C) Day 7 (0.3cm)
REFERENCES
Arawande J.O., Amoo I.A. & Lajide L. (2010). Effects of citric acid and methanol extracts of
banana and plantain peels on stability of refined soybean oil. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 14, 14-
706.
Atzingen, D.A.N.C.V., Gragnani, A., Veiga, D.F., Abla, L. E. F., Cardoso, L.L.F., Ricardo,
T., Mendonça, A.R.A, Ferreira, L.M. (2013). Unripe Musa sapientum peel in the healing of
surgical wounds in rats. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, 28(1)
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Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M. and Saad, K.I. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial
activity: A review. Journal of Phamacuetical Analysis, 6(2), 71-79.
Ehiowemwenguan, Emoghene, A.O. and Ientianbor, J.E. (2014). Antibacterial and

phytochemical analysis of banana fruit peel, IOSR. Journal of Pharmacy, 4(8), 18-25.
Fairuz Fadhilah, M.J., Suharni, M. and Wan Nazatul, S.S. (2014). Antibacterial Effects of
Banana Pulp Extracts Based On Different Extraction Methods Against Selected
Microorganisms. Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(36), 14-19.
Hamid, H.A., Masripan, N.A.B., Abdollah, M.F.B and Hasan R. (2016). Characterization of
Raw and Ripen Of Banana Peel Wastes And It’s Oils Extraction Using Soxhlet Method.
International Journal of Applied Chemistry, 12(1), 1-5.
Jeffrey Shapiro, MD (2015). Banana Peels Can Treat Acne and More. Retrieved November 7
2017 from https://www.doctorshealthpress.com/skin-care- articles/banana-peel-acne-
treatment/
Jyotsna S. Waghmare and Ankeeta H. Kurhade (2014). GC-MS Analysis of Bioactive

Components from Banana Peel (Musa Sapientum Peel). European Journal of Experimental
Biology, 4(5), 10-15
Pereira, A. and Maraschin, M. (2015). Banana (Musa spp) from Peel to Pulp:
Ethnopharmacology, Source of Bioactive Compounds and Its Relevance for Human Health.
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 160,149-163
Retetecosmeticebio (2015). Homemade Moisturizing Face Gel. Retrieved October 6 2017

from http://retetecosmeticebio.altervista.org/en/homemade-moisturizing-face-gel/
Singh,S and Prakash,P. (2015). Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Banana Peels (Musa
acuminata) Extracts Using Different Extraction Methods. Chemical Science Transactions,
4(1), 158-160.
Suraj, P. K. Pushpa, S. P. and Sachin, S. (2015). Detection of Antimicrobial Activity of

Banana Peel (Musa paradisiacha L.) on Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans: An in vitro study. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 6(4), 496-499.
Surbhi S (2016). Difference between One Way and Two Way ANOVA. Retrieved December
7 2017 from http://keydifferences.com/difference-between-one-way-and-two-way-anova.html
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THE NEXT GENERATION OF SOLID OXIDE FUEL

CELLS: INTEGRATION OF PEROVSKITE
NANOTUBES AND SPIN COATING FILM FOR HIGH
PERFOMANCE CELL
Anisah Shafiqah Habiballah1, Nurul Afifah Mahmud1, Nurul Izzati Abd Malek1, Nafisah
Osman2 and Abdul Mutalib Md Jani3*
1
Malaysia
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
3
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak,
35400 Tapah, Perak, Malaysia
E-mail: 1anisahhabiballah7407@gmail.com
Corresponding author: *abdmutalib@uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The need for an efficient electrochemical performance of new material has driven
technological advancements in the area of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In fact, it is
noticeable that the capacity of these SOFCs is usually a cathode – an active site for the
electrochemical reduction of oxygen. For instance, Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) – a
perovskite group of material has fascinating significant unique properties such as high
conductivity, excellent in oxygen transport, as well as electrocatalytic activity. These
outstanding features have propelled the BSCF to the fore one of the most popular cathode
material in SOFCs. In addition, we postulated that if the cathode material is in the nanotubes
form, it will also insistently provide additional versatility for such application due to its high
surface area. In order to leverage the benefits of the cathode synergistically, we explore spin
coating technique to achieve a precisely controlled thin film deposition, so that the cathode
configuration can be engineered to control specific surface and bulk functionality. The goal of
this innovation is integrating the nanostructured composites of BSCF cathode supported on
electrolyte giving rise of efficiency up to one order of magnitude.
Keywords: perovskite, sol-gel, nanotubes, solid oxide fuel cells
INTRODUCTION
Research on the novel electrode material is one of the critical issues for the development of
power generation and storage devices, such as batteries and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). A
perovskite-type oxide is known to have a high oxygen evolution reaction activity due to its
occupancy of 3d electrons with an eg symmetry of the transition metal cations (Yusoff, et al.
2013). In the conventional process route to obtain spherical structure of perovskite oxide,
multiple doping is achieved by mixing various raw oxide powders. The ball-milling, repeated
grinding and sintering process required in this solid-state reaction route are energy-intensive
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and time-consuming (Xu et al., 2016). Concomitantly, the composition homogeneity of the
resultant powders is often unsatisfactory, hence will affect their performance. It is, therefore,
of attentiveness in our work to design a new architecture of perovskite oxide to develop
miniaturized for future portable energy generation.
Corroborating with recent advances in terms of the electrode’s synthesis routes, modification
structure coupled with the emerging technology, one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructured
materials such as nanotubes, or nanorods have been at the core of current research, as these
nanostructures have distinctive physical properties of high electrode’s surface area
(Habiballah et al., 2016). We hypothesized that if the tubes-like structures of the cathode
could be attained, the nanotubes will assist to maximize the surface activity, in order to
improve the reaction kinetics of cathode’s material. To date, spin coating technique has
attracted substantial interest due of its simplicity, capability of well-controlled composition
with large coating areas, good homogeneity and easy of adherence of the thin films onto the
substrate (Habiballah et al., 2016). Herein in this work, the integration of the perovskite
nanotubes and spin coating film was demonstrated. The advances proposed in this work show
potential for the development of the next generation of invented SOFCs devices.
METHODOLOGY
For BSCF nanotubes via anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) templating approach was followed
by previously reported procedures (Habiballah et al., 2016). For the synthesis of BSCF
powder, Ba (NO3)3, Sr (NO3)2, Co (NO3)2.6H2O, and Fe (NO3)3.9H2O, (99%, MERCK) were
dissolved in deionized water, citric acid (CA, 99.5%, MERCK), and EDTA (99%, ACROS).
After corroborating with heat treatment of the gel, hence yielding the resultant BSCF powder.
A mixture of BSCF into 6% ethyl cellulose and terpineol binder was eventually stirred for 30
minutes, and sonicated for 15 min. Then, the cathode slurry was spin coated onto BCZY
electrolyte disk at 2000 rpm/ 30 s, followed by sintering up to 900 °C/ 3h. The morphological
and electrochemical performance of the symmetrical cell was characterized by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).
FINDINGS
Figure 1 depicts the micrograph of the fractured pellet cross-section at the interfacial region of
BSCF|BCZY. The cathode layer shows that the cathode grains are well connected to each
other after sintering process and the average grain size of about 80 nm in diameter. The
thickness of the cathode layer is about 5 µm. It can be observed that the cathode shows a good
interfacial contact with BCZY electrolyte with no signs of delamination.
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Figure 1. Cross-section micrograph of the symmetrical cell after sintered at 900 °C.
Figure 2 presents the impedance spectrum logged on the BSCF|BCZY|BSCF cell at 650 °C in
stagnant air. The impedance spectrum was fitted according to the equivalent circuit of (R1Q1)
(R2Q2). R1Q1 tallies to the contribution of the electrolyte; which is reflected to the grain
boundary response (C ≈ 10-10 F). Meanwhile, R2Q2 (C ≈ 10-7 F) represents the capacitance
value of the proton charge transfer reaction from the electrolyte to the electrode. The ASR
value of the cathode is 2.258 Ω cm2. This preliminary electrochemical impedance study
signifying that the prepared integrated nanotubes could become a potential cathode
candidature for SOFCs application. Extensive works are still in progress to further increase
the performance of the perovskite nanotubes in future.
2.5
2.0
-Z''/ Ohm.cm2
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Z'/ Ohm.cm2
Figure 2. Impedance spectrum of the symmetrical cell measured at 650 oC in stagnant air.
CONCLUSION
The integration of BSCF nanotubes was successfully synthesized by the templating approach
and sol-gel method, in which the micrograph shows a good contact of cathode and electrolyte
layer of BSCF|BCZY. The corresponding ASR value measured was 2.258 Ω cm2 at 650 °C.
For instance, extended works are still in progress to further increase the performance of the
cathode material.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The support of our research by Minustry of Higher Education for grant 600-IRMI/TRGS 5/3
(001/2016)-1 and Universiti Teknologi MARA are gratefully acknowledged.
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REFERENCES
Habiballah A. S., Jani A. M. M., Mahmud A. H., Osman N & Radiman S. (2016). Facile
synthesis of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) perovskite nanowires by templating from
nanoporous anodic aluminium oxide membranes. Mater. Chem. and Phy 177, 371-378.
Xu H., Zhang H., & Chu A. (2016). An investigation of oxygen reduction mechanism in
nano-sized LSCF-SDC composite cathodes. Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy 41, 22415-22421.
Yusoff F., Aziz A., Mohamed N., & Ghani S. A. (2013). Synthesis and characterization of
BSCF at different pH as future cathode materials in fuel cell. Int. J. of Electrochem. Sci 8,
10672-10687.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
DEVELOPMENT OF ANODE-SUPPORTED BUTTON

CELL FOR PCFC APPLICATION
Shazana Mohd Senari1, Nur Syafkeena Mohd Affandi1, Oskar Hardinor Hassan2, Abdul
Mutalib Md Jani3, Nafisah Osman4*
1
Malaysia
2
Faculty of Art and Design, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
3 Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perak), 35400 Tapah Road,
Perak, Malaysia
4 Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis), 02600 Arau, Perlis,
Malaysia
Corresponding Author: fisha@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: An anode-supported button cell has been extensively developed to achieve a great
performance for proton conducting fuel cell (PCFC) application due to its great properties at
intermediate temperatures (500-800°C) range. Herein in this work, we fabricated an anode-
supported button cell using BCZY as the electrolyte, NiO-BCZY as the anode and LSCF as
the cathode with our formulation. The cell configuration of NiO-BCZY|BCZY|LSCF anode
support was successfully fabricated by a dry-pressed the anode, slurry brush-painting method
to prepare a thin film electrolyte BCZY and the layer of LSCF cathode was completed by a
spin-coating technique. The cell was subjected to the fuel cell testing by flowing 10% H2 to
anode side and stagnant air to the cathode side. Interestingly, this button cell with new
composition and low cost of fabrication shows lower polarisation resistance as well as ohmic
resistance resulting in high electrical conductivity. Moreover, the microstructure of button cell
showed a good adhesion between the three layers with characteristic dense electrolyte layer
and a unique porous electrode. The obtained outstanding results indicate that this product is a
promising cell for PCFC application.
Keywords: Anode-supported, button cell, Proton Conducting Fuel Cell.
INTRODUCTION
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has attracted a great attention since the decades as an
alternative energy source for future generation. It is an electrochemical device containing
ceramic components that can directly convert the chemical energy of the applied fuel such as
hydrogen and ethanol to the electrical energy effectively. A conventional SOFC used oxide
ion conducting electrolyte and porous electronic conductors as electrodes. It offers high
energy conversion with minimum emissions, simple and environmental safety. However,
there are still some limitations when it comes to the commercial application such as high
operating temperature, expensive system, poor stability and easily sulfur-poisoned in the long
time run. Due to the limitations, the urgent demand for board commercialization focused on
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reducing the working temperature to intermediate/lower temperatures which can benefit both
fabrication and stability (Shao et al., 2004, Lee et al., 2014, & Steele et al., 2001).
Approaches to lower the operating temperature of SOFCs have included employing

perovskite-type oxides electrolyte materials and also reducing the electrolyte thickness in
anode-supported SOFCs. Perovskite structured ABO3 such as alkaline earth zirconate-based
oxides and alkaline earth cerate-based oxides are the most extensively studied materials
among the different types of perovskite-types oxides. A good electrolyte material requires two
properties which are high ionic conductivity and good chemical stability at operating
temperature. Although alkaline earth cerate-based oxides show high protonic conductivity,
their chemical stability is poor. İn contrast, alkaline earth zirconate-based oxides show good
chemical stability in atmosphere containing H2O and CO2 but their protonic conductivity is
not so high (Kreuer et al., 1997 & Amsif et al., 2014). Among various proton-conducting
oxides, a stable and effective perovskite type barium cerate with co-doping of yttrium and
zirconium (BCZY) was developed by Zuo et al. İts exhibited both sufficient chemical and
thermal stability over a wide range of conditions relevant to fuel cell operation as well as
adequate proton conductivity (Zuo et al., 2006).
SOFCs stack-design used affected the output of the fuel cell. There are three types of main
SOFCs stack designs which are planar, tubular and monolithic geometric configuration. A
single SOFC is consists of a ceramic electrolyte at the middle and two electrodes (anode and
cathode) on both sides that can be geometrically designed as electrode or electrolyte-
supported. In recent decades, the progresses in fabricating anode-supported electrolyte thin
films has permitted the lowering of the operating temperatures by reducing the high ohmic
resistances as well as improve the cell performance in SOFCs (Minh, 1993). Thus, in this
study, the anode supported button cells with thin film electrolyte was fabricated by a dry-
pressing, brush-painting and spin-coating technique and the electrochemical performance of
the cell were examined.
METHODOLOGY
Powder preparation.
The precursors for anode, electrolyte and cathode that had been used were metal nitrate salts.
The composite anode (NiO-BCZY), electrolyte (BCZY) (Abdullah et al., 2012) and cathode
(LSCF) (Ismail et al., 2016) powders were prepared by a sol-gel method. A stoichiometric
amounts of Ba(NO3)2 (99%, ACROS), Ce(NO3)3.6H2O (99.5%, ACROS), Zr(NO3)2O.xH2O
(99.5%, ACROS), Y(NO3)3.5H2O (99.9%, Aldrich) and Ni(NO3)2.6H2O (99%, ACROS) were
used as starting materials for the preparation of NiO-BCZY (50:50). The nitrate salts were
dissolved in deionized water and the citric acid which acted as a complexing agent was added
to the solution with molar ratio of soluble metal ions:citric acid of 1:1.5. Then, the ammonium
hydroxide, (NH4OH (25%, HmbG) was used for adjusting the pH of the solution around pH
7. The resulting solution was slowly evaporated on a hot plate at 120°C. After that, a dark
brown gel obtained was dried at 325°C in a furnace to yield black flakes. The sample was
then calcined at 1100°C with heating a rate of 10°C min-1 for 6 h to produce NiO-BCZY
powders.
Fabrication of single cell.

A dry-pressing, brush-painting and spin-coating technique was applied to fabricate an anode
supported button cell with a configuration of porous NiO-BCZY anode support|BCZY
electrolyte|LSCF cathode. The NiO-BCZY powder was uniaxially pressed into pellet under
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365 MPa and subsequently sintered at 1400°C for 3 h as an anode substrate. The electrolyte
thin film was fabricated by brush-painting the BCZY slurry over the NiO-BCZY substrate
and co-sintered at 1380°C in air to densify the electrolyte. For the complete cell fabrication,
the LSCF powders were mixed thoroughly with the 6 % ethyl cellulose-terpineol binder to
form the cathode slurry. The LSCF slurry was spin-coated onto the BCZY electrolyte layer
for 30 s at a rotation speed of 2000 rpm and co-sintered at 950°C for 3 hr in air.
Characterization and electrochemical measurement.

The electrochemical performance of the anode-supported button cell was measured by a lab-
designed electrochemical system at temperature ranging from 500–800°C where humidified
H2:N2 (10%:90%) as the fuel was fed to the anode chamber and the cathode was exposed to
atmospheric air as the oxidant. Before the electrochemical measurements, platinum paste was
painted onto the cathode and anode surfaces to decrease any current collection loss. The
electrochemical impedance of the cell was evaluated by ZIVE SP2 Electrochemical
Workstation (ZIVELAB WonATech) connected to a personal computer. EIS was recorded at
the applied frequency range of 0.1 mHz to 1 MHz with ac amplitude range of 1 mV to 10 mV.
The obtained EIS curves were analyzed using ZMAN software.
FINDINGS
The electrochemical performance of the anode-supported button cell was evaluated in a
temperature range of 500-800°C under open circuit voltage condition. Figure 1 shows the
impedance spectra of the Ni-BCZY|BCZY|LSCF single cell at different temperatures. The
values for ohmic resistance Rs and polarization resistance Rp were obtained by fitting the
impedance spectra with a standard equivalent circuit. The typical impedance pattern of the
anode-supported single cell was resolved using an equivalent circuit consisting two parallel
RQ elements connecting in series. The intercept on the real axis at the high-frequency end of
the spectra corresponds to the Ohmic resistance in the cell, Rs. Meanwhile, the difference
between the two intercepts on the real axis at the lower and higher frequencies indicates the
electrode polarization resistance, Rp. The Rs was mainly attributed to the electrolyte
resistance, whereas Rp was attributed to the sum of the anode and cathode polarization
resistances [Shin et al., 2013 & Yuan et al, 2017). As the temperature increase, both the
polarization and Ohmic resistances decrease as expected. Polarization resistances were
measured as 0.11, 0.16, 0.23 Ω cm2 at 800, 700 and 600°C respectively which are comparable
with Yuan et al. for the cell of anode supported NiO-BZCY|BZCY|SFNb.
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Figure 1. Impedance spectra of the anode-supported single cell under open circuit condition at 600-800°C.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, the anode supported NiO-BCZY|BCZY|LSCF single cell was successfully
fabricated by a dry-pressing, brush-painting and spin-coating technique. The typical
impedance pattern of the single cell was resolved using an equivalent circuit consisting two
parallel RQ elements connecting in series. The polarization resistance of the single cell
decreased from 0.23 to 0.11 Ω cm2 as the operating temperature increased from 600 to 800°C.
These results indicate the anode supported NiO-BCZY|BCZY|LSCF single cell to be a
promising candidate single cell for PCFC.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This study is financially supported by the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) for the
Trans-Disciplinary Research Grant, TRGS/2016 and Fundamental Research Grant Scheme,
FRGS/2017. Authors also thank the Universiti Teknologi MARA for facilities and supports.
REFERENCES
Abdullah, N. A., Osman, N., Hasan, S., & Hassan, O. H.(2012) Chelating Agents Role on
Thermal Characteristics and Phase Formation of Modified Cerate-Zirconate via Sol-gel
Synthesis Route, International Journal of Electrochemical Science,7, 9401–9409.
Amsif, M., Marrero-López D., Ruiz-Morales, J.C., Savvin, S.N., & Núñez, P. (2014) The
Effect of Zn Addition on The Structure and Transport Properties of BaCe0.9−xZrxY0.1O3−δ, J.
Eur. Ceram. Soc. 34, 1553–1562.
Ismail, I., Osman, N. & Md Jani, A.M., (2016) Tailoring The Microstructure of
La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−α Cathode Material: The Role of Dispersing Agent. Journal of Sol-Gel
Science and Technology, 1-8.
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Kreur, K.D. (1997) on The Development of Proton Conducting Materials for Technological
applications, Solid State Ion. 97, 1–15.
Lee, J.G., Park, J.H., & Shul, Y.G. (2014) Tailoring Gadolinium-Doped Ceria-Based Solid
Oxide Fuel Cells to Achieve 2 W cm−2 at 550 °C, Nat. Commun. 5, 4045.
Minh, NQ. (1993) Ceramic fuel cell. J Am Ceram Soc; 76, 563-88.
Shao, Z.P., & Haile S.M. (2004) A High-Performance Cathode for The Next Generation of
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Nature 431, 170–173.
Shin, E.C., Ahn, P.A., Seo, H.H., Jo, J.M., Kim, S.D., Woo, S.K., Yu, J.H., Mizusaki, J., &
Lee, J.S, (2013), Solid State Ionics 232, 80-96.
Steele, B.C.H., & Heinzel, A. (2001) Materials for Fuel-Cell Technologies, Nature 414, 345–
352.
Yuan, R.H., He, W., Zhang, C., Ni, M., & Leung, M.K.H. (2017) Cobalt Free
SrFe0.95Nb0.05O3-δ Cathode Material for Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with
BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ Electrolyte. Materials Letter. 200, 75-78.
Zuo, C., Lee, T.H., Dorris, S.E., Balachandran, U., & Liu, M. (2006) Composite Ni-
Ba(Zr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2)O3 Membrane for Hydrogen Separation. Journal of Power Sources 159(2).
1291–95.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
CANDY SORTING ARM ROBOT BASED ON COLOUR

DETECTION
Ng Hock Seng*, Siti Khadijah binti Mohd Pauzi, Nur Liyana Binti Azmi and Mohd Rizal bin
Manan
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis, Perlis
*Email: hsng1994@gmail.com
Abstract: This project focuses on an automated material handling system based on colour
detection. Nowadays, many automation techniques are being applied or adopted in industry
for increase in productivity, for better quality, for better accuracy, minimizing the human
errors and for safety purpose. A sorting robot arm based on colour detection is one such
advancement in automatic system. It aims in identifying or determining the colour objects
which are coming along the conveyor by picking up the objects and dropping it to its
respective pre-programmed place. In this project, the colour sensor will senses the candy’s
colour and transfer the colour into signal form and then send to the microcontroller for
processing. The microcontroller will then sends a command to the circuit where it drives the
servo motor of the robotic arm to pick up the object and place it to a predetermined location.
The robot arm will then back to its original position after placing the previous object. This
process will keep repeated until there is an off button being pushed. This candy sorting arm
robot is developed with the purpose of reducing human observational error, minimizing the
cost, and improving the sensitivity on the colour recognition. Overall, this sorting arm robot
has 95.67% of accuracy.
Keywords: automated material sorting system, colour detection, robotic arm
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, manufacturers prefer the colour sorting system that requires high resolution, high
efficiency, 24 hour operation without rest, eliminating the human errors, safety and
repeatability of measurements. Food industry often faced with some challenges that involve
the colour sorting system such as separation of rice, coffee, candy and other cereals
(TOMRA, 2015). The first challenge is the sorting speed. The speed of an operator to sorting
the object based on colour is very slow because the eye will need some time to observe the
image and then send this as a message to the brain. The brain will take some time to
determine the colour of the object after it received the image. However, this limitation can be
improved by using a colour sensor.
Accuracy of the colour sorting process was a challenge too (TOMRA 2015). An operator will
need to handle thousands and above of different objects per day, he or she will feels tired after
a period of time and this will cause some error during the colour sorting process. It is very
common that the operator will make this kind of mistakes. However, a machine can overcome
this problem.
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This project focuses on the candy sorting arm robot based on colour detection that used to sort
the candy which is coming along with the conveyor based on colour detection The colour
sensor will be focus on three colours in the beginning stage which are red, green and blue
under two different light conditions, which are bright and dim condition. This project was
started with the research on the existing colour sorting robot. In particular, the project relates
to differentiate the colour of the candy automatically by using the combination of robotic arm
and a conveyor. A colour sensor will be placed in front of the candy to distinguish the colour
of the candy based on the range of RGB values. A robot arm will then pick up the candy and
place it to a predetermined location.
The accuracy of the colour sorting robot arm should be at least 80% of the correct
classification within acceptable time taken from identifying the candy until the candy was
drop into the right place based on their own colour.
METHODOLOGY
Robotic Arm Structure
Four motors were used to construct a robotic arm in this project. One was used to control the
rotational motion of the base, one was used to control the movement of the shoulder, one was
used to control the movement of the elbow and the last one was used to control the movement
of the gripper. Two motions are permitted for the servo motors at shoulder and elbow that is
to move up and down. Two positions were designed for the gripper by using a single servo
motor. One in open position and another one were in close position. Figure 1 shows the
completed robotic arm with three degree of freedom (DOF), where the degree of rotation of
base is , is the degree of rotation of shoulder; is the degree of rotation of elbow and
is the degree of rotation of gripper.
Figure 1. Robotic Arm with 3 DOF Structure.
Colour Sorting Process Flow

In order to let the robotic arm’s gripper to pick up an object which is on the conveyor, angle
of rotations of the shoulder and elbow were needed to be calculated. Figure 2 below shows
the combination of robotic arm and conveyor.
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Figure 2. Combination of Robotic Arm and Conveyor
From the figure, the length of shoulder is considered as a, length of elbow is considered as b,
distance between the base and an object is considered as c. By using law of cosine formulae,
an angle between shoulder and elbow can be determined.
Law of cosine:
The base servo motor is made to rotate to eight different positions. One is the default position
which standby and ready for picking up an object. Another one was the position which keeps
the arm directly above the conveyor belt; other six motions keep the arm above the desired
colour containers. The angles for robotic arm’s servo motors to place the candy can be also
found by using the law of cosine formulae. Six containers are placed in front of the robotic
arm.
Consider the colour of the candy is yellow, the value of the degree assigned to the base
changes according to the candy colour and the arm position itself above the right container to
which the candy is to be dropped. Robotic arm returns to the initial position to pick up the
next candy once the candy dropped into the correct container. Table 1 shows the degree of
rotation of different servo motors of the robotic arm for different operations.
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Table 1. Degree of Rotation of Different Servo Motors
Move Operation Base Shoulder Elbow Gripper

Servo Servo Servo Servo
Default/ Power On 90 90 90 90
1 Move to the conveyor. 0 90 90 90
2 Arm lowered. 0 139 116 90
3 Pick the candy. 0 139 116 25
4 Pick up the candy 0 90 116 25
5.1 Move to yellow tag container. 68 90 116 25
5.2 Move to orange tag container. 85 90 116 25
5.3 Move to purple tag container. 105 90 116 25
5.4 Move to green tag container. 59 90 155 25
5.5 Move to blue tag container. 82 90 155 25
5.6 Move to white tag container. 110 90 155 25
6.1 Arm lowered. (For yellow, orange and 68 140 130 25
purple tag containers)
6.2 Arm lowered. (For green, blue and white 59 130 85 25
tag containers)
7.1 Drop the candy. (For yellow, orange and 68 140 130 90
purple tag containers)
7.2 Drop the candy. (For green, blue and white 59 130 100 90
tag containers)
8 Arm moved up. 90 90 90 60
RGB Values for Colour Candy

The TCS34725 is a colour sensor which contains RGB and clear light sensing elements. This
colour sensor comes along with IR blocking filter, which reduce the IR spectral components
of light and produces more accurate results comparing with most sensors (Cytron
Marketplace 2017).Based on the result, the colour sensor TCS34725 gives out different RGB
values under two different light conditions even though the same colour of candy was
exposed to the colour sensor. Thus, there are some calculations needed to be done from the
collected data in order to let colour sensor TCS34725 differentiate the colour candy
successfully under two different light conditions.
Average of RGB value is:
The original output values of the RGB colour sensor will then divided by the average value in
order to get a consistent colour value reading.
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Average of RGB values which were picked out of 50 data for each colour under two different
light conditions were calculated. After calculations were done, the RGB values of a colour
candy under bright condition were become very close to the RGB values under dim condition.
Different conditions of RGB values result in different colour classification. Table 2 shows the
classification of the colour.
Table 2. Classification of the Colour
Colour Calculated Values

R G B
Yellow > 1.0 > 1.0 > 0.5
Orange > 1.05 < 1.05 < 0.95
Purple > 0.84 < 1.10 > 1.0
Green < 1.1 > 1.1 < 1.0
Blue < 0.90 > 1.0 > 1.0
Only five colours were determined in this project, otherwise the candy was classified as
others colour if the colour of the candy does not match with the condition stated above.
FINDINGS
A result of colour candy classification is tabulated to show the accuracy of the candy sorting
arm robot based on colour detection which classified the candy into 6 different colours of
candy. Figure 3, shows the candy sorting arm robot based on colour detection, each of the
candy will be placed on the conveyor belt to be sorting by the colour sensor and robotic arm.
The candy takes approximately 8 seconds from one side of the conveyor to another side. The
sorting speed of this device for sorting a candy was considered as fast which takes
approximately 5 seconds. The TCS34725 colour sensor can identify a colour object within
300ms, while robotic arm takes approximately 4.5 seconds to perform a pick and place
operation.
Based on Table 3, the classifications of orange candy and purple candy have 90 % of
accuracy and 84 % of accuracy respectively. Orange candy was identified as yellow colour
and purple candy was identified as blue candy. In this case, the accuracy of overall
performance of this device was 95.67%. This classification error may occur due to the
position of the candy when it reached in front of the colour sensor.
Table 3. Results of Candy Classification
Colour Total Sample Placed in Correct Placed in Wrong Accuracy

Container Container (%)
Yellow 50 50 0 100
Orange 50 45 5 90
Purple 50 42 8 84
Green 50 50 0 100
Blue 50 50 0 100
White 50 50 0 100
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Gripper Infra-red sensor

Conveyor Belt
Roller TCS34725 Colour

Sensor
Conveyor
Servomotor
Cytron DC Geared Colour Candies
Motor SPG50-60K
Robotic Arm
Containers
Figure 3. Candy Sorting Arm Robot Based On Colour Detection
CONCLUSIONS
The objective of the project was to develop a microcontroller based system for fully
automated robotic arm which sorts different colour of candies and this objective is achieved
successfully. In future, the ability to observe and sort different shapes of objects is possible by
replacing a camera instead of colour sensor. Image processing can be done with the use of
camera and MATLAB software to sort an object based on colour, size, shape and etc. It can
be used by industries to sorting their items based on the condition they needed. It would save
the sorting time and increase the efficiency of the sorting process.
Besides that, the servo motor that used by the robotic arm can be replaced with stepper motor
in order to get an accurate coordinate when the robotic arm perform a pick and place
operation. Stepper motors typically use 50 to 100 pole brushless motors while servo motors
have only 4 to 12 poles. Stepper motors can accurately move between their many poles while
servo motors require an encoder to keep track of their position since servo motors with few
poles.
REFERENCES
ams TCS34725 Colour to Digital Converter. (2017). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from Mouser
Electronics: http://my.mouser.com/new/ams/ams-tcs34725-color-to-digital/
Cytron Marketplace. (2017). Retrieved May 18, 2017, from https://www.cytron.com.my/p-sn-

tcs34725?search=RGB&description=1
Electrical Motor Efficiency. (2017). Retrieved May 19, 2017, from The Engineering Toolbox:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/electrical-motor-efficiency-d_655.html
Mark W.Spong, S. H. (2004). Introduction To Robotic. In Robot Dynamics and Control

Second Edition.
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RGB Color Codes Chart. (2017). Retrieved May 16, 2017, from Rapid Tables:
www.rapidtables.com/web/color/RGB_Color.htm.
RGB Color Sensor with IR filter and White LED TCS34725. (2017). Retrieved May 15, 2017,
from Digi-Key Electronics: https://www.digikey.com/catalog/en/partgroup/rgb-color-sensor-
with-ir-filter-and-white-led-tcs34725/57071
TOMRA. (2015, July 06). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from FOOD SAFETY:
https://www.tomra.com/en/sorting/food/food-news/2015/food-safety/
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International Innovation, DesignVol.
and Articulation i-IDeA, Vol 1 (2018) 225-229
1(2018) 225-229
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING ROBOTIC ARM
Chee Kuok Yew*, Farah Nabilah binti Zabani, Norazimah binti Abdulah and
Mohd Rizal bin Manan
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Perlis
*Email: cheekuokyew@hotmail.com
Abstract: Writing is a sequence of letters, words or symbols marked on a surface. It is a

medium for human to convey messages and thoughts. Writing is one of the four language
skills which are reading, listening, speaking and writing that everyone learn at early age.
Though, the disable people such as people who had lost their fingers to hold pen or old
people with shaky hand are unable to write properly. As a solution, they will need a robot
arm that can write for them. A robot arm for writing purpose is built to assist the disable who
had difficulty in writing. It is a two degrees of freedom robot arm, with a programmed
Arduino microcontroller to control the motion of the robot arm. There are three servo motor
with two of them are rotating at vertical axis (the arm) and one of them is rotating at
horizontal axis (the wrist). The robot arm is aimed to help people who can still write but slow
or unclear when writing. So, the user need to key in the words with a keyboard. Once it is
done, the microcontroller will read the input and execute the program. After that, the robot
arm will start to write. When the robot arm finish writing, the arm will return back to initial
position. Overall, the robotic arm has higher positioning accuracy to perform writing at
paper segment three than paper segment one, two and four. Alphabet ‘O’ at paper segment
two has the most position error among other alphabets.
Keywords: Robot arm, 2 Degree of freedom, Microcontroller
INTRODUCTION
Writing is an easy skill that everybody learnt but not for the unfortunate like people who
suffer stroke with shaky hands, or people who had lost their fingers to hold a pen. These
people cannot write properly unless they receive help from a machine or a device to aid them
to write. Therefore, the objective of the project is to design a robotic arm which help
the partially handicapped person as mentioned to write, control robotic arm motion using a
microcontroller system and produce a relative lower cost writing robotic arm. The scope of
the project are the microcontroller has limited space to write only 15 capital letters, the
writing robotic arm is only capable to write four characters with different location on A4
paper and the user himself has at least the ability to type with keyboard to run the machine.
There are two method commonly used for controlling robot arm motion for writing
purpose which are point based approach and character segmentation. Point based approach is
a method of stating the initial point and the end point of the character by referring to a center
point.
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Any character of ‘a’, ‘b’ until ‘z’ can be drawn based on a center point (point K) and a radius
(r) (Caballero-Morales, 2016). Character segmentation defined curve line and straight line in
a library to be used later. Linear interpolation movement defined the straightline movement
of the robot arm while circular interpolation movement defined the arc designated with three
point movement (Anuar et al., 2005).
Point based approach was used to perform writing in this project. Inverse kinematic analysis
was used to carry out the approach by calculate the angle required to reach the desire point.
Geometric approach was applied in inverse kinematic analysis. In geometric approach, each
link of the manipulator are drawn in triangular shape with the hypotenuses of the triangle
resemble the link of the manipulator. The angles were calculated by using trigonometric
calculations.
The result of every 15 alphabets was successfully performed and compared to the original
design. In order to determine the position error between the experimental results with ideal
result, grid was drawn to determine the coordinate of each point. The error values for each
alphabet was presented in table form. Based on the result obtained, here are errors while
performing writing of alphabets with 2 DOF parallel joint robot arm. The most significant
positioning error is the writing of alphabet ‘O’ at paper segment two with 42.07 mm
deviation in combining of x and y axis. Among the 15 alphabets, ‘A’ at segment two has
the highest positioning error in x axis which is 31.75 mm while ‘Y’ at segment three resulted
in the highest positioning error with 16.21 mm deviation in y axis.
METHODOLOGY
A list of characters were designed in AutoCAD with defined parameters. The parameters
included the length of the links, the size of the character and the placement of the characters.
Points were assigned to each character, where each stroke of line consists of a minimum of
three points. For each point, a triangle was form with end point, joint point and base point.
Figure 1. Geometic approach triangle
Figure 1 shows the formation of triangle. By using sine rule and cosine rule, the angle at joint
and the angle at base were calculated. All of these calculated angles were stored in excel file
for reference when writing the microcontroller programming.
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Figure 2. Flowchart of the programm
Figure 2 shows the program flowchart. This program consist of mainly switch case command
and looping command. The microcontroller recognize the letter input by the user and
determine to operate the correct operation. The program could only write four or less letters
in a piece of A4 paper. This mean, when the fifth letter is input, the fifth letter will
overlapped with the first letter.
FINDINGS
The robot arm is programmed to write any four or less letters input by the user at a time. The
four letters are position at segment one (top left), segment two (top right), segment three
(bottom left) and segment four (bottom right). Four same alphabetic letters are written on a
piece of A4 paper for the analysis purpose.
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Table 1. Character ‘Z’

Alphabet AutoCAD Drawing Robot Arm Drawing (Grayscale)
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
The comparison of the character is compared in two axis mainly x axis and y axis. X axis
refers the horizontal direction while y axis refers to vertical direction. The defferences are
measured in length (mm) for each point with respect to each loaction. Table 1 shows the
accuracy one of the character being compared in four paper segment.
Table 2. Summary of overall result.
Table 2 shows the accuracy of 15 characters in different paper segment. Right indicator
shows that the developed robot arm has the most precission when performing writing
skills among other paper segment. Cross indicator resemble least accuracy. Based on the
analysis, the 2 DOF parallel joint robotic arm has higher accuracy to perform writing at paper
segment three (60%). These alphabets are ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘H’, ‘N’, ‘P’, ‘S’, ‘U’, ‘X’ and ‘Y’. The
writing robotic arm has 20% accuracy each at paper segment two and four. Most of the time,
the robotic arm is less accurate when writing at paper segment one (60%). These alphabets
include ‘B’, ‘C’, ‘E’, ‘F’,‘L’, ‘S’, ‘U’, ‘X’, and ‘Y’. Meanwhile, the writing robotic arm
could not write the remaining alphabets properly at paper segment two (40%).
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CONCLUSIONS
Overall, a robot arm which is able to write characters was developed. It is a two degree
of freedom robot arm with parallel joint which looks like a SCARA. However, the writing
results were not so satisfying as the accuracy of the writing deviated. There are many possible
factors that could lead to this such as the rough surface of the writing plane, inaccuracy of
servo motors and mechanical hardware assembly fault. Therefore, improvement can be made
by changing the writing plane to a smoother surface, use stepper motor instead and
reduce the errors contributed by hardware assembly as minimum as possible.
REFERENCES
Anuar, A., Yussof, S., & Fernandez, K. (2005). Algorithm for robot writing using character
segmentation.Proceedings - 3rd International Conference on Information Technology and
Applications, ICITA2005, 2(1), 21-24.
Caballero-Morales, S.-O. (2016). On the Use of the humanoid bioloid system for robot-
assisted transcription of Mexican Spanish speech. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 6(1), 1-19.
Geradin, M., & Duysinx, P. (2004). Kinematics of The Rigid Body. In An Introduction
to Robotics:Mechanical Aspect (p. 2). University of Li`.
Kucuk, S., & Bingul , Z. (2007). Robot Kinematics: Forward and Inverse Kinematics. In
Industrial Robotic (Theory, Modelling and Control) (pp. 117-148). Crotia: plV pro literatur
Verlag Robert Mayer-Scholz.
Liu, J., & Zhang, Y. Z. (2007). Improving the Positioning Accuracy of a Neurosurgical Robot
System. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 12(5), 527-533.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
DEVELOPMENT ON MEAL CALORIES DETECTOR

DEVICE
Nur Rodiatul Raudah binti Mohamed Radzuan*, Noor Hikmah binti Mohd Salleh,
Sofi binYahya and Mohd Rizal bin Manan
Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, University Malaysia
Perlis
*
E-mail: raudahradzuann@gmail.com
Abstract: In this modern era, people become more concerned in observing their weight and
eating more healthily. Recently, the obesity cases increasing day by day and continues to be
a severe health problem in our times. The major factor of this phenomenon is because the
quantity of food intake and the energy consumed by the persons is imbalance. In order for
the people to maintain their health in a correct way, daily food intake by the individuals must
be measured as has been advised by the nutritionist. Unfortunately, majority of people who
want to keep their health are facing common difficulties in measuring and estimating the
quantity of food intake due to lack of food nutritional knowledge. Due to this case, meal
calories detector device which stored some nutritional data information is very useful to the
user to know the amount of calorie in their meal. The user just need to put their meal on this
device and the weight of the meal will be detected. The calories information will be
displayed on the LCD screen after the user enter the code number by using keypad.
The code number is represent the type of the meal. This device's system will determine the
meal calorie based on the weight and the type of the meal. In addition, this system will help
the user to estimate their ideal amount of calorie in their everyday meal intake.
Keywords: obesity, calories, quantity of food, calories detector
INTRODUCTION
Recently, the obesity cases increasing day by day and the Health Minister was came out with
a statement that nearly half Malaysia’s population overweight or obese (Malay Mail, 2016).
The major factor of this phenomenon is because the quantity of food intake and the energy
consumed by the persons is imbalance (Pouladzadeh et al., 2013). In addition, obesity brings
with it many chronic conditions (McAllister et al., 2016). Therefore, reducing fat and calories
in our daily meals is one of the important things that need to be taken care of in order to
improve the health. The quantity of food intake with the right amount of calories comes in a
package if the individual wants to reach their healthy eating goals. Besides, monitoring the
daily food intake should be practiced among the obesity people to help them in overcoming
their problem.
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METHODOLOGY
Implementation and Detection Method
There were various techniques which have been discovered and used in order to develop the
meal calories detector device with an efficient system. The prototype development
included of two important parts which are software and hardware part. Block
diagrams with completed explanations which illustrated the development of this device
shown as in Figure 1 below.
Figure 1. Block diagram of the project
Basically, the concept of this device is based on the meal’s weight and type in order to
calculate the amount of meal calories. Firstly, the device needs to be calibrated by putting on
a specific load in order to reset the sensor. Then the meal (in a container) is placed
on the device to be weighed and to measure the amount of calories. The weight of the meal
will be detected since the device is provided with weight sensor. Each meal has its own code
number. Once the weight of the meal has been measured, a user need to key in the code
number of the chosen meal by using a keypad. After the system has received the input,
it will read the input and then execute the program created. The data that match with the
type of meal will produce an output by displaying the caloric information on LCD.
In order for the device to be able to display out the amount of calories, formula
below was included in the coding program while developing the system and the amount of
calorie in 1g of food obtained was depending to the nutrition data information referred
(“MyFitnessPal,” 2017).16 g stated as the weight of the container.
Where;
= The amount of calories in 1g of food, Kcal
= The actual weight food, g
= The amount of calories in a weighed food sample, Kcal
System Development
A program was created in order to develop a system for the device. Based on the flowchart of
the system developed, firstly the system was received an input from the load and the
information of weight was displayed on the LCD. The system only can read the input of
weight which less than 5 kg because the weight sensor only can measure up to 5kg. Next, the
system read the input from the keypad as the user inserted the code number which
represented the type of weighed food and. then the system executed the program and
displayed the correct calories information on the LCD. The correct amount of calories will
be displayed if the code number inserted is correct or otherwise, the system will be
returned back. Figure 2 shows the flowchart of the system developed.
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Figure 2. Flowchart of the system
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FINDINGS
Percentage Error of the Weight of Food Samples (Fiber, Carbohydrate and
Protein)
The analysis and results of the weight and caloric information obtained by using an
electronic kitchen scale and meal calories detector device presented as in tables and
graphs. Besides, the comparison of data obtained and the percentage errors were analysed
and discussed as well. Table 1 below shows the data collected for the weight of food
samples measured by using weighing scale and weight sensor. There were 12 types of
food samples in total which were tested in both conditions. All the percentage errors data
are then represented in a graph as shows in Figure 3, 4 and 5.
Table 1. The percentage error for fiber, carbohydrate and protein food samples
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Figure 3. Percentage errors for the weight of fiber food samples
Figure 3 above shows the line graph represented the percentage error obtained from the
weight of food (with container and without container) for each of the fiber food samples.
Based on the data recorded, for the weight of food without container, it shows that
cabbage (raw) has the highest value of percentage error with 1.20 % while the lowest
percentage was boiled carrot with 0.56 %. The data recorded for condition of weight of
food with container were all 0%. This concluded that the results of weight weighed by
using weight sensor were exactly the same as weighing scale.
Figure 4. Percentage errors for the weight of carbohydrate food samples
Figure 4 above shows the line graph represented the percentage error obtained from the
weight of food (with container and without container) for each of the carbohydrate food
samples. Based on the line graph, it shows that the food sample which has the highest
percentage of error was white bread and food samples with lowest percentage errors were
boiled potato and short grain rice. The percentage error recorded for white bread (without
container) was 1.59 % while boiled potato and short grain rice (without container) were
0 %. Next, the percentage error for the weight of food with container was recorded white
bread and potato (raw) as the lowest and short grain rice as the highest. The data recorded for
them were 0 % and 0.55 %.
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Figure 5. Percentage errors for the weight of protein food samples
All the data of percentage error for weight of food were recorded and simplified in the form
of line graph as shown in Figure 5 above. Both conditions (with container and without
container) were considered in this part. According to the graph, this can be concluded
that the highest percentage error of weight of food (with container) is fresh milk with
1.15 % and for food without container the highest one was also fresh milk with 0.81 %.
The lowest values for both conditions were 0 % which means the weight of food measured by
weighing scale and weight sensor was exactly the same
Percentage Error of the Food Calories (Fiber, Carbohydrate and Protein)

Table 2 below shows the data collected for the calories contained in all 12 food samples. The
calorie values were calculated based on the data of weight measured and all the data
obtained were recorded as in table below. The percentage errors of each of the reading were
included as well. All the percentage errors data is then represented in a graph as shows in
Figure 6, 7 and 8.
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Table 2. The percentage error for Fiber, Carbohydrate and Protein food samples (calories)
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Figure 6. Percentage errors for calories contained in fiber food samples
Figure 6 above represents the percentage error of calories contained in fiber food samples. In
this part, only the percentage error of actual amount of calories was considered. Based on the
line graph above the highest percentage error of food calories recorded was cabbage (raw)
with 1.20 %. The percentage error is then followed with eggplant (boiled) with 0.83 %,
carrot (raw) and last one was carrot (boiled) with 0.65 % and 0.56%.
Figure 7. Percentage errors for calories contained in carbohydrate food samples
Figure 7 above represents the percentage error of calories contained in carbohydrate

food samples and based on the figure above, only the percentage error of actual amount of
calories was considered. Line graph above shows that the highest percentage error of food
calories recorded was white bread with 1.59 %. The percentage error is then followed
with potato (raw) with 0.55%, potato (boiled) and last one was short grain rice. Both of
them were recorded with 0% of percentage error.
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Figure 8. Percentage errors for calorie contained in protein food samples
Figure 8 above represents the percentage error of calories contained in protein food samples.
As was simplified in a line graph shown above (Figure 4.23), only percentage errors of food
samples without container were considered. Based on the data collected above, the
highest percentage error of food calories recorded was fresh milk with 0.81 %. The
percentage error is then followed with full cream milk with 0.38 %, soya bean milk and the
last one was eggs (boiled) with 0.37 % and 0%.
CONCLUSIONS
The development of this device helps the community to lead a better way of life especially
in health aspect. This device was a simple yet efficient tool that very useful to the user who
had a major problem to estimate the calories amount taken in their daily meal. By using this
device, the community with obesity and health problem able to control the amount of meal
taken and also prevent imbalance calories intake. The use of this device is not limited for an
obese people only but it also can be used by people who intend and really committed
to maintain their health lifestyle.
The pros of the project are, the user can get information regarding the food calories directly
from the device and the time consuming of using this device was less than by using a manual
method. Besides, the device also has some drawbacks. It is such as the device can only
measure one type of food sample at one time. If the user has several types of food in one
plate, the user need to separate it according to its type and weight it one by one in order to
estimate the total calories in that plate. However, the system still saves a lot of user’s time.
REFERENCES
Malay Mail. (2016). Nearly half Malaysia’s population overweight or obese, Health Minister
says. MalayMail Online, 1-5
McAllister, P., Zheng, H., Bond, R., & Moorhead, A. (2016). Semi-automated system for
predicting calories in photographs of meals. In 2015 IEEE International Conference on
Engineering, Technology and Innovation/ International Technology Management Conference,
ICE/ITMC 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICE.2015.7438668
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MyFitnessPal. (2017). Retrieved May 20, 2017, from

http://www.myfitnesspal.com/food/calories/rice-basmati-white-rice-100g-cooked-aj-
615930300?v2=false
Pathogens, S. (2016). HHS Public Access, 1848(3), 3047–3054.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.02.010.Cationic
Pouladzadeh, P., Shirmohammadi, S., & Arici, T. (2013). Intelligent SVM based food intake
measurement system. 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence
and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA), 87–92.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CIVEMSA.2013.6617401
Sun, M., Liu, Q., Schmidt, K., Yang, J., Yao, N., Fernstrom, J. D., … Sclabassi, R. J. (2008).
Determination of food portion size by image processing. Conference Proceedings : ... Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE
Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Conference, 2008(March 2015), 871–874.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4649292
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HAIRBISCUSS: A NATURAL HAIR SHAMPOO
Nurul Mardhiah Abdul Rahim1, Nor Aniezan Mohd Said, Rohayu Ramli1, Ahmad Zuhairi
Abd Rahman2 and Nor Atikah Husna Ahmad Nasir1
1
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Mara, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2
Cancer Research Center, Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50588 Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
E-mail: atikah1388@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: In Asia, Hibiscus rosa sinensis was known as an alternative to treat various hair and
scalp problems such as baldness, itching, dandruff and frizzy hair. However, there is lack of
scientific evidence proving these facts and its potentiality to be commercialised. Thus, the
idea of this inovation is to produce a natural shampoo from extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis
leaves with proven scientific data such as antimicrobial (MIC Test), antioxidants (DPPH
Assay) and toxicity (Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay) test. Using the antimicrobial test, five
different concentrations of extract of 0.02 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml and 200
mg/ml were tested on both Gram positive (S. faecalis and S. aureus) and Gram negative
bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa). At both minimum and maximum concentrations, the
highest inhibition is shown by P. aeruginosa which were at 88.4% and 87.65% respectively.
For antioxidant properties, the capability of the samples to scavenge free radicals increased as
the concentration of samples increased. The highest percentage of antioxidant activities was at
80.7% when tested at 100 mg/ml. The LC50 for the lethality assay in the Hibiscus rosa
sinensis extract was greater than 1 mg/mL. Based on Meyer’s toxicity index, LC 50>1 mg/mL
was considered none toxic, hence it could be developed further into a safe product. In short,
this innovation is believed to have transformed an alternative method into a beneficial, proven
and efficient product.
Keywords: Hibiscus rosa sinensis, antibacterial, antioxidant, toxicity
INTRODUCTION
Hibiscus rosa sinensis is a flowering plants with dark green leaves, multicolored and woody
stems. It is very popular in Asia as an alternative to treat common disease such as colds,
injured or tissues swelling and wound healing (Mohamad et al., 2014). In addition, it is also
used as a personal care routine to rejuvenate, boosting and treat scalp problems traditionally.
However, there is lack of scientific data gathered to prove its importance. Thus, the aim of
this study is to provide a scientific data on the advantages and benefits offer by Hibisucs rosa
sinensis scientifically and optimised its potential to be used as a natural cosmetic product.
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METHODOLOGY
Materials and Methods
Raw Materials
500 g of Hibiscus rosa sinensis cv white was collected around Arau, Perlis.
Antimicrobial Test
Antibacterial analysis was conducted by Minimum Inhibitory Concentratin (MIC). 24 test
tubes were labelled from number 1-8 on the rows labelled as A, B, and C column. 3 mL of
nutrient broth was dispensed in all test tubes before 100 µL of extract in different
concentration (0.02, 0.2, 2, 20 and 200 mg/mL). Then, 10 µL of bacteria suspension was
added in each tubes. Gentamicin is used as positive control (Cardoso, 2012). After 24 hours,
the absorbance was recorded as 625 nm (Baloiri et al., 2016).
The percentage of bacterial inhibition was calculated as :
Growth on control = Absorbance of growth after- absorbance of growth before
Inhibition = Absorbance of growth - (absorbance of growth after-before)

Absorbance of growth x 100
Antioxidants Assay
Antioxidant properties of the extract was conducted by DPPH analysis (Al-Abd et al., 2015).
0.1 mM of DDPH was prepared by a dilution with methanol. Five different concentrations of
0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 mg/mL were prepared. 1 mL of different concentrations were added
to 2 mL of DPPH solution (Wong et al., 2010). The mixture was incubated for 30 minutes
before measured at 517 nm (Wong et al., 2010). Percentage of inhibition was calculated as
follow:
Percentage = 1- (Absorbance of sample/ Absorbance of blank (DPPH in methanol) x 100

of inhibition
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Artemia salina cysts were hatched in seawater and 10 nauplii were pipetted into each vial
containing two-fold concentrations ( 0.5, 0.25, 0.125,0.0625, 0.03125 and 0.016 mg/mL) of
the extract and controls.The positive control was prepared by dissolving the potassium
dichromate in seawater at the same concentration as the extract while the negative control
only represent by the seawater. The naupli were than examined and counted after 24 and 48
hours of incubation. The percentage of mortality was calculated as:
Mortality (%) = Total nauplii – Alive nauplii

Total nauplii
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FINDINGS
Antimicrobial Test
In this study, antimicrobial analysis was conducted using Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
(MIC) on different concentrations of extract. Two Gram negative (E.coli and P.aeruginosa)
and two Gram positive (S.faecalis and S.aureus) bacteria were used on the analysis. Figure 1
shows results obtained from the test.
Figure 1. MIC analysis on Gram postiive and Gram negative bacteria towards diferent concentrations of Hıbiscus rosa
sinensis leaves extract
In Figure 1, the
The MIC value was determined by the LC50 which the concentration inhibit growth by 50% (Yang et al., 2008).
extract was not effective when it was tested at 200 mg/ml. The extract, however, exhibited
moderate antibacterial when it was tested at 0.02 mg/ml (74.03%) concentrations. The MIC
value for S. aureus was at 0.2 mg/ml. The concentrations on 2 mg/ml and 20 mg/ml were not
effective towards S. aureus because the bacterial inhibition was below 50% which was
48.03% and 39.98% respectively. MIC value for Escherichia coli was 20 mg/ml and the most
effective 0.2 mg/ml (84.87%). However, 0.02 mg/ml (77.79%), 2 mg/ml (75.84%), and 200
mg/ml concentrations showed moderate antibacterial activities. 0.02 mg/ml of gentamicin
showed about 99% of bacteria inhibition. This showed that all the bacteria were susceptible to
the gentamicin and has potential to be use as antimicrobial agent.
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Antibacterial Activity of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Leaves Extract on the Gram-positive and

Gram-negative Bacteria
The percentage of bacterial inhibition was varied for all types of bacteria. Different
concentrations of leaves extract have inhibited the bacteria at different level of effectiveness.
Figure 2 represents the overall percentage of bacteria activity on the different concentration of
leaves extract.
Figure 2. The overall percentage of bacteria activity on the different concentration of leaves extract
Gram negative bacteria in general was more resistant compared to Gram positive bacteria
(Sokovic, et al., 2010). Based on Figure 2, P. aeruginosa had the highest percentage of
inhibition (88.40%) followed by S. aureus (87.30%), E. coli (84.87%), and S. faecalis
(75.90%). He found, P. aeruginosa had the most effective inhibition effects followed by E.
coli and S. aureus when they were introduced with 0.1 µg/µl of methanolic plant extract of
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. However, the MIC for P. aeruginosa was on 0.5µg/µl. According to
Selvakumar and Datta, (2013) S. faecalis and S. aureus could increase their pathogenicity
when under unfavorable temperature and humidity condition. Under this unfavorable
condition, S. faecalis had the ability to develop stress resistance that induced by starvation
(Hartke et al, 1998). This statement may support the results of lower percentage of inhibition
towards S. faecalis in this research.
Antioxidants Test
Antioxidant properties of Hıbiscus rosa sinensis leaves was determined by the change of
DPPH colour solution at 625 nm. Figure 3 shows the percentage of inhibition versus
concentrations between different concentrations of samples.
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Figure 3. Percentage of inhibition versus concentration between different concentrations of samples
Based on Figure 3, the highest percentage of antioxidants activities was exhibited at 100
mg/mL which was 80.7%. Meanwhile, the lowest percentage of inhibition was recorded at
0.01 mg/mL which was 18.91%. The graph showed that the percentage of inhibition
increased when the concentrations of the extract increased. At 100 mg/mL concentration, the
capability of extract to scavenge free radicals was high and close to ascorbic acid (positive
control). A high percentage of scavenge activities recorded indicated an excellent potential of
Hibiscus rosa sinensis to be used as antioxidant agent (Al-Abd et al., 2015).
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

Fıgure 4 shows the percentage of mortality of Artemia salina incubated in plant extract and
controls.
Figure 4. Percentage mortality of Artemia salina incubated in plant extract and controls. Means values of six concentrations
for each plant extracts and controls.
The percentage of Artemia salina larvae’s mortality (nauplii) incubated in extract of Hibiscus
rosa sinensis and controls are shown in Figure 4. There was significantly higher mortality
percentage (81.3%) recorded for the nauplii incubated with the potassium dichromate
(positive control) than the extract and seawater (negative control). There was no significant
difference (p<0.05) between the extract and seawater as both treatment only scored for 24%
and 5% of the A.salina mortality respectively.
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Figure 5. Effects of of the plant extract/ positive control at varying concentrations on the mortality of the nauplii
From the Figure 5, the highest mortality of A.salina (31%) was observed in plant extract at
0.5 mg/mL and the rate of mortality was slightly decrease to 20% at concentration of 0.25 and
0.125 mg/mL. The rate of mortality was rose to 33% at 0.063 mg/mL and continuously
decrease to 21% and 18% at concentration of 0.031 and 0.016 mg/mL respectively. The
positive control shows maximum mortality (100%) at 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 mg/mL and the
mortality start to decrease to 96%, 81% and 11 % at three consecutively lower concentration.
According to Meyer et al., (1982), the toxicity of a plant can be determined with the
following criteria: the plant extract showing LC50 greater than 1000 µg/ mL are considered
non-toxic, LC50 values equal /greater than 500 µg/ mL but not greater than 1000 µg/ mL are
considered to have weak toxicity while those having LC50 values less than 500 µg/ mL are
considered toxic. The BSLA results of the extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis is considered as
non-toxic, due to the fact that the LC50 result is greater than 1000 µg/ mL.
CONCLUSIONS
In short, Hibiscus rosa sinensis has successfully extracted by 80% of methanol. Based on the
MIC analysis, the extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis has the potential to be used as
antimicrobial agent. Based on the antibacterial analysis, using MIC method, at the 0.02 mg/ml
concentration, the inhibition of S. aureus was the lowest which (71.02%). Meanwhile, at 0.0
2mg/ml concentration, the inhibition of P. aeruginosa was the highest (87.65%). Therefore,
when there is more than 80% of inhibition, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has the potential to become
new antibacterial drugs. Based on the antioxidant analysis, the extract of Hibiscus rosa
sinensis has the potential to scavenge free radicals up to 80.70% when tested at 100 mg/mL.
These findings indicates the potential of Hibiscus rosa sinensis to be used as a promising
antioxidant. Meanwhile, in toxicity test, the extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis shows little
effect on the brine shrimp and the results (LC50 > 1000 µg/ mL) give a promising finding - the
extract is safe to be the main ingredient in this natural shampoo.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work was supported by Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis Branch collaboration with
Insitute for Medical Research Malaysia, Ministry of Health Malaysia.
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REFERENCES
Al-Abd, N. M., Mohamed Nor, Z., Mansor, M., Azhar, F., Hasan, M. S., & Kassim, M.
(2015). Antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of Melaleuca
cajuputi extract. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 15(1), 385.
Balouri, M., Sadiki, M,, and Ibnsouda, S.K. (2016). Methods for in Vitro Evaluation
Antimicrobial Activity: Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71-79
Cardenas-Lizana, F., Gomez-Quero, S., & Keane, M. A. (2008). Exclusive production of

chloroaniline from chloronitrobenzene over Au/TiO2 and Au/Al2O3. ChemSusChem, 1(3),
215-221.
Cardoso,A.M.R., Cavalcanti, Y.W., Almeida, L.F.D., Pérez, A. L. A. L., and Padilha, W. W.

N. (2012). Antifungal activity of plant-based tinctures on Candida. 9(1):25-30
Hartke, A., Gianrd,J., and Laplace, J.(1998). Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in an

Oligotrophic Microcosm: Changes in Morphology, Development of General Stress Resistance
and Analysis of Protein Synthesis, 64 (11), 4238-4245
Meyer B.N., Ferrigni N.R., Putnam J.E., Jacobson L.B., Nicholas, D.E., and Mc Laughlin J.L.
(1982). Brine shrimp: A Convenient General Bioassay for Active Plant Constituents. Plant.
Med., 45: 31-34.
Mohamad, Z.M., Saleem, J. and Olivares-Perez, A.Z. (2014). Studies on Biological Activities
and Phytochemicals Composition of Hibiscus species-A Review. Life Science Journal,
11(5),1-8
Selvakumar, T., and Datta, R.K. (2013). Role of Bacteria (Streptococcus faecalis and
Staphylococcus aureus), Viruses and Their Combined Infection in Causation of Flacherie
under Different Environmental Conditions. Sericologica, 53 (1), 54-62
Sokovic, M., Glamoclija, J., Marin, P.D., Brkic, D., and Griensven , L.J.L.(2010).
Antibacterial Effects of the Essentials Oils of Commonly Consumed Medical Herbs.
Molecules, 7532-7542
Wong, S.K., Lim, Y.Y., and Chan, E.W.C. (2010). Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-tyrosinase
and Antibacterial Activities of Selected Hibiscus Species. Ethobotanical Leaflets, 14,781-796
Yang, L.-H., Ying, G., Su, H.-C., Stauber, F. L., Adams, M. S., & Binet, M. T. (2008).
Growth-Inhibiting Effects Of 12 Antibacterial Agents And Their Mixtures On The Freshwater
Microalga. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 27(5), 1201–1208.
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KROKOT STEAMED BROWNIES : UTILIZATION OF

KROKOT PLANTS (PORTULACA OLERACEA L.) AS
SOURCE OF OMEGA 3 SNACKS
Hindun Nur ‘Aisyah*, Astri Anggraeni, Zidni Khasanah, Rizky Hermawan and
Denda Wiguna
Yogyakarta Setate University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*
Email: hindunnuraisyah1998@gmail.com
Abstract: Krokot contains some good nutritions for brain growth and development and also
for body health. One of the krokot’s chemical components is omega 3. Omega 3 has benefit to
increase the immunity and cleverness also has a role as antioxidant which prevents the growth
of cancer cell. The easy cultivation and the high good nutritions of krokot can be seen as a
profitable business opportunity, especially in culinary business by making steamed brownies.
Brownies is a kind of cake with the color of blackish brown. Its main ingredient is flour,
commonly, wheat flour but in this occasion, wheat flour is replaced with krokot flour. Krokot
plant is used due to it’s label as useless plant with less value compare to other plants.
Hopefully, this innovation would change people’s opinion about krokot plant and turn it into
something that has economic value hence increasing people’s income. In the process of
production, the product named KRONIKUS will be made once a week with 4 months
production process from March until July.
Keywords: Krokot, Omega 3, dan Brownies
INTRODUCTION
The country of Indonesia is rich in natural resources. It can be seen from the well growth of
various plants either weed or benefit. One of the plants which is considered as weed is krokot
(Portulaca oleracea). The characteristic of krokot (Portulaca oleracea) is round stem with
part or entire of it grows straight on the ground without appearing the root.
Krokot contains some good nutritions for brain growth and development and also for body
health. One of the krokot’s chemical components is omega 3. Most of people consider that
omega 3 only can be found in animals whereas there are also some plants contain omega 3,
one of them is krokot. The element of omega 3 which is very important for human health is a-
liomlenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Omega 3 also has benefit to increase the immunity and cleverness also has a role as
antioxidant which prevents the growth of cancer cell. Beside omega 3, there are also the other
nutrients e.g protein (about 2-2.5%), linoleat acid which can decrease the blood cholesterol
and vitamin A, B, C (Setyo Sri Raharjo, 2011). Besides high nutrient contents, krokot plant is
easy to cultivate just by drying krokot seed then put the dried seed on the surface of soil. The
dried seed will grow on its own. Easy to cultivate and high nutrient contents can be turned
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into a promising business opportunity specifically in culinary sector by making steamed

brownies.
Brownies are one of cake variety colored brownish black. The texture is sodden so it doesn’t
need the gluten development like cake. The main ingerdient is flour especially wheat flour but
here the wheat flour will be replaced with krokot flour. Krokot flour is like wheat flour, the
fleck is smooth and it doesn’t need a developer like wheat flour. This research has a goal to
know the production process in making steamed brownies from krokot and also its sell
process.
METHODOLOGY
This research held in four months, March to July. In the making process, KRONIKUS
produced once a week in four months. There are some steps that must be followed. First,
production preparation including the preparation of tools and materials which are needed in
the production process. The next step is the krokot should be dried then pounded until smooth
like flour.
The third step is making KRONIKUS by blending the egg, sugar, baking powder, and salt
uses mixer as to inflate. After that, add the mixture of krokot flour, wheat flour and chocolate
powder. Make sure that the krokot flour and the wheat flour have been filtered so that there
are only the smooth flecks left. Wait for a minute then add the mixture of butter and dark
cooking chocolate which have been melted. Blend the dough until it’s flattening. Divide it in
to 3 parts. Put the first dough in to a loaf and steam for 10 minutes in the medium heat. Make
sure that the steam pan is hot when the dough is being put. Close the pan and put a clean
napkin under the lid so that the water doesn’t drip and wet the cake which is being steamed.
The second dough is blended with sweet thick milk then mix until it’s flattening. It is put
above the first dough and steam for 10 minutes. After that, the third dough is added above
both dough before and steam for 20 minutes. Take the cooked KRONIKUS then it is ready to
serve and sell.
The selling process is done through online media, such as instagram, line, whatsapp, and
email. However, offline selling was also done by promotion through kindergarten and
elementary school which provide snacks for its pupils, product promotion to university
students, employee, lecturer, and a cooperation with Yogyakarta food stall.
FINDINGS
Kind of product which is produced is a brownies put in a rectangle box with KRONIKUS
logo written on it and has various flavor e.g original, pandanus, tiramisu, and green tea, the
packing uses rectangle box so that it can be more practical and hygienic.
There are some steps that been followed
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Figure 1. Krokot plants and krokot powder
Figure 2. Krokot steamed product
Figure 3. Logo
The selling result, KRONIKUS business has been running for five months and has sold
463 products.
Figure 4. The selling of KRONIKUS Period March-July
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This result below is gained from data obtained from a questionnaire filled by 20
respondents:
a. Taste of KRONIKUS: 4.54% deficient, 9.09% enough, 72.73% good, and 13.64%
very good.
b. Texture of KRONIKUS: 4.54% deficient, 22.73% enough, 50% good, and 22.73%
very good.
c. Shape of KRONIKUS: 4.54% deficient, 13.64% enough, 59.09% good, and
22.73% very good.
d. Packaging of KRONIKUS: 4.54% very deficient, 9.09% deficient, 50% enough,
31.82% good, and 4.54% very good.
CONCLUSIONS
KRONIKUS fulfilled market needs to the tune of 463 products and increase selling value of
krokot plant (Portulaca oleracea L.) that initially considered as useless weed and turned it
into nutritious food product. Data shows that KRONIKUS obtained positive responses from
various groups. KRONIKUS has taste, texture, shape, and packaging that well-suited with
society’s taste and also reasonable price. The existence of KRONIKUS could be a new
alternative to unique food from Yogyakarta.
REFERENCES
Almatsier, S. 2006. Prinsip Dasar Ilmu Gizi. Jakarta: PT.Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Setyo, Sri Raharjo. 2011. Kandungan Omega 3. Surabaya : PT Erlangga.
Soenardi, T. 2002. Makanan Alternatif untuk Ketahanan Pangan. Jakarta: Buku Kompas.
Zuhriani, Frida. 2015. Kualitas Organoleptik Brownies Kukus dari Tepung Beras Hitam.
Surakarta: UMS
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EASY LATERAL RADIOGRAPHIC HOLDER
Rabiahtuladawiah binti Musa1,*, Mariam binti Salleh1 , Mohd Faizz Fahmi bin Ariaff1 ,
Faeizal bin Sariman 2 , Mohd Riduan bin Mohamad1 , Sallehuddin bin Bachok1, Hanun
Hamizah binti Zakaria1 and Nurul Asyiqin binti Azman1
1
Department of Radiology & Imaging, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Ledang, Tangkak,
Johor.
2
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Tangkak, Johor.
E-mail: rabiahtuladawiah@mara.gov.my
Abstract: A lateral chest projection is a part of standard x-ray examination of the chest.
Although the posterior-anterior (PA) view is the mainstay of diagnosis, it provides a clear
view of only about 80% of the lungs. Lateral decubitus is also called cross-table lateral chest.
It is usually requested for patients who are unable to sit or stand upright and also helpful to
demonstrate air-fluid levels in case of pathology. Previously, radiographers have lot of
problems in patient positioning. Patients have to flip up side or down in order to get a
comfortable position and a good image. Because of lack position of body posture, patient is
not in the parallel position with the beam x-ray, thus make the image becomes blur or
uncertainly cut off. These blur on the site of Grid Cut Off. Moreover, the result will disturb
the radiologist or medical officer to determine the diagnosis. In some cases, the object that
holds cassette (e.g. Water bottle) will fall down and water spilled. This makes lot of trouble
circumstances. Danger to patient will slip, danger to others and environment too. Physically,
this Easy Lateral Holder is modified as a T – shape. It has holder base that can hold multiple
cassette sizes from 35cm x 35 cm, 35cm x 43 cm and 24 cm x 30 cm. It is easy to use by
inserting plat holder under the patient body without the movement from the patient. Besides,
the device has been measured accurately to find the center beam of x-ray. This will prevent
the Grid Cut Off. Lastly, it can prevent radiation exposure too. It is easy, simple and better
device.
Keywords: X-ray lateral holder, x- ray cassette, patient position, grid cut off, exposure dose.
INTRODUCTION
Medical x-ray exposures are the largest man made source of ionizing radiation. Recent
development in medical imaging lead to the rapid increase in a number of high dose x-ray
examinations performed with significant consequences in individual patient doses. The most
frequent factor responsible for re-take of x-ray is positioning error. The International
Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends that such medical exposure
should be kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) (Miller et al., 2015). One way of
achieving this is through quality assurance program which include reject film analysis
(Owusu-Banahene et al., 2014). It also reduces the number of repeating x-ray to the patient.
A lateral chest projection and posterior-anterior (PA) are part of standard x-ray examination
of the chest. The lateral view clearly display the chest area and useful in detecting lower –lobe
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lung disease, pleural effusions and anterior mediastinal masses. Lateral decubitus is also
called cross –table lateral chest. It is usually requested for patients who are unable to sit or
stand upright and also helpful to demonstrate air- fluid levels in case of pathology. The
patient is adjusted in the true prone or supine position with arms extended above the head.
The Easy Lateral Holder is designed for that kind of patient position either the patient is
scanned in the x-ray room or on the bed using mobile x-ray.
Before this, radiographers have a lot of problems in patient positioning while taking x-ray
image. Patients have to flip up side or down to get the comfortable position as well as to get
the good image from certain position. Sometimes patients need some sponge when lay down
on table because of the harden table. Since there is lack in body positioning, patient will not in
the parallel position with the center of x-ray beam. Central ray is the setting to direct the x-ray
beam to the center of film and object that being radiograph (Figure 1A and 1B). That will
make the image blur or uncertainly grid cut off. The grid cut off is an undesirable absorption
of primary x-ray beam by grid strips, which prevents the useful x-ray from reaching the image
receptor. It is caused by improper positioning and most often occurs with parallel grids
(Siegelbaum, 2012).
A B
Figure 1. Center beam alignment of Easy Lateral Holder A) Front view. B) Back view.
Moreover, the result will disturb the radiologist or medical officer to determine the diagnosis.
In the end, the solution is some of radiographers will use any object to standstill the cassette
temporarily, just to make sure the cassette can be hold in the correct position for a short time
for x-ray exposure. After the procedure, the object that holds the cassette will be moved.
Some of the objects to hold the cassette such as water bottle fell down and the water spill out,
cause the electrical hazard or in worst case hit the patient. This is danger to patient, operator
and environment.
The objective of the product is to enable radiologist to take different angle of subject without
moving the patient (patient positioning). The product is designed to hold the film cassette at
the right position and need no movement or change the position of patient too much. When
the film cassette and the x-ray exposure are in correct alignment with the patient position
(Figure 2), it will result the better quality image and also reduce the grid cut off problem
when taking the image. Thus, it can also reduce reject film analysis or repeat x-ray films. It
will save cost and less exposure to patients.
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METHODOLOGY
Physically, the Easy Lateral Radiographic Holder is modified as a T-shape. İt has holder base
that can hold multiple cassette size from 35 cm x 35cm, 35cm x 43cm and 24cm x 30cm. İt is
easy to be used; just insert the plate holder under the patient body without involving a huge of
movement from patient. Besides, the device has been measured accurately to find the center
of beam x-ray thus will prevent the grid cut off.
Figure 2. Positioning of the holder during x-ray.
In addition, x- ray can measure the accuracy of the cassette with a x-ray beam exactly 90
degrees. This accuracy is important to prevent grid cut off or non-uniform grid lines.
FINDINGS
Before using the Easy Lateral Holder, the radiographer need to lift patient and that may cause
the risk of injury. The cassette positioning is not strong enough and it also can danger patient
and the device itself. By doing the conventional technique, it can result grid cut off and image
shading.
After using the Easy Lateral Holder, most of the problems can be solved. It reduces patient
handling and minimize the risk of injury. The cassette position is parallel to the x-ray beam
and grid beam. Thus, it solves grid cut off problem and image shading; increase image
quality. Repeated x-rays can be avoided, reduce exposure time and excessive radiation dose to
patients (Figure 3). The beam collimation also can be practised.
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Figure 3. Comparison of x-ray using manual (A) and Easy Lateral Holder positioning (B) where chest is centrally located.
CONCLUSIONS
As conclusion, by using Easy Lateral Radiographic Holder, examination or check can be
shortened as well as reducing the risk of severe injury to patient from positioning procedures.
İt can improve the quality of work and minimize the dosage received by patients. With this
device, the problem faced by the radiographers can be solved. İt produces radiograph with
high quality diagnostic value while reduce screening time and minimize patient movement.
Furthermore, the design can save the use of film and energy.
REFERENCES
Miller, D. L., & Schauer, D. (2015). ALARA Principle in Medical Imaging. AAPM
Newsletter. Vol 40. No. 1.
Owusu-Banahene, J., Darko, E. O., Hasforf, F., Addison, E. K., & Asirifi, J. O. (2014). Film
reject analysis and image quality in diagnostic Radiology Department of a Teaching hospital
in Ghana. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Science, 589-594. Elsevier.
Siegelbaum, B. (2012). Solving Grid Cutoff. Article of Radiologic Technology. Vol 83. No. 5.
499.
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ECZEMA RELIEF MIST
NurA’tiqah Binti Haron1*, Nurhanani Binti Ayub1, Nur Syafiqah Binti Rahim1, Zainab Binti
Razali1 and Norlin Binti Shuhaime2
1
Malaysia.
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perlis,
Malaysia.
*Email: atiqahnur717@gmail.com
Abstract: In spite the efforts directed towards curing Eczema disease, there is still no effective
intervention. ‘Eczema’ term used widely to describe any itchy or rash-like skin or it can be
used to describe atopic dermatitis which is a severe skin condition. Specific cause of eczema
remains unknown, but believed to occur due to combination of genetic heredity and
environmental factors. Vitis vinifera or grape sap and Alcalypha indica (pokok kucing galak)
contain the properties that help to lessen the irritation of the skin. Hence, Eczema Mist is
produced to lessen the irritation and itchiness caused by eczema. Eczema Relief Mist is a
natural product come in a form of miracle water were developed from plant base ingredients
containing Alcalypha indica and Vitis vinifera extract mixture. The ingredients of this product
have been tested for its anti-bacterial activity. Eczema Relief Mist is the first water based
plant extract product that has a potential in soothing and lessen the irritation caused by
eczema. Rosemarinus officinalis were added into the mixture to give natural aromatherapy.
The antioxidant strength of the rosemary makes this herb as a favorite food and cosmetic
products preservative. This product will be tested for its toxicity to ensure it is safe to be used.
Testimony on eczema patient, cat and goats have been conducted to prove the effectiveness of
Eczema relief Mist by showing that it can lessen the inflammation and skin irritation upon
apply it for one week. Phytochemical test were also conducted to affirm this product is free
from steroid. It comes in a form of spray bottle of 50 mL volume make it convenient for
travel purposes. The non-sticky texture and refreshing effect make it presentable and suitable
to be used by all different ages. This healing water will be certainly marketable due to its
uniqueness and miracle properties provided by the natural ingredients.
Keywords: Vitis vinifera, Acalypha indica, Rosmarinus officinalis, eczema, anti-inflammatory
INTRODUCTION
Eczema is a term for a group of medical conditions that inflame and irritate skin. The most
common type of eczema is known as atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema which also referred to
a group of diseases with an often inherited tendency to develop other allergic conditions such
as asthma and high fever (“Eczema is a term”, 2017). The exact causes of eczema are
remaining unknown but thought to be linked to an overactive response by body’s immune
system to an irritant (“Eczema is a term”, 2017). Eczema tends to show up in childhood,
usually on the cheeks, chin, elbows, or knees, and symptoms usually lessen over time.
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Still, some people will have eczema as they grow older, and adults can develop it as well.
It’s tricky to narrow down exactly what causes eczema, since there are so many different
forms of condition, and different triggers can exacerbate each type of eczema. For
example, allergens such as pet dander or pollen could cause the irritating rash appear, or
it could be linked to other health conditions such as high blood pressure (Kristin, 2017).
Some of the symptoms may develop due to the exposure towards certain household products
such as detergent or soap. Some may develop due to hot or cold environment (Mcintosh,
2016). Direct contact with animals may also cause an irritation that may lead to eczema.
Therefore, Eczema Relief Mist was developed to help the one that suffered with skin problem
by lessen the irritation and itchiness. Nowadays there are a bunch of eczema cream in the
market that use to lessen the irritation but most of the products contain topical steroids which
is use to treat eczema. Eventhough the side effects of steroids did not occur in short time
period, problems may arise if it is use frequently or in a long time period (Knott, 2015). The
long term effects can be ‘local’ such as causing skin thinning or allergy, and can be ‘systemic’
which can increase the blood pressure, bone damage and thinning, that can affect growth in
children (Froneman, 2014). Hence, Eczema Relief Mist is created to overcome this problem
and help to lessen the irritation that cause by eczema.
Eczema Relief Mist was naturally developed from a mixture of plant base ingredients that
contain Acalypha indica and Vitis vinifera extract. The vulnerary properties of the red vine
sap can be used to fight skin diseases such as eczema, itching or skin blemishes (Lixandru,
2014). Grape vine sap contains viniferin, a resveratrol based compound that has powerful
anti-inflammatory, anti-septic and anti-oxidant properties (Lixandru, 2014). As for
Acalyphaindica, it can be externally applied on skin to treat skin diseases, eczema, psoriasis,
ringworm, tineaversi color, and skin fungal infection (Anupama, 2014). The plant is reported
to have an anti-bacterial effects, anti-venom properties, wound healing effects, anti-oxidant
activities, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects (Nair, 2014). Therefore the mixture of both
ingredients might help to enhance the properties of the extract in lessen the irritation and
inflammation.
METHODOLOGY
Collection of plant sample
Different plant materials of Acalypha indica were collected from House of Honey at Kuala
Nerang, Kedah. The leaves were separated and were washed in a tray and shade dried for 3-5
days. After three days the shade dried leaves were grind into fine powder. Shade drying is
preferred as it prevents denaturation of important phytochemicals when compared to sun
drying. As for Vitis vinifera, it was grind to form fine powder before the extraction process.
Antibacterial test (Disc-diffusion Method)

Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia were used to test antibacterial properties of the
plant etract. 100ul of each bacteria culture was taken and spread on the sterile petri dish
(Sudhakar et al, 2016). A 60mm disc was soaked in A.indica extract and then was
impregnated on the plate. Antibiotic disc (Ampicillin) was used as a positive control and a
disc soaked with solvents was used as negative control. The plate was then incubated at 37°C
for about 48 hours (Biswas et al., 2013). To determine the antibacterial activity, the diameter
of inhibition zone around the paper discs were observed and measured.
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Steroid phytochemical screening

1mL of chloroform was mixed with 1 mL of extract and then ten drops of acetic anhydride
and five drops of concentrated sulphuric acid were added and mixed. The formation of dark
red color or dark pink color indicates the presence of steroids.
Toxicity test
Toxicity test will be conducted to determine the toxicity properties of Acalyphaindica extract.
Toxicity test procedures will be referred to Sumathy, Lachumy, Zakaria and Sasidhran
(2011). Egg of Brime shrimp (Artemiasalina) will be purchase at aquatic shops. For egg to
hatch, artificial seawater will be prepared. 38g of sea salt will be dissolved in 1L of distilled
water. The mixes then incubate for 48 hours under light source at room temperature (25-
29oC). Nauplii will be used for brime shrimp assay after period of incubation. In the first tube,
extract concentration is 100mg/ml and will be performed two fold dilution to obtain final
concentration of 0.195mg/ml. For each tube 100µL of nauplii suspension consist 10 larvae is
add and leave for 24 hours for incubation under the light source. Positive control that will use
for assay is potassium dichromate. After 24 hours, nauplii will be observed under microscope
and number of the dead will be calculate, mortality percentage is determine by below
equation:
% Mortality = x 100%
Irritation healing test on animals and human

For human, the irritation healing test had been done to a person that has the eczema problem
and for animal the test were conducted on a cat that is suspected infected with Sporotrichosis
that caused the skin to skin irritation that will enlarge and infected other part of the body and
a goat that has fungus which is also caused skin irritation. Eczema Relief Mist had been
sprayed to the inflamed part of the skin twice a day for 5 days. The changes on the eczema
were observed.
FINDINGS
Antibacterial test (Disc-diffusion Method)
Acalypha indica leaves extract have shown anti-bacterial properties against important human
pathogens and capable to inhibit the growth of three strains of pathogenic bacteria namely B.
subtilis, and K. pneumonia. The zone of inhibition is 10 and 9mm respectively as shown in
Table 1. Acalypha indica has been found to exhibit significant anti-microbial activity against
bacteria and fungi. Because of this property, it is effective in wound healing. The high levels
of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the plant are the important components that
contribute to the antibacterial bacterial properties in the sample.
Table 1. Zone of Inhibition on tested bacteria
Types of bacteria Average diameter of zone of inhibition. (mm)
Bacillus subtilis 10
K. pneumonia 9
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Steroid phytochemical screening

Steroid test showed that there is no formation of dark red or dark pink color which indicates
that the absent of steroid in the solution. This shows that the mixture of Acalypha indica, Vitis
vinifera and rosemary are absent of steroid.
Figure 1. Steroid test
Toxicity test
It is expected that Eczema Relief Mist have no toxic effect with the viability of Brime shrimp
>90% (Artemiasalina) after incubate for 24 hours with the extract.
Irritation healing test on animal and human

The mixture of Acalypha indica and Vitis vinifera extract were found to heal the skin rashes
of a child that suffered eczema since birth (Figure 1). The mixture were sprayed on the
inflamed skin twice a day and the irritation and rashes were lessen and disappear after seven
days.
A B
Figure 2. Figure of skin rashes (A) before and (B) after applies the Acalypha indica and Vitis vinifera mixture.
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Alcalypha indica and Vitis vinifera sap is known for anti-inflammation properties that can
soothes skin rashes and small wound. Eczema Relief Mist have been applied for 6 days, twice
per day to a cat that have sporotrichosis. The wound getting dryer and did not spread to the
other part of the body (Figure 3).
A B
Figure 3. Wound of suspected sporotrichosis on cat before (A) and after (B) being apllied Eczema Relief Mist.
Eczema Relief Mist had also been sprayed twice a day for a week on the ear of a goat that
have been infected with fungus which cause skin irritation. After a week, the fungus decreases
and the hair on the goat ear start to grow again (Figure 4).
A B
Figure 4. Wound of fungus before (A) and after (B) being applied Eczema Relief Mist
CONCLUSIONS
As a conclusion, Eczema Relief Mist has been proved on its effectiveness to lessen the
irritation, rashes and even wound that caused by eczema and other factors. Frequent uses of
this miracles water may help to reduce the irritation and lessen the burden faced by patients.
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REFERENCES
Anupama. (2014). Medicinal use of Indian acalypha. Bimbima. Accessed July 10, 2017 from
https://www.bimbima.com/ayurveda/medicinal-use-of-indian-acalypha/974/
Bipol Biswas et al. (2003), antimicrobial activities of leaf extracts of guava (Psidium guava
L) on two-Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria international journal of microbiology.
Vol. 2013, ID746165
European Society of clinical microbial and infectious disease, Eucast version, January 2015.
Btetoni, J.E, Mantovani, R.p, Barbosa, L. N, Distasi, L.C & Junior. (2006). Synergism
between plant extract and antimicrobial drug used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases
memorias do intituto Oswaldo cruz Rio de janeiro. 101(4), 387.390
Froneman. A. (2014). Skin. Retrived March 5, 2018 from

https://www.health24.com/Medical/Skin/Health-tips/The-dangers-of-long-term-and
continuous-use-of-topical-steroids-20140530
Knott. L. (2015). Topical steroids for eczema. Accessed March 5, 2018 from
https://patient.info/health/atopic-eczema/topical-steroids-for-eczema
Lixandru, M. (2014). “Properties and Benefits of grapevine Sap.” Accessed July 10, 2017
from https://www.natureword.com /properties-and-benefits-of-grapevine-sap/
Mcintoch, J.(2016). “Eczema: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments.” Accessed July 10, 2017
from http://www .medicalnewstoday.com/articles/14417.php
Nair, P. (2014). Benefits of Indian acalypha. Nutrition and health information portal.
Accessed July 10, 2017 from http://www.valuefood.info/1707/benefits-of-indian-acalypha/
National Eczema Association., (n.d.).“What Causes Eczema to get Better or Worse?”.

Accessed July 10, 2017 from https:// nationaleczema.org/eczema/causes-and-triggers-of-
eczema/
Saranraj, P; Stella, D; Sathiyaseelan, K; Samuel, S. (2010). Antibacterial potentiality of

ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of Acalypha indica against human pathogenic bacteria.
Journal of Ecobiotechnology. Accessed Jly 15, 2017 from
https://scienceflora.org/journals/index.php/jebt/article/view/81/80
WebMD. (n.d.). “Skin Conditions and Eczema.” Accessed July 10, 2017 from
http://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/guide/atopic-dermatitis-eczema#1
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MATHEMATIC EDUCATIONAL GO (MEGO)
Mohamad Rhafiq Bin Sulaiman , Wan Farhan Hakim Bin Wan Rosmadey, Aznilinda Binti
Zainuddin, Farah Marinah Binti Aminuddin, Munirah Binti Onn
and Anis Shafiqah Binti Radzuan
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Pasir Gudang, Johor
Corresponding author: srhafiq@gmail.com
Abstract: The purpose of doing this project is to to ensure the kids performance will increase
academically especially in the subject of Mathematics. After UPSR 2016 that cause great pain
not only to the parents but also the kids, this project are aim to use games to attract them to
study in early age. There are significant growing economic world thus, revolutionary are sure
to occur. This may well indicates the possibility of infective teaching method and traditional
method of teaching are no longer suitable for this generation of kids. Because of this, the
project is made to counter the problem which is MEGO or Mathematics Education Go. This
project is to attract kids to learn m ath using gamification as platform of our project. Our
project use colour sensor that act as a replacement for number. The colour sensor then send
the information to arduino Micro. This project also use bluetooth module to send the
information from the arduino to our application. The result is that the kids can learn not also
math but learn how to identify colour.
Keywords: TCS34725 color sensor, microcontroller arduino micro, Bluetooth module HC-05
INTRODUCTION
MEGO is acronym for Mathematics Education Go, which is the name of the project being
done. This project involve the use of colour sensor and critical thinking to answer the
question provided using android as platform and arduino micro as the microcontroller of this
project. After seeing the falling of the young generation academically, thus motivated us to do
this project. The objective of this project is to build a prototype of MEGO ‘Mathematic
Education Go’ using Arduino Micro as the microcontroller. Other than that, the objective is to
access the effectiveness of the Mathematic Education Go (MEGO) system in order to prevent
children age 5 and above in math performance becoming much worst. During 2016, Malaysia
shook by the news that UPSR result had drop and Mathematic is one of the worst
performance in the important examination which only 1.9 % get all As and as 2017, students
that get all As is 2.1 %. This is because children of this generation tend to play with video
games rather than studying. They find that studying is boring and tend to neglect it altogether.
The video games these days have no useful content for them to learn and most of the games
these days are full of violence and entertaining elements only. The spark and root to this main
problem is that parents nowadays prone to forget about the fact that children age 5 + have the
biggest capacity of memory available thus make their age suitable to learn new things, but the
parents tend to give them gadget for their kids, causing the kids to be addicted to the gadget as
they already play with the high technology at such a young age. This project is an innovation
to the academic teaching style of today. It is easy to play this project and can play it anywhere
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as there is no need for Wi-Fi usage. This project is also user friendly. The limitation to this
project is that it is still limited to Mathematic subject only and it is only suitable for kids aged
5 to 12 years old. The limitation of the hardware is that it has to be a smartphones that uses
Bluetooth as it use Bluetooth connection. By identifying this problem, the significant of our
project is that it acts as a motivation for kids to study interactively and boost their confident
level to themselves. It can also create opportunity for kids who may develop interest in coding
and computer skills.
METHODOLOGY
The installation were started by building the hardware before proceed for the software by
referring schematic diagram that have been constructed. The main component that were
included to these construction are the Colour Sensor (TCS34725), Bluetooth Module (HC-
05), Tower Pro Micro RC Servo Motor 9G SG90 (180 degree), Dot Matrix 8x8 Display
(MX7219) and Arduino Micro as the microcontroller for the “brain” of the MEGO system.
Figure 1 shows the block diagram of MEGO system.
Figure 1. Block Diagram of MEGO system
After the installation of hardware completed, we began to build our app by using the block
editor that acts as the games coding. It has a built-in drawer to find the behavior that we want
to add to our app and drag them to the Blocks Viewer. The component- specific drawers is to
find blocks for behavior for specific components and drag them to the block viewer. Figure 2
shows how we code our game in our app.
Figure 2. The block viewer of our games menu.
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FINDING
Figure 4. Flowchart of the games.
Figure 4 shows the flow of our project and how it runs generally. Our game will start with
opening the MEGO application from the smartphone. When they start the game, the
Bluetooth connection between the smartphone and tablet which enable it to received data
from the arduino. The first question is then displayed on the screen. The player will put the
number block correspond to the correct colour that have been set at the colour sensor. The
data is then sent to the application. If the answer is right, then the screen will display the
happy face and the robot will dance while if the answer is wrong the screen will display sad
face. Then the player will press the next button to displayed the next question.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, Mathematic Education Go is significant for revolution to the traditional
teaching method today. The project is different from other as it use colour sensor as the
number block hardware. The problems faced when doing this project is mainly on coding and
running the simulation. The first problem is that the project used colour sensor as the input.
This cause some problems as the library for the sensor do not exists. The second problem is
the application maker used to make the app. MIT inventor 2 have a big flaw which it cannot
share data between screens. This made it difficult to make the apps with the possibility of
Bluetooth connection can be made. To concur this problem, research has been made and
attendances to workshop specifically for arduino are compulsory. The preliminary stage is
that the game is only limited to Mathematic only. The project is giving impact to children and
boosts their motivation to study.
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REFERENCES
Abhishek Singh, Nagesh B. Balam, Anuj Kumar, Ashok Kumar. “An Intelligent Color
Sensing System for Building Wall,” IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in
Communication Technologies (ETCT), Dehradun India, 18 – 19 November 2016, pp 1 – 4
M. Abdullah Zafar, Beena Ahmed, Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna. “Playing with and without
Biofeedback,” IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health
(SeGAH), Perth WA Australia, 2 – 4 April 2017, pp 1 – 7
Piedad Brox, Gloria Huertas-Sanchez, Antonio Lopez-Angulo, Manuel Alvarez-Mora, Ingrid

Haya. “Design of Sensory Systems using the Platform Arduino by Undergraduate Physics
Students,” IEEE International Conference on Technologies Applied to Electronics Teaching
(TAEE), Seville Spain, 22-24 June 2016, pp. 1 – 6
John Horton Conway. “Game of Life” Internet: http://www.electronicstefan.ro/2013/01/john-

conways-game-of-life-for-arduino-glcd/ Jan. 27, 2013
José Luis Bejarano Vásquez. “Speed Math Game With Arduino.” Internet:
http://www.instructables.com/id/Speed-Math-Game-With-Arduino/ , Oct.2, 2016
KosmoBit.“CodeGamer.”Internet:
http://thamesandkosmos.com/index.php/product/category/science-kits/code-gamer, Dec.9,
2016
Plantleak. “DIY Android Bluetooth PC Gamepad with Arduino Leonardo.” Internet:

http://www.instructables.com/id/Android-Bluetooth-PC-gamepad-with-arduino-leonardo/,
Sept.5, 2015
Simon Crisp. “Osmo Coding.” Internet: https://www.playosmo.com/en/coding/ , July.1, 2016
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PICK AND PAY
Muhamad Ruhaizan Bin Ramli and Nurazlya Natasha binti Abdullah

Faculty of Electrical Engineering, UITM Cawangan Johor, Kampus Pasir Gudang,
Johor Darul Takzim
E-mail: ruhaizan98_pg@yahoo.com, azlyaabdullah@gmail.com
Abstract: Pick and Pay is a smart basket which a system that is able to calculate the total
price of items shopped by user. This project was done based on the researchers experience on
having to be in a long queue in supermarket to pay just for a basket of items. This problem
have consume lots of people’s time waiting for their turn. So, as a solution, the user will scan
the item that they want to purchase into the basket and the system will ask for a verification
on the item picked before summing up the total item user intended to buy.
Keywords: Pick, Scan, Button, Total up, Pay.
INTRODUCTION
Pick and Pay is a basket which include a system that will calculate the total price of items
shopped by user. The user will scan the items shopped by user. The user will scan the item
that they want to purchase on the basket and the system will first display ‘Scan your item’
after the green push button was press and hold. The item scanned was then displayed on its
name price and the total price of the item scanned. If the user press the red button, then the
system will display ‘Which item do you want to cancel’ and the item must be scanned again
in order for the system to deduct the item. Id the user is done with their shopping they need to
press the yelloy button and the system will total up and display the total bill of the items
scanned. The LCD will then display ‘Scan your ID card right away after displaying the total
bill’. The user only need to scan their loyalty card to pay their items which acts as a debit card
at the hardware bos and thus, the status of their money left or whetrt the balance is
insufficient, it will be updated through their phones.
Existing and the conventional way of shopping in supermarket are the customer will need to
be in a long queue to pay for the items purchased. It is observed that the user have to queue
for about 15 to 20 minutes to complete all the payment and exit. There are two main problems
that were identified : -
1) Time consume for the user that purchased for a few items only.
2) Lack of fast lane counter for the certain amounts of items.
In order to achieve this, the scope of study must be followed. It is to ensure that the research
is not deviated from the desired objectives. This project will be focus on identifying the items
and will total up the price using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RC522 reader. Hence,
Espresso Lite V2 which acts as a Wi-Fi module is use to send the total amount spent to the
user phone. Next, this work will be applied for the loyalty card system where the user will
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scan the card on the system and pay for the items purchased. The microcontroller that was
used for this project is Arduino Mega 2560.
The contribution of this project is that it is suitable for the customers to shop conveniently and
easily. The user just need to scan the items on the system and the system will total up the total
price of the items purchased when the user done shop. The user also can know the status of
their money left in their loyalty card through notifications on application “Blynk”. Thus, this
project helps for an efficient management especially for the shopping mall where the user do
no need to have a long queue just to pay for their items purchased and thus can save the user
time to shop. The user just need to scan the loyalty card which acts as a debit card to pay the
total price of the items purchased. This contribution on this project will make the shopping
become fun and friendly to the user.
METHODOLOGY
A. Prototype Design
Figure 1. Prototype Illustration
This project is a smart billing system that was applied in a box like hardware that was
connected to a basket as shown in Figure 1. In the hardware, there will be three buttons which
is green, red and yellow buttonls. The green button acts as a button to start the system. Once
the system was started, the LCD will display to ask the user to scan their item. After the item
is scanned by the user, the name, price and the calculated total price of the items will be
displayed. If the user wish to cancel their item, they only need to push the red button and
rescan the item that they want to deduct from their trolley. Once the user is satisfy with their
shopping, they have to press the yellow button to display the total bill and thus display that
asking for the user to scan their ID card which are the loyalty card. They will then be notify
through their mobile phones on the amount of the money left inside the loyalty card.
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Figure 2. Block Diagram of The Project
From this block diagram above, the input for this PICK ‘N’ PAY project are the push buttons
where in this project three push buttons was used for the user to push and the output will
displayed. Other input in this project are Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RC522
reader where it will display the content inside the tags or cards when it was scanned on the
RFID. The item’s name and price will be displayed when the tags was scanned while the
user’s name and the money left in the loyalty card will be displayed when the cards was
scanned on the RFID. The output for this project are Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) 20x4, a
buzzer, and a Light Emitting Diode (LED). LCD will displayed as instructed by the inputs
which are push buttons and RFID reader. For LED and buzzer, when RFID reader detects the
tags or cards the output for those two will displayed. Espresso Lite V2 was used in this PICK
‘N’ PAY project and it was neither and input nor an output. When it was connected to the
Arduino Mega 2560, it will acts as a Wi-Fi module. So from this project, the microcontroller
that was used for this PICK ‘N’ PAY project are Arduino Mega 2560. Other than that, Liquid
Crystal Display (LCD) 20x4, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) RC522 reader, three
push buttons, a buzzer, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) and an Espresso Lite V2 were used for
this PICK ‘N’ PAY project.
Because of the lack of components illustration in the software like RFID, Wi-Fi module, the
representative were used to represent the real components. An LCD, four push buttons with a
LED and a buzzer were included. One push buttons represent the use of RFID and send
button that send the total amount of the price. The buzzer was connected to the RFID button
only and not connected to the send button. For LED, it was connected to each of the button.
This was made to show that the buttons was connected properly and can work for the
simulation. So, as the RFID was pressed in the simulation, the buzzer will produce a ‘beep’
sound and a LED linked to it will be light up. Same goes to the send button but without the
buzzer that differentiates the RFID button and the send button.
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FINDINGS
B. Flowchart of The System
Figure 4. System Flowchart
From this system flowchart, first the user will have to press and hold the green button to start
the system. Then, the user will be asked to scan the items that they want to purchase. The user
will then scan the item on the system which is located on the basket and the LCD will display
the item name, price and total price of the item that they have scanned. If the user want to
cancel their items that have been scanned, the user will have to push the red button and the
user will have to scan back the items that they want to deduct. Then, the LCD will display the
item name, price and total price after deducting the items. If the user had done with their
shopping, they will press the yellow button and the LCD will display the total bill and ‘SCAN
YOUR ID CARD’. The user will have to scan their ID card which act as a debit card to
purchase the items. The ID card contains an amount of money. Then, the LCD will display
the user’s ID, current balance and balance after deducting the items. If the user have the
insufficient balance, the system will inform them that the balance in their card is insufficient,
and they will need to increase the amount of the money inside their ID card. When the
payment is done, the user will be notify on the current balance in the ID card after shopping
through notifications on their phones.
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CONCLUSIONS
From this project, this Pick ‘N’ Pay was done although there are some problem encountered
when undergoing troubleshoot. All the process from the connection was done first on the
breadboard before undergoing to Printed Circuit Board (PCB) process. Then, it will follow by
the process for Testing and Debugging for the system and follow by the prototype of this Pick
‘N’ Pay system. The connection of the hardware are being able to identify correctly by doing
simulation in Proteus software. By doing the simulation first, suitable components used for
the project can be known if it can be simulated properly. As suggestion, in future this project
can be expand as if this system can be resize for their prototype to make this system be more
simple and easy going.
REFERENCES
Mayank Jain. (2016, May 12). Smart Shopping System. Retrieved from Prezi.com
Ng Yen Leng. (2014, June 5). Automatic Human Guided Shopping Trolley With Smart
Shopping System. Retrieved from http://portal.fke.utm
You Chuin Wang, Chang Chen Yang. (2016, September 1). Smart RFID based Interactive
Kiosk Cart Using Wireless Sensor Node. Retrieved from IEEE Xplore
J.C. Narayana Swamy, Dr. D Seshachalam, Saleem Ulla Shariff. (2016) Smart RFID based
Interactive Kiosk Cart Using Wireless Sensor Node. India: Department of ECE Bangalore
Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Department of ECE BMS College of Engineering
Bengaluru, Department of ECE University Visvervaraya College of Engineering
Udita Gangwal, Sanchita Roy, Jvotsna Bapat. (2013) Smart Shopping Cart For Automated
Billing Purpose Using Wireless Sensor Networks. India: International Institute of Information
Technology.
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RAPID DETECTION METHOD OF ORTHODONTICS

CONTACT POINT DISPLACEMENT FOR PAR INDEX
Muhamad Nurhadi Bin Salleh1*, Raja Mohd Aizat bin Raja Izaham1, Wan Mohd Shukri bin
Wan Salleh1, Dr Adni Binti Hamdan2, Dr Hasni binti Md Zain2, Dr Ummu Aiman Bt Yusoff2,
Auni Afıqah Bınti Khalid1, Norashikin Binti Mohamad1,
Mohamad Fırdaus Bın Mohd Kamaruddın1 and Muhammad Asyraf Bin Azhari 1
1
Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Ledang, Tangkak, Johor.
2
Unit Ortodontik, Pergigian Daerah Muar, Johor.
*
E-mail: nurhadi.salleh@mara.gov.my
Abstract: Rapid Detection Method for Contact Point Displacement by using National
Instrument (NI) Vision Builder is a project that help orthodontist to measure improvement of
teeth arrangement between pre-treatment and post-treatment according to PAR (Peer
Assessment Rating) Index. PAR Index is a summary to score all occlusal anomalies and its
deviations from malocclusion to normal occlusion. The difference in scores between the pre
and post-treatment cases reflects the degree of improvement and therefore the success of
orthodontic interventions. The PAR Index offers uniformity and standardization in assessing
the outcome of orthodontic treatment. There are 11 components in PAR Index, the occlusal
features recorded are spacing, crowding and impacted teeth. Those occlusal features are
identified and measured through teeth’s contact point displacement. National Instrument
LabVIEW is using PAR Index and its function as graphical programming language that has
its roots in automation control and data acquisition. Its graphical representation, similar to a
process flow diagram, was created to provide an intuitive programming environment for.
Until today, method to score PAR is by using PAR ruler, which may become quite hard for
orthodontist to accurately measure tooth contact point displacement, thus may create error
during scoring. It also may take a little more time to score all 11 or some components of each
patient. The project is using National Instrument(NI) camera to capture the picture of patient’s
teeth casting as the camera will connect to the computer via USB (Universal Serial Bus). We
use National Instrument LabVIEW Vision Builder to process the teeth’s picture to get the
measurement of the teeth’s displacement as the result will appear on the screen of the
computer. The comparison result between few times measurement will appear to reduce the
error of the measurement as to get an accurate measurement of teeth displacement. Finally,
the goal of this project is to find alternative solutions to advance the measurement of teeth
displacement.
Keywords: Orthodontics, PAR Index, National Intrument, LabVIEW, Displacement.
INTRODUCTION
The current method for measuring the displacement of teeth is by using PAR (Peer
Assessment Rating) ruler by orthodontics and that will take time. This is because the
orthodontist need to measure the displacement between every teeth and also it is difficult
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because the measurement is so small as the teeth for every person is not same or normal. By
using this current method, the tendency of the error in the measurement to appear is high. The
difference in scores between the pretreatment and post-treatment cases reflects the degree of
improvement and the success of treatment. In orthodontics it is important to objectively assess
whether a worthwhile improvement has been achieved in terms of overall alignment and
occlusion for an individual patient or the greater proportion of a practitioner’s caseload.
Normal occlusion can be said to be that which meets certain predefined standards. Normal
occlusion was thus defined as a concrete goal that the orthodontist should aim for in order to
achieve a structural, functional and aesthetic normal [1].
LabVIEW (short for Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a

platform and development environment for a visual programming language from National
Instruments. LabVIEW is commonly used for data acquisition, instrument control and
industrial automation and variety platform. LabVIEW will be programmed with the auto
recognition of measurement of teeth’s displacement. The project is using digital camera to
capture the picture of patient’s teeth casting as the camera will connect to the computer via
USB (Universal Serial Bus). We use National Instrument LabVIEW Vision Builder to process
the teeth’s picture to get the measurement of the teeth’s displacement as the result will appear
on the screen of the computer. The objective of this project is to design a system that can
make a rapid measurement or auto recognition for the distance between teeth. Then, to reduce
the time of the measurement displacement between the teeth and reduce the error may occur
by using conventional method. The comparison result between few times measurement will
appear to reduce the error of the measurement as to get an accurate measurement of teeth
displacement. Finally, the goal of this project is to find alternative solutions to advance the
measurement of teeth displacement.
Figure 1. The PAR Ruler that used by orthodontics in conventional method to make measurement of teeth displacement
METHODOLOGY
The project will be using a digital portable camera to capture the picture of patient’s teeth
casting as the camera will connect to the computer via USB (Universal Serial Bus). The
patient’s pretreatment dental cast was picked from orthodontics. The function of using this
camera in this project, will be increased the more accuracy on get the measurement of two
contact point between teeth. Furthermore, in this technology, it will reduce the common
mistakes that always orthodontic doing when to get the measuring. We use National
Instrument LabVIEW software to process the teeth’s picture to get the measurement of the
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teeth’s displacement as the result will appear on the screen of the computer. The comparison
result between few times measurement will be appear to reduce the error of the measurement
as to get an accurate measurement of teeth displacement.
Figure 2. The Graphical User Interface by using NI Vision Builder
Figure 2 show the graphical user interface for capture and make measurement for pre-
treatment dental cast. The image of dental cast from digital camera will be uploaded at image
input space. Then, the orthodontics will make a measurement for teeth displacement at image
output space. The displacement will be appeared after the two contact point have been
decided. The process will be repeated for all displacement of teeth on dental cast. The greater
displacement the greater the PAR score. The displacements between first, second, and third
molars are not recorded as these contacts are so broad and are extremely variable within the
normal range. An impacted tooth is recorded when the space for this tooth is less than or
equal to 4mm. Impacted canines are recorded in the anterior segment. Scores for the
displacements and impactions are added to give an overall score for each recording zone. The
scores for the discrepancies are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Score Displacement
Score Discrepancy
0 0 mm to 1 mm
1 1.1 mm to 2 mm
2 2.1 mm to 4 mm
3 4.1 mm to 8 mm
4 Greater than 8 mm
5 İmpacted teeth
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FINDINGS
Figure 3. The image of teeth displacement
From the Figure 3, pre-treatment cast being used. It shows the results of measurements in the
Vision Builder AI software. In this method, the software with an image acquisition will find
the displacement of contact point. The contact point easily plotted and the measurement of the
displacement in unit of milimeter appeared and tabulated in a table form. Image of post-
treatment cast of the same patient taken and being compared. The changes of displacement
between pre-treatment cast and post-treatment cast can be determined. The time taken by
using this method is faster compared to conventional method.
CONCLUSIONS
As conclusion, this method is more easy and accurate compare to manual method that using
PAR ruler. Other than that, it also will reduce or eliminate human error while determining
PAR score of orthodontic patients. Moreover, working time by this method seen to be reduce.
Thus, it will improvise clinical records keeping compared to recent method.
REFERENCES
Carlos Bellot-Arcís, José María Montiel-Company and José Manuel Almerich-Silla (2012).
“Orthodontic Treatment Need: An Epidemiological Approach, Orthodontics Basic Aspects
and Clinical Considerations”, Prof. Farid Bourzgui (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0143-7, InTech.
Wan Nurazreena Wan Hassan, Siti Adibah Othman, Chee Seng Chan, Roshahida Ahmad, Siti
Nor Ain Ali, and Anis Abd Rohim (November 2015). Assessing agreement in measurements
of orthodontic study models vs 3-dimensional software on models scanned by structured-light
scanner. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. Vol 150 (Issue 5).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.04.021
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GOLD NANOPARTICLES ON VARIOUS SUPPORT

MATERIALS AS CATALYST FOR REDUCTION OF P-
NITROPHENOL
Hanani Yazid1, Abdul Mutalib Md Jani2, Farah Wahida Ahmad Zulkifli3, Najwa Afifi Abdul
Wahab1 and Najatin Syahirah Ahmad Sabri1
1
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600
Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 35400
Tapah, Perak, Malaysia
3
Malaysia
Email: yhanani@gmail.com, abdmutalib@gmail.com
Abstract: Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on various support materials such as carbon nanotubes
(CNTs), metal oxides (MOs), and polymers were successfully prepared by deposition-
precipitation method (DP). Supported Au NPs were synthesized in two different platforms
which are in the form of powder and thin film. The Au NPs are in form of powder when
CNTs as support. While supports such as polymeric materials including polyethylene (PE),
and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), as well as some porous materials such as anodized
aluminium oxide (AAO) and titania oxide (TiO2) membrane produce Au NPs catalyst in
form on thin film. The supported Au NPs catalyst also was improvised by the hybridization of
Au NPs on bi-supported material such as CNTs/AAO. Collectively, it was found that the
method of preparation was successful and the formation of Au NPs were characterized by
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and field emission scanning electron
microscope (FESEM). All the prepared Au supported catalysts were tested in the of reduction
p-nitrophenol (p-NP) to p-aminophenol (p-AP). The catalytic reaction was carried out at room
temperature and atmospheric pressure in an excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4) and
monitored by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that bi-supported Au catalysts show an
excellent catalytic performance up to 10-2 s-1 of rate constant, which was higher in one order
of magnitude compared to conventional catalyst for reduction of p-NP. Besides, this Au-
CNTs/AAO catalyst was in form of thin film which facilitated the removal of catalyst from
liquid-phase reaction medium, thus improved the reusability of the catalyst.
Keywords: Gold nanoparticles, Carbon nanotubes, Metal oxides, Polymers, p-nitrophenol
INTRODUCTION
The Au NPs has been considered as a promising and versatile catalyst, but the development
and application has been greatly impeded by difficulties in recycling the catalyst on a large
number of catalyst supports. The Au NPs are usually supported on carbon nanotubes (Yang et
al., 2014; Zulikifli et al., 2017), metal oxides (Cardenas-Lizana et al., 2008; Yazid et al.,
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2011) and polymers (Adlim et al., 2008; Kuroda et al., 2009) to stabilize the Au NPs as well
as prevent from agglomeration due to van der Waals forces and high surface energy
Many studies have been reported on the supported Au NPs as heterogeneous catalyst in the
form of solid-powder for the reduction p-NP to p-AP. High kinetic rates were achieved for
this reaction, however decreased of the rate constants were observed when the catalysts been
reused (Ribeiro et al., 2008; Yazid et al., 2013). In order to solve this problem, various
strategies were applied to obtain an efficient free standing heterogeneous catalyst. Yang et al.,
(2015) produce Au on graphene oxide/CNTs while Yazid et al., (2015) produce gold on
anodic alumina (AAO) in the form of a thin film which can be recovered easily and reused for
several times without significant loss in catalytic activity.
In this study, various supports materials were used to produce Au NPs catalyst in form of
powder and this film, and the rate constant (k) achieved for the reduction of p-nitrophenol
were compared. The effect of bi-supported catalyst (Au-CNTs/AAO) and its reusability were
also investigated.
METHODOLOGY
Supported Au NPs in Form of Solid-powder
The gold precursor, HAuCl4.3H2O was weighted and dissolved in distilled water to prepare 4
x 10-3 M of the gold solution. The gold solution was prepared at pH 2 by dropwise addition of
0.5 M HCl and heated to 80 oC. Then, support materials were added to the gold solution and
stirred for 4 hours. The mixture was washed with distilled water and filtered. The final
product was calcined in air at 400 oC for 4 hours. The above procedures were repeated by
varying the pH to 4, 6 and 8 , while the support materials are commercial CNTs, Al2O3 or
TiO2.
Supported Au NPs in Form of Thin Film

Fabrication of thin film for polymers such as polyethylene (PE) and polydimethylsiloxane
(PDMS) were prepared by solvent casting method. While anodic aluminium oxide (AAO)
was fabricated by chemical anodization method. The film was then immersed in gold
precursor solution for 4 hours, rinsed and dried. While for hybrid support CNTs/AAO, the
CNTs slurry was spin coated on AAO membrane at 1000 rpm for 30 seconds. Subsequently,
the membrane was dried overnight at 80 0C and proceeds by immersed in the gold solution at
80 oC for 2 hours followed by calcination procedure at at 400 oC for 4 hours.
Catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol

NaBH4 solution (1.5 x 10-2 M) was poured to p-NP solution (0.05 x 10-3M) in a cuvette
followed by addition of 1 mg of the prepared catalyst. The decrease in absorbance of p-NP
solution was monitored by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 400 nm. The value of rate
constant, (k) was determined based on first pseudo kinetic order.
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FINDINGS
FTIR
The FTIR spectra of the supported Au catalysts show the shifting of peaks for C-O stretching
vibration, C=C and O-H, indicating the attachment of Au NPs on the surface of support
materials. Table 1 summarized the type of functional groups and their corresponding
wavenumbers for some of the synthesized catalysts.
Table 1: Summarized of functional groups and wavenumber of synthesized catalysts.
Catalyst Functional groups Wavenumber (cm-1)

O-H 3403
Au-CNTs C-O 1575
Au-C 628
O-H 3474
C-O 2362
Au-AAO
Au-C 2135
Al-C 1272
C-H 2916
Au-PE C-H3 1469
C-H2 718
O-H 3487
C-H 2931
Au-CNTs/AAO
C=O 2369
C-O 1628
FESEM
The structures and morphologies for some of the prepared catalysts were shown in Figure 1.
The bright area represents the Au NPs on the support materials (Zhang et al., 2008). Nobel
metal like Au NPs tends to absorb more electrons and produce bright effect during FESEM
analysis. The average size of Au NPs on CNTs, AAO, PDMS and CNTs/AAO are 14.42 ±
2.49 nm, 12.82 ± 0.02 nm, 10.02 ± 0.32 nm and 19.64 ± 1.33 nm, respectively.
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(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 1. FESEM images of (a) Au-CNTs, (b) Au-AAO, (c) Au-PDMS and (d) Au-CNTs/AAO.
Catalytic reduction of p-NP

The catalytic reduction of p-NP to p-AP was performed to evaluate the efficiency of the
prepared Au-CNTs, Au-AAO, Au-PE, Au-PDMS and Au-CNTs/AAO. As shown in Figure 2,
in a neutral or acidic condition, p-NP solution exhibits a sharp absorption peak at 317 nm but
an addition of NaBH4, increased the alkalinity of the solution which forms p-nitrophenolate
ions and shifts the absorption peak to 400 nm. The decreased in absorbance gradually with
time at 400 nm indicates the reduction of the nitro group occurred with the presence of a new
peak at 300 nm confirmed the formation of product p-AP. The catalyst was needed to
accelerate the conversion rate of p-NP to p-AP. The pseudo-first-order kinetics with respect to
p-NP was applied in the experimental system to determine the rate constant (k) for the
reaction (Deshmukh et al., 2013; Kong et al., 2013). The greater k values indicate that the
faster the reduction of p-NP.
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Figure 2. The UV-Vis spectra of p-NP at 317 nm, p-AP at 300 nm, and p-nitrophenolate ions at 400 nm.
Table 2 below was a summarized the k values and correlation coefficient of all synthesized
catalyst for reduction of p-NP. The Au-CNTs/AAO exhibit greater catalytic activity with
highest k-values achieved was 1.13 x 10-2 s -1 compared to other catalysts. The catalyst also
can be reused several times without significance loss of activity.
Table 2: Summarized the k values and correlation coefficient of the catalysts.
Catalyst k values (× 10-2 s-1) Correlation coefficient (R2)

Au-CNTs 0.12 0.9989
Au-AAO 0.04 0.9943
Au-PE 0.09 0.9854
Au-PDMS 0.37 0.9883
Au-CNTs/AAO 1.13 0.9984
CONCLUSIONS
Generally, the synthesized Au NPs onto support enhanced the catalytic activities in the
reduction of p-NP with high k-values up to 10-2 s-1. Moreover, the heterogeneous catalysts are
easily separable from aqueous p-NP reaction and also further reused several time without
significance lose of their activity. It can be concluded that, the improvised techniques by
using bi-supported CNTs/AAO thin film as a support was significant for the practical
application because it was efficient, cost-effective, modest synthetic approach in the field of
catalysis.
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REFERENCES
Adlim, A. and M. A. Bakar (2008). Preparation of chitosan-gold nanoparticles: The role of
chitosan. Indo. J. Chem. 8: 320.
Cardenas-Lizana, F., S. Gomez-Quero and M. A. Keane (2008). Exclusive production of

chloroaniline from chloronitrobenzene over Au/TiO2 and Au/Al2O3. ChemSusChem 1: 215.
Deshmukh, S., R. Dhokale, H. Yadav, S. Achary and S. Delekar (2013). Titania–supported

silver nanoparticles: An efficient and reusable catalyst for reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
Applied Surface Science 273: 676.
Kong, X.-k., Z.-y. Sun, M. Chen and Q.-w. Chen (2013). Metal-free catalytic reduction of 4-
nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by N-doped graphene. Energy & Environmental Science 6:
3260.
Kuroda, K., T. Ishida and M. Haruta (2009). Reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol

over Au nanoparticles deposited on PMMA. J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 298: 7.
Ribeiro, N. F. P., F. M. T. Mendes, C. A. C. Perez, M. M. V. M. Souza and M. Schmal

(2008). Selective CO oxidation with nano gold particles-based catalysts over Al2O3 and ZrO2.
Appl. Catal. A: Gen. 347: 62.
Yang, X., Y. Liang, X. Zhao, Y. Song, L. Hu, X. Wang, Z. Wang and J. Qiu (2014). Au/CNTs
catalyst for highly selective hydrodeoxygenation of vanillin at the water/oil interface. RSC
Adv. 4: 31932.
Yazid, H., R. Adnan and M. A. Farrukh (2013). Gold nanoparticles supported on titania for
the reduction of p-nitrophenol. Ind. J. Chem. 52: 184.
Yazid, H., R. Adnan, M. A. Farrukh and S. A. Hamid (2011). Synthesis of Au/Al2O3

nanocatalyst and its application in the reduction of p‐nitrophenol. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 58:
593.
Zhang, R., Q. Wang, L. Zhang, S. Yang, Z. Yang and B. Ding (2008). The growth of
uncoated gold nanoparticles on multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Colloids and Surfaces A:
Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 312: 136.
Zulikifli, F. W. A., H. Yazid, M. Z. B. A. Halim and A. M. M. Jani (2017). Synthesis of gold

nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Au-MWCNTs) via deposition precipitation
method. AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
ADJUSTABLE ANKLE FOOT ORTHOSIS FOR

CEREBRAL PALSY CHILDREN
Eka Noorul Amanina Darwin, Wan Nur Fatini Syahirah W. Dagang, Ahmad Aizat Johar,
Mohamad Syafiq Azwan Mohd Nor and Nur Iman Immara Abdul Rahman
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
E-mail: ekanoorulamanina@gmail.com
Abstract: Children with cerebral palsy may present with several gait patterns due to muscular
spasticity and contractures. An effective approach to help correct abnormal gait for cerebral
palsy is foot orthotics, which involves the use of synthetic or mechanical devices worn on the
feet in order to stabilize, heal, or prevent injury and deformity to weak muscles or joints.
Though the effectiveness of ankle foot orthotics is undeniable, the available products in the
market is usually fixed at ninety degrees angle or composed of a dynamic dorsiflexion
damper. This might provide discomfort or even pain for children who are in the beginner
stage of orthotic treatment. Therefore, this design is focusing on the development of device
that assists treatment on the foot region. The aim is to design an adjustable ankle foot orthosis
so that the angle or ankle flexion can be adjusted little by little according to the children
development. The design process is carried out according to proper engineering design
process. To assist the decision-making phase, Pugh Method is used for conceptualization
selection. The design is made with aid of Computer Aided Drawing software. Analysis is also
conducted to ensure the design’s feasibility. Lastly, a full-scale model of the design is
constructed using 3D printing technology as prove of functionablity.
Keywords: ankle foot orthosis, cerebral palsy, ankle flexion, 3D printing.
INTRODUCTION
Problem Statement and Objectives
While it is crucial to provide physical treatments for these children, including the use of
suitable supporting devices, the available products in the market are usually complex and
expensive. The ankle foot orthoses available in the market are usually fixed at ninety degrees
angle or composed of a dynamic dorsiflexion damper. This might provide discomfort or even
pain for children who are in the beginner stage of orthotic treatment. Thus, this project aims
to design an adjustable ankle foot orthosis so that the angle or ankle flexion can be adjusted
little by little according to the children development. The design will compose of a simple
angle adjusting mechanism so that the production would not be too complex, hence, providing
a more affordable solution for the consumers.
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Scope
This product is intended to be used by cerebral palsy children, focusing on those who aged
from 10-12 years old. During this age, it is suitable to implement orthotics practice for
cerebral palsy children because they are ready for physical therapy. Children in the younger
age range might prefer assistive devices such as walkers. The design will be focused on
cerebral palsy children who experience foot deformity, especially those who have foot
equinus. Other regional interventions such as the spine, hip and knees will not be covered.
Various categories of cerebral palsy including diplegia and quadriplegia are covered in the
targeted consumers of the product, because it involves no use of the upper extremities.
Therefore, having difficulties with the upper limbs, namely the arms and hands would not be
a problem.
Literature Review
Cerebral Palsy is a well-recognized neurodevelopmental condition beginning in early
childhood and persisting through the lifespan (Rosenbaum et al., 2006). It can be caused by
brain injury or abnormal development during pregnancy, during birth, or immediately after
birth. The effects include abnormal body movement, muscle control and coordination, reflex,
posture, balance and motor skill. Often, people with cerebral palsy also experience
disturbances of sensation, cognition, perception, communication, behavior and seizure
disorders. Developmental delay or persistence of primitive reflexes is also present. The type
of dysfunction varies from one patient to another, and can be categorized geographically by
monoplegia, hemiplegia, paraplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia, double hemiplegia, and total
body.
Table 1. Categories of cerebral palsy (Agarwal & Verma, 2012)
Major types Description
Monoplegia One extremity involved
Both extremities on same side involved, usually upper

Hemiplegia
extremity involved more than lower extremity
Paraplegia Both lower extremities equally involved
Lower extremities more involved than upper extremities,

Diplegia
fine motor/sensory abnormalities in upper extremities.
Quadriplegia All extremities involved equally, normal head/neck control
Double hemiplegia All extremities involved, upper more than lower
Total body All extremities severely involved, upper more than lower
Children with cerebral palsy may present with several gait patterns due to muscular spasticity
and contractures. Subsequently, this limited range of motion leads to loss of functional
abilities (Kadhim & Miller, 2014). The most common spastic deformity in cerebral palsy is
equinus, which involves contracture of the gastrocnemius or the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle
tendon complex. If left untreated, children with this condition will experience progressive gait
deterioration, leading to even greater functional disabilities (Galey et al., 2017).
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One of the most effective approaches to help correct abnormal gait for cerebral palsy is
orthotics, which involves the use of synthetic or mechanical devices worn on the feet in order
to stabilize, heal, or prevent injury and deformity to weak muscles or joints (Bancroft et al.,
2011). Orthoses are commonly prescribed to children with cerebral palsy to provide foot
correction and to improve ambulatory function. They are believed to help correct abnormal
gait by allowing for maintenance of a neutral or slight dorsiflexion and a reduction of ankle
plantar flexion during swing phase and prevent foot drop during swing (Liu et al., 2017).
Orthotics is a sound postural control system that helps controlling deformities in children with
cerebral palsy and the effect can be observed if these systems are used for prolonged periods
of time (Cruz, 2017).
However, studies have found that among various regional interventions of cerebral palsy,
namely the hip, knee, and foot, the most common is foot deformities, with approximately
seventy to ninety percent of children affected (Agarwal & Verma, 2012). Therefore, this
project will be focusing on the design of a device that assists treatment on the foot region.
METHODOLOGY
The first and most fundamental process is problem identification. During this phase,
discussions are made and recognition of need is performed. Once problem has been identified,
a specified topic and the objectives of the project are set. The process is then followed by
literature review. Specific research is done about cerebral palsy, and as much information as
possible is collected using various resources such as books, journals, and articles from reliable
websites. From the overall research, it is decided that the study will be focusing on the design
of ankle foot orthoses for cerebral palsy children with equinus foot deformity.
Once the information had been gathered, design process is proceeded with idea generation
and conceptualization. During this process, the lack of the available product in the market is
surveyed and possible solutions are identified. Three concepts of the design are proposed by
sketching the design, including the detailed mechanism. The three concepts are then evaluated
using Pugh Method. Pugh Method is commonly used in engineering design to indicate the
best concept among the few options. It uses quantitative technique to rank multi-dimensional
option of an option set. Once all the criteria had been evaluated, the best concept is selected
for the design.
Prior to the finalized design, the design process needs to be preceded with the preliminary
design, which consists of the visualization of idea and clear representation of the mechanisms
involved in the selected design. On the other hand, the final design consists of detail
dimensions of each part of the design and must be transformed into technical drawings using
proper Computer Aided Drawing Software. In this project, it is decided that Solidworks 2016
is used because this software is more user friendly and is commonly used in a lot of
engineering companies.
The next process is analysis. Material selection and proper design are essential for developing
a new product, especially biomedical devices. Thus, static analysis shall be made to observe
the design’s loading and boundary conditions. Once the design has passed required analysis,
the design can then be proceeded to fabrication of model. The model will be constructed using
3D printing technology. This option is preferable over traditional manufacturing method
because not only it is cost effective, but also offers a huge time saving advantage, as designs
can just be uploaded from the CAD model and printed within a short period. Modifications
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shall be made in case of any defects or problems on the model and the design process will
then complete.
FINDINGS
Idea Generation and Conceptualization
Based on the research made, three conceptual designs were generated for the ankle foot
orthoses. All three concepts were made based on the idea that the ankle foot orthoses must be
adjustable. The differences between all three concepts are focusing on the angle adjusting
mechanism as well as the fit. To clearly visualize these concepts, three separate sketches have
been made prior to concept selection process.
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 1. Sketches of three concept selections
Concept Selection
Prior to the preliminary design, a quantitative assessment is carried out using Pugh method in
order to identify the best concept selection. The conceptual designs are evaluated based on the
criteria needed for an adjustable ankle foot orthosis, which are the fuctionability,
manufacturing cost, ease of installation, simplicity of design and the lifespan of the device.
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Table 2. Concept selection using Pugh Method
Concept
Criteria Weightage
(a) (b) (c)
Functionability 0.35 3 1 2
Manufacturing Cost 0.25 2 3 1
Ease of Installation 0.25 2 1 3
Simplicity of Design 0.15 1 2 3
Total 1.00 2.20 1.65 2.15
Based on the table, it can be concluded that concept (a) scores the highest weightage in the
assessment using Pugh Method. Therefore, concept (a) is selected as the best design and will
be proceeded to preliminary design.
Preliminary Design
The sketch of selected concept is transformed into Solidworks model for better visualization.
Figure 2. Model of Preliminary design
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Figure 3. Technical Drawing of the Model
CONCLUSIONS
Throughout the project, it can be concluded that this design has high potential in helping
children with cerebral palsy, specifically the ones experiencing foot drop or equinus. With aid
of physical therapy using this product, children may able to correct their walking pattern
effectively. This can be used daily, during walking and also as static bracing at night. This can
also be an assistive device in rehabilitation centers. However, a long period of therapy is
required to get the result. Continuous guidance and consultations from therapists would be
very helpful in achieving the best outcome. A further approach that can be made using this
device is focusing its use on a specific patient. By doing this, the behavior and functionability
of the device can be observed and any side effects can be determined. The effects can also be
further studied using computer aided software.
REFERENCES
A Agarwal, I. Verma. (2012). Cerebral palsy in children : an overview. Journal of clinical
orthopaedics and trauma, 3, 77-81.
S. P. Cruz (2017). Cerebral palsy and the use of positioning systems to control body posture:
current practices. Neurologia, 610-615.
M. Kadhim, F. Miller. (2014). Crouch gait changes after planovalgus foot deformity
correction in ambulatory children with cerebral palsy. Gait & Posture, 39, 793-798.
P. Rosenbaum, N. Paneth, A. Leviton, M. Goldstein, M. Bax (2006). The definition and

classification of cerebral palsy. Washington DC: UCP research and educational foundation.
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R.J. Bancroft, T. McDonough, J. Shakespeare, K. Lynas (2011). Orthotics. European

Geriatric Medicine, 2, 122-125.
S. A. Galey, Z. F. Lerner, T. C. Bulea, S. Zimbler, D. L. Damiano (2017). Effectiveness of

surgical and non-surgical management of crouch gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review.
Gait & Posture, 54, 93-105.
X.C. Liu, D. Embrey, C. Tassone, K. Zvara, B. Brandsma, R. Lyon, K. Goodfriend, S.

Tarima, J. Thometz (2017). Long-term effects of orthoses use on the changes of foot and
ankle joint motions of children with spastic cerebral palsy. American academy of physical
medicine & rehabilitation, in press.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
3PS-PMT: PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP

PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT TOOL (VERSION 4)
Nor Suzila Lop*, Kharizam Ismail, Haryati Mohd Isa and Natasha Khalil
Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch,
Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610, Perak, Malaysia.
E-mail: norsu993@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Malaysia has been ranked as the second highest country in Asia on its infrastructure
development through Malaysian Public Private Partnership (3Ps) projects. In this regard,
Malaysian government has set a target to become a developed nation under the 'Vision 2020'
country plan to meet high demands for public infrastructure development. Therefore, 3Ps is
anticipated to be one of the drivers of such developments. In Malaysia, privatisation of public
projects and 3Ps projects has begun since the 1980s and this trend has continued and
maintained until the Eleventh Malaysia Plan (2016-2020). Among the crucial elements in the
3Ps implementation is specifying the standard assessment of private concessionaires’
performance through the execution of key performance indicators (KPIs). Currently, KPIs
have served as the most useful performance measurement tool (PMT) in measuring
performance of 3Ps projects. However, the methods performed in assessing the performance
of 3Ps projects have been criticized among researchers during the implementation of 3Ps
projects in Malaysia. Therefore, 3Ps-PMT was develop to assist the construction stakeholders
to overwhelm this issue. With 3Ps-PMT, the performance level of the 3Ps projects can be
measured easily and more realistic to ensure value for money (VFM) is achieved. The facility
offered by 3Ps-PMT can also be adopted as a very effective Performance Audit Tool for
continuous learning in 3Ps project management.
Keywords: Public Private Partnership, Performance Measurement, Key Performaance

Indicators.
INTRODUCTION
The Public Private Partnership (3Ps) is one of the procurement methods that has been applied
widely in global construction market, including Malaysia. Malaysian government has
officially publicised the PFI approach under 3Ps programme in the Ninth Malaysian plan in
2006 which has become the kernel for the overall implementation of 3Ps in Malaysia. In the
Eleventh Malaysia Plan, the government's agenda is to emphasize private investment which is
a prime contributor to economic growth where the agenda is persistent since the 10th
Malaysia Plan. The concept of this scheme is to promote a contractual relationship between
public sector as a client and private sector as an asset creator and service provider
respectively.
As stated by Robinson & Scott (2009), the key principle of 3Ps is the relationship between
incentive payments and performance to the private sector based on successful services and
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facilities provided to the public sector throughout a whole life cycle of a project. Since it has a
significant relationship, the private sector must be able to provide high quality services as
required by the standard in terms of level, quality and timeline (Hashim et al., 2017). Hence,
monitoring of the performance is vital to be enforced by both parties (public and private) to
ensure that the VFM is achieved.
In conjunction with this, FM contractors need to design a comprehensive plan to

accommodate long-term public infrastructure and services. Even though a lot of initiative are
being made by the 3Ps stakeholders to improve the performance of 3Ps projects, however
there are numerous factors which might cause the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of these
projects’ performance. For instance; defects occurrence (Lop et al., 2017; Isa et al., 2016;
Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2016); complaints from users on poor facilities and services
provided; low level of users’ satisfaction (Lop et al., 2017; Universiti Teknologi MARA,
2015; 2016); and conflict between payment and measuring performance (Oyedele, 2013;
Yescombe, 2008). These factors can contribute to the 3Ps poor projects’ performance and
consequently will affect the payment process. In this circumstance, payment deduction will be
imposed to the concessionaire for low level performance standard achievement (Oyedele,
2013). As reported by the NAO (2010), service failure and poor performance in maintenance
works are frequently reported within 3Ps projects in the UK and Australia. This result leads to
the poor 3Ps project implementation and consequently failed to achieve VFM.
Despite, a lot of studies on 3Ps implementation have been conducted with the aim to improve
the performance, nonetheless, the contributing factors that affect the 3Ps performance at
specific O&M phase have been less discussed. A previous study by Hashim et al. (2017) has
found that performance measurement systems through KPIs are among the critical issues that
continuously debated in Malaysian 3Ps projects. However, the number of studies on the KPIs
of the 3Ps is extremely minimal. Past studies also inclined towards identifying success
factors, however, there is lack of discussion by previous researchers to identify the failure
factors that lead to the poor projects’ performance. Therefore, developing a robust
performance measurement system with relevant metrics to capture a wide range of services
and choosing the appropriate indicators for measuring the performance is a major challenge.
In align with this aim, two objectives are arise which are to identify an appropriate KPIs for
measuring the operational performance of 3Ps projects and to determine the relative
importance weight for KPIs in measuring the operational performance of 3Ps projects. Mixed
method approach was adopted which begin with qualitative approach via semi-structured
interview (case study) followed by quantitative approach via questionnaire AHP method.
Thus, it is necessary to develop the performance measurement tool (PMT) which based on
KPIs for measuring the performance of 3Ps projects in order to improve the quality and
projects’ performance.
METHODOLOGY
The construction of the 3Ps-PMT has been through several important phases of data
collection. Figure 1 shows the methodology framework for the study. The first phase of study
was focuses on the literature review. At this stage, exploration of the relevant issues regarding
the KPIs evaluation, exploration of the problem statement and gaps, establishment of the
research aim and objectives, and the development of data collection strategy will be
conducted. The review covers the global and current issues of 3Ps in Malaysia in order to find
the gaps. The sources of data for this study will be gathered from several sources such as;
journals, articles, newspaper articles, conference papers and professional and government
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reports.
The second phase is the preliminary via semi-structured interviews which aimed to identify
the issues, importance and challenges of KPIs implementation as a tool to measure the
operational performance of 3Ps projects. The interviews designed to gather deeper insights on
the KPIs implementation for 3Ps projects in Malaysia as such details were not available in the
literature. The data from both methods have been analysed using a thematic technique
(Atlas.ti@8).
The third phase is conducting case study via semi-structured interviews (qualitative
approach). This is an exploratory approach which the aim of the interviews is to explore a
phenomenon by identifying appropriate indicators for measuring the performance. The
interviews were conducted through a face-to-face interview with professionals and experts in
the 3Ps projects. The main objectives of this stage are to determine the operational key
performance indicators implemented for 3Ps projects. Then, the data will be analysed via the
thematic technique (Atlas.ti@8).
The fourth phase is conducting the main survey, which is via questionnaire distribution
(quantitative approach) after the results from the third phase are obtained. This questionnaire
is using the AHP method. Participants involved in the questionnaire AHP method were 3Ps
expert which selected based on the pre-set criteria. The main objective of this stage is to
prioritise and determine the relative importance weightage of the indicators. The data
gathered were then be analysed by using Computer Package the Expert Choice 11 software
for multi-criteria decision making. This approach is used to prioritise the indicators according
to their level of importance and assigning the relative importance weightage for each
indicator.
Finally, the fifth phase is the development of the 3Ps-PMT and the validation process. The
result derived from the third and fourth phases had been used to develop the 3Ps-PMT which
further be validated by the 3Ps experts (top level management) via a semi-structured
interview. The purpose of conducting the validation is to ensure that the applicability and
reliability of the developed framework are achieved.
Figure 1. Methodology Framework
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FINDINGS
Development of 3Ps-PMT
The development of the 3Ps-PMT is based on the results of the semi-structured interview and
the questionnaire survey, which were previously mentioned in the methodology section. The
uniqueness and novelty of the 3Ps-PMT were explained in the following sections a-d.
a) Product Description
The proposed 3Ps-PMT was developed as a tool for measuring the performance of 3Ps
projects in Malaysia. It provides a solution for construction stakeholders (public and private)
in measuring and monitoring the performance of 3Ps projects in Malaysia. This product also
is useful and benefited in improving the delivery of public infrastructure in order to achieve
value for money (VFM).
b) Benefits to Society
The 3Ps-PMT will be valuable to the 3Ps practitioners, organisations and stakeholders who
are specifically involved in the O&M phases of the projects. It anticipates to provide value
added and benefited to the 3Ps stakeholders i.e; public sector, private sector and end users.
For the public sector, it can enhance the credibility in measuring the performance and
monitoring the quality of the service deliveries and facilities provided by the private sector. It
differs for the private sector which it can benefit in improving the quality and performance
level of service deliveries and facilities provided to the public sector. By applying this 3Ps-
PMT, it will help to avoid payment deduction and conflict between payment and
performance. Finally, the implementation of these 3Ps-PMT will enhance the level of end
users satisfaction towards the quality of services deliveries and facilities provided by the
private sector and simultaneously achieve best value for money.
c) Novelty and Uniqueness

The proposed 3Ps-PMT provides a more holistic assessment approach. Developed and
established through multiple strategies, with participation of the multiple stakeholders as
experts as collaboration process. Validated in regards to various instruments such as academic
theories, semi-structured interviews, questionnaire survey and also Analytical Hierarchy
Process (AHP) method. This 3Ps-PMT can be executed to all types of projects such as Build
Operate Transfer (BOT), the Build Lease Transfer (BLT), the Build Lease Maintain and
Transfer (BLMT), the Build Own Operate (BOO), the Design Build Finance Operate (DBFO)
and the Private Finance Initiative (PFI) under the umbrella of 3Ps approach. This 3Ps-PMT
product also is easily developed into a user-friendly computer software in order to enhance
the usability and practicality of the products. Finally, the novelty of 3Ps-PMT is served for
continuing learning for improving the 3Ps project management. Concurrently, it would
facilitate the stakeholders in managing the performance and implementation of the 3Ps
projects.
d) Potential Commercialization
Infrastructure and Infostructure Development, Universiti Teknologi MARA in collaboration
with Public Private Partnership Unit, Prime Minister Department of Malaysia (UKAS)
currently working on the extension 3Ps-PMT. An additional element in the performance
measurement tool can significantly provide added value to the 3Ps practioners (multiple
stakeholders) in determining level of 3Ps projects performance. It also potential to extent it
application (generalization) which can be executed for different types of projects under
different 3Ps approach.
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CONCLUSIONS
The development of 3Ps-PMT anticipates to provide good challenge in resolving the current
issues on the Malaysian 3Ps performance measurement. Technically, this product has gone
through an empirically testing via AHP method in providing a holistic approach in measuring
performance of 3Ps projects. Expert judgments have been used to rank the priority of
indicators and decided the relative importance weights in order to ensure the measurements
are made more precise and realistic. It also provides benefits and value added to the other
stakeholders, where it can be extended to other projects that use similar with 3Ps approach.
REFERENCES
Hashim, H., Che-Ani, A., & Ismail, K. (2017). Public Private Partnership (PPP) Project
Performance in Malaysia: Identification of Issues and Challenges. International Journal
Supply Chain Management. 6(2), 265–275.
Isa, M.H., Ismail, K., Halmi, Z., Othman, M.F. (2016). Tracking Architectural Defects in
University Building in Malaysia. 4th International Building Control Conference. Kuala
Lumpur Malaysia.
Lop, N. S., Ismail, K., & Isa, H. M. (2017). The Implementation of Key Performance
Indicators in the Malaysian Private Finance Initiative Projects. Environment-Behaviour
Proceedings Journal. 2(5), 95.
National Audit Office. (2010). The Performance and Management of Hospital PFI Contracts,
68.
Oyedele, L.O. (2013). Avoiding Performance Failure Payment Deduction in PPP/PPP

Projects: Model of Critical Success Factors. Performance of Constructed Facilities. 27(3),
0887-3828.
Robinson, H. S. H., & Scott, J. (2009). Service delivery and performance monitoring in
PFI/PPP projects. Construction Management and Economics. 27(2), 181–197.
Universiti Teknologi MARA (2015). Laporan Audit Fasiliti & Perkhidmatan. Perak.
Universiti Teknologi Mara, Cawangan Perak.
Universiti Teknologi MARA (2016). Laporan Prestasi Konsesi. Selangor. Bahagian Dasar
Operasi PFI, Pejabat Pembangunan Infrastruktur.
Yescombe, E. R. (2008). The Social Sector : PFI Schools projects in the U.K ., (November),
1–18.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
ZUMBA DANCE APPS : EVERYONE CAN ZUMBA
Irdayu Ibrahim1, Noraida Abdul Ghani1, Nurulhuda Ramli1, Nor Atikah Hussien2 and
Md Nor Irwan Shah Md Ab Rahim3
1
School of Distance Education, USM, 11800 Minden, Penang
2
Zumba Instructor, 11700 Gelugor, Penang
3
Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Balik Pulau, 11000 Balik Pulau, Penang
E-mail: irdayu_ibrahim@yahoo.com
Abstract: Everyone Can Zumba is an application constructed by using Adobe Flash

Professional CS6 integrated with Action Script 3.0. Recent zumba applications consist of
many zumba videos to be followed by the users but not all of them can follow the steps
especially seniors users. Everyone Can Zumba application is good news for those who want
to stay fit and healthy by practising zumba regardless of their age/health. This application
consists of zumba dance videos which is categorised by age and health condition. Moreover,
the application is user friendly and can be downloaded through smartphones with android
operating system. A pilot study on user’s feedback (perception of usefullness, satisfaction and
content of the application) is done using the Z-Number CCR model approach.
Keywords: Zumba, Mobile application, Z-number DEA approach .
INTRODUCTION
Zumba is a fitness program that combines Latin and international music with dance moves.
Zumba routines incorporate interval training with alternating fast and slow rhythms and
resistance training. Zumba is originated by celebrity fitness trainer, "Beto" Perez that
stumbled upon the concept of Latin-inspired dance-fitness in his native Cali, Colombia in the
middle 1990s. One day, he walked into his aerobics class and realized he had forgotten his
aerobics music. Thinking quickly, he grabbed whatever tapes he had in his car. Beto's tapes
comprised of songs he loved, the traditional Latin salsa and merengue music he listened to all
his life. It was a challenge to improvise a whole class on the spot using non-traditional
aerobics music. However, Beto rose to the challenge and from this last-minute improvisation
a revolutionary new concept in fitness, the Zumba Fitness-Party, was born (Pam Murphy,
2017). Zumba is a very interesting approach towards a healthy lifestyle and became a second
option for those who find exercising in a gym or jogging no longer a fun way to keep fit.
Recently, there are few applications on android system regarding Zumba dance exercise. Most
of the applications consist of lists of zumba dance videos that can be followed by users. This
can help people doing exercise anywhere they want even in a bedroom. The problem arose
when some of the users cannot follow the dance steps that have been provided or the steps do
not suit their health condition, especially the seniors. The dance steps are usually suitable for
normal healthy adults. The zumba dance steps for seniors should focus on all elements of
fitness such as cardiovascular, muscular conditioning, flexibility and balance (Zumba, 2018).
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It is a well-known fact that fitness is an essential part of children’s health. However, there is
no Zumba dance application available for kids. Zumba, which literally means “moving
quickly and having fun” is a perfect way to incorporate into the kids’ lives. It is a fun and
easy way with multiple personal and social benefits. Zumba Kids features the famous Zumba
Fitness music, rhythms, and beats along with Zumba choreography broken into kid-friendly
routines. Giving children an outlet to jump, dance, shake, and swing their hips, it’s the perfect
recipe for fitness fun. Zumba Kids also adds age-appropriate games and activities, helping
children gain coordination, self-confidence, overcome fears, learn about teamwork, and much
more (HealthPROLearn, 2018). Everyone Can Zumba application combined all the three
categories (kids, adult and seniors) into one application so that all people regardless their
age/health category can join zumba dance exercise.
A pilot study on user’s feedback (perception of usefullness, satisfaction and content of the
application) is done using the Z-Number CCR model approach. This method uses the
trapezoidal fuzzy numbers as it can capture the vagueness of linguistic assessment from
respondents.
METHODOLOGY
Everyone Can Zumba is an application developed using Adobe Flash Professional CS6
integrated with Action Script 3.0. The application is developed in collaborating with ZIN Nor
Atikah Binti Hussien and friends. ZIN Nor Atikah Binti Hussien a Zumba instructor with four
years of experience.
Everyone Can Zumba Apps consists of five main menu namely History of Zumba, Zumba
Advantages, 10 Top Health Benefits of Zumba, Everyone Can Zumba Apps User’s Feedback
and Select Your Category. Specifically, History of Zumba menu explains on how and when
the zumba started. Zumba advantages menu consists of a list of benefits when practising
zumba. Informations on how practising zumba can give you a healthy life is on Top 10 Health
Benefits of Zumba menu. Select Your Category menu is where you need to choose your age
category either as kids, adult or seniors. After clicking on this menu, there are few questions
that you need to answer in order to lead you to a suitable dance practice according to your
health status. Then, it will direct you to a new menu on Select Your Songs (Malay, English,
Hindi, Latin and Songs Compilation) which you can choose to dance. The last icon in the
main menu is Everyone Can Zumba Apps User’s Feedback.
A pilot study on user’s feedback (perception of usefullness, satisfaction and content of the
application) is done using the Z-Number CCR model approach. Questionnaires were
distributed to 30 respondents from three different age categories. The questionnaires consists
of three sections which are Usefulness, Satisfaction and Content. In total there were nine
questions that had to be answered in the Z-Number form, Z=(A, B), where A is the answer
given by the respondent which was converted from the linguistics term to trapezoidal fuzzy
numbers and B is the uncertainty given by the respondents towards his/her answer in A. The
efficiency value resulted from the model shows how efficient this application is on users. The
efficiency value for kids is 0.8613, for adult is 0.9440 and for seniors is 0.9203 which means
people even from different age category agreed that this is an efficient application to use.
Figure 1 below shows the layout of the Everyone Can Zumba Apps.
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Figure 1. Layout of Everyone Can Zumba Application
CONCLUSIONS
Exercise is very important in our daily life because it leads to a healthier lifestyle. Exercise
will not only maintain our health condition but also can also reduce our stress. Currently,
zumba has become a very popular fitness exercise internationally (Erin Kelly, 2018). Zumba
is one of the fitness exercises that can be practiced anywhere and it is less stressful compared
to exercising in a gym because Zumba just need you to move and sweat. There are many
zumba applications on android but the dance steps are not categorized by age/health.
Everyone Can Zumba application helps people to have a healthier lifestyle regardless of their
age/health category. Feedback from people who tried the application is calculated using the Z-
number CCR model with trapezoidal fuzzy numbers. Results showed high efficiency value
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which indicate the application is very useful for everyone regardless their age/health category.
Now, Everyone Can Zumba and have a healthy lifetsyle.
REFERENCES
Erin Kelly. (2018). The Suprising Health Benefits of Zumba. Retrieved from
https://www.healthline.com/health/fitness-exercise/benefits-of-zumba
Health Fitness Revolution. (2015, April 10). Top 10 Health Benefits of Zumba. Retrieved
from http://www.healthfitnessrevolution.com/top-10-health-benefits-zumba/
HealthPROLearn. (2018). Zumba Kids. Retrieved from http://learn.healthpro.com/zumba-

kids/
Pam Murphy. (2017, September 11). Origins of Zumba. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/339452-origins-of-zumba/
Zumba. (2018). Zumba for Gold. Retrieved from https://www.zumba.com/en-

US/party/classes/class-zumba-gold
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
FIRE SAFETY USING FIRE ESCAPE APPS
Nurulhuda Ramli1, Noraida Abdul Ghani1, Nazihah Ahmad2, Irdayu Ibrahim1 and
Md Nor Irwan Shah Md Ab Rahim3
1
Mathematics Division, School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800
Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
2
Institute of Strategic Industrial Decision Modelling, School of Quantitative Science, College
of Arts and Sciences, Universiti Utara Malaysia, 06010 UUM Sintok, Kedah, Malaysia
3
Department of Mechatronic, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Balik Pulau, 11000 Balik
Pulau, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
E-mail: nurulhramli@gmail.com
Abstract: The escape process from hazardous events to a safer place is the most crucial aspect
during fire events. When a fire occurs, the human reaction is determined by his/her perception
and understanding of the environment. FIRE ESCAPE is a mobile application developed to
educate people on how to respond and behave appropriately during a fire event. It contains a
collection of fire safety information, animation and simulation of human behaviour during
fire. The special feature of FIRE ESCAPE is that it contains the state-of-the-art human
behaviour model found in the fire safety literature which identifies the most influential factors
or conditions that can lead to survival and successful evacuation. The model is validated by
the experts in the field of psychology and risk studies. With it’s intuitive interface, this apps is
intended for various level of society and can be used as an educational tool or learning
supplement for fire safety training. Survey results from 20 respondents show that the
application contains relevant contents, encourages knowledge discovery on fire safety, is easy
to use, is highly engaging, has direct feedback from the fire safety trainer and is able to share
the apps on other social media platform.
Keywords: FIRE ESCAPE, Fire safety, Evacuation, Human behaviour, Mobile apps
INTRODUCTION
Actions or behaviours of people in responding to an early stage of fire become an important
aspect of survival. This is because the behaviour much depends on the perception and
numerous considerations of the fire situation. The human behaviours during fire evacuation
have been modelled using computer evacuation models, for example EVACNET (Francis and
Saunders 1979), Gridflow (Bensilum and Purser 2003), EGRESS (Ketchell et al. 1993),
buildingEXODUS (Galea et al. 2004) and Legion (Legion International Limited 2003).
However, individual features of the physical, socio-psychological and decision making
capabilities in these model are often excluded due to the difficulty in collecting data (Sime
1995; Gwynne et al. 1999; Gwynne 2012). On other platform such as the mobile application,
the simulation of human behaviour during fire is hardly available.
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This study aims to represent the aspect of human behaviour during a fire in an evacuation
simulation. The objective of this study is to develop a mobile application, namely the FIRE
ESCAPE that contains information and simulation of human behaviour during a fire event.
The human behaviours modelled in the FIRE ESCAPE are taken from Radianti and Granmo
(2014) that represent three different stages of human behaviour, the perception phase, fire
cues and validation phase and movement phase. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is
the first attempt to integrate a state-of-art theoretical model of human behaviour during a fire
event in a mobile application. This novel and early-proposed FIRE ESCAPE apps also has
involved the cooperation in of Jabatan Bomba dan Penyelamat Malaysia (JBPM) in providing
inputs and data.
METHODOLOGY
The apps is developed using Adobe Flash Professional CS6 with AIR 24.0, and integrated
with Action Script 3.0. Figure 1 shows the front page of FIRE ESCAPE that has seven main
menus: INTRO, HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN FIRE, ESCAPE GAMES, ESCAPE ANIMATION,
FIRE POSTERS, FEEDBACK & SHARE and ABOUT US.
Figure 1. Front page of FIRE ESCAPE
The special feature on HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN FIRE menu is that it contains the human
behaviour model which is based on the state-of-the-art model found in the fire safety
literature. This study uses the conceptual model of human behaviour during a fire evacuation
proposed by Radianti and Granmo (Radianti and Granmo 2014) (see Figure 2). As shown in
Figure 2, the model of human behaviour during a fire event consists of three phases:
perception, fire cues validation and definition, and movement. In the perception phase,
occupants receive fire cues by audio (from announcements), visual cues (visual sign such as
smoke or flame from a hazard location) and prior fire incident or fire knowledge. In the
second phase, occupants interpret the received cues consistent with what he/she defines as a
serious fire. The perceived cues, prior knowledge and familiarity with the building layout will
affect the emotional state, stress level and thus define whether the situation is a serious fire
and a risk to themselves or others. The last phase is the movement phase where the evacuees
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finally perform the action that they have decided. The model has been validated by the experts
in the field of psychology and risk studies. In addition, this model has been integrated in the
ESCAPE GAMES menu (see Figure 3) to simulate the possible consequences of each variable
and estimate the resulting behaviour.
Experience
ESCAPE
Audio Fire Emotional Stress Perceived

cues cues stability hazard
IMMOBILE
Visual Layout
cues familiarity
PERCEPTION FIRE CUES VALIDATION AND MOVEMENT

PHASE DEFINITION PHASE PHASE
Figure 2. Human Behavior during Fire Evacuation model embedded in HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IN FIRE menu (Source:
Radianti and Granmo, 2014)
Figure 3. ESCAPE GAMES menu
FINDINGS
In order to determine the effectiveness of the FIRE ESCAPE, a survey was conducted among
20 respondents at Penang, Malaysia. The evaluation criteria have been adopted from Vincent
(2012) in evaluating the effectiveness of the mobile apps in educating people. There are six
main criteria, namely relevance, knowledge discovery, user friendliness, engagement,
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feedback and sharing. The score is rated at a 4-point scale. Descriptive statistics were used to
measure the general level of user acceptance on the mobile applicationas a medium to learn
fire safety. Apart from that, users also provided their responses to open ended questions
regarding what can be improved on the educational aspects of the interactive mobile
application and what features should be added to improve the application.
From the evaluation results in Figure 5, it can be concluded that the application contains
relevant contents, encourages knowledge discovery on fire safety, is easy to use, is highly
engaging, has direct feedback from the fire safety trainer and is able to share the apps on other
social media platform.
Figure 5. Evaluation results
The unique and novelty characteristic of the FIRE ESCAPE is the use of an attractive
technology-based tool, i.e. mobile devices which is user-friendly in order to educate people
and create awareness on how to respond and behave appropriately during a fire event.
Moreover, the outcome of the learning process through this apps is the ability to identify the
most important behavior or conditions that can lead to a survival. Additionally, the apps can
be enhanced by the involvement of various parties such as fire engineers, computer scientist,
mathematicians, social scientists and psychologists to fit the reality or actual human behavior
during a fire evacuation.
CONCLUSIONS
A mobile application on fire safety, FIRE ESCAPE is being developed. It contains a
collection of fire safety information, animation and simulation of human behaviour during
fire. The theoretical grounding of human behaviour model was taken from the literature of
fire safety and validated by the experts in the field. This invention can potentially contribute
to the various level of society. İt can serve as an educational tools for individuals, parents,
teachers or even as a learning supplement during the fire safety training. Finally, Android
Application Package (APK) of FIRE ESCAPE can be distributed for commercialisation
purpose.
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REFERENCES
Bensilum, Mark, and David Purser. 2003. “GridFlow: An Object-Oriented Building
Evacuation Model Combining Pre-Movement and Movement Behaviours for Performance-
Based Design.” In Fire Safety Science - Proceeding of The Seventh International Symposium,
941–53. Garston, Watford, United Kingdom: International Association for Fire Safety
Science. doi:10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.7-941.
Francis, R L., and P B. Saunders. 1979. “EVACNET : Prototype Network Optimization

Models for Building.” National Institute of Standards and Technology U.S. Department of
Commerce. www.nist.gov/node/628306.
Galea, ER, S Gwynne, PJ Lawrence, L Filippidis, D Blackshields, and D Cooney. 2004.

“buildingEXODUS V4. 0 User Guide and Technical Manual Authors.” Fire Safety
Engineering Group, University of Greenwich, London.
Gwynne, S.M.V. 2012. “Representing Egress Data.” Fire and Materials 36: 441–57.
doi:10.1002/fam.
Gwynne, S, ER Galea, M Owen, PJ Lawrence, and L Filippidis. 1999. “A Review of the

Methodologies Used in the Computer Simulation of Evacuation from the Built Environment.”
Building and Environment 34 (6): 741–49. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.
Ketchell, N., S. Cole, D.M. Webber, C.A. Marriott, P.J. Stephens, I.R. Brearley, J. Fraser, J.
Dohney, and J. Smart. 1993. “The EGRESS Code for Human Movement and Behaviour in
Emergency Evacuations.” Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute, University of
Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
Legion International Limited. 2003. “Legion Pedestrian Simulations.”

http://www.legion.com/.
Radianti, Jaziar, and Ole-Christoffer Granmo. 2014. “A Framework for Assessing the
Condition of Crowds Exposed to a Fire Hazard Using a Probabilistic Model.” International
Journal of Machine Learning and Computing 4 (1): 14–20. doi:10.7763/IJMLC.2014.V4.379.
Sime, J. D. 1995. “Crowd Psychology and Engineering.” Safety Science 21 (1): 1–14.
doi:10.1016/0925-7535(96)81011-3.
Vincent,T. 2012. “Ways to Evaluate Educational Apps”.

https://learninginhand.com/blog/ways-to-evaluate-educational-apps.html.
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USING ‘TETSI’ TO HELP TEACHERS IDENTIFY

POTENTIAL EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY SKILLS
Siti Sarah Binti Mohd Johari1, Nazirah Ahmad Azli1, Marzuki Ab.Manan2 and Rozhan M.
Idrus3
1
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang
2
Intel Technology Sdn. Bhd, Pulau Pinang
3
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Negeri Sembilan
E-mail: sitisarahmjohari@gmail.com
Abstract:Supporting a constructivist approach to teaching and learning, technology is used as

knowledge-building tools and that pretty much is what is understood about best practices for
integrating technology into the curriculum. However, greater understanding of its impact on
the interactions of learners of all ages is yet to be explored. The government allocated billions
of ringgit providing a complete platform for schools and teachers to integrate ICT into their
teaching and learning process in the classrooms, however ICT usage in schools continues to
lag expectations-both in terms of quantity and quality (MoE, 2012). Many barriers preventing
teachers from effectively using technology, such as teachers’ lack of knowledge and skills in
technology integration and many teachers do not have the support needed to effectively
integrate it. Therefore, four aspects of learning: tasks, interactions, situations and tools are
formatively observed. This project introduces an innovative framework or process by using
Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) model ‘level of adoption’ of technology integration
to help teachers identify the level of adoption they are in. Through this framework, the
teachers are able to rate themselves accordingly (Entry, Adoption, Adaptation, Appropriation
and Invention) and will be able to help them find out their potential educational technology
skills and make use of technology tools that will help them and students adjust to the
innovation. Therefore, inspired by this model, researchers try to come up with a web
application called Teacher’s Educational Technology Skills Identifier (TETSI) that will help
teachers determine or identify what phase or level they might be in. Learning how to use the
technology is hard enough for some teachers and by helping them to recognize their potential
educational technology skills hopefully will be a good start to help support teachers who are
looking for a powerful tool to support collaborative learning environment through technology.
Keywords:learners interactions, level of adoption, educational technology, constructivism,

teaching and learning
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the countries in the past few decades, the use of educational technology in
schools as means to improve student learning has received extensive attention with the advent
of the internet and a variety of software and hardware applications (Miller, 2006). The
acquisition of hardware and computer network infrastructure has become the focus,
predominantly by the school districts in the pursuit of educational technology goals
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(Anderson & Becker, 2001).Moreover, from the first introduction of single computers for use
in the classrooms, to stand-alone computer labs with limited skill-based software, to school
wide distributive networks of computers running prescriptive curriculum-driven software
applications, to wide area networks featuring broadband internet access and streaming video,
these innovations have ranged over that time period (Parsad & Jones, 2005).
The First Malaysia Plan, 1966-1970, stated that ‘unless the educational system is geared to
meet the development needs of the country, there will be a misallocation of an important
economic resource, which will slow down the rate of economic and social advance (UNDP,
2005). During the Tenth Malaysia Plan, almost all primary and secondary schools were
equipped with internet access and a virtual learning platform for teachers and principals to
access various learning resources to help them improve their practices (Economic Planning
Unit, 2015). In the latest Malaysian Education Blueprint 2013-2025, the Malaysian
government plans in the long-term to equip more ICT facilities within Malaysian schools for
students’ ICT literacy and to support future innovations in pedagogical practices (Ministry of
Education Malaysia, 2012, p. 163). In the same education plan, the project titled 1BestariNet
plans to provide Internet access and virtual learning environments to all 10,000 Malaysian
schools by the middle of 2013 (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2012, p. 41), providing a
complete platform for teachers to integrate ICT into their teaching and learning process in
their classrooms. Moreover, the MEB 2013-2025 even mentioned the reasons why it is
important to leverage ICT in order to scale up quality of learning across Malaysia,
…the Ministry has spent more than RM6 billion on information and communication
technology (ICT) over the past decade in education initiatives such as smart schools—
one of the most capital-intensive investments the system has undertaken. However,
ICT usage in schools continues to lag expectations—both in terms of quantity and
quality. For example, a 2010 Ministry study found that approximately 80% of teachers
spend less than one hour a week using ICT, and only a third of students perceive
their teachers to be using ICT regularly. Critically, the 2012 UNESCO review found
that ICT usage has not gone much further than the use of word-processing applications
as an instructional tool. ICT has tremendous potential to accelerate the learning of a
wide range of knowledge and thinking skills. However, this potential has yet to be
achieved. (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2012, p. 41)
As mentioned before, the government plans to provide internet access and virtual learning
environments (VLE) to all Malaysian schools eventually, which will ensure the availability of
computer technology and therefore will enhance the teaching and learning in schools.
Students will enjoy greater personalization of their educational experience and they will also
be able to learn at their own pace, with teachers acting as facilitators rather than direct content
providers (Ministry of Education Malaysia, 2012).While access and availability to computer
technologies has significantly increased in schools throughout the country, questions persist
as to the actual impact these technologies are having in the planning and delivery of
instruction as well as the perceived benefits to the learning process. Billions of ringgit is
allocated for information and communication technology (ICT) in educational programmes
and initiatives yet little information is available about the effectiveness and impact of past and
present initiatives (UNICEF, 2014). In 1985, Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow (ACOT) began
a longitudinal research study to investigate how the routine use of technology by teachers and
students would affect teaching and learning. One of the main concerns in the research, it was
noted that there are many barriers preventing teachers from effectively using technology, such
as varied access (by social class, gender, race, and native language), the way it is used (low
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achieving students are less likely to use technology to enhance critical thinking skills) and
teachers’ lack of knowledge and skills in technology integration (Sandholtz, Ringstaff &
Dwyer, 1997).In short, they do not have the support needed to effectively integrate it. In
addition, the researchers disagree with the accusations of many people who continue to blame
teachers for the lack of technology integration in schools; without considering the context for
teaching, teacher beliefs about teaching and learning, and professional development. On the
other hand, the ACOT study found that when technology integration was used as one of many
teaching strategies, when it was integrated into the larger curricular framework, when tool
applications (word processing, hypermedia, etc.) were emphasized and when teachers
adjusted the use of technology to individual differences in interest and ability; there were a
multitude of positive effects on students.
This project introduces an innovative framework or process by using Apple Classrooms of

Tomorrow (ACOT) model ‘level of adoption’ of technology integration to help teachers
identify the level of adoption they are in. Through this framework, the teachers are able to rate
themselves accordingly (Entry, Adoption, Adaptation, Appropriation and Invention) and will
be able to help them identify their potential educational technology skills and make use of
technology tools that will help them and students adjust to the innovation. Learning how to
use the technology is hard enough for some teachers, and by being able to help them
recognize their potential educational technology skills hopefully will be a good start to help to
support teachers looking for a powerful tool to support collaborative learning environment
through technology.
THE FRAMEWORK
This framework in Table 1, are the five stages of instructional evolution in the ACOT
classrooms which include: Entry, Adoption, Adaptation, Appropriation and Invention
(Sandholtz, Ringstaff & Dwyer, 1991). In this model, text-based curriculum delivered in a
lecture-recitation-seat work mode is first strengthened through the use of technology and then
gradually replaced by far more dynamic learning experiences for the students. Inspired by this
model, researchers try to come up with an application that will help teachers determine or
identify what phase or level they might be in. Once they have identified the level, the teachers
are able to increase their knowledge of theories on teaching and learning, encouraging them to
share acquired knowledge and skills and will help them to get ongoing-support from the top
administrative body for professional development. The application will also provide
suggestions of application tools in that hopefully will be useful for teachers to support or
integrate them in their instructions.
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Table 1. Instructional Evolution in Technology-Intensive Classrooms
INSTRUCTIONAL COLLEGIAL
PHASE DESCRIPTION PEDAGOGY
TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION
Lecture
Learn the basics of using
Entry Text Recitation Emotional Support
new technology.
Seatwork
Use new technology to Lecture Emotional Support
Adoption support traditional Text Recitation Technical
instruction. Seatwork Assistance
Lecture
Text Emotional Support
Recitation
Integrate new technology Technical
Seatwork
Adaptation into traditional classroom Assistance
practice. High Computer Instructional
Play &
Access Sharing
Experiment
Lecture
Text Recitation
Seatwork
Focus on cooperative,
Emotional Support
project-based and
Technical
interdisciplinary work — Individualized
Assistance
Appropriation incorporating the Cooperative
Instructional
technology as needed and Project-based
Sharing
as one of many tools. Simulation
Collaboration
Interdisciplinary
High Computer Distance
Access Multimodal
Self-paced
Invention Discover new uses for Immediate Computer Interact
technology tools, for Access Do
example, developing Create
spreadsheet macros for
teaching algebra or
designing projects that
combine multiple
technologies.
THE WEB APPLICATION

The application will have two categories as in Figure 1; Know Your Skill Level and Web
Educational Tools. First, the application will determine whether the user is the beginner user
or experienced user based on the questions provided. These questions were adopted from
Fisher (2000) whose study examined the degree of information technology literacy
competencies. According to Fisher, beginner users were segmented as those who rated
themselves as having ‘no skills’ or ‘beginner’ skills on all of the general ability items. The
distinction between ‘experienced’ and ‘beginner’ is justified based on the breadth of their skill
level across all six criteria (Fisher, 2000). After the app identify whether he or she is the
beginner or experienced user, the app will help the user to determine the skill level of the
educational technology integration.
There are five phases or stages in the model; Entry, Adoption, Adaptation, Appropriation and
Invention. The Entry and Adoption phases will be grouped under beginner users and the
remaining three phases will be categorized under experienced users. The reason the first two
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phases are categorized under ‘beginner’ is because their criteria fits the beginner skills which
is learning the basic of the new technology and only use them to support the traditional
instructions. The remaining three phases are grouped under experienced users because they
are more likely integrating educational technology into instructional activities. Know Your
Skill Level will help the users to be able to recognize their potential skills level and will be
able to make use of technology tools that will help them and students adjust to the innovation.
Hopefully, the identification of their skill level will be useful to help them to get ongoing-
support such as to get professional development and will be able to provide as much
information and knowledge especially regarding teachers comfort with technology.
Secondly, the Web Educational Tools as in Table 2 can act as an archive where the
educational tools from various sources from the internet is put in one place. This category will
act as useful links for teachers especially for those who are interested in exploring various
resources to help them in their instructions. Teachers can always browse and look into these
applications and learn how to use them so that they can slowly integrate technology into
classroom environment formatively.
Figure 1. Teacher’s Educational Technology Skills Identifier Flowchart
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Table 2. Web Educational Tools as teacher's helper (Reference: Educational Technology and Mobile Learning,
https://www.educatorstechnology.com)
Educational Web
Purpose Description
tools
Collect formative assessment and provide real-time feedback
Plickers
to students.
Edpuzzle Create video lessons and track your students understanding.
Enhance students learning with various tools, games and
Quizlet
flashcards.
Create boards, add different forms of content and invite others
Padlet
to collaborate in real-time.
Create interactive lessons; get real-time feedback and post-
Nearpod
session reports on your students understanding.
A good visual way to enhance collaborative work and organize
Classroom Trello
group projects.
Management Websites
for teachers A suite of excellent tools to store documents and create
Google Drive
documents, presentations, spreadsheets, and drawings.
Build productive classroom communities with parents and
Classdojo
students.
A great platform to connect with students, ‘creates classes,
Google Classroom
distribute assignments, communicate, and stay organized’.
Access tons of student interactive, learning tools, professional
ReadWriteThink development materials and several other resources to use in
class.
Create interactive videos by adding questions and monitor
Playposit
students’ performance.
Create Beautiful Easy and simple to use and does not require prior knowledge
Crello
Visuals for your class of graphic design.
Join a creative community of story tellers and get inspired to
Storybird
write your own stories.
Provides you with a set of pre-designed characters, scenes and
Witty Comics dialogue boxes to write your story. You need to log in to save
your work.
Create amazing comics using a wide variety of materials
Make Beliefs
including characters, speech bubbles, props, backgrounds,
eb Tools to Help Comix
objects and many more.
Students with Their Lets you ‘create unlimited mind maps for free, and store them
Writing MindMup in the cloud. Your mind maps are available everywhere,
instantly, from any device.’
You can use Lucidchart to design concept maps, flowcharts
Lucidchart and different types of diagrams. It also supports collaborative
features and works across several devices.
An excellent educational platform to help students create
Book creator
published share their writing creations.
CONCLUSIONS
Technology is not just another educational fad that will come and go, failing to revolutionize
education like previous innovations that made similar promises as mentioned by Sandholtz,
Ringstaff & Dwyern (1997) in a review of ACOT study. They believed over time, technology
will gradually help to create classroom environments where technologies are used as
knowledge building tools for communication and collaboration, media-rich composition,
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simulation, modeling across the curriculum, although in the beginning teachers will probably
use it to simply translate a traditional approach to an electronic medium. Therefore, it is very
important to deliver to teachers that technology has the potential to change education in
beneficial ways. Sandholtz, Ringstaff & Dwyern (1997) emphasize that the operating
principle was not for the teachers to use technology all the time, but to use the tool that best
supported the learning objective. Thus, by taking a simple step as developing an application
based on this model may help the education community especially teachers in the
development of activities based on teacher strengths and as well as improvement of new ideas
and teaching methods.
REFERENCES
Anderson, R. E., & Becker, H. J. (2001).School investments in instructional technology.
Irvine, CA: Center for Research on Information Technology and
Organizations.University ofCalifornia, Irvine.
Economic Planning Unit. (2015). Eleventh Malaysia Plan: Strategy Paper 10:
Transforming Education System. Putrajaya: Prime Minister’s Department.
Fisher, M. (2000).Computer skills of initial teacher education students. Journal of

Information Technology for Teacher Education, 9(1), 109-123.
Miller R. K. (2006). The Impact of Educational Technology on Learner Interactions:

Multiple Case Studies of Elementary Classrooms. Wichita State University. Kansas, United
States.
Ministry of Education Malaysia. (2012). Malaysia Education Blueprint 2013-2025.

Putrajaya: Ministry of Education Malaysia.
Parsad, B., & Jones, J. (2005).Internet access in U.S.public schools and

classrooms:1994-2003(No. NCES 2005-015). U.S. Department of Education.
Washington,D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics.
Sandholtz, J.H., Ringstaff, C., & Dwyer, D.C. (1991).The Relationship Between
TechnologicalInnovation and Collegial Interaction. Paper presented at the annual meeting of
theAmerican Educational Research Association: Boston.
Sandholtz, J.H., Ringstaff, C., & Dwyer, D.C. (1997).Teaching with Technology:
CreatingStudent-Centered Classrooms. Teachers College: New York, 211 pages.
UNDP. (2005). Malaysia: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals MDG 2.Kuala
Lumpur: UNDP Malaysia.
UNICEF. (2014). Exploring the Digital Landscape in Malaysia: Access and use of
digital technologies by children and adolescents. Kuala Lumpur: UNICEF Malaysia.
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Vol. 1(2018) 308-310 i-IDeA, Vol 1 (2018) 308-310
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
CLEANER, GREENER, SAFER AND HELATHIER OF

DIHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID (DHSA) FROM
JATROPHA OIL
Mohd Jumain Jalil, Aliff Farhan Mohd Yamin, Nur Radzi Adhary Anuar and Iqbal Adnan
Universty Teknologi Mara, Chemical Engineering, Universiti Mara, 13500 Cawangan Pulau
Pinang, Malaysia
Email: mjumain0686@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA) is regarded as a high value hydroxyl fatty acid
commonly used in cosmetics, persona care sector, an ingredient in colored formulation and as
coating agent for pigments owing to its unique structure, hydrophobicity and polarity. This
study investigates the formation of DHSA through a two-step reaction involving the
epoxidation and hydrolysis steps, conducted in semi continuous stirred tank reactor at 350
rpm.
Keywords: DHSA, palm oil
INTRODUCTION
In markets, increasing commercial needs of epoxidized vegetable oils is widely useful in
manufacturing of products such as plastics, lubricants, paints, detergents, and also as
intermediates in chemical reactions. Epoxidized vegetable oils can replace the volatile organic
solvent in the products and also has been researched for production of lubricant because of the
reaction of the epoxy group with linear or branching chain [1]. Epoxidized vegetable oils can
also be used as a raw material for a various types of chemicals such as alcohols,
alkanolamines, glycols, carbonyl compounds, olefinic compounds, and polymers [2].
Epoxidized vegetables oils has been widely used as polymer stabilizer and plasticizer in
polyvinylchloride (PVC) [3]. These epoxidized vegetable oils are used as intermediate
products to manufacture varies of end products that can be useful for industrial purposes [4].
Epoxidized vegetable oils can produces polymers and composites with better properties of
mechanical, electric, and thermal compared to polymers produced from petrochemical
products. Epoxidized vegetable oils also have greater resistance to oxidation than the
petrochemical products [5]. They are very important as intermediates in organic synthesis
because of the high reactivity of oxirane rings can make them involve in some reactions [6].
CHARACTERISTICS AND PRODUCTION OF DHSA

DHSA is produces by reacting the epoxidized palm olein with water in the presence of
catalyst [5]. This reaction is called hydrolysis reaction where oxirane ring opening of the
epoxidized palm olein is done to produce crystal-like solid DHSA. The reaction equation of
production of DHSA is shown in the following reaction. The catalyst used for the hydrolysis
reaction is alumina. Alumina is proven to be an effective catalyst for oxirane ring opening by
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oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing nucleophiles [9]. Alumina acts as heterogeneous

catalysis that can promote epoxide from palm olein to undergo hydrolysis. Dilute acid
treatment is commonly used for the hydrolysis of epoxides but alumina is better to be used
because it can easily be removed from the product. Alumina is also preferred to be used in
industrial scale because it is safe, low cost, and has a long shelf life [9]. Pocess done earlier,
the epoxidized oil with H2SO4 as catalyst and reaction temperature of 55oC is suitable to be
chosen to produce DHSA. Epoxidized jatropha oil is reacted with distilled water with
presence of alumina as catalyst and heated at 60oC. Figure 1 shows the RCO% of the
hydrolysis reaction for 5 hours.
RCO% of the Synthesis of DHSA

40.0
30.0
RCO %
20.0
10.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Time, min
Figure 1. RCO% of the Hydrolysis Reaction for the Synthesis of DHSA
Based on Figure 1, the percentage of RCO is decreasing with time. After 5 hours, the RCO is
decreasing to 16.10%. The progress of the hydrolysis reaction was followed by measuring the
RCO and considered as complete when the RCO approaches zero but after 5 hours the RCO
is not approaching zero yet [8]. For chemical characteristic, conversion of palm oil to DHSA
resulted in lower iodine value (IV) because of conversion of unsaturated fat to saturated fat
and higher hydroxyl value (OHV) because of formation of hydroxyl group. For physical
characteristic, DHSA crystal size is affected by the cooling modes where higher cooling rate
causing high super-saturation through higher temperature, producing smaller crystal and vice
versa [19]. It can be concluded that hydrolysis need to takes longer time to decreasing the
RCO to zero. The final DHSA product obtained is visually appeared as a white and waxy
materials.
CONCLUSION
DHSA was successfully formed through hydrolysis of epoxidized jatropha oil. Firstly, it was
observed that considerably high yield of epoxidized jatropha oil (76%) was obtained from the
commercial grade of jatropha oil at moderate reaction conditions. The completion of
epoxidation reaction step was marked by the highest point at which the (RCO%) was
recorded.
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REFERENCES
[1] D. Derawi, J. Salimon, and W. A. Ahmed, “Preparation of Epoxidized Palm Olein As
Renewable Material By Using Peroxy Acids,” Malaysian J. Anal. Sci., vol. 18, no. 3, pp.
584–591, 2014.
[2] E. Salzano, A. G. Agredaa, V. Russob, M. Di Serio, and E. Santacesaria, “Safety
criteria for the epoxydation of soybean oil in fed-batch reactor,” Chem. Eng. Trans., vol. 26,
no. 1, pp. 39–44, 2012.
[3] S. Sun et al., “Enzymatic epoxidation of Sapindus mukorossi seed oil by perstearic
acid optimized using response surface methodology,” Ind. Crops Prod., vol. 33, no. 3, pp.
676–682, 2011.
[4] T. Saurabh, M. Patnaik, S. L. Bhagt, and V. C. Renge, “Epoxidation of Vegetable
Oils : a Review,” Int. J. Adv. Eng. Technol., vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 491–501, 2011.
[5] N. Mohamed, M. J. Jalil, S. K. Jamaludin, A. Rafizan, and M. Daud, “Journal of
Applied Science and Agriculture Formation of Dihydroxystearic Acid from Hydrolysis of
Palm Kernel Oil Based Epoxidized Oleic Acid,” vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 86–92, 2014.
[6] E. Milchert, K. Malarczyk, and M. Kłos, Technological Aspects of Chemoenzymatic
Epoxidation of Fatty Acids, Fatty Acid Esters and Vegetable Oils: A Review, vol. 20, no. 12.
2015.
[7] G. Koay, “Crystallization of dihydroxystearic acid ( DHSA ) produced from
commercial grade palm oil based crude oleic acid ...,” no. January 2006, 2014.
[8] G. F. L. Koay, T. Chuah, S. Zainal-abidin, S. Ahmad, and T. S. Y. Choong,
“Development , Characterization and Commercial Application of Palm Based
Dihydroxystearic Acid and Its Derivatives : an Overview,” vol. 265, no. 5, pp. 237–265,
2011.
[9] G. J. Piazza, A. Nuñez, and T. A. Foglia, “Hydrolysis of Mono- and
Diepoxyoctadecanoates by Alumina Hydrolysis of Mono- and Diepoxyoctadecanoates by
Alumina,” no. September 2003, 2017.
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Design and311-314
1(2018) Articulation i-IDeA, Vol 1 (2018) 311-314
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
HELUVA APP V2
Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul
Hisham, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti Azman
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies, University of MARA Technology,
Malaysia
E-mail: shakirshaifuddin@gmail.com , ameeranzan@gmail.com ,

amirulhakimi33@gmail.com , nurhazlin_hussein@yahoo.com.my , unnajieha5@gmail.com ,
aunie.q@gmail.com
Abstract: An innovation pioneered by students’ association under the Faculty of

Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP). This product is an output resulted from
the observation of the surroundings, assisted by internal surveys conducted among future
targeted users. This project is merely focusing on those who are suffering from depression,
one of the mental illnesses that has been a recent major topic among people across the globe.
This project will be able to create a social platform for them. It will help depressed people to
engage and be engaged with intention to pour their heart out. They can choose either to be a
listener or advisor. This project is going to be a middleman to bridge people who might have
the same problems to stay connected. It acts as an alternative especially to those who are not
really into public sharing on their problems and in the same time refuse to refer to the experts.
In the future, this project will be continuously improved through better graphics and great
user interfaces that will ease the users. It is anticipated to downsize the depression
phenomenon within the country, specifically among youth and active smartphone users.
Keywords: abstract; depression; social platform
INTRODUCTION
HELUVA is an application that provide emotional support to the people who are needed, not
specifically to those who diagnose with mental illness but also to those who have emotional
and physical problem that can affect a person’s ability to function at work or home. More
worst, it can lead to suicide. Depression is one of the major concern of this apps. Depression
can be treated through many ways including talk therapy but not all are interested reaching
out to their friends or loved ones even they feel lonely and needed. So, HELUVA is a
platform that connect you with anyone who interested regardless their races, gender and age.
You can engage with others that experiences the same emotion or those who understand your
feeling without having any fear of rejection by the other party. The simple act of talking to
someone enormous about how you feel can be a big help. The person that you choose to talk
does not have to be a specialist. They just need to be a good listener listening you story and
problem without judging who you are. While you don’t have to worry about your privacy
because it is fully protected and your conversation are confidential. No more fear of having
bad dreams with those who don’t understand your emotion and feeling. If you don’t have the
feel up seeing with other, HELUVA is the one!
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Mental illnesses specifically Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been a recent major topic
among the people across the globe. In this millennial era, the increasing rate of depression
among youth can be observed to be alarming. Many respective agencies and social groups
have been putting a lot of efforts to curb mental diseases of such. Their efforts include
providing experts’ consultation, raising awareness on mental issues and initiating support
groups. Nonetheless, surveys found that there are victims of depression who refuse to use all
the given lifelines, especially youth. The factors causing this predicament are lack of trust,
hopelessness and inferiority complex. Although they do acknowledge that they need help,
consulting experts might be a less favourable option among some youth.
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

HELUVA App can be seen as a social platform for them, with the likes of present social
medias. This app is merely focusing on those who are suffering from MDD or commonly
known as depression. It acts as an alternative especially to those who are not really into public
sharing on their problems and at the same time, refuse to refer to the experts. It will help
depressed people to engage and be engaged with intention to pour their hearts out. They can
choose either to be a listener or advisor. Users may enjoy the features that provide a private
chatting space. When the users log in, they are given options of problem categories.
HELUVA is designed to match the user with other users with same problem categories. This
is important because they look for the likes of them with similar problems. The rationale of it
is that only those who are in the same shoes understand each other. In most cases, it will be
very comfy for them to speak to someone that understands them, rather than merely a
professionally- trained expert. In the future, this project will be continuously improved
through better graphics and great user interfaces that will ease the users even more. It is
expected to downsize the depression phenomenon within the country, specifically among
youth and active smartphone users.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
Coming as a smartphone app product, the structure that we require in long-term run is
programming and IT-based structure, with assistance by credible app developers. It begins
with firm content and arrangement, before we design the suitable complete function, interface
and features for HELUVA App to be commercialised and maintained. At current stage
however, we are working on the right content of the apps by frequently consulting with
respective government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and social groups
directly related to mental illnesses issue. The ongoing research-based structure includes
interviews, giving out questionnaires to reliable respondents and considering suggestions
from experts from time to time. This is to ensure HELUVA App tackles the issue effectively
and manages to achieve its very goal that is to act as an alternative resort to curing MDD.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
Depression is a serious, common, and recurring disorder linked to diminished functioning,
quality of life, medical morbidity, and mortality. There has been a 37.5% increase in health
life years lost to depression over the past two decades. Depression was the third-leading cause
of global burden of disease in 2004 and the leading cause of burden of disease in high- and
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middle-income countries. It is projected to be the leading cause globally in 2030. While

effective treatments for depression are available, they are underused. Barriers to treatment
include geography, socioeconomic status, system capacity, treatment costs (direct and
indirect), low mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, and stigma. A 2010 study found that
75% of primary care patients with depression in urban areas could identify more than one
structural, psychological, cultural, or emotional barrier to accessing behavioural treatments.
The rate was substantially higher in rural areas.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) hold tremendous promise to expand the
reach of quality mental health care and close the treatment gap for depression. A meta-
analysis examining the effectiveness and acceptability of computer-based therapy for anxiety
and depressive disorders found that computer-based therapy showed superiority in outcome
over the control groups with substantial effect sizes. The study also found that adherence and
satisfaction were good, suggesting acceptability. These findings were echoed in other meta-
analysis studies of computer-based treatments for depression. With the ever-increasing
sophistication of ICTs, namely the evolution to mobile devices (ie, smartphones, tablets, and
phone tablets or “phablets”), there is potential to further expand the reach of mental health
treatment through mobile health (or mHealth). The emergence of a commercial marketplace
of software for mobile devices (or apps) has given users the ability to personalize their
devices to cater to their health and informational needs by purchasing or downloading apps at
their convenience. These apps can help support a variety of useful tasks such as self-
assessment, symptom monitoring, psychoeducation, psychological therapy, and
psychotherapy skills training.
Many consider apps as an opportunity to increase patient access to evidence-based mental

health (and addictions) treatments; however, many apps fail to incorporate evidence-based
practices, health behaviour theory, or clinical expertise into the design of the app. For
instance, smoking termination apps are found to have low adherence to evidence-based
practices and insufficiently incorporate behavioural theory. A study on addiction recovery
apps found that only six of the 52 app developers had clinical experience or used academic or
clinical advisors in the development of apps; additionally, none of the app store descriptions
mention any evaluation of the apps. The lack of reported evaluations is also seen in scientific
literature, as the current body of evidence is marginal in comparison to the number of mental
health apps available.
CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY AND COUNTRY

This product is one of the tools that can help to solve depression problems especially among
the youth. Everyone can install this application in order to treat a depressive illness problem
among the people all around the world. Emotions play a very important role in humans. This
is because human physical strength depends on the mental and emotional strength of human
beings. So when the human emotion is not stable, human health will also start to diminish.
This will cause the body's cells to be damaged and cause the limbs to become weak and
vulnerable to disease. So, in order to prevent this problem from getting worse, this application
can help patients to reduce the burden of their problems. Of course, the real effects that can be
seen by people with depressive problems are that they will avoid people around them
including family members. If this thing is left without treatment, it is likely that the problem
of depression will continue to be severe. Through this application, they can share their
problems with the people who are having the same problem, but they can also get the spirit of
strength and advice from the committee who log in through this the application. This is
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because, patients with depression problems will better understand the situation and the
feelings of other people who are suffering the same depressing problems because they will
feel more comfortable to share their problems or expressing their opinions.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for HELUVA App can be divided into three parts
which are development cost, operation cost and marketing cost. However, at the initial stage
of the project, full attention must be given to the project development hence the development
cost*.
*Total cost will be referred to quotations from app developers.
COMMERCIALIZATION POTENTIAL
Commercialization is the process by which a new product or service is introduced into the
general market. The process of commercialization is broken into phases, from the initial
introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. For HELUVA apps the
commercialization potential for this product has been broke down by three main points.
In having a higher commercialization potential, HELUVA needs a high level of public value
in gaining higher profit in return. This public value had been gained by developing the
HELUVA with corporation from other entities such as, commercial business which focusing
on mental health. HELUVA also had been attached with some government agencies programs
which can increase the awareness of the presence of this app. HELUVA also had gained
attention from the educational institution and non-government agencies who are very
committed in helping the society in combatting with mental illness.
Besides, HELUVA also has been brought to be protected under Intellectual Property. Since
the team are from Technology MARA University (UiTM), HELUVA has been attached to be
protected under Research Innovation Business Unit (RIBU). Thus, since this app protected
under RIBU, making this app’s commercialization potential higher and cannot be copied by
other parties and took profit from it.
HELUVA can only enter the market once the property rights has been reserved, compete with
another product which having same goal and same target customer in the same market. At this
stage, HELUVA will be produce with another team partner who are specialist in apps
development to ensure the quality and the goal of this app itself can be achieve with less
internal or external barriers.
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International Innovation, Design
Vol.and Articulation
1(2018) 1-5 i-IDeA, Vol 1 (2018) 315-318
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
SLEA APP V2
Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd
Shaifuddin, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti
Azman and Aunie Qamarina binti Mohd Haris
Malaysia
E-mail: ameeranzan@gmail.com , shakirshaifuddin@gmail.com ,

aunie.q@gmail.com
Abstract: SLEA APP V2 is an innovation pioneered by the students association under the
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP). This project is an output
resulted from Training Management System applied in public service where all government
servant has a system where they can track how many a public servant has attend training for a
particular course a year. It is a combination of education and fun which will create a healthy
competition among the players as a whole. The players will be competing in extracurricular
activities and programs, the more involvements from the students, the higher the students will
get the points. Then, those points will be resulted in a ranking table among students, thus will
create the urge to compete each other to be the top in the ranking table. This will create a
holistic performance-based ranking between university students itself. What more interesting,
an innovation of QR code will be used by the students to gain the point by scanning the QR
code through our apps. This will be a new version of certificate hence paperless system. In
future, this project will be improved through great interface and very light-weight so it can be
run in almost every devices. This project is hoped to ease the job recruitment process as it will
be an ease for future employers to offer jobs from continuous and holistic student
performance.
Keywords: abstract, performance, edufun, ranking, university
INTRODUCTION
SLEA V2 known as one of the application that can help students encouraged more in
participating with extracurricular activities in universities. This app will provide a platform for
the students to compete healthily each other among students by collecting points through
participation in any extracurricular program held by their universities. SLEA V2 is available
to be accessed by students anytime, anywhere and by anyone since it can be installed for all of
the students and workers through their smartphone either Android or IOS operating system.
This application will be introduced with the introduction of QR code which it will help to
evaluate all the points given to students at every university without any tendency of fraud in
collecting points from the students.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most of the co-curriculum activities and programs are having problems in term of
participation from students. This kind of problems give the impact and the goal of the
programs itself lower to the target audience, the students, since it is the student who are not
attending the program. Thus, any fund given to the internal university clubs will lead to the
inefficiency problems due to the non-achieving goal program being held.
Besides that, focusing on the UiTM system itself, it has been found out there is no records
for any co-curriculum activities involved by students, except the conventional certificates
given after programs. So, the students have no urgencies to join any co-curriculum activities
since they feel that there is nothing much more value to attend any program besides getting
college coupon and some cheap food. The student want more in return when they attend any
co-curriculum activities and programs what more for non-resident students, they do not need
the college coupon, so there is not satisfied enough for the non-resident students to attend any
programs just for getting some cheap food in return.
As the employer, they need some easy-access system to view any their future employee’s
co-curriculum activities because to go through in detail a pile of certificates is very
burdensome for people, especially employer who had no enough time for having a long and
draggy interview session just for examining someone’s certificates. Thus, this SLEA
application will help much in the future based on our features in this app.

By using this application, the students will have much more fun in joining any co-curriculum
activities and programs since they can collect points from those participations, compete with
other friends and it will be ranked in a table to see who is on the top of the league. This can
create an edu-fun environment since students like playing games to aim become the top of the
league while compete with other friends. Thus, the urge of collecting points from attending
program will give the programs crowd and the impact of the program itself will be
improved compared before the usage of the SLEA app.
With the presence of the SLEA app, the student will have a database system on what
programs they have attend the first year to final year activities. This can assure that the
student really joining programs by not telling lies in their resume. Besides that, this database
can help the student to recall any program they had attend to put in their resume to become a
value added for them in applying job in future.
Lastly, as for the employer, they can refer the points that their future employees had gained
when they used the SLEA app, SLEA also will provide a cumulative points from each
semester to portray ones achievement and participation in co-curriculum activities which ease
the employer to overview their future employee performance in co-curriculum activities.
This can help the future employee to increase their value added from others since they have a
database that shows their co-curriculum activities in detail and a cumulative points that shows
their overall marks from the first semester to the final semester.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The SLEA App is a smartphone app product which is has been designed having a
programming and IT-based structure in a long-term planning, with the assistance by credible
app developers. It begins with firm content and arrangement, before we design the suitable
complete function, interface and features for SLEA App to be commercialized and
maintained. At current stage however, we are working on the right content of the apps by
frequently consulting with respective lecturers on the content part and with the apps developer
for the system and the mechanism part to ensure the objective of this app can be achieved
without any major obstacles. The ongoing research-based structure includes interviews, giving
out questionnaires to reliable respondents and considering suggestions from experts such as
lecturers from time to time. This is to ensure SLEA App tackles the issue effectively and
manages to achieve its very goal that is to act as tool for students participate more in
extracurricular activities in their campus.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
There is a research on the significance of the mean GPA for student organization members
and officers was significantly higher than the mean GPA for the general student group
(Hawkins, 2010). This means that the higher students participation on extracurricular
activities in the campus, the higher the students’ academic performance. Thus, by introducing
this SLEA App, it will support Hawkins’s research and making the universities stakeholders’
job easy to produce high performance students in curricular and extracurricular. By creating
the urge for the students to compete each other in the ranking table and giving them rewards
in term of extracurricular certificates for their use in applying jobs, this SLEA App has all the
confidence from all the stakeholders involved in this app to achieve its own goal on the reason
why SLEA App is created.

SLEA is expected to change the landscape of university students’ development in large scale.
The chain effect that comes out of this is firstly, students will be more proactive in co-
curricular activities. They desire achievements due to tough competition in after-college lives.
With their achievement prudently recognized, some may see it as an opportunity to participate
more in campus activities because they will earn more benefits compared to the recent time.
Meanwhile, some others may see participation as a must because they may no longer make
fake achievements up in resume preparation. The system that we propose should be verifiable
enough to serve that purpose. Secondly, active participation will result in students’ skills
development. Communication and leadership skills, for example, are built mostly in non-
academic activities. More experience will be gained, whereas the university graduates will be
of higher quality than before. Thirdly, as it is related to the first and second contribution,
employers can enjoy the benefits as well. SLEA App will make it more convenient for
employers to monitor the future employees’ achievement in a reliable manner. Fourthly from
the university perspective, problems of passive students can be reduced. The university will
also get the credit when they are able to produce marketable graduates.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for SLEA App can be divided into three parts which
are development cost, where it come from the apps developer costing before the app being
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developed, operation cost where the administration of this app when the app has been start
using by the stakeholders and marketing cost where the costing for this app to be
commercialized and be known by the targeted stakeholders in future. However, at the initial
stage of the project, full attention must be given to the project development hence the
development cost*. Thus, the exact amount of this app will be referred to the proposal
prepared by the apps developer
*Total cost will be referred to quotations from app developers
introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. For SLEA APP apps the
In having a higher commercialization potential, SLEA APP needs a high level of public value
in gaining higher users and participants in return. This public value had been gained by
developing the SLEA APP with corporation from other entities such as targeted firms and
public universities for a start which focusing on boosting the involvement of students in
extracurricular activities. SLEA APP also in the process to get attached with some
government agencies programs such as SL1M, which can increase the awareness of the
presence of this app. SLEA APP also had gained attention from the educational institution and
non-government agencies who are very committed in helping the society in cultivating the
involvement of students’ activity outside the class.
Besides, SLEA APP also has been brought to be protected under Intellectual Property. Since
the team are from Technology MARA University (UiTM), SLEA APP has been attached to be
SLEA APP can only enter the market once the property rights has been reserved, compete
with another product which having same goal and same target customer in the same market.
At this stage, SLEA APP will be produce with another team partner who is specialist in apps
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
BIO-DURIOPANDANUS WRAPPING PAPER
Sarina Mohamad1,*, Farah Madihah Mustafa Kamal1 and Siti Sarina Sulaiman2*
1
Faculty of Applied Sciences, UiTM Cawangan Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis
2
Academy of Language Studies, UiTM Cawangan Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis
E-mail: sarin618@perlis.uitm.edu.my
sitisarina@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The use of paper in food wrapping has become a necessity for many food vendors.
Due to its low cost, variety of design and convenient handling, it eventually satisfies the
vendors and consumers’ need. However, most of this paper consist harmful chemical
substances that can lead to health problems. Besides that, nowadays, there are many food
poisoning cases caused due to the consumption of food contaminated by household insects
such as cockroaches. Furthermore, the massive amounts of the agricultural waste of durian
pericarp pose a threat to the environment. With the view of these aspects, this study was
conducted to investigate the potentials of paper made from the mixture of Durio zibethinus
pericarp and Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves as food wrapping paper and act as insect
repellent. The papers were produced from the mixture of Durio zibethinus pericarp and
Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves in different ratios, which were ratio 0:250, 100:150, 125:125,
150:100 and 250:0 (w/w) with the thickness of each paper was ±1 mm respectively. The
produced papers were tested in three aspects, which were the ability of the paper to absorb oil,
the effectiveness of paper in order to repel cockroaches and termites and also the strength of
the paper. The findings revealed that the best ratio in producing a quality paper to be a good
oil absorbent paper and act as a cockroach repellent is at ratio 125:125, while for the tensile
strength test is at 250:0. Thus, this study shows the potential of paper from the mixture of
Durio zibethinus pericarp and Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves as an alternative biodegradable
and eco-friendly food wrapping paper and as an insect repellent.
Keywords: Durio zibethinus pericarp, Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves, food wrapping paper,
insect repellent
INTRODUCTION
The use of food wrapping paper plays a great importance to many food vendors. Its low cost,
variety of designs and convenience in handling satisfies the consumers. However, many do
not realize that this with the paper, it will absorb the oil and at the same time it will transfer
the chemicals to the food making it unsafe for consumers. Nowadays, there are many cases of
food poisoning caused by food contaminated with household insect such as a cockroach. They
feed on the human food and pet food and emit offensive odour (Khan & Qamar, 2015).
Besides that, cockroaches carry filth and pathogens on their legs and body, contaminating
food upon contact (Manzoor et al., 2012, as citied in Sittichok, et al, 2013). Cockroaches have
the potential to mechanically carry and transmit many pathogens such as bacteria, viruses,
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fungi, protozoans and helminthes (Cochran, 1982 as cited in Usavadee et. al, 2007) which can
cause diarrhoea and nosocomial infections to the consumers (Khan & Qamar, 2015).
Furthermore, the massive amounts of the agricultural waste of durian pericarp pose a threat to
the environment. Tonne of the pericarp waste can become an ideal breeding place for disease
carrying insect, which can lead to serious health problems.
In relation to these issues, the study was carried out to investigate the potential of making
paper from Durio zibethinus pericarp and Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves mixture as oil
absorbent paper and insect repellent. As reported by Masrol et al. (2015) and Sinuhaji et al.
(2015), durian pericarp has a great potential characteristic as newly explored non-wood based
raw material for pulp and paper industry. Furthermore, it has the ability as a good adsorbent of
heavy metals (Sinuhaji et al., 2015). Husin et al. (2010) mentioned that durian pericarp a
component to absorb oil from food. While, Pandanus amaryllifolius leaves contain high
cellulose fibres as a basic material for paper (Jusoh, 2008). İn addition, Pandanus
amaryllifolius leaves are also rich with chemicals that have the ability to act as natural
repellent toward insects such as a cockroach (Liew, 2013).
All the papers were produced from the mixture of Durio zibethinus pericarp and Pandanus
amaryllifolius leaves in different ratios which were ratio 0:250, 100:150, 125:125, 150:100
and 250:0 (g/g) respectively and the thickness of each paper was ± 1 mm. The produced
papers were tested in three test: oil absorption test, insect repellency test and tensile strength
test. It is anticipated that the present study will partly provide another alternative in the
making of plant and biodegradable waste based food wrapping paper that is safe for
consumers and eco-friendly to the environment.
METHODOLOGY
The paper was produce in five ratios with different mixtures of durian pericarps and pandanus
leaves. The durian pericarp and pandanus leaves were soaked for one night in tap water added
with sodium bicarbonate. Then, both of durian pericarp and pandanus leaves were blended
together and the paste waste strained and rolled before it was dried under the sunlight for five
hours.
After the paper had completely dried, it was cut into the 9 x 4.5cm parts before they were
tested by using three different tests which were the oil absorption test, insect repellency test
and also tensile strength test. Oil absorption test was used in order to determine the paper
ability for absorbing cooking oil. The changes of the weight of the paper were recorded and
repeated for three times for each paper of different ratio.
The ability of the paper to act as an insect repellent was tested by using insect repellency test.
In this test, a box was divided into 3 parts: treated, middle and control part. A piece of the
paper was placed on the treated area and breadcrumbs on the control area. After the box was
set up, ten adult insects were released into the middle area of the box. The repellency, after
one minute, was observed and each ratio of paper were repeated for three times. Then, the
repellency value of insect was calculated by using formula (Li and Ho, 2003).
Repellency value = no of insects trapped in treated area/no of insects trapped in the control
area.
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The paper was also tested by using the tensile machine in order to test the tensile strength of
the paper of each ratio and also to study which of the ratio gives the strongest tensile strength.
Before the paper was tested by using the machine, the paper was cut by using the cutter.
FINDINGS
Table 1. Oil Absorption Test (Changes in Weight)
Ratio of paper Change in weight in mean ± SD P-value
0 : 250 2.79 ± 0.57 0.007
100 : 150 4.48 ± 0.77 0.007
125 : 125 3.83 ± 0.17 0.007
150 : 100 4.20 ± 0.13 0.007
250 : 0 3.22 ± 2.98 0.007
Data are presented in mean ±SD

P<0.05 indicate significant difference by one way Anova
The results in Table 1 shows all the paper compositions gave significant difference when the
P-value is lower than 0.05. The result found that the papers from all ratios were able to absorb
cooking oil but in different amount.
The finding revealed the paper from the combination of durian pericarp to pandanus leaves in
ratio 100:150 and 150:100 can absorb cooking oil better than the paper which was produced
totally from durian pericarp. It clearly showed that the pandanus leaves also contributes in
producing the paper that can absorb oil effectively and this is due to the fact that pandan
leaves contain high amount of cellulose and rich in leaf fibres (Jusoh, 2008).
Table 2. Cockroach and Termites Repellency Test
Ratio of Cockroach Repellency value P-value Termites Repellency value in P-value

paper in mean ± SD mean ± SD
0 : 250 0.16 ± 0.14 0.007 0.48 ± 0.03 0.26
100 : 150 0.11 ± 0.00 0.007 0.48 ± 0.03 0.26
125 : 125 0.42 ± 0.17 0.007 0.40 ± 0.05 0.26
150 : 100 0.30 ± 0.10 0.007 0.48 ± 0.03 0.26
250 : 0 0.54 ± 0.99 0.007 0.45 ± 0.05 0.26

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Table 2 shows that all paper compositions gave significant difference for cockroach
repellency test but there are no significant result for termites repellency test. The result found
that the papers from all ratios were able to act as a natural repellent towards cockroaches but
at different level of effectiveness.
The result clearly shows the paper that had the highest amount of pandan leaves could repel
cockroach better compared to the other ratios. The result also implies that the amount of
pandan leaves play an important role in contributing to the effectiveness of the paper to act as
a cockroach repellent. A possible explaination of this result is related to the previous study
that mentioned the pandan leaves can act as a natural repellent because it has high amount of
the 2-AP compound that repels cockroach ( Liew, 2013).
Table 3. Tensile Strength Test
Ratio of paper Tensile strength in mean ± SD P-value
0 : 250 0.03 ± 0.12 0.00
100 : 150 0.13 ± 0.03 0.00
125 : 125 0.14 ± 0.05 0.00
150 : 100 0.13 ± 0.14 0.00
250 : 0 1.14 ± 0.32 0.00

Table 3 shows that all the paper compositions gave significant difference where the P-value is
0.00 which is lower than 0.05. The result found that the papers from all ratios were strong
enough to be made into quality paper but they were different in strength.
The result implies that the paper that consist more durian pericarps has more strength
compared to the other ratios of paper. The high content of fibers, holocellulose, hemicellulose
and lignin content in durian pericarp are strong enough to make paper and because of its
strength, it also can be developed into composite materials for buildings and as compressor
fibreboard in producing furniture (Charoenvai et al, 2011; Wiyaratn & Watanapa, 2013).
CONCLUSIONS
This study has shown that the mixture of durian pericarps and pandanus leaves has the
potential to be made into high quality paper because it absorbs cooking oil really well. The
100:150 and 150:100 ratios are the best ratios in producing papers that can absorb maximum
amount of oil. Primarily, the paper with the highest composition of durian pericarps and
pandanus leave shows the best absorption of cooking oil. The presence of fibres in the durian
pericarps and high content of cellulose in pandanus leaves help in the absorption process.
These agricultural wastes of durian pericarps and pandanus leaves can be transformed into
papers, which can be commercialized as a valuable, and safe food wrapping paper, paper bag
or kitchen towel.
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This paper also has the potential to act as a cockroach repellent because of the paper gives out
strong natural fragrance that repels cockroaches. However, it cannot act as termites repellent.
This product also has the potential to be a good quality paper because it is quite durable and
the paper did not break when it absorbed the oil. Based on the result, it shows that the paper
produced from the durian pericarp (ratio 250:0) gives the maximum tensile strength value,
thus making it the best ratio for producing high quality paper. The presence of fibres in durian
pericarp makes the paper strong enough. In this study, it can be concluded that the best ratio in
producing a quality paper paper that can be a good absorbent paper and also can act as a
cockroach repellent was the paper produced from the mixture of 125g of durian pericarp and
125g of pandanus leaves (ratio 125:125).
In order to improve the condition of paper, it is recommended that further research should be
carried out in the following areas: the quality, surface and the appearance of the paper from
durian pericarp and pandan leaves. The factor that may influence the paper appearance is the
durian pericarps’s spine. It is suggested to remove the the spine in order to produce a paper
with a smooth surface. Futhermore, the amount of baking powder and boiling time also has to
be considered. It is suggested to increase the amount of the baking powder up to 100g during
the soaking process and also to boil the mixture for more than 2 hours in order to ensure that
the durian pericarp and pandanus leaves become softer and easier to blend.
In addition, the temperature also can affect the papers condition when drying them. The paper
should not be dried directly under the sunlight as it would bend and crumple the paper. The
best drying condition is within room temperature or to dry it under the fan. It can also prevent
the loss of the pandanus leaves fragrance to the surrounding as this can affect the result of
repellency test. In order to produce repellent paper with strong odour, it suggested to use the
mature pandanus leaves as they contain higher 2-AP concentration compared to the young
leaves. For the best flat, smooth and even thickness surface, it is recommended to roll the
leaves before and during the drying process. It also recommended to compress the paper once
it dried by putting it between heavy and flat material for compression and leaves it for 5 hours
and more.
More studies can be done to evaluate and improve the quality and function of the paper itself.
It is recommended that if this paper is to be commercialized as food wrapping paper, one side
of the paper will be covered with thin layer of plastic film in order to prevent the paper from
direct contact with the food. It is also suggested that the next research can investigate whether
this paper has antifungal properties or not, its storage life and its repellent capabilities towards
other fruit insects. Hopefully, this eco-friendly paper also has high potential to be
commercialized as fruit wrapping paper which can prevent the fruit from fruit pests and
fungal infection. In addition, it will be worthwhile to investigate further into the durian
pericarp and pandanus leaves mixture as oil absorbing paper.
REFERENCES
Charoenvai, S., Khedari, J., Hirunlabh, J., & Asasutjarit, C. (2011). Development of Durian
Fiber-based Composite Material. the Second TSME International Conference on Mechanical
Engineering.
Husin, N., Abdullah, A., Inderan, V., Bakhari, N., Isa, N., & Wahab, N. (2010). Equilibrium
and Kinetics Studies on Removal of Emulsified oil from Oily Wastewater by Durian (Durio
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zibethinus L.) Shell. Proceedings of 2011 Asean Conference on Scientific and Social Science
Research, 978-983.
Jusoh,M.,J. (2008). Studies on The Properties of Woven Natural Fibers Reinforced

Unsaturated Polyester Composites. Universiti Sains Malaysia.
Khan, I., & Qamar, A. (2015). Comparative Bioefficacy of Selected Plant Extracts and some
Commercial Biopesticides against Important Household Pest, Periplaneta americana. Journal
of Entomology and Zoology Studies, Vol. 3(2), 219-224.
Li, J., & Ho, S. (2003.). Pandan Leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) As a Natural
Cockroach Repellent. School of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore.
Liew, P. (2013). Pandanus amaryllifolius- The Only Pandanus with Fragnant leaves.
Retrieved from Tropical Biodiversity: http://blogs.reading.ac.uk/tropical-
biodiversity/2013/01/pandanus-amaryllifolius/
Masrol, S.R, Ibrahim, M.H, & Adnan, S. (2015). Chemi-mechanical Pulping of Durian Rinds.
2nd International Materials, Industrial and manufacturing Engineering Conference, 151.
Sinuhaji, H.T, & Arslan, M.B. (2015). Producing Pulp and Paper from Durian Hides.
international Journal of Technical Research and Applications, Vol. 3(1), 47-50.
Sittichok, S., Phaysa, W. & Soonwera, M. (2013). Repellency Activity of Essential Oil on
Thai Local Plants Against American cockroach (Periplaneta americana
L.;bLattidae;Blattodea). Journal of Agricultural Technology, Vol. 9(6), 1613-1620.
Usavadee, Tawasin, A., Bhakdeenuan, P., Wongsinkongman, P., Boonruad, T., Bansiddhi, J.,
et al. (2007). Repellent Activity of Essential Oils against Cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae,
Blattelidae, and Blaberidae) in Thailand. Department of entomology, University of California,
Riverside, California, USA, Vol. 38(4), 663.
Wiyaratn, A., & Watanapa, A. (2013). Fanrication and Physical Testing Compressed Durian
Fiberboard. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol. 5(1), 73-75.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A

PHOTOVOLTAIC/THERMAL SOLAR COLLECTOR
Noran Nur Wahida Khalili1, Mahmod Othman1, Mohd Nazari Abu Bakar2 and
Hamzah Sakidin1,
1
Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Univerisiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610
Seri Iskandar, Perak
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis
E-mail: mahmod.othman@utp.edu.my
Abstract: The world demand of energy is increasing continuously, and solar energy is one of
the renewable energy that can be utilized to fulfill the demand. Over the years, there are many
researches that have been carried out on hybrid air solar collector. This paper discusses the
design and theoretical studies of a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar collector. Since there is a
drop of efficiency of the photovoltaic cells as the operating temperature increases, this study
proposes a design of PV/T solar collector with an air-cooling system to improve its overall
performance. The aim of this study is to design and analyse the performance of a PV/T air
solar collector with fins.
Keywords: Solar energy, photovoltaic/thermal, electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency.
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy is an energy resource freely available on earth, and solar energy based system
can meet the global energy demand since it seems to be more promising, sustainable energy
resources. Usually, solar energy is utilized after it is converted into certain energy forms for
various applications, including electrical and thermal energy.
The process of harnessing solar energy produces thermal energy, which increase the
temperature of the solar cells and contribute to its poor performance of electrical efficiency.
Water and air can help by acting as the heat removal medium (Othman et al., 2016). The role
of working fluid such as water and air is crucial to help to reduce the temperature of the PV
module and increase its photovoltaic efficiency by removing heat in excess (Zhou, Liang &
Zhang, 2017). Further, the electrical efficiency of the PV module depends on the PV cell
temperature, which in turn depends on the PV cell encapsulation and material properties,
atmospheric parameters like solar intensity, ambient temperature and wind speed (Michael,
Selvarasan & Goic, 2016).
Since PV/T solar collector consists of solar cells which made of material that are very
sensitive to temperature, thus if the temperature of the PV cells increases, the electrical
efficiency of the collector will drop. In PV/T system application, the electricity production is
the main priority, therefore the collector must be kept at low temperature to keep the
acceptable electrical efficiency level.
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Therefore, the cooling of the PV module by using air as working fluid is proposed. The design
of the collector is a single pass air solar collector with fins attached on the back plate of the
collector. The forced air will be produced by fans to keep the performance of the collector at
optimum rate. The solar panel that will be used is of silicon-typed. The experiment will be
conducted at the compound of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS. This study is also to
formulate a mathematical model for the solar collector system.
METHODOLOGY
Design and fabrication of PV/T solar collector
In this study, a design of a PV/T solar collector with air as a working fluid is presented
(Figure1). The PV panel used is 50W monocrystalline silicon of dimension 69cm x 54cm x 3
cm. The PV panel comprises of solar cells encapsulated by a thin adhesive layer called
ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), layered by tempered glass on top, and an absorber plate. The
performance of the collector is improved by the use of set of fins as heat transfer enhancement
parallel to the direction to the air flow. There is an air gap for the airflow between the
absorber plate and the back plate. The back plate of the module, together with fins attached on
it is made of aluminium. Aluminium is chosen as the material for the fins and back plate
because of its ability to efficiently absorb and transfer heat from the solar cell, and also with
consideration on the material density and economic viability (Sukesh, Lakshmisagar &
Kumar, 2015).
Figure 1. Back view of the PV/T solar collector
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Figure 2. Cross section of a finned single-pass PV/T air solar collector
Development of mathematical model

A steady 2-dimensional thermal model is developed to be used later in the validation of
experimental data. The mathematical model can optimize the main components of the system
which will results in the most optimum performance of the collector. The model will be
developed using MATLAB software to test the efficiency of the PV/T solar collector. Due to
different total PV and back panel surface area involved, area correction factor Aab Ac is
introduced where Aab is the total exposed surface area and Ac is the collector surface area.
Energy balance equations

Following the work by (Othman et al. (2007), Abu Bakar et al. (2014) and Jarimi et al. (2016),
the energy balance equations for each temperature nodes can be written as follows:
i) For the nodes of the solar cells of the PV module;
 3
   4
 
 1
  2
 Aab Aab  5

 g p (1  PF )G   g pv ( PF )(1   pv )G  hcpf (Tp  T f )  hrpbp (Tp  Tbp )  hrps (Tp  Ts )
Ac Ac
(1)
 6  
 hcpw (Tp  Tw )
ii) For the air temperature nodes;

  3     7  
m C f dT f Aab Aab
 hcpf (T p  T f )  hcbpf  p (Tbp  T f ) (2)
W dx Ac Ac
1
A fin tanh mh f  2h 2
where fin effectiveness,  p  1  (1   fin) ; fin efficiency,  fin  ; and m   c 
Aab mh f  k f wf 
 
iii) For the nodes of the surface of back plate with fins;
  7    4  
  8   Aab Aab
U bp (Tbp  Ta )  hcbpf  p (Tbp  T f )  hrpbp (T p  Tbp ) (3)
Ac Ac
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The heat transfer terms involved in the equations above are defined as follows:
1: The rate of the solar energy absorbed by the absorber plate of the PV module per unit
area.
2: The rate of the solar energy received by solar cells of the PV module after transmission
and the rate of electrical energy available per unit area.
3: The rate of heat transfer to the air flow per unit area.
4: The rate of energy radiated to the surface of the back plate and fins per unit area.
5: The rate of energy radiated to the sky per unit area.
6: The rate of heat transfer to the wind per unit area.
7: The rate of heat lost to ambient through back plate per unit area.
8: The rate of heat lost to the ambient through the back plate per unit area.
The variables T p and Tbp can be eliminated from Equation (2) by substituting Equation (1)
and (3) into it. The following linear first order differential equation with boundary condition is
obtained where A0 and A1 are the constant obtained through algebraic manipulations. Then
Equation (4) is solved by using integrating factor method with the following boundary
condition:
dT f
 A1T f  A0 , Tf  Tin  Ta (4)
dx x 0
Numerical solution
The simulation of the solar collector will be performed by using MATLAB. The flowchart in
Figure 3 shows the proposed algorithm for the simulation. The programme starts with the
temperature of air and thermophysics properties of the fluids calculated using the set up
parameters and guessed temperatures of absorber plate, T p and temperature of back plate, Tbp .
Then, the calculated values of the temperature of air, T f will be used to compute the new
value of T p and Tbp . The temperature difference between the guessed temperature and the
computed temperature is calculated. If the difference calculated is less than 0.01 C , the
process stop and the values of the old temperature are replaced with the new computed ones.
Energy analysis
The electrical efficiency of the collector is modeled as a function of temperature based on [20]
as follows:
 ele  ref (1   ref (T pav  Tref )) (4)
where  ele and  ref are the electrical efficiency and temperature coefficient at the reference
mean PV cells temperature Tref respectively.
The thermal efficiency of the collector by simplifying the equations by Abu Bakar et al.
(2014) is:
m f C f (T0  Ti ) (5)
th 
AcG
Since there is difference in the nature of the electrical and thermal energy, the total overall
thermal equivalent efficiency of a PV/T solar collector is calculated as:
total  th  ele (6)
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Begin
Set the parametric values such as Ta ,  g ,

 p , PF , G and all heat transfer coefficients
Guess initial temperature for T p and Tbp
Calculate T f using the initially guessed temperatures
Substitute T f into the energy balance equations to compute

new values of T p and Tbp
Calculate the difference between the guessed

temperature and new computed temperature of T p and
Tbp
Check if the temperature

difference is less than
0.01 C
End of iteration. Replace the old temperature of T p and

Tbp with the new computed ones. Calculate the electrical,
thermal and total efficiency
End
Figure 3. The flowchart for computer programme to calculate efficiencies
FINDINGS
The performance of the solar collector is simulated using MATLAB. As illustrated in Figure
4, the change in the air mass flow rate influences the efficiency of the collector. İt is shown
that, effect of the air mass flow rate indicates that the higher flow rate will improve the total
photovoltaic efficiency at radiation intensity of 800W/m2.
Figure 4 shows that when solar irradiance increases, the thernal and electrical efficiencies also
increases indicating that solar irradiance is a major factor contributing to the performance of a
solar collector.
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2
Figure 4. The simulated thermal and electrical efficiencies against air mass flow rate at G = 800W/m
Figure 5. The simulated thermal and electrical efficiencies against solar irradiance at air mass flow rate = 0.026 kg/s
CONCLUSIONS
The theoretical analysis of a PV/T solar collector with air as working fluid was performed in
this study. A design concept of a solar collector is used which involves a flat plat collector
fabricated with fins parallel to the air flow. The developed steady state model predicted the
thermal and electrical performances of the collector. In general, the results obtained from the
simulation shows that it is important to maintain low operating temperature to achieve
acceptable efficiencies for both thermal and electrical output of the collector. This study will
be future continued with the application of fuzzy logic to control the speed of fan to maintain
the performance of the collector at optimum rate.
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REFERENCES
Abu Bakar, M. N., Othman, M., Din, M. H., Manaf, N. A., & Jarimi, H. (2014). Design
concept and mathematical model of a bi-fluid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar
collector. Renewable energy, 67, 153-164.
Jarimi, H., Bakar, M. N. A., Othman, M., & Din, M. H. (2016). Bi-fluid photovoltaic/thermal
(PV/T) solar collector: Experimental validation of a 2-D theoretical model. Renewable
Energy, 85, 1052-1067.
Michael, J. J., Selvarasan, I., & Goic, R. (2016). Fabrication, experimental study and testing
of a novel photovoltaic module for photovoltaic thermal applications. Renewable Energy, 90,
95-104.
Othman, M. Y., Yatim, B., Sopian, K., & Bakar, M. N. A. (2007). Performance studies on a
finned double-pass photovoltaic-thermal (PV/T) solar collector. Desalination, 209(1-3), 43-
49.
Othman, M. Y., Hamid, S. A., Tabook, M. A. S., Sopian, K., Roslan, M. H., & Ibarahim, Z.
(2016). Performance analysis of PV/T Combi with water and air heating system: An
experimental study. Renewable Energy, 86, 716-722.
Sukesh, N., Lakshmisagar, P. S., & Kumar, G. (2015). Heat Transfer Analysis of Fin
Performance for PVT Absorber. Journal of Mechanical Engineering and
Automation, 5(3B),1-4.
Zhou, C., Liang, R., & Zhang, J. (2017). Optimization Design Method and Experimental
Validation of a Solar PVT Cogeneration System Based on Building Energy
Demand. Energies, 10(9), 1281.
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NATURAL COCONUT COIR FIBER AND EGG

CARTONS AS A POTENTIAL NOISE REDUCER
Nur Shafieza Azizan, Juliana Idrus, Zuraisah Dollah, Amalina Amirah Abu Bakar and Nor
Azliza Akbar
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Pulau Pinang, 13500
Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang.
E-mail: shafieza163@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Noise disturbance was a major problem to improve good quality life and
environment. A common method to reduce noise is to use porous sound absorbers made out
of mineral wools or glass fibres. However, these materials pose health risks and are non-
recyclable. Alternative materials were developed in order to replace the limitations of mineral
fibres. This project aimed to produce a noise reducer using a combination of coconut coir
fiber and egg cartons. Natural fibres from coconut and paper from egg cartons owns high fibre
porosity and they are biodegradable, cheaper, renewable, abundance, do not pose health risks
and can be manufactured into different shapes easily. The sample was prepared by combining
coconut coir and egg cartons with the portion of 50% each. Each materials were soaked and
blended then mixed in the mould before compressed by using Uniaxial Compression Machine
untill the sample size was approximately 25 mm thick and then dried in a oven at 105⁰C for
12 hours. The sample was carried out in a testing box which will act as a room and can
minimize the effect of background noise. The sample was placed between the source of sound
and Sound Level Meter (SLM). The sound source released was 1KHz or 114dB. Based on the
Equivalent Continuous Sound Level, Leq results obtained, the sample of noise reducer shows
a potential by reducing about 50% noise and indicate that the panel has an average noise
reduction coefficient, (NRC) of 0.50, which qualifies it to be used as a sound absorbing
material. Therefore, recycled materials, such as coconut coir fiber and egg cartons can be used
and useful to mix up in order to obtain the desired performance.
Keywords: noise reducer, noise absorber, coconut coir fiber, egg carton, natural waste
INTRODUCTION
Noise is obviously related as nuisance endured by humans from the machineries and
appliances of daily activities [1]. Sound energy can travel through water, air, and solid
objects. People perceive sound through sense of hearing as the vibration produced when
sound waves hit the eardrum. Sound pressure level is based on how much the vibration is
produced from the source. The normal range of human voice is between 55 to 66 dB. Noise
pollution can trigger annoyance and aggression, hearing loss, insomnia, and communication
interference [2]. When humans are subjected to noise in a long time over 85 dB, he or she can
lead to high blood pressure. A noise in a room can cause reverberation which occur at
situation where the increases in sound level from active source in a confined space or room.
This phenomenon is due to the reflection of sound waves that generated or produced from
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walls and ceiling. Every person spends a lot of time purpose of reducing the noise must have
a good insulation property. Acoustic and non-acoustic properties are affecting the
performance of a sound absorbing material. The word acoustic is come from a Greek word
which means hearing and science of sound and is about the production, dissemination,
transmission, and control sound. Acoustic properties evaluate the sound efficiency while the
non-acoustic properties determine the acoustic response of a material in various applications
[3]. Sound absorption is the ability of the building material to absorb sound or noise. A good
sound absorber is materials that absorb the sound better and not allow the sound to bounce
around as much and will diminished the sound wave quickly in a short period.
Sustainable materials for noise reducer can be divided into three main categories which are
natural materials, recycled materials and composited materials [4]. There is a great variety of
natural fibers which can be used for thermal and acoustical applications such as coconut,
kenaf, hemp, mineralized wood fibers [4]. Coconut trees are usually can be seen in the
tropical region of the world such as Malaysia, Philippine, and Indonesia. Coconut coir fiber is
a natural fiber from the natural plant fiber extracted from the husk of coconut as shown in
Figure 1. This fiber also is one of the materials that have low density, biodegradable, and light
weight.
Figure 1. Coconut Coir Fiber
Coconut coir fiber has a higher flexibility due to high percentage of lignin [5] and looks fine
as shown in Table 1. An egg carton or egg box or (the British English term) also referred to as
egg paper crate is a carton designed for carrying and transporting whole eggs. Egg cartons
also is one of the natural fiber because waste papers are made from the plant fiber. Based on
the past study, egg carton has a good absorption coefficient [6]. Recent scientific progress in
metallurgy, chemistry and nanotechnology has led to enormous improvements in design,
production and efficiency of acoustic material by the application of natural fibers such as
coconut fibers [7,8] and recycled material and waste such as egg cartons [7,9]. The
combination of coconut coir fiber (CCF) and egg carton (EC) was investigated in this study.
These two materials are a part of abandoned waste nowadays and easily found as a source of
materials. Based on previous study by [10], porous materials are important for construction of
a sound absorber. Nowadays, material that is used for sound absorber is composed by
synthetic fiber such as glass or mineral-fiber. Nevertheless, these synthetic fiber will
interference human health mainly lungs [11].
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Table 1. Chemical Composition of Coconut Coir Fiber

Chemical Composition of Coconut Coir Fiber
Lignin 45.84%
Cellulose 43.33%
Hemi-Cellulose 00.25%
Pectin’s and related Compound 03.00%
Water soluble 05.25%
Ash 02.22%
METHODOLOGY
CCF was collected at the village area and from market. After that, it was soaked in water in
order to remove dirt for 2 hours. Then it was placed into oven with 50℃ for drying process.
Afterward, CCF was cut into smaller pieces and was smashed to turn out the fibers.
Meanwhile, EC were collected soaked into water to soften the material so that easier to cut
into smaller pieces. Besides that, the purpose of soaking it in water is to make the egg cartons
turn into sticky condition to become a binder when CCF and EC were combining together to
produce a Sample as shown in Table 2. The mixed materials were compacted by using
Uniaxial Compression Machine in a square mould size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm until it
reach 25mm of thickness.
Table 2. Sample Percentage Composition

Material composition (100%)
Coconut Coir Fiber (CCF) Egg Carton (EC)
Sample
50 50
After compaction process, all samples were put into oven to ensure the sample produced was
fully dried. After that, the sample were placed at the center of testing box as shown in Figure
2 for Noise Level Testing using Noise Level Meter. This testing box will act as a room and
can minimize the effect of background noise [12]. The sound source was 114 dB.
Figure 2. Illustration of Testing
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FINDINGS
From the results obtained as shown in Figure 3, it shows the reduction of Leq value from
source of sound applied. This means the sound was absorbed by the sample materials. It can
be seen in Figure 4, the value of Leq for Sample 57.23 dB. This study proved that an Egg
Cartons and Coconut Coir Fiber had a potential to absorb sound and can be applied as a noise
reducer.
Figure 3. Graph of Noise Level (Leq) vs Time Interval
The efficiency sound absorption of sample can be determined by calculating the NRC values
[12]. The reduction of noise between both samples were compared by calculate the value of
Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC). NRC is an average rating of how much noise reducer
product can absorb unwanted sound. It is a dimensionless unit or quantity and expressed as a
number from 0 to 1 (0% to 100%) which 0 represents no absorption while 1 represents total
absorption of the incident sound and the product absorb all the sound. The absorbed energy
will convert into another form of mechanical energy which is heat energy. In this study, NRC
value were calculated from the value of Equivalent Continuous Sound Level (Leq). There are
two parameters that are used to calculate the value of Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
which are Leq value after placing sound absorber (i.e., b in dB) and without placing sound
absorber (i.e., a in dB). The formula for NRC is as shown below by [12].
Noise Reduction Coefficient = 𝑎 – 𝑏𝑎 Equation 1
The result of NRC shown in Table 3.
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Table 3. Noise Reduction Coefficient

Sample Noise Reduction Percentage of Noise
Coefficient (NRC) Reduction (%)
Noise Reducer 0.50 50

(50% Coconut coir fiber +
50% Egg Cartons)
CONCLUSIONS
Through literature, the fundamental understanding of fiber reinforced cemented soils has been
established. However, all the studies discussed above are based on laboratory tests where the
soil specimens are small. Little attention has been given to the specimen size especially on the
effect of tensile behaviour since size effect may be important if the ratio of specimen diameter
to fiber length is small. In addition, large model test corresponds to actual application such as
deep cement mix as retaining wall or soil stabilization as foundation can be the subjects of
future research. Creep behaviour of fiber reinforcement is another topic that requires attention
so that practitioners have more confident on the use of fiber in any geotechnical applications
such as deep cement mixing and cement stabilization.
REFERENCES
S. Amares, E. Sujatmika, T. W. Hong, R. Durairaj and H. S. H. B. Hamid, “A Review:
Characteristics of Noise Absorption Material,” IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf.
Series 908, 2017.
R. I. Lamyaa Abd Al Rahman, “Experimental Study on Natural Fibers for Green Acoustic
Absorption Materials” American Journal of Applied Science, 1307-1314, 2013.
O. Doutres, Y. Salissou, and N. Atalla, “Evaluation of The Acoustic And Non-Acoustic

Properties of Sound Absorbing Materials Using A Three-Microphone Impedance Tube,”.
Applied Acoustics, 506-509, 2010.
M. Pervaiz, M. M. Sain, “Carbon storage potential in natural fiber composites,” Resources

Conservation and Recycling 39: 325-340, 2003.
A. A. Wifielate, “Mechanical Property Evaluation of Coconut Coir Fiber. Blekinge Institute

of Technology”: Master's Thesis, 2008.
A. R. Quintero, “Measurement of the sound-absorption coefficient on egg cartons using the

Tone Burst Method,” Recent Advances In Acoustics & Music, 2010.
M.R. Ghotbi Ravandi, H. Mardi, A.A.A Langari, M. Mohammadian and N. Khanjani, “A

Review on the Acoustical Properties of Natural and Synthetic Noise Absorbents”, Open
Access Library Journal, 2: e1598, 2015.
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R. Zulkifli, M. Zulkarnain and M.J.M. Nor,”Noise Control Using Coconut Coir Fiber Sound
Absorber with Porous Layer Backing and Perforated Panel”, American Journal of Applied
Sciences, 7, 260-264, 2010.
Antonio, Q.R., Ed., ”Measurement of the Sound-Absorption Coefficient on Egg Cartons

Using the Tone Burst Method”, World Scientific and Engineering Academy and Society
(WSEAS), Stevens Point, 2010.
L. Peng, B. Song, and J. Wang, “Mechanic and acoustic properties of the sound-absorbing
material made from natural fiber and polyester,”, Advances in Materials Science and
Engineering, 2015-2018, 2015.
R. Zulkifli, Zulkarnain and M. J. M. Nor, “Noise Control Using Coconut Coir Fiber Sound
Absorber with Porous Layer Backing and Perforated Panel”, American Journal of Applied
Sciences, 260-264, 2010.
O.S.Chathurangani, W.J.M.K.Perera, H.M.N.S.Kumari, G.H.M.J. Subashi, G.S.Y. De Silva,

“Utilization of Sawdust and Coconut Coir Fibre as Noise Reducing Wall Surface Materials”,
Civil Engineering Research Exchange Symposium, 16-19, 2012.
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MYSCANLIB@QRCODE
Mohamed Aqil Zafry Bin Zainoddin*, Amirul Hariz Bin Yunuz, Mad Khir Johari Bin
Abdullah Sani and Noor Zaidi Sahid
UiTM Puncak Perdana, Puncak Perdana, Selangor
Email: aqilzafry26@gmail.com
Abstract: QR codes are becoming popular in the managing and organizing library material.
They play an important role in how books are now being searched into the system. Searching
books in library becoming more difficult due to the large number of collection and user’s
incompetent in library skills. To overcome this problem, an initiative had been created by
using QR code in Library System (OPAC). The objective of MyScanLib@QRCode is
enhancing book searching in library. If users scan this code with a smartphone, the picture of
exact location of the book will appear in the phone, and they can send this information via
text, email or just come to the stack to find the book. The MyScanLib@QRCode creation
process is pretty straightforward. Only the link of QR code will be added into the library
system. This will cost only a small space in the library system. The impact of
MyScanLib@QRCode is it can reduce time consumed by 43.43% for first timer user to find
the book. Book searching in library will also become more effective and efficient. This
innovation also offers the flexibility to reach users in previously disconnected campus and
library spaces.
Keywords: QR Code, Library System, Library Skills, MyScanLib@QRCode, Books

Searching.
INTRODUCTION
The objective of this paper is to show the benefits of implementing QR Code in order to
retrieve library materials. The issues occurred when some user might not familiar with the
location of the shelve. As observed, searching books in library becoming more difficult due to
the large number of collection and user’s incompetent in library skills many. QR Code is to
two-dimensional images which are likely to completely change and improve Library services
in terms of delivering instruction, marketing their services, connecting customers/financial
supporters to inform about library materials.
The technology adoption is becoming increasingly challenging for decision makers in

education institutes. Just saw a billboard with new smart phone? Scan the QR code on the
billboard and watch a video to learn about its feature (Dobbs, 2011). Looking for beautiful
jewelry that you just saw in the magazine? Scan the QR code in the advertisement to find
retailers nearby. See the book and wonder what it’s about? Just scan the QR code on its cover
to get extra information. Develop and popularized in Japan, these Quick Response (QR) or
two-dimensional barcodes allow marketers to provide interactive content in an otherwise
static environment. QR technology is most effectively used in situations where you want to
add a dynamic component to communication that would otherwise be non-interactive.
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Today, QR code can be found on magazines, journals, individual article in Journal (Emerald
Publications), business cards, institute or company brochures, eBooks, product promotional
materials (Poster, Gift articles, etc.), Publishers catalogue, etc. the square shaped code picture
in a black matrix pattern against a white background is acting as a point to access the
information about the product, complete information, webpage, etc. when the code is scanned
by a camera with appropriate software can redirect user to a website which can provide
additional information or access to complete text or to the host webpage. QR code in
educational institutions is mainly seen in library and information centres (Hurts-Wahl, 2011).
The key reason is the demand from the user to provide access to information resources
through their mobile is high (Margolis, 2011). QR code is one such technology which can
cater to the user demand of providing access to resources through mobile.
The original idea is to implement QR code in Information Resource Centre (IRC) Library
System (SIERRA). Through this QR code, user will able to get the more detail about the
location of the books. Before this, if user searches on OPAC, only brief detail will come out.
The objective of MyScanLib@QRCode is enhancing book searching in library. If users scan
this code with a smartphone, the picture of exact location of the book will appear in the
phone, and they can send this information via text, email or just come to the stack to find the
book. The MyScanLib@QRCode creation process is pretty straightforward. Only the link of
QR code will be added into the library system. This will cost only a small space in the library
system. The impact of MyScanLib@QRCode is it can reduce time consumed by 25% for first
timer user to find the book.
METHODOLOGY
A study had been made with IRC user. A several questions had been asked to them regarding
on how the find a book in IRC. Most of them stated that its hard to find the books because of
they do not understand the call number provided in the system. Another reason is there are so
many shelve labelled with the same code. Due to this issues, a study was conducted to see the
effectiveness of the QR Code in providing user with the book location.
A group of five users were randomly selected. At first trial, they were asked to find a book
without using QR code. The time taken started when they finished search book via Online
Public Access Catalog (OPAC) until they found the book. While for the second trial, they will
search the book while using Qr Code. The time also taken. The result between the two trial
will be compared. Its took some time to select user due to some of them do not familiar with
QR Code or even never used it before.
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Figure 1: Before QR implemented
The figure shows that brief detail (highlighted) was shown to user. Some user might not
familiar with the location of the shelve. Through the writer special project, an initiative was
taken in order to hold user to get the book faster and more efficient.
Figure 2: The QR Code Image will appear on the OPAC
When user scans the QR Code with their smartphone, a new interface will pop up.
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Figure 3: The interface that pop up when QR Code been scanned
Through this interface, user will easily be found the location of the book that they looking
through OPAC. All user will find the book at the same level of shelve in order to get an
ideal result. But the user was not being told about the location of the book. This method is
the most suitable method to be used to test MyScanLib@QRCode.
FINDINGS
Table 1: Results
User Time Taken Without Using Time Taken by Using QRCode Time Reducing (%)
QRCode (min) (min)
A 5:24 minutes 3:12 minutes 40.45
B 5:46 minutes 3:27 minutes 40.10
C 4:09 minutes 2:17 minutes 37.16
D 5:03 minutes 2:37 minutes 46.92
E 4:53 minutes 2:15 minutes 52.54
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Average Percentages = 40.45 + 40.10 + 37.16 + 46.92 + 52.54

-----------------------------------------------
5
= 43.43 %
Based on the studied conducted, using MyScanLib in IRC managed to reduce time consuming
for user to find book by 43.43%. Through this study, its proven that user will be able to find
the book faster if the used MyScanLib@QRCode.
CONCLUSION
In nutshell, students should be encouraged to overcome the barriers of new technology, such
as those associated with the understanding and use of the QR Code. This reinforces the fact
that it is crucial to understand the patron’s knowledge of technology and research
requirements, both of which can be produced via a needs analysis.
QR Code give a lot benefit to library. The benefits might include:
• It is available for free; one can create the QR code using free software
• It is very fast to access the information embedded with the code
• Easy to read the QR code
• The nature of QR code is versatility
But it’s still has some limitation. Namely:
• Lack of familiarity among people and users
• Need of scanning device. If you want to access the information in the QR code, you should
have a device that supports the QR code scanning facility
However, with the almost social media apps like facebook and wechat has QR Code scanner,
the limition can be avoided. Libraries are now being very challenged by the development of
various technologies. In this present era, the new technology like QR code demands the
changes of information handling in the library. The user would have easy access to most
current and necessary information related to the library by using QR code. So to make the
effective use of QR code among the user community, library professionals must organize user
awareness program, orientation program, etc.
REFERENCES
Cerny, J., & Holcomb, J. (2012). Using a QR Code Scavenger Hunt (iHunt) to Promote
Library Services to Teens. Virginia Libraries, 58(1). doi:10.21061/valib.v58i1.1200
Evans, W. (2009). Mobile life and QR Code. Building Library 3.0, 75-83. doi:10.1016/b978-
1-84334-497-1.50005-6
Jin Hee Park. (2012). A Research on Expansion of Library Service by Using QR Code.
Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society, 43(1), 321-347.
doi:10.16981/kliss.43.1.201203.321
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Kharat, S. A., Panage, B. M., & Nagarkar, S. (2017). Use of QR code and Layar app for
academic library services. Library Hi Tech News, 34(3), 21-28. doi:10.1108/lhtn-12-2016-
0060
Location-aware Services and QR Codes for Libraries (The Tech Set No. 13)2013 3 Joe
Murphy Location-aware Services and QR Codes for Libraries (The Tech Set No. 13) London
Facet Publishing 2012 126 pp. 978-1-85604-846-0 £34.95. (2013). Library
Review, 62(4/5), 346-348. doi:10.1108/lr-03-2013-0037
Whitchurch, M. J. (2012). A Quick Response: QR Code Use at the Harold B. Lee Library.
The Reference Librarian, 53(4), 392-402. doi:10.1080/02763877.2012.704573
Xu, F. (2014). QR Codes and library bibliographic records. VINE, 44(3), 345-356.
doi:10.1108/vine-12-2013-0070
Zhu, N. X. (2013). Application of QR Code Rebuild Library Integration Community.

Advanced Materials Research, 805-806, 1907-1910.
doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1907
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AVERRHOA BILIMBI VINEGAR (ABV)
Zazolnizam Zakaria, Hazman Al Wazif Abu Bakar and Khuzairi Irfan Khairul Anuar
Sekolah Kebangsaan Permatang Tok Mahat, Pulau Pinang
E-mail: zazol07@gmail.com
Abstract: A study was done to produce acetic acid from bilimbi fruit. Averrhoa Bilimbi
Vinegar (ABV) is a product with its own uniqueness. Very safe to consume along with its
thousand and one benefits. ABV is produced using the beneficial microorganisms. The
acetobacter bacteria as the booster for the fermentation process in the ABV. ABV is more
hygienic and safer as it goes through sterilization and is not contaminated with any other
microorganisms. ABV benefits as a cure for literally everything. From weight loss to
cancer to detoxification and many other claimed uses, it can seem like all you need to
do is take some ABV and all of your problems will be solved. ABV is no doubt a
competitive and a great product of innovation. Our research has verification from the
laboratory of the School of Industrial, University Science Malaysia.
Keywords: Averrhoa Bilimbi Vinegar, ABV
INTRODUCTION
Ripe bilimbi fruits have thin skin, yellowish-green colour, soft texture and a peculiar smell,
which resembles the one of carambola, a fruit of the same botanical family. Half-ripe fruits
have firm texture and imperceptible smell. Fruits in both stages of maturity have small seeds
the number of which varies from 3 (in small fruits) to 15 (in big fruits). This fruit is juicy and
yields 76.14% in juice.
Food processing is the transformation of raw materials into food or food into other form of
foods. Raw materials like fruits can also be processed in various ways for future use. One of
these which are not often practice is making fruit vinegar. Fruit vinegar are organic vinegar
(usually made of apple) which is made of various base ingredients and prepared through
fermentation. It is typically referred to by the type of the main ingredient used. However, the
taste and the overall features of vinegar merely depends on kind of fruit and how it is
processed.
METHODOLOGY
Vinegar is a living ingredient created through the process of fermentation. The final product
will contain elements of the original stock, which add a depth of flavor that differentiates a
naturally fermented vinegar from a manufactured one. The term "vinegar" actually refers to
the two-step process of fermentation from a carbohydrate to an alcohol to an acetic acid.
Sugar is converted into alcohol, which is then fermented into vinegar. Not all acetic acids are
vinegar, although all vinegars are made from acetic acid.
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When creating a fruit-based vinegar, wild yeasts are added to convert the sugars into alcohol.
Starch-based vinegars add an extra step, wherein the starch is converted into sugar first, a
triple fermentation process. "Alegars" are made from sour beer. Strongly flavored beers that
have expired and are no longer fit for consumption as a beverage can make wonderfully
flavorful and complex alegars.
Acetobacter aceti is the bacteria used to create vinegar from alcohol. It is widely found in
nature and requires oxygen to function. The bacteria are added to the vinegar stocks to begin
the second fermentation process. Vinegar can be made from stock with alcohol concentrations
as low as 5 percent, although these conditions can result in over-oxidation, while at higher
concentrations, over 15 percent alcohol, acetobacters are inhibited by the amount of alcohol
present and can even be killed off by it. Using bilimbi recorded, the alcohol levels range from
10 percent to 15 percent. It may take longer than something in the optimal range, but it will
become vinegar eventually and you will be rewarded for your patience by the flavor of the
finished vinegar.
Acetobacters tend to be very temperature-sensitive. They are happiest between 30 and 38°C,
with an optimum range of 33 to 38°C for acetification, and they die off at temperatures over
50°C. A clean, sterilized container for storing your vinegar during the fermentation process is
a must. Acetobacters need oxygen to function, so airtight containers will not work for the
fermentation period. Pure, soft water should be used for any dilution of the vinegar stock. The
chlorine and fluoride found in municipal water can have an adverse effect on the fermentation
process, filtered water is recommended. Once the fermentation process has begun, the vinegar
stock should be left alone in a dark spot because acetobacters are sensitive to UV light for at
least two to three weeks. The vinegar-in-progress should not be stirred or agitated during the
fermentation period.
After a few weeks of fermentation, vinegar ready to test. Researcher will check the sugar,
alcohol, acetic acid levels, and, of course, the flavor of product. For a home brew; may simply
wish to taste vinegar and proceed accordingly; for a more scientific approach, test kits can be
purchased from most home brewing or winemaking supply stores. A titration kit used to
determine whether or not the acetic fermentation is complete. Alternatively, judge by looking
for a complete absence of alcohol in the nose and on the palate when tasting the vinegar. Once
the acetic fermentation is complete the vinegar should be strained and transferred to airtight
containers to reduce the risk of spoilage. Once the alcohol disappears, in the presence of
oxygen the acetobacters will continue to break down the vinegar into carbon dioxide and
water, reducing the acid levels and leaving the vinegar open to the development of various
undesirable microorganisms. Straining the vinegar and transferring it to an airtight container
will safeguard it from deterioration.
The final step in vinegar-making process is aging. Fresh vinegar has a sharp, intense flavor.
The aging process allows the esters to mature and the flavors to develop. If the vinegar is aged
in wood, care should be taken to ensure that the barrel is topped off on a regular basis.
Otherwise, simply storing it for several months in a sealed, airtight container will do. A
minimum of six months is generally recommended for maximum benefit. Once the vinegar
has been aged it should be racked or gently poured off the sediment and rebottled for use.
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FINDINGS
AVB invention project is the first ever production project of AVB in the world. Contains a
variety of healthy nutrients like: Rich of Vitamin C, beta carotene that is able to prevent
cancer. Calcium that promotes healthy bones and teeth. ABV has been claimed to whiten
teeth and improve bad breath. Vinegar is acidic; therefore, prolonged exposure can erode
tooth enamel like any other highly acidic food. With that being said, there is some evidence
that vinegar may be an effective denture cleaner.
Its is verified that Averrhoa Bilimbi Vinegar (ABV) contains the ingredients according data in
table 1.
Table 1. Nutritional Information Averrhoa Bilimbi Vinegar
Nutritional Information Averrhoa

Bilimbi Vinegar (ABV)
Nutritional facts Per 100ml
Energy 1605 kcal
Carbohydrate 4.11 g
Sugar 1.02 g
Dietary fibre 0.08 g
Protein 0.03 g
Total fat 0g
Potassium 69 mg
Sodium 27.25 mg
Calcium 21.2mg
Phosphorus 3.88 mg
Vitamin C 2.38 mg
Antioxidant, antiseptic and can also cure bone diseases such as arthritis and hypertension.
More hygienic . Promotes better health to the consumers. More hygienic and mild acid.
Multipurpose such as cleaning agent, polishing jewelleries and for carpet cleaning. Figure 1
show the product of ABV.
Figure 1. Averrhoa Bilimbi Vinegar
Numerous skin-related claims have been made about ABV including: acne treatment,
improvement of wrinkles, wound healing, mole removal, reduction in bruise discoloration and
others. However, to date there is no evidence to support these claims. Vinegar has not been
shown to be effective for wound care or lice treatment. Moreover, chemical burns have been
reported from attempted mole removal and prolonged skin exposure with vinegar. Based
upon these findings you would be better served staying away from vinegar for skin treatment.
Much of the research on the antibacterial effects of vinegar has been focused on its ability to
kill pathogenic bacteria in food. It has also been investigated as a cleaner, but has been
shown to not be as effective as commercially available cleaners.
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ABV simultaneously educate the community about the danger of consuming artificial
vinegars which are abundant in the supermarkets without any party explanations that the
artificial vinegar products are very unhealthy. ABV very marketability and
commercialization. It can be sold at the price of USD 1.20 (less price after commercialized).
CONCLUSION
Opportunity to continuously promote the local plants/fruits based on innovation product.
ABV have commercial value that should be put forward and granted the verification from the
laboratory of The School of Industrial Technology, University Sains Malaysia. ABV have
commercial value to replace artificial vinegar or edible vinegar.
REFERENCES
Johnston, C.S. and C.A. Gaas, Vinegar: medicinal uses and antiglycemic effect. MedGenMed,
2006. 8(2): p. 61.
Brighenti, F., et al., Effect of neutralized and native vinegar on blood glucose and acetate
responses to a mixed meal in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Nutr, 1995. 49(4): p. 242-7.
Kondo, T., et al., Vinegar intake reduces body weight, body fat mass, and serum triglyceride
levels in obese Japanese subjects. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2009. 73(8): p. 1837-43.
Bunick, C.G., et al., Chemical burn from topical apple cider vinegar. J Am Acad Dermatol,
2012. 67(4): p. e143-4.
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BIOMASS SMART CAMPING STOVE THAT CAN

PRODUCE ELECTRICITY USING
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
Mohd Haziq Fahmie Bin Yusni and Thifal Izyanie Bt Mohd Nazri
Sekolah Kebangsaan Binjal, Jitra
E-mail: skb.ppdkp@gmail.com
Abstract: Innovation project that has been chosen by the inventors of Sekolah Kebangsaan
Binjal entitled “Biomass Smart Camping Stove That Can Produce Electricity Using
Thermoelectric Generator”. The stove which is produce from utensils container has been
proven to help pupils and teachers in camping activities organized by the school. A rational
for the project selection is to help address the constraints faced during camping activities
involving all camp activities organized by the school, especially during rainy days. The
portable stove also easy to use in a limited space area with no land, easy to carry, use of
environmental friendly fuels and reducing environmental pollution. The thermoelectric
generator that attach on the stove make the stove can produces electric energy. It is portable
and very suitable to be used by the adventurer. Burning material used is renewable energy and
reduce pollution. The advantages of the stove that can be used to charge your mobile phone in
a desperate situation makes it a tool that can be commercialized. In addition, this project is a
project that can attract students in the form of engineering activities. The smoke produced will
expel the mosquitos and fowls. Ash wood can be used to fertile the soil. Charcoal can be used
to whiten the teeth. The biomass stove is designed not only to improve cooking conditions
and increase burning efficiency for fuel saving, but also come with a 12V – 15V
thermoelectric generator for lighting during cooking and mobile phone or battery charging to
improve life style. The product is said to have commercial value when it is practically used
either in the open or closed area such as a room or in a covered area. It not only used for
camping purposes, but as a teaching aid and can replace the function of Bunsen burner while
doing experiments in the laboratory. Moreover, the benefits of a stove that has a dual function
other than as a tool for cooking, frying, baking and as such, this smart stove can also be used
to charge your mobile phone if the camping site has no electricity supply. This makes the
product more valuable for commercialization.
Keywords: biomass; stove; renewable energy
INTRODUCTION
Smart camping stove has been proven to help pupils and teachers in camping activities
organized by the school. Smart camping stove has been adapted from the idea of a wood
stove. Therefore, it is our hope that innovations in the smart camping stove could provide
opportunities for pupils to learn and understand the concepts of sience while using the
product. The biomass stove is designed not only to improve cooking conditions and increase
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burning efficiency for fuel saving, but also come with a 10 watts thermoelectric generator for
lighting during cooking and mobile phone or battery charging to improve life style.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem that we are facing are limited space of school area and a shortage of camping
facilities because there are no field in the school area to do a camping activities.

The project is underway to help address the constraints faced during camping activities
involving all camp activities organized by the school, especially during rainy weather. This
project is designed as a portable wood stove that can overcome the constraints when the
weather was rainy and camping areas are limited and there are no suitable areas to build a
wood stove. The advantages of the stove that can be used to charge your mobile phone in a
desperate situation makes it a tool that can be commercialized. In addition, this project is a
project that can attract students in the form of engineering activities organized by the
Association of Science and strengthen and improve their knowledge and skills in the field of
science. The project is indirectly attract students to attend extra-curricular activities and help
the school save costs and facilitate the involvement of students and teachers in camping
activities that require cooking activity gives pleasure to the next group of students while
carrying out the activity. In addition, rice husks and branches are used as fuel to produce
cleaner burning fuel and cost saving as easily obtained. In addition, the fuel used is a source
of renewable energy and reduce environmental pollution.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The project was carried out with several attempts by using different materials which were
from waste materials (aluminum cans, discarded food containers) and used material (recycled
stainless steel utensil holder).
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance the use of stove using reuse and
recycle materials and make the stove can supply electricity.

This portable stove that takes the basic concepts of wood stoves and portable stove is a
portable wood stove in the form of innovation and a more practical in use when camping
because it's more convenient and easy to carry anywhere and reduce environmental pollution.
In addition, the heat of the stove can generate electricity with the thermoelectric generator
which is an application of renewable energy.
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COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the experiment can be divided into two parts
which are household cost and industry cost. For households, the total cost is rm67. For
industries, the total cost is RM150 which is spent on buying materials and apparatus.
The product is said to have commercial value when it is practically used either in the open or
closed area such as a room or in a covered area. It can be used for camping purposes, as a
teaching aid and can replace the function of Bunsen burner while doing experiments in the
laboratory. In addition, the constraints of getting the fuel when the rainy weather can also be
overcome by the using the candles. Moreover, the benefits of a stove that has a dual function
other than as a tool for cooking, frying, baking and as such, this smart stove can also be used
to charge your mobile phone if the camping site has no electricity supply. This makes the
product more valuable for commercialization.
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MARIGOLD MINT BIO BASED INSECT SPRAY

(MM-ARI SHOOH!)
Najidah Humairah Mohd Najmuddin, Muhammad Najmuilmi Hakimbin Mohd Najmuddin

and Azizah binti Hamzah
Sekolah Kebangsaan Sena, Kangar Perlis
E-mail: azie5656@yahoo.com
Abstract: Ants can be very destructive house pests. The current available ants repellent is
dangerous when constantly exposed to human and pets as it contain harmful chemical
substance. Aerosol spray has the tendencies to be inhaled which is not good for health. Many
of the propellants used with aerosol products, such as butane or propane, are flammable and
may be explosive. The innovation of MM-ARI Shooh contains Terpenes that hinders insects:
Myrcene, Caryophyllene, Farnesene. It also contains high menthol compund aromatic -
pungent minty smell. The habitat is near rivers, ponds and some other humid places. 500 liter
of distilled water is used to soak 250 gram of Marigold and 250 gram of Mint for 2 hours. The
mixture was heated to create steam with 50 ml of Hydrosol and pass through a condenser.
Lastly, the Hydrosol was collected. The water will steam the plant carrying all the goodness
from the plant into the air. The steam collects on the lid of the pan and condenses due to the
ice cubes. Because the pot lid is upside down, as the steam turns back into a liquid form, the
liquid is directed to drip down into the smaller container. This liquid is MM-ARI Shooh!
Hydrosol. The observation results shows that MM-ARI Shooh! hydrosol can kill ants.
Concentration test shows ratio of 1:100 can effectively kill ants. However, the higher
concentration of 1:20 can have an immediate effect on ants.
Keywords: MM-ARI Shooh! Hydrosol
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Ants can be very destructive house pests. The current available ants repellent is dangerous
when constantly exposed to human (especially babies) and pets as its contain harmful
chemical substance. One chemical found in many repellents is DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-
toluamide) which is dangerous to the skin and the nervous systems of humans. Aerosol spray
has the tendencies to be inhaled which is not good for health. Many of the propellants used
with aerosol products, such as butane or propane, are flammable and may be explosive.
PRODUCT DESCRIPITON
MM-ARI Shooh! is an alternative solution for people who are looking for bio based insect
repellent. It’s made from (Marigold and Mint Leaves) home grown plant . Therefore there’s
no concern about the harmful chemicals risk raising from the insect repellent in the market.
Aromatic marigolds that contains chemical compounds called thiopenes in their seeds, roots
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and other plant parts that are offensive to insects will deter insects when used in homemade
bug spray. While all species of mint, contain aromatic properties repulsive to insects. The
essence is contained in the stems, leaves and flowers of the plants. When the plants are
brushed against or crushed, the pungent scent is released.
MATERIALS
Marigold - Targetes
Contain Terpenes/Thiopenes that hinders insects : Myrcene, Caryophyllene, Farnesene.
Common Noun : Marigold Patula / Erecta / Minuta
Family : Sunflower Family – Asteraceae, Compositae
Habitat : Soil with good drainage
Mint - Mentha
Contain High Menthol Compound
Aromatic -Pungent Minty Smell
Common Noun : Mint, Bigleaf Mint
Family : Sage Family – Lamiaceae
Habitat : Near rivers, ponds and some other humid places
METHOD AND PROCESS

Put 3L of Distilled Water in a Pot and Soak 500 gm of plant for 2h. Place a small container in
the pot to collect hydrosol . Heat & during boiling place ice on pot lid to create condensation.
The water will steam the plant carrying all the goodness from the plant into the air. The steam
collects on the lid of the pan and condenses due to the ice cubes. Because the pot lid is upside
down, as the steam turns back into a liquid form, the liquid is directed to drip down into the
smaller Container. This liquid is MM-ARI Shooh! Hydrosol.
NOVELTIES
Mint & Marigold MM-ARI Shooh! Bio based insect spray is safe to use and cheap to
produce. The environmental friendly created from natural plants. It is cost effective and easily
available plants and materials. Economical and can be home grown.
TEST RESULTS
The observation result shows that MM-ARI Shooh! hydrosol can kill ants. Concentration test
shows ratio of 1:100 can effectively kill ants. However higher concentration of 1:20 can have
an immediate effect on ants.
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R-METAL GREEN CREATIONS
Muhammad Firas Mohd Nazri*, Muhammad Harith Haikal Tarmizi, Muhammad Fakhri
Rashdan Rizzuanoor, Haslinda Ramli and Azira Ayub
Sekolah Kebangsaan Ibrahim, 08000 Sungai Petani, Kedah
E-mail: m.firasnazri@gmail.com
Abstract: Metals are solid material which are shining, flexible, fusible, and ductile with good
thermal and electrical conductivity such as silver, copper, iron, aluminum and alloy. It is used
for variety of purposes and products such as in household, industrial and food packaging.
However, the worn and used metal are usually thrown, and not properly recycled. This could
lead to environmental issues. The objective of this project is to design products from used
metal materials thus supports for green environmental. Used metals can be used to create
other new, usable and marketable products. R-Metal Green Creations are designed using used
metal products which have the potential to be marketed world-wide. This innovation project
use the concept of “reuse”, “recycle”, “redesign” and “reduce” which is to use again the
metals and remodel them as new, attractive and higher value products and as the same time
reduce the environmental pollution. It also supports 11th Malaysian Plan which is green
environmental and waste reduction. The methodology consists of collecting materials,
analyzing potential capability, design, and test the products. The products are made from used
kitchen utensils but was redesign to become a unique holder for food, stationary or
decorations. Educational teaching aid tools are also created using metal food packaging.
Variety of products can be produced depends to the size of metals. The results showed that
these products can be commercialized as new products such as in educations and decorative
metalwork. It has the ability to be redesigned as new products with minimal production cost.
Subsequently, minimizing the used of raw material and reduce waste disposal. The price of
these new products are in actual cheaper and value for money. These products are unique and
therefore have a higher aesthetic value and can be marketed globally. Importantly it supports
for green environmental inventiveness.
Keywords: Metal, Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Green environmental
INTRODUCTION
Metals are solid material which are shining, flexible, fusible, and ductile with good thermal
and electrical conductivity such as silver, copper, iron, aluminum and alloy. It is used for
variety of purposes and products such as in household, industrial and food packaging.
However, the worn and used metal are thrown, and not properly recycled. This could create
environmental issues (Reuter & van Schaik, 2012). In real, worn metals can be used to create
other new, usable and marketable products. R-Metal Green Creations products are designed
using reused metal products which have the potential to be marketed world-wide. This
innovation project use the concept of “reuse”, “redesign” and “reduce” which is to use again
the metals and remodel them as new, attractive and higher value products and as the same
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time reduce the environmental pollution. Reuse is more environmental advantage compared to
recycling because it does not require reprocessing (Cooper & Gutowski, 2017) . It can be
reused and redesigned as a modern artwork, decorative metalwork and teaching aid materials.
Therefore, the product is cheaper and affordable to anyone (Cooper & Gutowski, 2017). In
addition, the product creation use less energy and cost. Thus, products must be designed for
reuse and remanufacturing, which would reduce significant costs in terms of energy and
natural resources (Broadbent, 2016). Significantly, it supports 11th Malaysian Plan which is
green environmental and waste reduction (Economic Planning Unit, 2016).
METHODOLOGY
The methodology consists of collecting materials, analyzing potential capability to be
produced as a new product, design, and test the products (Petersen, 2009). It reflexes the
research questions on how to reuse metal products and support the green environmental.
PHASE 1 Colleting materials
PHASE 2 Analyze the materials
PHASE 3 Design products
PHASE 4 Test products
Figure 1. Methodology
In the colleting materials phase, metal material such as kitchen utensils, containers and worn
decorations are collected. The selection follows the rules for material selecting which are
avoid toxicity materials, choose the suitable material mix if required and choose materials that
could have some value in the post-consumer recycling market. Next, these materials are
analyzing based on the size, thickness, weight, and capability to be combined with the other
collected metals. In the design phase, identify the structural design which are determine the
complexity of the product, and simplify the design that suits the potential post-consumer
reused products market. The testing phase consists of testing the products to the potential
customers. The product will be redesign again if the results indicate that the tested product
need improvements.
FINDINGS
The results showed that these products can be commercialized, used daily or displayed as
decorations. It has the ability to be redesigned as new products with minimal production cost.
Subsequently, it minimized the used of raw material and reduce waste disposal. The price of
these new products are in actual cheaper from the existing market products and users agreed
with the cost for each products. One of the R-metal creations is teaching aid tool product for
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school children. The results showed that the product able to support teachers to teach students
in class.
CONCLUSIONS
Metals are used to create various products such as household and food containers. Usually,
worn or unwanted metals are thrown away. R-Metal creations take the initiative to turn the
worn metals into various products with minimal production cost. The products are also tested
to users and results showed that these products are beneficial to users. The price of these new
products are cheaper and value for money. In addition, these products able to minimize the
used of raw material, reduce waste disposal and supports green environmental. They are also
unique and therefore have a higher aesthetic value, and can be marketed globally. Indeed
there are still space for new creations from recycled metals.
REFERENCES
Broadbent, C. (2016). Steel’s recyclability: demonstrating the benefits of recycling steel to
achieve a circular economy. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 21(11), 1658–
1665. http://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-016-1081-1
Cooper, D. R., & Gutowski, T. G. (2017). The Environmental Impacts of Reuse: A Review.
Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(1), 38–56. http://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12388
Economic Planning Unit. (2016). Eleventh Plan 2016-2020 Malaysia Anchoring Growth on
People. Percetakan Nasional Malaysia Berhad (Vol. 31).
http://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Petersen, K. (2009). The Waterfall Model in large-scale development, 32(2009).

http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02152-7
Reuter, M., & van Schaik, a. (2012). Opportunities and Limits of WEEE Recycling -
Recommendations to Product Design from a Recyclers Perspective. 2012 Electronics Goes
Green 2012+ (Egg).
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RAM SEBAGAI SATAH CONDONG YANG

DIUBAHSUAI DARIPADA TANGGA
Muhammad Aniq Danial Bin Mahamad Faizal dan Ahmad Aqil Hakimi Bin Roslan
Sekolah Kebangsaan Binjal, Jitra, Kedah
Abstrak: A Ramp As An Inclined Plane Derived From A Ladder“ atau secara ringkasnya
Tangga Serbaguna (Multifunction Ladder). Tangga besi yang diubahsuai menjadi dwifungsi
sebagai ram merupakan hasil inovasi dalam reka bentuk dan kaedah penggunaannya. Idea ini
telah tercetus semasa menjelang hari sukan sekolah, di mana terdapat banyak kekangan yang
dihadapi oleh guru dan murid, terutamanya dalam menyediakan peralatan untuk pelaksanaan
pada Hari Sukan. Sekolah Kebangsaan Binjal merupakan sekolah luar bandar yang tidak
mempunyai padang. Walaubagaimanapun, acara sukan yang merupakan acara wajib setiap
sekolah perlu diadakan setiap tahun menyebabkan sambutan hari sukan sekolah terpaksa
diadakan di padang di padang yang lain yang agak jauh dari sekolah. Oleh kerana perlu
membawa peralatan yang diperlukan untuk hari sukan dari sekolah ke tempat lain, ianya telah
menimbulkan masalah dari segi membawa peralatan tersebut kerana kesukaran dalam kerja-
kerja memuat dan memunggah dari kawasan sekolah ke padang kerana memerlukan tenaga
kerja dan masa yang lebih. Inilah matlamat utama mengapa kami menghasilkan produk ini.
Oleh yang demikian, produk ini telah terbukti merupakan satu-satunya tangga yang boleh
digunakan sebagai ramp untuk membantu kami membawa beban dengan lebih mudah, kurang
tenaga kerja yang diperlukan dan lebih cepat berbanding cara biasa tanpa menggunakan ramp.
Berdasarkan kajian itu, didapati bahawa penggunaan tangga serbaguna ini terbukti dapat
mengurangkan masa untuk memuat dan memunggah peralatan dari 2 jam menjadi 1 jam
sehari pada bulan Julai 2017. Kesimpulannya, alat ini memudahkan untuk kakitangan untuk
menjalankan kerja dengan lebih lancar dan cepat. Alat ini yang mudah digunakan, mesra
pengguna dan ergonomik telah membantu melancarkan proses memuat dan memunggah
barang. Proses ini lebih lancar, lebih mempercepatkan masa untuk membuat kerja dan
mengelakkan pembaziran tenaga kerja dimana lebih ramai pekerja dapat menyelesaikan tugas
lain.
PENGENALAN
SK BINJAL merupakan sekolah luar bandar yang tidak mempunyai padang. Kesukaran
menguruskan peralatan untuk di bawa ke padang yang jauh dari sekolah menjadi satu
kekangan dan masalah kepada sekolah.
PERNYATAAN MASALAH
Kesukaran menguruskan peralatan yang berat, lambat dan ambil masa yang lama untuk kerja
memuat dan memunggah barang. Dari kawasan sekolah ke padang awam setiap tahun ketika
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menjelang hari sukan menjadikan tugas bertambah, pertambahan tenaga kerja, kaedah kerja
yang tidak ergonomik dan tidak mengikut amalan kejuruteraan yang baik.
PENYELESAIAN MASALAH
Hasil ujikaji, produk ini terbukti dapat menyelesaikan masalah dari segi tenaga pekerja yang
digunakan untuk mengangkut barang, menggalakkan amalan kerja yang ergonomic dan
menjimatkan kos serta masa.
PERANCANGAN STRUKTUR
Menggunakan ramp.
Merekabentuk mesin ringkas.
Merekabentuk peralatan yang serbaguna.
Membuat modifikasi kenderaan yang sesuai untuk memuat dan memunggah peralatan.
KESAN PENGETAHUAN
Menggunakan gabungan pengetahuan penggunaan tangga sebagai satah condong dan ramp,
menjadikan produk ini sebagai salah satu produk dwifungsi.
SUMBANGAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT DAN NEGARA

Alat yang direkacipta oleh kami sangat membantu kerja-kerja persiapan peralatan untuk
aktiviti sukan sekolah. Guru-guru dan pekerja sokongan dapat melaksanakan kerja dengan
mudah serta selamat. Kerja-kerja mengangkat peralatan lebih cepat dan ergonomik.
KESAN KOS
Kos yang telah dibelanjakan bagi menghasilkan tangga serbaguna tahan lama ini ialah RM
600.00.
POTENSI KOMERSIAL
Sesuai digunakan untuk semua kenderaan pengangkutan seperti lori,truck pick-up dan
kenderaan 4 x4, boleh digunakan di pelbagai unit/jabatan kerajaan yang memiliki kenderaan
pengangkutan. Boleh juga digunakan oleh badan berkanun,ngo dan kenderaan perseorangan.
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5R SMART BIN
Muhammad Isma Danial bin Ismail and Raja Nur Batisha binti Raja Izuddin Chulan
Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Pengkalan Hulu, Pengkalan Hulu, Perak
E-mail: id2784510@gmail.com
.
Abstract: Our main objective for this project is to reduce as many rubbish that can be
compressed such as plastic bottles and aluminium in the 5R smart bin itself . In this research,
by compressing all the rubbish in the bin, it allows more capacity in the 5R Smart Bin itself.
Made from Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer, also known as EPDM rubber, this
compression roller was fabricated on a compression molding press and CNC roller grinder.
These plain-faced small size rollers employs precise roller grinding capabilities, which also
includes tapered, serrated, grooved, and crowned roller grinding. Besides that, the use of
InfraRed ( IR)sensor is to detect the trash presence whenever it is near the bin . The Passive
InfraRed (PIR) sensor functions as a safety signal whenever users wants to put their hand into
the bin.It will be combined with LED in order to identify when the bin will be fully compact
with rubbish.Additionally, in our study, we found that the values of bin capacitance is
affected when the mass of trash increases. This is the study of the compression of the trash
increasing as well.
Keywords: IR sensors, PIR sensors, ,CNC roller grinder
INTRODUCTION
This research is titled 5R Smart Bin by using rollers grinder, IR and PIR sensors. The main
objective of this research is to develop a prototype of a smart bin that uses 5R concept which
are repurpose, reuse, recycle, refuse and reduce rubbish that is currently one of the
environmental issues faced lately and to facilitate the garbage disposal
METHODOLOGY
Firstly, prepare a recycling bin 120L/240L. Then, install the gear and roller grinder. Wiring
system are also needed which is by connecting to plug 3pin 12v. IR sensor and PIR sensor are
placed at the mouth of the recycling bin. Programme the IR and PIR sensor to 3-5cm from the
mouth of the bin to easily detect any motion nearby. IR and PIR sensor’s effective distance
range 2 ~ 30cm, working voltage is 3.3V to 5V. LED is placed on the top of the recycling bin
to give a sign when the rubbish is fully loaded in the smart bin.
FINDINGS
We also got an idea from the sugar machine rollers. The sugar cane juice extraction process
(crushing) is made by compressing the shredded sugar cane between groove rolls. Groove on
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the rolls plays an important role for compressing . The groove on the surface of rolls is
designed based on efficiency of extraction and for gripping smashed rubbish (Fernando,
2007). This PIR ( Motion) sensor can detect the infrared signals from human body or other
animals and it triggers with any movement. Therefore, it can be applied to a variety of
scenarios which require to detect motion. DFrobot Product Wiki (2016)
CONCLUSION
Troughout our invention, we used The 5R’s to conclude in our invention which is reduce,
reuse, recycle, repurpose and ,refuse .This invention will eventually help users to be more
eco-concious about their environment and we followed Goals no.9 from the United Nation in
Sustainable Development Goals. There are of course some problems and limitations of our
work such as the cost itself for the prototype, the inaccuracy of measurement and the trials we
made on the prototype. Based on our invention,we found out that there are many type of
sensors that can be very useful in our daily lives. Besides that, this invention would help to
create a better eco-concious society. We would also be honoured to innovate more on our
invention in the future.
REFERENCES
http://education.rec.ri.cmu.edu/content/electronics/boe/ir_sensor/1.html
https://learn.adafruit.com/ir-sensor/using-an-ir-sensor
https://www.elprocus.com/passive-infrared-pir-sensor-with-applications/
http://balakrishnaengineering.com/products/sugarcane-crusher/
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THE EFFECT OF ANNONA MURICATA ON RATTUS

RATTUS
Ainin Sofia Binti Md Yusri1, Qurratu'ain Zakirah Binti Noor Hisham1, Nur Hafizah Hasan1
and Marina Mohd. Top @ Mohd. Tah2
1
Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Baling, Kedah, Malaysia
2
Pusat Asasi Sains Pertanian, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Email: nurhafizah.hasan@ymail.com
Abstract: Annona muricota (soursop) can be used as a deterrent to avoid pest species like
Rattus rattus (house rat). Rattus rattus is a common pest animal that lives alongside with
humans. Rattus sp.has continuously been a problem for human as they are the vectors for
many diseases and can also cause many instrumental damages. Annona muricata has been
used for deterrent purposes in two different physical states, which are fresh leaves, and as
agar made from blending A. muricata leaves. Rattus rattus was released into a Y-maze to
study their behaviour towards the deterrent. This finding has proved that blended A. muricata
leaves in agar are more efficient in repelling R. rattus compared to fresh leaves. This is due to
the strong and faulty odor emitted by the agar. In comparison of agar and fresh leaves of A.
muricata, agar shows significant difference in efficacy of rendering R. rattus. This finding
determines that the best product in repelling R. rattus is blended A. muricata leaves in agar.
Keywords: Annona muricata, Rattus rattus, pest control, plant based deterrent, animal
behavior.
INTRODUCTION
Rattus, a widely known genus of rodents come in different sizes and colours. In general
terms, Rattus is slender with a pointed head, have large eyes and prominent, thinly furred
ears. The most common Rattus is Rattus rattus (black rat) and Rattus norvegicus (brown rat),
which are closely associated with human beings. These Rattus have their origins in Asia and
are generally known as true rats or the Old World rats. R. rattus or best known as house rats
are predominant in warmer climates while R. norvegicus dominates in temperate climates.
Anona muricata comes from the second largest genus of the family, Annonaceae. This
evergreen plant is mostly distributed in tropical and subtropical region, and is most commonly
found in Caribbean islands. The spiky fruit of A. muricata comes with white flesh and sweet
flavour that attracts people to use it in juice and ice cream. It also has hermaphrodite flowers
that easily grow in warm climates such as in Malaysia or Indonesia. Annona muricata plant
contributes a lot to health care such as curing cancer, boosting immune system, relieving
respiratory diseases, treating insomnia and many more.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
The increase in population of Rattus has caused a lot of risks and problems to humans in
numerous ways. Human and animal health, contamination and damage to the property are
threatened by Rattus. Due to their incisors designed for gnawing, structural, electrical and
building systems might get damaged, which causes a lot of maintenance works to be done.
One female Rattus tend to have up to 15000 babies in just one year, leading to a large amount
of outlay to human beings. Standing as pests, Rattus also cause severe damage to agricultural
lands and products. Householders and farmers have used myriad of pests’ repellents to drive
Rattus away from their houses and lands. The most popular way that has been used widely in
Malaysia is citronella grass (Cymbopogan nardus), a plant-based pests repellent.

In this study, the leaves of Annona muricata or more commonly known as soursop are used as
a plant-based pest repellent. Annona muricata comes from the second largest genus of the
family, Annonaceae. The leaves of A. muricata plant give out its own intolerable odour
against Rattus. This method is typically used in countryside areas of Malaysia at their houses
and farms as a natural deterrent for chasing away the house rats.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
By using the Y-maze trap (a Y shaped trap that act as a maze with two arms (arm 1 and arm
2) specially built for trapping the rats to the baits), the tied 16 fresh leaves of Anona muricata
and palm shoots as baits were placed below the ending of arm 1. The palm shoots were placed
just below the ending of arm 2. Rat A was released into the centre arm. The video camera was
started. The wild rat was then timed 5 minutes after it was released. The aim of the video was
to observe the behaviour of the rats to avoid the secluded area. These steps were repeated by
switching the side of fresh leaves and the baits, by randomly switching the sides of the
repellent and the baits in the arm of the Y-maze during the second replica. Before switching
the sides, it was made sure that there was no residual odour of Anonna muricata from the
previous place by applying odour-absorbing wood shavings and leaving it for a minimum of
30 minutes. All the above steps were repeated for rat A, rat B, rat C, rat D, rat E and rat F.
After conducting the fresh leaves experiment with all the sample sizes, the deterrent was
switched and replaced with agar blocks made with extraction of A. muricata leaves. The
odour removing method was used again but with the switch of agar it was applied for a
minimum of 24 hours.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to determine the efficacy of Anona muricata as a
deterrent against the wild rodents (Rattus rattus), to document the behaviour of wild rodents
(Rattus rattus) against potential deterrents and to develop plant-based pest repellent product
with the leaves of Annona muricata plant.

Rattus are one of the most common rodents closely associated with humans and have caused
risks and problems to humans in several ways. These pests are mostly found in the streets or
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houses. The leaves of Annona muricata were used to test the effect on Rattus as a plant-based
pest repellant to reduce the number of problems caused by Rattus.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the total cost needed for the experiment is not more than RM5, which
will be spent in buying materials and apparatus.
As of now, there are some commercial rat deterrents available in the market. However, most
of them are non-environmentally friendly and can cause health problems in human if they
mishandle it. Blended leaves of Annona muricata in agar is the most effective deterrent
material for repelling the wild rats compared to the fresh leaves. This organic product is a
more effective and human-friendly deterrent and is believed to have a great potential in the
market to solve the annoyance of Rattus rattus or house rats from interfering with human
activities around the world.
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POP! POP! JAWI BOOK: FUN AND INTERESTING
Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad*, Azlina Mohd Mydin, Zuraira Libasin, Rafizah Kechil and
Siti Nurleena Abu Mansor
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang
*E-mail: wanan122@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Pop-up book can be defined as a book with pages rise when opened to simulate a
three-dimensional form or movable book. With 3D illustrations, it encourages readers
especially kids to read consistently. By reading frequently, it will strengthen the child's
vocabulary, visualization and sensory. In this project, we focus on the development of a 'pop-
pop' book which is the Jawi pop-up book. The selection of Jawi as a pop-up book is because
there is no Jawi Pop-up book in the Malaysian market. Besides encouraging the kids to love
Jawi, we hope that this POP! POP! Jawi Book will sustain the Arabic-based scripts in the
Malay education and culture.
Keywords: pop-up, kids, Jawi
INTRODUCTION
A book is a collection of paper materials bound together on one end and contains various kind
of information. Books are an effective medium of knowledge for the readers. Many benefits
can be obtained when reading a book such as adding new knowledge to the readers and filling
their time with useful activities.
Pop-up comes from the word English which means "pops out" while pop-up books can be
defined as a book containing three-dimensional drawing paper and interactive element
(Sabuda, August 15, 2012). Pop-up books can provide a very interesting way of reading
because of its visualization. Starting from images that appear to have a three-dimensional and
kinetic display and images that can move when the page is opened. Some pop-up books also
provide a button for listening to sounds or music.
Besides that, some of the pop-up books that are available in the market contains pieces of
object which can be moved when opening or pulling the page, so it can formed according to
the original object. This make the pop-up book more attractive because of its visual
appearance on a story.
Pop-up book is very interesting and different from other ordinary illustration storybooks as
the readers will feel amazed when opening the page of the book (Sabuda, 2012). This makes
pop-up book fun and enjoyable to be read.
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METHODOLOGY
The pop-up book has been designed using the flowchart below. The flowchart explained the
overall process during the development of the pop-up book (Figure 1). Before we start
developing the book, a pre-questionnaire have been distributed to kindergarten students,
teachers and parents to help us in identifying the needs for the content of the pop-up book.
The results have been discussed in the Results and Discussion section. From the results, we
start designing a suitable content for the books. The books are designed in 6 editions to
distribute the 36 JAWI letters. We completed the first edition which consist of the first 6
JAWI letters, alif-ha ( - - ). The content are planned and sent to be printed while for the
pop-up part, we folded it ourserlves to make it three-dimensional and movable. A post
questionnaire have also been done to get the users satisfaction of the book. Figure 2 shows the
design of the cover page and few content of the book.
Cover page – front and back First page
Content page 1 Content page 3
Content page 2 Content page 4
Figure 1. Flowchart Figure 2. Book design
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FINDINGS
A pre-questionnaire has been done to identify the childrens need and choose a suitable content
for the pop-up Jawi book. Around 30 respondents are chosen from kindergarten teachers,
children and even parents in Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang area.
Figure 3. Respondents own a pop-up book and their feelings towards it
Figure 3 shows that 65% of the respondents own at least a pop-up book while 35% maybe not
be interested in having one. However, 85% admitted that pop-up books are interesting and
exciting for kindergarten children. This is because the three dimensional pictures in a pop-up
book can stimulate the children mind while reading and making them enjoyed learning.
Besides colourful pictures, some of the words can be touched and feel using fingers.
Figure 4. Respondents familiarity with Jawi pop-up book
Aligned with our project, the respondents were asked whether they have ever seen a Jawi pop-
up book before. Figure 4 shows that 97% of the respondents claimed that they have not seen
one while 3% says they may have seen one. This is because in the Malaysian book store, we
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can only find pop-up books pulished by other countries and most of them are story books
written in English.
Figure 5. Respondents preference on the Jawi pop-up book
The Jawi pop-up book focused on creating interesting way of learning Jawi so that children
will enjoy learning and can memorise Jawi alphabets fast and easily. Figure 5 shows
respondents preference on the Jawi pop-up book. 95% of the respondents agree that Jawi
pop-up book can be very interesting for children to learn Jawi. The way of representing the
pop-up book is very interesting as the contents are colourful, three-dimensional, the words
can be feel and touched and some of the pictures can be moved.
CONCLUSION
In Malaysia, pop-up books by international publishers can be found in any book stores.
Unlikely, there are no pop-up books created by the Malaysian authors and publishers. Thus,
our aimed is to focus on the development of a Malay-Jawi 'pop-pop' book which is the Jawi
pop-up book. The selection of Jawi as a pop-up book is because there is no Malay or Jawi
Pop-up book in the Malaysian market. This book is the first pop-up book in Malaysia
developed by our owned. It is specially dedicated to kindergarten students and parents to
encourage the children to learn JAWI in an fascinating way. We hope that this book will also
help the kindergarten teachers to deliver the JAWI knowledge to their students in a new and
interesting approach.
REFERENCES
Sabuda, R. (2018), Childrens Book Creator, 2018. Retrieved from robertsabuda.com
(2016, Sept16). Kelebihan Buku Bergambar untuk Anak Kecil Retreievd from:
http://anaksayabijak.blogspot.my/2016/09/kelebihan-buku-bergambar-untuk-anak.html
Pipit Umayah (2012), Perancangan Buku Pop Up Sebagai Media Pengenalan Tentang
Rumah Dan Pakaian Adat Indonesia, Universitas Negeri Malang, Retrieved from jurnal-
online.um.ac.id
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
KELUARGA ‘U’ DAN ‘N’ AJAIB
Nor Shahida Saroni1 dan Muhammad Faiz bin Alias2

1
Sekolah Kebangsaan Meru, Kapar, Selangor
2
Sekolah Kebangsaan Telok Gong, Klang, Selangor
E-mail: ida.minho92@gmail.com, faiz_gino@yahoo.com
Abstrak: Kemahiran mengenal huruf merupakan satu kemahiran bahasa yang perlu dipelajari
dan dikuasai oleh murid dan khususnya murid Prasekolah serta murid Pemulihan Khas dalam
mempelajari bahasa. Murid-murid pemulihan Tahun 2 Bestari, SK Titi Tinggi, Perlis
menghadapi masalah dalam kemahiran mengenal huruf kecil. Inovasi yang dilaksanakan ini
adalah bagi menangani masalah mengecam dan mengenal huruf-huruf kecil. Fokus utama
inovasi ini adalah untuk meningkatkan kemahiran mengenal huruf d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan h
dan kemahiran membezakan huruf seakan sama b dan d serta p dan q. Bagi mendapatkan
maklumat yang lebih terperinci, satu tinjauan awal telah dilaksanakan dalam bentuk
ujian diagnostik, temu bual dan pemerhatian. Justeru itu, inovasi Keluarga u dan n Ajaib
telah dicipta dan dilaksanakan sebagai tindakan. Inovasi ini adalah inovasi daripada
pembelajaran mengenal huruf kaedah biasa kepada suatu kaedah yang lebih menarik. Kaedah
ini mengaplikasikan Kaedah Cantuman Komponen Huruf dan Kaedah Membayangkan
Huruf. Subjek kajian akan diberikan tindakan Keluarga u dan n Ajaib yang meliputi kitaran
aktiviti berbentuk abstrak, visual, audio, kinestetik dan bertulis. Data kajian telah dianalisis
dalam hasil kerja (ujian pra, ujian pos dan hasil kerja responden), pemerhatian tidak
berstruktur dan temu bual. Hasil dapatan kajian, kesemua responden telah berjaya
meningkatkan penguasaan dalam kemahiran mengenal huruf kecil. d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan
h iaitu peningkatan bagi ketiga-tiga responden iaitu Murid 1 (7.4% kepada 100%) , Murid 2
(11.1% kepada 100%) dan Murid 3 (7.4% peningkatan kepada 100%). Inovasi ini telah
disebar luas kepada beberapa sekolah dan telah diuji keberkesanannya iaitu ke sekolah SJKC
Hai Ping, Sungai Besar, Selangor dan ke SK Meru, Klang, Selangor. Melalui dapatan ini,
dapat dirumuskan bahawa kemahiran mengenal huruf dalam kalangan murid
Prasekolah dan Pemulihan Khas dapat dikuasai sekiranya guru mempelbagaikan kaedah,
bahan dan aktiviti yang bersesuaian dengan tahap murid. Suatu dapatan yang dapat
diperoleh juga adalah, inovasi ini bukan sahaja sesuai untuk murid Prasekolah, malah boleh
disebarluaskan kepada murid Pemulihan Khas, murid Pendidikan Khas dan murid arus
perdana yang juga menghadapi masalah sama iaitu masalah mengenal huruf kecil. d, y, g, a,
q, b, p dan h dan membezakan huruf seakan sama iaitu b dan d serta p dan q.
Kata kunci: prasekolah, pemulihan, diagnostik, cantuman, komponen, kemahiran.
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PENGENALAN
Objektif :
Dengan menggunakan inovasi ini, murid berupaya untuk :
i. Mengecam huruf kecil d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan h dengan betul menggunakan kaedah
“Keluarga u dan n Ajaib”
ii. Membezakan antara huruf “b dan d” serta huruf “ p dan q”
iii. Membayangkan huruf d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan h berdasarkan rangsangan visual daripada
kaedah Keluarga u dan n Ajaib
Masalah yang Dihadapi :

Berdasarkan kesemua analisis tinjauan awal yang telah dijalankan, pengkaji jelas bahawa,
terdapat beberapa masalah yang dihadapi oleh murid. Oleh itu, pengkaji telah mengenalpasti
empat permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh murid.
i. Murid tidak dapat mengecam huruf kecil d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan h dengan betul
menggunakan kaedah “Keluarga u dan n Ajaib”
ii. Murid tidak dapat membezakan antara huruf “b dan d” serta huruf “ p dan q”
iii. Murid tidak dapat membayangkan huruf d, y, g, a, q, b, p dan h berdasarkan
rangsangan visual daripada kaedah Keluarga u dan n ajaib
iv. Murid tidak dapat menumpukan perhatian sepenuhnya.
Kedudukan Sebelum Inovasi Dijalankan :

Ujian Diagnostik
MINGGU 1 : 4 FEB 2015
Berdasarkan hasil ujian diagnostik, didapati 3 orang responden mempunyai masalah dalam
kemahiran 1 iaitu Kemahiran Huruf Kecil. Melalui hasil ujian tersebut juga, didapati
responden tidak dapat menulis huruf kecil mengikut arahan yang dibacakan oleh guru. Malah,
responden turut mengosongkan beberapa ruang menulis tersebut kerana langsung tiada idea
berkaitan huruf yang disebut oleh guru sewaktu ujian sedang dijalankan.
Rajah 1. Hasil ujian diagnostik 3 orang responden
Berdasarkan hasil ujian diagnostik di atas, jelas bahawa 3 orang responden disasarkan kerana
ketiga-tiganya menghadapi masalah dalam menulis huruf kecil. Jika diteliti, hasil ujian
diagnostik responden berbeza dengan jawapan sebenar yang disebutkan oleh guru.
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Rajah 2. Jawapan sebenar huruf yang disebut pengkaji
Berikut merupakan keputusan ujian yang diperolehi ketiga-tiga responden:
Jadual 1. Keputusan Ujian Diagnostik Kemahiran 1 Tahun 2 2015
Responden Kemahiran 1 Peratus Jumlah markah

M1 3/ 26 12% 3/26
M2 4/26 15% 4/26
M3 6/26 23% 6/26
Analisis keputusan ujian diagnostik yang dimuatkan dalam Jadual 1 menunjukkan bahawa
responden hanya dapat mengenal dan menulis beberapa huruf kecil sahaja. Walau
bagaimanapun, responden keseluruhannya dilihat dapat mengenal huruf yang dianggap
mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza sepeti o, z, dan huruf x.
Temu Bual Bersama Guru Dan Responden

Minggu 2: 11 Feb 2015
Kenapa kamu tidak tahu menulis huruf yang cikgu sebutkan ?
“Saya tidak bayangkan huruf yang mana satu cikgu sebutkan. Saya tidak tahu macam mana
bentuk huruf itu.” (P1/M17.2.2015).
Selepas menemubual responden, pengkaji juga ada membuat temu bual tidak formal bersama
guru pemulihan di sekolah-sekolah sekitar Perlis. Didapati punca masalah responden tidak
boleh menulis beberapa huruf-huruf kecil adalah kerana tiada bayangan visual terhadap
bentuk huruf-huruf tersebut. Malah, responden juga didapati menghadapi masalah kerana
tidak dapat membezakan beberapa huruf yang dianggap seakan-akan sama bentuk.
Mengapa murid sering tersilap menulis antara huruf “b dan d” serta huruf “p dan q”?
“ Saya nampak responden ni senang keliru sewaktu menulis huruf. Lebih-lebih lagi huruf
yang mempunyai bentuk huruf yang seakan-akan sama. Inilah yang menyebabkan responden
keliru dan cenderung untuk melakukan kesilapan.” (G1/M18.2.2015).
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Pemerhatian Menggunakan Nota Lapangan

Minggu 3 : 12 Februari 2015
Minggu 3 : Khamis. 12 Feb 2015. Masa : 7.40 a.m. hingga 8.40 a.m.
Nama Responden : Saiful Shahrin Tahun : 2 Bestari
Semasa PdP: Responden tidak dapat menulis huruf-huruf kecil seperti a, d, g dan q.
Lembaran kerja berkaitan huruf tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan baik. Responden
amat bergantung kepada bimbingan daripada guru.
Nama Responden : Saiful Rizal Tahun : 2 Bestari
Semasa PdP: Responden kelihatan kurang yakin apabila diminta untuk menulis huruf
a. Responden menulis d terbalik menjadikan huruf b. Malah, sewaktu menulis huruf
a, responden hanya termenung dan tidak dapat menulis huruf yang disebut.
Nama Responden : Surianizam Tahun : 2 Bestari
Semasa PdP: Responden kelihatan lebih banyak mendiamkan diri daripada bertanya
apa yang tidak diketahuinya. Responden terpinga-pinga sewaktu disuruh
membayangkan huruf d di dalam minda.
METODOLOGI
Memperkenalkan Inovasi Berdasarkan Masalah yang Dikenalpasti
Tipps et al. (2011) mengatakan bahawa tindakan memerlukan pertimbangan dari segi sosial,
afektif dan motivasi.
Prosedur Tindakan
Pengkaji telah membuat keputusan untuk memperkenalkan tindakan ”Keluarga u dan n
Ajaib” bagi membantu responden dan mencapai objektif kajian. Kesemua aspek abstrak,
audio visual, kinestetik dan bertulis disusun sewaktu menggunakan tindakan ini.
bertulis
visual dan audio
• konsep u • ikon mewakili • rangsangan • pengukuhan
dan n ajaib komponen huruf pasir semula
• di papan • rangsangan • pergerakan • lembaran
putih sahaja gambar sepenuhnya kerja bertulis
• menyanyikan
lagu cara tulis
huruf
kinestetik
abstrak
Rajah 3. Prosedur tindakan
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Rajah 4. Komponen Asas u-Ajaib
Rajah 5. Komponen Asas n-Ajaib
Tindakan ini adalah diinspirasikan daripada gaya penghafalan huruf kecil kepada tindakan
pecahan-pecahan komponen huruf menjadi huruf yang bermakna. Berikut merupakan 4
pasangan komponen bagi membentuk huruf yang bermakna daripada asas huruf u:
Rajah 6. Gabungan huruf u dengan mata kail menjadi huruf y
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Rajah 7. Gabungan huruf u dengan topi besbol menjadi huruf a
Rajah 8. Gabungan huruf u dengan topi dan mata kail menjadi huruf g
Rajah 9. Gabungan huruf u dengan topi besbol dan kayu golf menjadi huruf q
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Rajah 10. Gabungan huruf u dengan topi besbol dan tiang menjadi huruf d
Manakala, berikut pula merupakan hasil gabungan komponen bagi membentuk huruf-huruf
dalam keluarga n :
Rajah 11. Gabungan huruf n dengan tiang atas dan kasut menjadi huruf b
Rajah 12. Gabungan huruf n dengan tiang atas menjadi huruf h
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Rajah 13. Gabungan huruf n dengan tiang bawah dan kasut menjadi huruf p
Elemen belajar sambil bermain juga amat menarik minat responden untuk berusaha sebaik
yang mungkin ketika tindakan “Keluarga u dan n Ajaib” dilaksanakan.
Rajah 14. Kelebihan inovasi Keluarga u dan n Ajaib
Waddle (1999), dalam kajiannya telah menunjukkan dua sebab yang berlainan berhubung
dengan nilai bermain. Menurut beliau, pendidikan awal kanak-kanak dan ibu bapa percaya
bahawa main adalah cara yang terbaik untuk kanak-kanak belajar tentang konsep, kemahiran
dan tugas-tugas yang diperlukan untuk berjaya di masa hadapan.
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Berikut merupakan prosedur tindakan yang dijalankan bagi memperkenalkan Keluarga ”u dan
n” Ajaib :
Jadual 2. Peringkat-peringkat aktiviti dan rawatannya
Aktiviti Peringkat Penerangan Rawatan (Rasional)

Aktiviti 1 Abstrak Responden diperkenalkan dengan Memberikan gambaran keseluruhan
konsep u-Ajaib pada pada putih berkaitan dengan kaedah yang hendak
diajar
Aktiviti 2 Visual Komponen huruf diberikan Mengaplikasikan konsep ”u-ajaib” yang
(Gambar) / perwakilan gambar bagi tiap-tiap telah diperkenalkan pada aktiviti 1
Audio komponen yang dipisahkan
daripada huruf
Aktiviti 3 Kinestetik/ Penggunaan pasir memberikan Memberikan rangsangan sentuhan kepada
Konkrit rangsangan responden untuk responden daripada konsep u-ajaib yang
menulis huruf daripada huruf u telah dipelajari
pada permukaan pasir
Aktiviti 4 Bertulis Responden membuat semula Langkah ini sangat penting sebagai
pengukuhan dalam bentuk bertulis persediaan responden untuk membiasakan
supaya responden dapat diri mereka menulis pada kertas seperti
mengaplikasikan konsep u-ajaib biasa peperiksaan dijalankan.
yang dipelajari dalam bentuk
penulisan pada kertas
Aktiviti 1
Aktiviti : Apa Itu u dan n Ajaib?
Tema : Dapur Ibu / Misi Selamatkan Puteri
Peringkat : Abstrak / Konsep
Penerapan Terapi : Warna
Langkah-Langkah Pelaksanaan :
1. Pengkaji memperkenalkan apa itu u-Ajaib
2. Responden ditunjukkan proses campuran huruf u dengan beberapa unsur bagi membentuk
huruf yang baru.
3. Gabungan huruf u (marker biru) dan komponen lain (marker merah) ditulis pada papan
tulis agar responden dapat benar-benar memahami konsep yang hendak diajar.
4. Daripada huruf u, responden membina huruf seperti huruf a, d, y, q dan g.
5. Daripada huruf u boleh menghasilkan huruf a.
6. Daripada huruf u boleh menghasilkan huruf d.
7. Daripada huruf u boleh menghasilkan huruf y.
8. Daripada huruf u boleh menghasilkan huruf q.
9. Daripada huruf u boleh menghasilkan huruf g.
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Rajah 15. Proses pengkaji memperkenalkan tindakan Keluarga u dan n Ajaib
Aktiviti 2
Aktiviti : Gabungan Gambar kepada u-Ajaib, kemudian n-Ajaib?
Tema : Hari Jadi Cikgu.
Peringkat : Visual / Gambar dan Audio
Penerapan Terapi : Terapi Visual (Gambar rangsangan)
Langkah-Langkah :
Pelaksanaan
1. Pengkaji memperkenalkan gambar-gambar yang terlibat dalam u-Ajaib
2. Responden diberikan keratan cantuman huruf yang dirangsang oleh gambar.
3. Daripada huruf u, responden membina huruf seperti huruf a, d, y, q dan g.
4. Responden terlebih dahulu diminta untuk membayangkan huruf dan menulisnya di udara.
5. Cantuman huruf u dengan gambar “topi besbol” menghasilkan huruf a. (nyanyi lepas
terbentuk huruf)
6. Cantuman huruf u dengan gambar “topi dan tiang” menghasilkan huruf d. (nyanyi)
7. Cantuman huruf u dengan gambar “mata kail” menghasilkan huruf y. (nyanyi lepas
terbentuk)
8. Cantuman huruf u dengan gambar “topi dan kayu golf” menghasilkan huruf q. (nyanyi)
9. Cantuman huruf u dengan gambar “topi dan mata kail” menghasilkan huruf g. (nyanyi)
Rajah 16. Proses responden menulis huruf di udara, mencantumkan komponen dan membentuk huruf yang disebut
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Aktiviti 3
Aktiviti : Ladang u-Ajaib?
Tema : Ladang Cikgu.
Peringkat : Kinestetik / Konkrit
Penerapan Terapi : Terapi Main dan Sentuhan (responden bermain
sambung keratan huruf dan menulis di atas pasir)
1. Pengkaji memperkenalkan keratan yang terlibat dalam u-Ajaib
2. Responden duduk di dalam “Ladang u-ajaib”.
3. Responden mencantumkan keratan daripada asas huruf u untuk menjadikan huruf a, d, y, q
dan g.
4. Responden cuba untuk mencari pasangan komponen sambungan huruf yang sesuai untuk
menghasilkan huruf yang disebutkan oleh pengkaji.
5. Selepas responden dapat membina huruf tersebut, responden perlu menulis huruf yang
dibina tadi pada pasir di tikar “Ladang Cikgu”.
6. Penulisan pada pasir dibuat secara berulang-ulang kali.
Rajah 17. Proses responden mencantumkan “u-ajaib” dan menulis huruf yang dibina pada pasir
Aktiviti 4
Aktiviti : Tulis Semula Huruf Sebenar Keluarga u-Ajaib
Tema : Dapur Ibu
Peringkat : Bertulis
Penerapan Terapi : Terapi Cara Kerja dan Nyayian
1. Pengkaji memperkukuhkan cara penulisan responden bagi huruf-huruf yang ditekankan
2. Pengkaji memperkenalkan beberapa lagu untuk digunakan ketika penulisan huruf-huruf
tertentu seperti huruf a (lagu : telinga dulu, baru batangnya ~)
3. Responden menyiapkan lembaran kerja yang diberikan dengan tekun.
4. Responden diberikan bimbingan jika masih tidak dapat mengecam huruf yang telah
dipelajari.
5. Pengkaji mengulang beberapa kali dalam memberikan konsep huruf kepada responden.
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Rajah 18. Proses responden diberikan pengukuhan berkaitan
Kos bagi menghasilkan inovasi

Bahan – bahan yang akan digunakan semasa menjalankan kajian tindakan ini adalah seperti
yang dinyatakan di dalam Jadual 3.
Bil. Jenis Bahan Kuantiti x Harga Seunit Jumlah Kos

1. Kertas A4 1 rim x RM12.50 RM 12.50
2. Mounting Board 1 unit x RM3.50 RM 3.50
JUMLAH RM 16.00
HASIL KAJIAN
Ujian pra dan ujian pos
Ujian Pra
Jadual 4. Keputusan Markah Ujian Pra
Responden Bahagian Item Jumlah markah Peratus (%)

A B C
M1 2/9 0/9 0/9 2/27 7.4 %
M2 3/9 0/9 0/9 3/27 11.1 %
M3 3/9 0/9 0/9 2/27 7.4 %
Ujian Pos
Jadual 5. Keputusan Markah Ujian Pos
Responden Bahagian Item Jumlah Peratus (%)

A B C markah
M1 9/9 9/9 9/9 27/27 100 %
M2 9/9 9/9 9/9 27/27 100 %
M3 9/9 9/9 9/9 27/27 100 %
Hasil daripada dapatan yang diperolehi melalui ujian pra serta ujian pos yang ditadbir, satu
carta graf telah dibina bagi melihat perbezaan prestasi pencapaian responden sebelum dan
selepas tindakan dijalankan.Peningkatan dan penurunan pencapaian murid mengenal 8 huruf
iaitu huruf a, d, y, g, q, b, p dan h dapat dilihat dengan jelas berdasarkan rajah yang telah
dibina.
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Rajah 19. Perbandingan Markah Responden dalam Peratus antara Ujian Pra dan Ujian Pos
Lembaran Kerja Responden

Lembaran Kerja 1
Jadual 6. Analisis Lembaran Kerja 1
Responden Item yang dikaji

Kesalahan
Huruf Huruf Huruf Huruf Huruf q Huruf Huruf p Huruf
a d y g b h
M1 √ √
M2 √
M3 √
Lembaran Kerja 2
Lembaran Kerja 2 merupakan lembaran kerja yang diberikan kepada responden setelah kajian
tindakan dijalankan buat kali kedua. Masa yang diberikan kepada responden untuk
menyiapkan lembaran kerja ini adalah selama 15 minit iaitu dalam langkah lembaran kerja
sewaktu proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran berlangsung.
Jadual 7. Analisis Lembaran Kerja 2
Responden Item yang dikaji

Kesalahan
Huruf Huruf Huruf Huruf Huruf q Huruf Huruf p Huruf
a d y g b h
M1 √
M2 √
M3
Berikut merupakan carta pai bagi menunjukkan peratus kesalahan yang dibuat dalam
lembaran kerja 1 dan lembaran kerja 2.
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Rajah 20. Carta pai peratus kesalahan bagi Lembaran Kerja 1 dan Lembaran kerja 2
Temubual
Temu bual merupakan kaedah pengumpulan data yang seterusnya. Temu bual telah dijalankan
oleh pengkaji ke atas responden setelah sesi kedua tindakan dibuat kepada responden.
Terdapat 4 item soalan yang telah diutarakan kepada responden.
Soalan 1 : Antara huruf o dan huruf b, yang manakah huruf yang sukar bagi
kamu ?
M1 : “Ermm.. huruf b saya tak ingat lah cikgu.”
(MM/M1/23.03.2015)
M2 : “Mestilah huruf b cikgu. Huruf o senang je bulat.”
(M1/M2/23.03.2015)
M3 : “Dua-dua huruf saya tak tahu cikgu. Cuma, huruf o tu betullahkan
bentuk bulat? ”
(MAS/M3/23.03.2015)
Soalan 2 : Kenapa kamu tidak tahu menulis huruf yang cikgu sebutkan ?
M1 : “Saya tak dapat bayangkan langsung macam mana bentukkan huruf tu cikgu.”
(MM/M1/23.03.2015)
M2 : “Bila cikgu sebut nama-nama huruf tu, saya rasa semua huruf tu sama
sahaja.”
(M1/M2/23.03.2015)
M3 : “Saya selalu keliru cikgu. Saya nampak, semua huruf sama. Hari-hari kami
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kena ulang belajar huruf. Sekolah pagi kami belajar huruf rumi. Sekolah
petang kami belajar huruf jawi. Pening lah cikgu.”
(MAS/M3/23.03.2015)
Soalan 3 : Mengapa kamu sering tersilap menulis antara huruf “b dan b” serta huruf
“p dan q”?
M1 : “Bunyi dia sama lah cikgu. Bentuk dia pun sama saya tengok.”
(MM/M1/23.03.2015)
M2 : “Huruf b dan d saya nampak sama sahaja. Huruf p dan q pun nampak
sama. Beza dia, tiang dia je tempat lain-lain”
(M1/M2/23.03.2015)
M3 : “Saya memang tidak tahu bezakan keempat-empat huruf tu cikgu. Sama
je saya tengok.”
(MAS/M3/23.03.2015)
Soalan 4 : Selepas kamu kenal jenis-jenis keluarga u dan n, mudah tak untuk kamu
bezakan b dan d, serta p dan q?
M1 : “Mudah lah cikgu. Saya hanya perlu hafal huruf u dan n. Kemudian, saya
terus boleh kenal keluarga huruf yang ada dalam kedua-dua huruf tu.”
(MM/M1/23.04.2015)
M2 : “Mudah. Saya suka bila huruf u pakai topi. Terus jadi huruf a.”
(M1/M2/23.04.2015)
M3 : “Mudah. Saya dah tahu keluarga-keluarga huruf. Bila saya kenal huruf u,
saya terus tahu cara tulis huruf a, d, y, g dan q. Bila saya kenal huruf n,
saya dapat bentukkan huruf b, h dan p.”
(MAS/M3/23.04.2015)
KESIMPULAN
Berdasarkan dapatan daripada kajian yang telah dijalankan, pengkaji mencadangkan kajian ini
dapat diteruskan dengan kajian ke dalam bentuk yang lain iaitu pengaplikasiannya melalui
teknologi ICT.
Guru-guru diharapkan dapat menguasai kemahiran ICT secara serius. Hal ini kerana, cabaran
pendidikan pada hari ini menuntut banyak persembahan pengajaran dilakukan melalui
teknologi ICT yang lebih dekat dengan pelajar masakini. Justeru, guru perlu memiliki
kelengkapan ini dengan menggunakan aplikasi video secara lebih berkesan dan jelas kepada
murid-murid agar objektif pengajaran dan pembelajaran dapat dicapai.
Menurut Jamalludin Harun dan Zaidatun Tasir (2003), mengatakan bahawa multimedia juga
menyediakan pelbagai peluang para pendidik mengaplikasikan pelbagai teknik
pengajaran dan pelajar pula diberi peluang untuk memegang kuasa kawalan bagi suatu
sesi pembelajaran.
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RUJUKAN
Abdul Majid Khan. (2007). Guru sebagai Pendidik. Kuala Lumpur. PTS Millennia Sdn. Bhd.
Abraham Maslow. (1970). Humanistic Theory. New York : General Learning Press.
Bustam Kamri (2010). Abjad diajar atau tidak diajar. Diperoleh pada 15 Mac 2012 dari
http://bustamkamri.blogspot.com/2010/07/abjad-diajar-atau-tidak-diajar.html
Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action
Research, London: Falmer Press.
Choong Lean Keow, PHD. (2011). Asas Penyelididkan Tindakan untuk Program Ijazah
Sarjana Muda Perguruan dengan Kepujian. Kuala Lumpur. Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd.
Cohen, L, Manion, L & Morisson. K .(2000). Research Method Education: London.

Routledge Falmer.
Corder (1975). Siri Pendidikan Perguruan Falsafah dan Pendidikan di Malaysia untuk Ijazah
Sarjana Muda Perguruan. Shah Alam, Selangor : Kumpulan Budiman Sdn. Bhd.
Dalyono (1997). Siri Pendidikan Perguruan Falsafah dan Pendidikan di Malaysia untuk
Program Ijazah Sarjana Muda Perguruan. Shah Alam, Selangor : Kumpulan Budiman Sdn.
Bhd.
Hycinthanita Anak Paha. (2012). Kaedah Mengenal Huruf Kecil Melalui Proses Permainan
Ivan Pavlov. (1927). Social Learning Theory. New York : General Learning Press.
Jamalludin Harun & Zaidatun Tasir. (2003). Multimedia Dalam Pendidikan. PTS
Publications: Bentong.
Jamilah Ahmad (1999). Perkaedahan Mengajar Bahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Kumpulan Budiman
Sdn. Bhd.
Jean Piaget (1972). The Psychology Of The Child.New York: Basic Books
Kamaruudin, Siti Hajar (1999). Strategi pengajaran utama dalam pengajaran guru. Shah
Alam : Paradigma Sdn. Bhd
Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat. (2007). Kuala Lumpur : Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2006). Unit Peperiksaan Dan Penilaian Bahagian

Pendidikan Guru, Buku Panduan Pelaksanaan Dan Penilaian Kerja Kursus Berasaskan Ilmu
Edisi Pelajar.
Norma binti Hassan (2004). Hubungan Di antara Bahan Bantu Mengajar Dengan Minat
Murid Tahun Lima Di Sekolah Kebangsaan, Kem Pengakalan Chepa. Kelantan. Universiti
Sultan Idris, Selangor Darul Ehsan.
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Ott (1997). Pengaplikasian Teori Konstruktivisme dalam Proses Pengajaran dan

Pembelajaran Mata Pelajaran Reka Cipta. Projek Sarjana Muda. Fakulti Pendidikan,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai.
Tipps et al. (2011). The Permanent Importance of The Subjective Reality off Teachers During
Educational Innovation : A Concerns-Based Approach’, American Educational Research
Journal
Waddle (1999). Developing Dispositions of Preservice Teachers Through Membership in

Professional Organizations’, Journal of Aunthentic Learning, Vol. 2(1), September 2005.
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LET’S JUMP AND THINK WITH KETINGTING
Siti Mariam Saad*, Mahanim Omar and Siti Nurleena Abu Mansor
Department of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Pulau Pinang, 13500 Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang
*
E-mail: smariam.saad@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Today, smartphones and tablets are the latest fads among the younger generation to
preoccupy them with learning entertainment, distraction, and technology to pass their time.
Even in early education (kindergarten), kids have been exposed to gadgets more than they
should. There is that one element that seems to be missing from most of those electronic
learning gadgets - those physical and personal human interactions. The innovation of this
game is designed to cater learning and physical game to incorporate both into becoming an
effective learning. The game is a combination of cards game with Ketingting game
(Malaysian cultural heritage). Ketingting game is not only entertaining but also beneficial for
mental and physical development to the players. 'Let’s Jump and Think with Ketingting’ is an
innovation of a traditional game created to add vibrantly and creativity to this learning game.
With a new compelling shape and colours, 'Let’s Jump and Think with Ketingting’ is hoped
to aroused curiosity and interest among the youngsters while learning.
Keywords: Kindergarten, learning game, Ketingting.
INTRODUCTION
Learning through play can help children develop cognitive, social, and physical skills as well
as emotional health (Jantan, 2013). Most learning tools today are in the form of electronic
devices. Parents think electronic devices can help their children in the study. While electronic
learning devices may have benefited the children, some elements are, however, seem to be
missing. Those elements are related to the physical and social development of a child.
Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia (2012) has listed four main elements, known as JERIS in
Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan. The philosophy aimed to produce a person who is balanced
in four aspects, namely physical, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and social (JERIS-Jasmani,
Emosi, Rohani, Intelektual, dan Sosial). By considering this, a game is designed to
incorporate both learning and physical game into effective learning tools that satisfy all the
elements of Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan (Pelan Pembangunan Pendidikan Malaysia
2013-2025). It has commonly been assumed that the traditional games could help to promote
good social life practice (Adriani, 2016), a traditional Ketingting game is innovated by giving
a new compelling shape and colours to attract young generation, particularly pre-school
children. The innovated Ketingting game called Let’s Jump and Think with Ketingting is a
combination of the game with educational flashcards. This project aims to help children in
kindergarten aged between four and six years old in learning new vocabulary or drilling
familiar words for the acquisition of pre-reading skills within an entertaining environment.
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METHODOLOGY
The effectiveness of the game can only be evaluated when applied to real situation. Therefore,
we have randomly selected a kindergarten to facilitate in using this game. The rule of the
game was explained to the teachers so that they could assist in giving instruction while
playing. The children were separated to three groups based on their age; four, five and six
years old. The groups were evaluated based on five items which are physical, emotional,
spiritual, intellectual, and social (Table 1).
Table 1. Items used to evaluate children when playing the game
Item Evaluation
Physical Ability to jump from one hexagon to another hexagon
Emotional Ability to express own feelings
Spiritual Ability to obey the rule
Intellectual Ability to motivate and encourage themselves and others
Social Ability to interact with friends
One group played at a time with the help of teachers, while their ability was evaluated by
observations. The children were given ID numbers in order to randomize selection to prevent
biased in assessment. Before started, a teacher shows the children how to play which required
them to jump on one foot from one hexagon to another hexagon. First group of four years
children were asking to jump based on their preferred colour and number of hexagon. The
second group of five years old were given a set of pictures for them to recognise in order for
them to be granted to jump. The last group of six years old were asking to read a collection of
word and the correct one can jump.
FINDINGS
This project has been applied to a kindergarten with children aged four to six years old.
Thirty-eight percent of the children are female meanwhile another sixty-two percent is male
(Figure 1). From that, result in Figure 2 was obtained.
For physical criteria, 15% of the kids were at average level because there were times where
they only walking to move from one hexagon to another hexagon. On emotional criteria, it
can be noticed that 38% of them showed very little feeling either happy or sad. They only did
whatever have been told. This is perhaps due to their age that they were shy and afraid of the
outsider. All the children did not have any problem to obey the rules. Perhaps their routine in
the kindergarten make them well behave and follow instruction given by their teacher very
well. For that reason, only 38% of the kids has enthusiasm to motivate their peer while
playing this innovated Ketingting game. Most of them just play and focus on their playing
turn. However, all the kids have no problem interacting with each other. Only 31% of them
have an average communication skill because of their early age.
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Figure 1. The children’s gender
Figure 2. Children’s performance based on criteria
Teachers who join this activity agreed that from this innovated Ketingting game, kids can
jump, learn about colours and count at the same time. These will make learning more fun.
The teachers also think that this activity is suitable for all ages and can be played either
indoors or outdoors in kindergarten. In addition, according to the teachers, playing in a group
is a good way in developing the children’s social and communication skills. Besides, by
following the game’s rules, children will learn to develop their understanding values. This
finding is in agreement with Mohamad Ashari, Mohd. Kosnin, & Yeo (2013) that teaching
methods for children are not limited to the academic field, all kinds of experience should be
provided by giving hands-on activities involving the materials is a good foundation of abstract
thinking.
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CONCLUSION
According to National Physical Activity Recommendations for Children 0-5 Years
(Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health and Ageing, 2010), physical activity for
children includes both structured activities and unstructured free play, which can be done
indoors or outdoors. From the innovated Ketingting, children will physically learn to improve
their balance, movement, and co-ordination skills by jumping from hexagon to another
hexagon. They can promote their social skills through interactions with their peers. Besides,
by calculating their steps, it can support their brain development. Therefore, this innovated
Ketingting game is a very suitable learning method in cooperating physical and mental
activities in kindergartens.
REFERENCES
(2010). National physical activity recommendations for children 0-5 years. Commonwealth
of Australia: Department of Health and Ageing.
(2012). Pelan pembangunan pendidikan Malaysia 2012-2025. Putrajaya: Kementerian

Pendidikan Malaysia.
Adriani, T. (2012). Permainan tradisional dalam membentuk karakter anak usia dini. Jurnal
Sosial Budaya, 9(1), 121-136.
Jantan, R. (2013). Faedah bermain dalam perkembangan kanak-kanak prasekolah (4-6 tahun).
Accessed January 10, 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303897656.
Mohamad Ashari, Z., Mohd. Kosnin, A. & Yeo, K. J. (2013). Keberkesanan modul belajar
melalui bermain terhadap kefahaman pengalaman pranombor kanak-kanak prasekolah. 2nd
International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education, 305-312.
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3D MAGIC CARPET
Noranyza Binti Zainol, Muhammad Nur Asyraf Bin Zukri and Nur Nabihah Binti Mohd
Sholihin
Kolej Matrikulasi Perlis, Arau Perlis
Email: Noranyza.edukmp@gmail.com
Abstract: Magic Carpet is a product introduced as an alternative to enhance of teaching

visualization and improve class management. This product is an environmental friendly
because it can reduce electricity and reduce cost of preparing teaching aids. Besides, this
product is durable and recyclable. Therefore it can be used for a long time compared to the
present teaching aids. Magic carpet has potential marketable value to those involved in
providing teaching aids for early age education.
Keywords: Magic Carpet, teaching aids, visualization, early age education, environmental
friendly
INTRODUCTION
The teaching and learning process will becomes more effective with the usage of teaching
aids that encourage students to imagine through visualization. Apart from that, learning
session will become more fun if students can participate in all learning activities. Magic
Carpet is an alternative teaching aids that can improve understanding and social skill among
children.
METHODOLOGY
A – ANALYSIS
A survey done to kindergarten teachers on preparation of teaching aids.
D – DESIGN
Inventor identified a teaching theory related to improvement of children understanding and
social skill.
D – DEVELOP
Preparing prototype of Magic Carpet.
I – IMPLEMENTATION
Trial session with kindergarten teachers.
E – EVALUATION
Responses from the trial session used to evaluate the effectiveness of the product.
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FINDINGS
Problem Statement
1) The increase on eye eight problems among young children who are exposed to much
electrical gadget.
2) Uncomfortable and uninteresting class management.
3) Ineffective teaching and learning process.
Objective
1) Assist teachers to coach student visualizing to topic..
2) Improve class control during teaching and learning process
3) Enhance understanding on certain topic or sory delivered by teacher.
Impact
1) Teacher
a) Portable for indoor or outdoor teaching and learning process.
b) Save cost and time prepare new teaching aids.
c) Assist teacher to guide student understanding to the lesson.
2) Student
a) A fun and interesting learning session.
b) Improve visualization and understanding of the lesson.
c) Enhance social skill like involvement of children in story telling session.
3) Organization
a) Preparing interesting teaching aids that enhance understanding among children.
b) Produce kindergarten cost management especially in preparing teaching aids.
Commercialization Potential
1) Replicated for different subject and themes taught to kindergarten children.
2) Commercialized to all kindergarten and preschool institutions.
3) Fulfill the demand from parent who want to use teaching aids to their children at home.
CONCLUSION
Magic Carpet is an alternative teaching aids for early education children. It is hoped through
this product children can improve their understanding and master the skills in these domains
cognitive, effective and psychomotor. The teaching and learning process using this product
will also be more interesting and fun.
REFERENCES
https://www.wikihow.com/make-a-pop-up-card , ( wikiHow Video Team ; Co-authors : 111 )
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ABCs IS FUN
Najla Humairah binti Mohd Najmuddin, Najidah Humairah binti Mohd Najmuddin,
Muhammad Najmuilmi Hakim bin Mohd Najmuddin and Azizah binti Hamzah
Sekolah Kebangsaan Sena, Kangar Perlis
E-mail: azie5656@yahoo.com
Abstract: ABCs is FUN is a kind of teaching tool that can be used to help students learn and
recognize letters. This tool is designed specifically to help attract students to learn the letters.
This tool is shaped like a game designed to allow students to learn while playing. It is
designed to attract students to learn the letters. Students will feel like they are playing, but in
fact they learn to recognize and remember the letters. The material used to make ABCs is
FUN is readily available. Among them are cardboard paper, mineral water bottles, adhesive
tape, letters and pictures. Sketches are made on cardboard paper. The mineral water bottle is
cut halfway over it. Bottle lid is stored. The cut-off portion of the bottle will be attached to the
cardboard paper. The number is as much as 26. In the bottle lid will be affixed to the letter.
How to use the tool is to match the bottle lid with the letter writing with a bottle that is
attached to the picture next to it. ABCs is FUN has many advantages. The material to produce
this product is very easy to find and cheap. It also uses wasted materials. The process of
producing this product is not difficult. This product is a great benefit to students who are just
beginning to learn the letters and will try to remember them. Learning process will be easier.
Keywords: teaching tool, game designed, students, learn while playing
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Reading starts from recognizing the letters. Without knowing the letters, the pupil will not
know to read. Students who are just beginning to learn to recognize the letters usually get
bored because they have to remember many newly learned letters. Learning to recognize these
letters will take a long time to follow the students' abilities.
PRODUCT DESCRIPITON
ABCs is FUN is a kind of teaching tool that can be used to help students learn and recognize
letters. This tool is designed specifically to help attract students to learn the letters. This tool
is shaped like a game designed to allow students to learn while playing. It is designed to
attract students to learn the letters. Students will feel like they are playing, but in fact they
learn to recognize and remember the letters.
MATERIALS
The material used to make ABCs is FUN is readily available. Among them are cardboard
paper, mineral water bottles, adhesive tape, letters and pictures.
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METHOD AND PROCESS

Sketches are made on cardboard paper. The mineral water bottle is cut halfway over it. Bottle
lid is stored. The cut-off portion of the bottle will be attached to the cardboard paper. The
number is as much as 26. In the bottle lid will be affixed to the letter. How to use the tool is to
match the bottle lid with the letter writing with a bottle that is attached to the picture next to
it.
NOVELTIES
ABCs is FUN has many advantages. The material to produce this product is very easy to find
and cheap. It also uses wasted materials. The process of producing this product is not
difficult. This product is a great benefit to students who are just beginning to learn the letters
and will try to remember them. Learning process will be easier.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
ACKIT: EASY AND CONVENIENT
Azlina Mohd Mydin*, Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad, Rafizah Kechil, Zuraira Libasin dan Siti
Nurleena Abu Mansor
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Pulau Pinang
*
Email: azlin143@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstrak: AcKiT merupakan beg aksesori yang dapat menyelesaikan banyak masalah
penyimpanan barang bagi mereka yang bekerjaya. Penggunaan beg aksesori dikalangan lelaki
dan wanita masa kini sudah menjadi trend. Walau bagaimanapun, kebanyakan beg aksesori
yang ada di pasaran hanya memfokuskan sama ada kepada pengguna lelaki atau wanita
sahaja. Oleh sebab itu, kami telah mencipta beg aksesori AcKiT yang boleh digunakan oleh
lelaki dan wanita. Beg ini boleh digunakan untuk pelbagai kegunaan mengikut keperluan.
AcKiT juga dilengkapi dengan ruang penyimpanan kerongsang dan ‘power bank’ yang
menjadikan ianya unik berbanding dengan beg yang ada di pasaran. Pemilik beg pastinya
akan lebih gembira jika menggunakan beg ini kerana barang-barang mereka tersusun kemas
dan mudah diambil. Penggunaan beg ini juga dapat menjimatkan ruang dan masa.
Kata kunci: AcKit, beg aksesori, trend, ruang penyimpanan,beg
PENGENALAN
Beg didefinisikan sebagai bekas yang diperbuat daripada kertas, plastik atau kain yang
digunakan untuk membawa atau menyimpan barang atau keperluan oleh seseorang. Pada
zaman yang serba moden ini, terdapat pelbagai bentuk beg yang digunakan untuk perlbagai
tujuan. Antaranya ialah beg selalunya digunakan menyimpan barang-barang keperluan untuk
perjalanan, menyimpan fail-fail, buku sekolah, barangan elektronik dan sebagainya. Beg
sangat penting untuk semua orang tidak mengira jantina mahupun usia. Beg dikenali dengan
pelbagai bentuk seperti beg tangan, beg sekolah, “travel beg”, “beg toiletries”, beg laptop dan
beg sukan. Di antara penggunaan yang ketara adalah bagi wanita yang bekerjaya selalunya
akan menyimpan barang-barang keperluan seperti alat solek dalam beg tangan mereka dan
akan menghadapi kesukaran untuk mencarinya dengan pantas. AcKiT ialah sebuah beg
aksesori yang mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan. Jika dibandingkan dengan bag aksesori yang
berada di pasaran, AcKiT bukan sahaja boleh menyimpan pelbagai barangan keperluan diri
seperti sikat rambut, jam tangan, ubat dan berus gigi, sabun dan syampu mandi malah AcKiT
juga mempunyai ruang penyimpanan khas untuk menyimpan kerongsang. Selain daripada itu,
AcKiT juga mempunyai ruang untuk menyimpan telefon bimbit yang boleh disambungkan ke
“power bank” yang boleh diletakkan di bahagian luar bag. Bentuk AcKiT yang menarik serta
kalis air membuatkan AcKiT berbeza dengan beg yang di jual di pasaran. AcKiT juga sesuai
untuk kegunaan semua orang bukan sahaja untuk kaum wanita malah juga untuk kaum lelaki
dan pelajar. Penggunaan AcKiT di harap dapat membantu masyarakat dalam penyimpanan
barang-barang keperluan sendiri dengan lebih teratur terutama sekali semasa di dalam
perjalanan. Kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan pembangunan rekaan beg AcKit,
kelebihannya dan kepuasan para penggunanya.
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KAEDAH
Dalam proces menghasilkan beg AcKiT, pada permulaannya satu pemerhatian dan soal
selidik telah dijalankan bagi mengumpul data berkaitan pembangunan beg ini. Satu soal
selidik diedarkan di kalangan wanita dan lelaki bekerjaya disekitar Permatang Pauh.
Pemerhatian dilakukan bagi tujuan mendapatkan gambaran beg serbaguna yang berlainan dan
seterusnya menghasilkan rekabentuk yang unik bagi beg AcKiT. Pemerhatian dijalankan di
kedai-kedai yang menjual beg serbaguna. Banyak rekabentuk unik didapati daripada
pemerhatian yang dibuat di laman sesawang. Beberapa sampel beg yang dijadikan rujukan di
teliti bagi mengenal pasti kelebihan dan kekurangan beg tersebut agar AckiT dapat mengatasi
kekurangan tersebut. Rajah 1 dibawah menunjukkan sampel beg yang dirujuk rekabentukya
untuk penghasilan AcKiT. Rekabentuk beg AcKiT yang dihasilkan ini menggabungkan
ruangan untuk meletakkan barangan elektronik, barang keperluan harian dan ruangan khas
untuk meletakkan kerongsang.
+ + = AcKit
•
Rajah 1. Gambaran sampel rekabentuk beg yang untuk menghasilkan AcKiT
Pemilihan material bagi menghasilkan beg AcKiT juga dititikberatkan. Antara isunya, sifat
material yang dipertimbangkan adalah material yang mengambil kira nilai artistik yang ada
pada fabrik tersebut disamping berfungsi untuk kalis air. Material yang bersifat kalis air
dipilih kerana ianya mudah dicuci dan dikeringkan sekiranya kekotoran terjadi kepada beg
tersebut (Textile School, 2018). Ini diberi perhatian utama untuk memastikan kualiti beg
AcKiT terjamin kerana ianya boleh dibawa kemana-mana dan barang yang disimpan di
dalamnya juga boleh mengotorkan beg tersebut. Kain berbentuk jaring digunakan untuk
ruangan penyimpanan barang bagi memudahkan pengguna melihat label barang-barang
tersebut. Kain jaring juga digunakan agar boleh menahan dan mengeluarkan haba dari
bahagian penyimpanan telefon bimbit dan “powerbank”. Kain jaring ini juga bersifat anjal
bagi memberi regangan semasa penyimpanan barang. Satu ruangan khas untuk penyimpanan
kerongsang ini di letakkan dibahagian dalam beg dengan pelapik yang berspan untuk
mengelakkan daripada sebarang kecederaan. Ruang berspan ini juga boleh di tanggalkan jika
tidak digunakan. Bahagian luar beg AcKiT hanya dihias dengan perkataan “AcKiT” sebagai
nama beg tersebut. Rajah 2 menunjukan carta alir proses keseluruhan pembagunan beg
AcKiT yang digunakan. Rajah 3 menunjukan lakaran sebenar bagi beg AcKiT.
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Vol. 1(2018) 392-397
Mula
Membuat pemerhatian beg dipasaran.

Menjalankan sesi soal selidik untuk mencari keperluan daripada
responden
Membuat lakaran rekabentuk beg AcKiT”
Membeli kain dan material untuk membuat beg AcKiT”
Menjahit beg AcKiT.
Memberi respond untuk menggunakan beg sebagai testimony dan

menjalankan soalselidik untuk mendapatkan pendapat respondant
tehadap beg AcKiT
Tamat
Rajah 2. Gambaran carta alir process menghasilkan AcKiT
Pelan 1: Pandangan depan Pelan 3: Pandangan atas
Pelan 2: Pandangan belakang Pelan 4: Pandangan sisi kanan
Pelan 5: Pandangan Bawah (Tapak beg) Pelan 7: Pandangan Dalam
Rajah 3. Lakaran Pandangan Luar Beg AcKit
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Vol. 1(2018) 392-397
Pelan 7 (1) : Pandangan Dalam untuk Bahagian Pelan 7 (2i): Pandangan Dalam untuk bahagian
depan tengah (sebelah kiri)
Pelan 7 (3): Pandangan Dalam untuk bahagian Pelan 7 (2ii): Pandangan Dalam untuk bahagian
belakang tengah (sebelah kanan)
Rajah 4. Lakaran Pandangan Dalam Beg AcKit
HASIL & PERBINCANGAN

Beg AcKiT menampilkan struktur dan gaya rekaan yang unik dan bersaiz sederhana yang
mana boleh dimudah alihkan. Ianya juga dibuat dengan material yang kalis air dan bahagian
dalam yang menyedikan ruangan yang sesuai dan tersusun untuk menyimpan barang-barang
keperluan. AckiT menjadi lebih unik kerana didalamnya disediakan bahagian yang berspan
untuk menyimpan kerongsang dengan cara selamat dan teratur. Disamping itu, AcKiT juga
menyedikan ruangan untuk menyimpan telefon bimbit dan ruangan yang boleh sambung terus
dengan “powerbank” untuk mengecas telefon bimbit tersebut.
Seperti yang dinyatakan dalam bahagian kaedah, soal selidik dijalankan sebelum dan selepas
menghasilkan AcKiT. Berikut adalah perbincangan tentang soal selidik yang dijalankan. Soal
selidik telah diedarkan bagi mendapatkan statistik keperluan pengguna terhadap beg AcKiT.
30 orang responden dipilih secara rawak bagi memberi maklum balas berkenaan beberapa
faktor; memiliki (memiliki beg serbaguna yang boleh mengisi pelbagai aksesori kecil
mahupun telefon bimbit) dan kesukaran (kesukaran mencari aksesori walaupun sudah
mempunyai beg serbaguna).
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Vol. 1(2018) 392-397
Rajah 5. Responden memberi maklum balas berkaitan pemilikan beg serbaguna dan pengakuan menghadapi kesukaran dalam
mencari barang di dalam beg
Didapati 65% mengaku mempunyai beg serbaguna bagi mengisi aksesori mereka tidak kira
kecil atau besar. Namun didapati 67% daripada mereka masih menghadapi kesukaran dalam
mencari dan mendapatkan barangan mereka walaupun kebanyakan mereka memiliki beg
serbaguna. Ini menunjukkan bahawa beg serbaguna mereka tidak mempunyai ruang
penyimpanan yang tersusun menjadikan aksesori yang disimpan bercampur-campur.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan penilian di mana responden wanita ditanyakan berkenaan ruang

penyimpanan kerongsang yang mereka ada. 80% menyatakan bahawa beg serbaguna mereka
tiada ruang khas untuk penyimpanan kerongsang bermakna kerongsang mereka bercampur
dengan aksesori-aksesoori lain. Ini menyebabkan 75% mengaku bahawa mereka selalu
mengalami kecederaan kecil seperti tercucuk jarum kerongsang ketika ingin mengambil
barang di dalam beg mereka. Ada di antara mereka juga menyatakan mereka selalu
kehilangan kerongsang kerana tiada ruangan khas untuk menyimpannya.
Rajah 6. Alasan responden berkaitan ruang penyimpanan kerongsang
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Vol. 1(2018) 392-397
KESIMPULAN
AcKiT ialah sebuah beg aksesori yang mempunyai pelbagai kegunaan yang boleh digunkan
oleh semua orang. AcKiT mempunyai ciri uniknya yang tersendiri dengan menyediakan
ruang penyimpanan khas untuk menyimpan kerongsang. Ruang untuk kerongsang ini di
letakkan pelapik yang berspan untuk mengelakkan daripada sebarang kecederaan. Selain
daripada itu, AcKiT juga mempunyai ruang untuk menyimpan telefon bimbit yang boleh
disambungkan ke “power bank” yang boleh diletakkan di bahagian luar bag. Kualiti beg
AcKiT yang dihasilkan dengan material kalis air membuatkan AcKiT berbeza dengan beg-
beg lain yang terdapat di pasaran. Beg AcKiT yang bersaiz sederhana mudah untuk
dimuatkan didalam beg tangan wanita. Beg AcKiT diharapkan dapat membantu masyarakat
dalam penyimpanan barang-barang keperluan sendiri dengan lebih teratur dan selamat untuk
digunakan terutamanya sekali semasa dalam perjalanan.
RUJUKAN
Shweta, M., Tanvi, P., Poonam, S. and Nilashree, M. (2016). Multipurpose smart bag.
Procedia Computer Science, 79, 77-84. DOI:org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.03.011
(2017, Dis 17). Typeoffabrics. Textile School. Capaian: http://www.textileschool.com/articles

/330/type-of-fabrics
Beg Collection: http://www.11street.my/productdetail/korea-waterproof-cosmetic-bag-pouch-

travel-bag-30660347
Beg Design Collection: https://www.pinterest.com/pin/119626933828915113/
397
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
MUMKIT
Rafizah Kechil*, Zuraira Libasin, Wan Anisha Wan Mohammad dan Azlina Mohd Mydin
Jabatan Sains Komputer & Matematik, UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang
E-mail: rafizah025@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstrak: Pembangunan dan kepesatan ekonomi hari ini menyebabkan sumbangan wanita
amat diperlukan dalam pelbagai bidang. Kesibukan dalam dunia kerjaya tidak menghalang
wanita-wanita hebat ini untuk bergelar seorang ibu. Namun bergitu, disebabkan kekangan
masa kerana sibuk dengan tugasan kerja serta kurang pengetahuan bagi wanita yang pertama
kali bergelar ibu ramai antara mereka tidak dapat menyediakan kelengkapan yang lengkap
ketika di bilik bersalin. Malahan, kajian berkenaan penggunaan alat bantuan kepada wanita
mengandung dan persediaan mereka untuk melalui proses melahirkan kurang dijalankan. Bagi
mengatasi masalah ini, kami telah mencipta beg “MuMKiT” yang mempunyai ruang khas
untuk mengisi barang secara tersusun dan mudah digunakan. Bagi menambah nilai lagi,
“MuMKiT” dilengkapi barang-barang keperluan ibu untuk digunakan semasa di bilik
bersalin, sama ada sebelum atau selepas proses melahirkan. “MuMKiT” juga dilengkapi
barang-barang asas bayi. “MuMKiT” boleh digunakan oleh para ibu untuk dibawa ke klinik
atau ke taska. Malahan cantik dan selesa untuk digunakan semasa bersiar-siar bersama bayi.
Dengan adanya “MuMKiT” ini, wanita-wanita yang akan bergelar ibu akan lebih tenang serta
yakin untuk melalui hari bersejarah mereka.
Kata kunci:Beg, bersalin, ruang khas, tersusun, mudah.
PENGENALAN
Mengandung dan bersalin merupakan pengalaman yang penting dalam kehidupan seorang
wanita. Semasa mengadung, rembesan hormon yang terhasil mempengaruhi emosi mereka
dalam memilih dan membeli barang keperluan diri termasuk keperluan untuk persediaan
bersalin. Hal ini juga dipengaruhi oleh pengukuhan dan peningkatan status sosial ekonomi
dikalangan wanita dalam memilih barangan yang bukan sahaja mempunyai pelbagai fungsi
malahan artistik(Yuting & Xiaoping, 2015). Namun bergitu, disebabkan kekangan masa
kerana sibuk dengan tugasan kerja serta kurang pengetahuan bagi wanita yang pertama kali
bergelar ibu ramai antara mereka tidak dapat menyediakan kelengkapan lengkap ketika di
bilik bersalin. Malahan, ramai ibu mengandung kurang kesedaran tentang pentingnya
persediaan bersalin dan komlikasinya (Akpan, Asibong, Ekott, Moko, & Etuk, 2017). Shweta,
Tanvi, Poonam & Nilashree (2016) dalam kajian mereka menyatakan rekaan beg yang
serbaguna amat diperlukan dalam masyarakat hari ini. Oleh hal yang demikian, kertas kerja
ini akan membincangkan pembangunan rekaan beg “MuMKiT” iaitu beg bagi persediaan di
bilik bersalin dan boleh juga diguna untuk kegunaan harian bagi menyimpan barangan ibu
dan bayi. Rekaan beg ini dapat memudahkan bakal ibu membuat persediaan di bilik bersalin
supaya emosi mereka lebih tenang dan yakin untuk melalui proses bersalin.
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Vol. 1(2018) 398-401
KAEDAH
Sebelum beg “MuMKiT” direka, kaedah pemerhatian digunakan bagi mengumpul data
berkaitan pembangunan beg ini. Pemerhatian dilakukan di butik-butik yang menjual beg di
pusat membeli belah dan di laman sesawang bagi merekod rekabentuk beg ibu dan anak yang
ada dipasaran. Beberapa sampel beg diteliti bagi mengenal pasti kelebihan dan kekurangan
beg tersebut. Pemerhatian juga dilakukan di hospital bagi merekod persediaan kumpulan
sasaran iaitu ibu mengandung ketika hadir di bilik bersalin. Temubual antara pengkaji dan
kumpulan sasaran juga dilakukan bagi mengenal pasti masalah yang dihadapi oleh mereka
dan persepsi mereka terhadap beg sedia ada dan beg yang mereka inginkan. Hasil daripada
pemerhatian dan temubual yang dijalankan, gambaran umum berkaitan persediaan bakal ibu
dan beg yang dapat memenuhi kegunaan dan keperluan bakal ibu dan bayi yang bakal
dilahirkan dibuat. Cadangan dan pendapat kumpulan sasaran juga dipertimbangkan dalam
mereka bentuk beg “MuMKiT”.
Pemilihan material bagi merekabentuk beg “MuMKiT” mengambil kira nilai artistik yang ada
pada fabrik tersebut disamping berfungsi untuk kalis air. Oleh itu, fabrik velvet atau baldu
yang bersifat kalis air dipilih untuk dijadikan struktur utama beg “MuMKiT”. Fabrik baldu
bersifat halus dan paling lembut dibandingkan dengan fabrik-fabrik lain. Ianya memerlukan
kurang penyelengaraan kerana mudah dicuci dan dikeringkan (Textile School, 2018).
Bahagian dalam beg “MuMKiT” pula dilapisi oleh fabrik kapas. Fabrik kapas bersifat mesra
pengguna dan sesuai dengan pelbagai jenis iklim (Textile School, 2018). Bahagian poket pula
menggunakan kain berbentuk jaring yang bersifat lut cahaya bagi memudahkan pengguna
melihat label dan barang yang disimpan. Kain berbentuk jaring juga bersifat anjal bagi
memberi regangan semasa penyimpanan barang. Bahagian luar beg “MuMKiT” dihias
dengan gambar diperbuat daripada kain felt yang berwarna-warni bagi memberi nilai artistik
dan juga membantu perkembangan sensori dan merangsang penglihatan bayi serta bayi serta
kanak-kanak.
HASIL & PERBINCANGAN

Beg “MuMKiT” menampilkan struktur dan gaya rekaan beg ibu dan bayi yang boleh
disandang tepi. Tali beg boleh diselaras dan dipendekkan bagi membolehkan pengguna
menjinjing beg tersebut. Bahagian bawah beg ini boleh dipisah dan disambung semula
menggunakan zip yang tersedia ada. Rekabentuk beg “MuMKiT”mengambil kira
penggunaannya secara optimum dimana beg ini boleh digunakan semasa membuat persediaan
ke bilik bersalin dan digunakan untuk menyimpan barangan ibu dan bayi selepas kelahiran.
Rekaan beg ini memudahkan pengguna yang mempunyai bayi atau anak kecil agar segala
kelengkapan boleh di bawa bersama dalam satu beg sahaja. Di bahagian dasar beg disediakan
uncang yang boleh dipisahkan supaya dapat memberi kebebasan kepada pengguna untuk
meletak barang secara tersusun di dalam uncang atau tidak. Setiap poket bahagian dalam beg
dilabel perkataan atau gambar. Kelebihan kaedah label ini memudahkan pengguna untuk
menyusun barang. Malahan kaedah ini sangat praktikal kepada pengguna yang sering
mengalami masalah daya ingatan yang lemah atau perlupa untuk menyimpan barang ke dalam
beg mereka supaya tidak tertinggal barang yang penting. Pada masa yang sama, kaedah label
bergambar menjadi nilai tambah kepada beg “MuMKiT” kerana dapat membantu ibu dalam
mendidik anak-anak mereka untuk mengemas barang dan menyimpannya di dalam beg. Para
suami juga dapat mengemas barang dengan mudah tanpa bantuan isteri kerana kaedah label
ini dapat memberi panduan kepada mereka. Walaupun, kerja-kerja mengemas dan
menyimpan barang ke dalam beg kelihatan remeh tetapi dengan adanya kaedah label yang
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Vol. 1(2018) 398-401
menjadi panduan ini akan menjimatkan masa dan tenaga para isteri atau ibu dalam mengurus
diri serta keluarga. Rajah 1 dan 2 menunjukkan lakaran bahagian luar dan dalam beg
“MuMKiT”.
Pandangan Depan Pandangan Belakang Pandangan Sisi
Rajah 1. Lakaran Bahagian Luar Beg “MuMKiT”
(1) dan (3) : Poket Sisi
(5) : Uncang dan Dasar Beg

(4) : Poket Depan
(2) : Poket Belakang
Rajah 2. Lakaran Bahagian Dalam Beg “MuMKiT”
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Vol. 1(2018) 398-401
Jadual 1 menunjukkan perbandingan beg “MuMKiT” dan beg sedia ada dipasaran.
Jadual 1. Perbandingan beg MuMKiT dan beg dipasaran
MuMKiT Produk X Produk Y

Saiz 40cm x 19cm x 33cm 59cm x 33cm x 26cm 41cm x 16cm x 30cm
Berat 0.5kg 1.2kg 0.6kg
Material utama Baldu Kulit Polyester
Beg bayi disandang tepi
Beg ibu dan bayi disandang atau dibimbit
Rekabentuk Beg bimbit
tepi atau dibimbit
Kandungan dalam Barangan keperluan ibu dan Barangan keperluan ibu Tiada barang keperluan
beg bayi sahaja
Berdasarkan perbandingan yang dibuat, didapati beg “MuMKiT” lebih praktikal dan
serbaguna kerana mempunyai kelebihan berbanding beg sedia ada di pasaran.
KESIMPULAN
Beg “MuMKiT” boleh dipasarkan bersama barang keperluan untuk ibu bersalin dan kegunaan
bayi yang dilahirkan atau dipasarkan tanpa barang keperluan ibu dan bayi. Kelebihan ini akan
memberi kebebasan kepada pengguna untuk memiliki beg sahaja atau beg yang telah lengkap
dengan barang keperluan bagi memudahkan dan menjimatkan masa mereka. Aswad Yahya
(2016) melaporkan bahawa peratus pekerja wanita di Malaysia ialah 57.2%. Peratus yang
tinggi ini menjadikan kebolehpasaran beg ini tinggi memandangkan golongan pekerja wanita
inilah yang memerlukan beg serbaguna yang dapat membantu mereka mengurus keluarga
disamping menyumbang tenaga kepada kemajuan negara.
RUJUKAN
Akpan Ubong, Asibong Udeme, Ekott Mabel, Moko Beatrice & Etuk Saturday (2017).
Awareness and factors that influence birth preparedness and complication readiness among
pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the General Hospital Calabar, Nigeria. Scientific
& Academic Publishing, 7(3), 78-84. DOI:10.5923/j.phr.20170703.04
Aswad Yahya, (2016, Ogos 27). Jumlah wanita bekerja semakin meningkat. Utusan
Malaysia. Capaian: http://www.utusan.com.my/berita/nasional/jumlah-wanita-bekerja-
semakin-meningkat
Shweta, M., Tanvi, P., Poonam, S. & Nilashree, M. (2016). Multipurpose smart bag. Procedia
Computer Science, 79, 77-84. DOI:org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.03.011
Yuting, S.& Xiaoping, H.(2015). Ergonomic maternity dress design. Procedia

Manufacturing, 3, 187-191.DOI: 10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.127
(2017, Dis 17). Typeoffabrics. Textile School. Capaian: http://www.textileschool.com/articles

/330/type-of-fabrics
401
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
MINOVEIN
Shameen Izwan Anthonysamy1 and Khairul Naim Abd Aziz2

1
Marine Technology (MARTECH), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA
(UiTM) Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia
2
Marine Research and Excellence Centre (MAREC), Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti
Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Perlis Branch, Arau Campus, Perlis, Malaysia
Email: shameenizwan@yahoo.com
Abstract: Venepuncture has been practiced for centuries and is still one of the most common
invasive procedures in the health care industry. Overweight and dark skin tone patients
generally have veins that are very deep and are difficult to visualize or palpate and any
puncture made may have to be made based on phlebotomist’s knowledge of venous anatomy.
MiNOVEIN is a device proposed to make vein detection easier to visualize. In order to obtain
a high success rate, cannulation site on the forearm needs to be clear and visible so that vein
identification is confirmed thus minimizing errors caused by medical staffs. This innovation
aims to study on the appropriate light of wavelength used to make cannulation sites visible on
several types of skin tone and on overweight people based to the body mass index chart
(BMI). The concept of MiNOVEIN is by implying non-invasive near-infrared (NIR)
technology that is used for veins projection onto the skin's surface. MiNOVEIN uses 18 units
of 5mm near-infrared LEDs with the range of 650nm to 680nm. NIR LEDs penetrates deeper
into the skin, to a depth about 25 mm while vein is located 6 mm under the skin surface.
Veins can be traced due to haemoglobin in the blood absorbs infrared light making the veins
to appear darker than the surrounding tissues. Based on the results, cannulation sites are
visible in most skin tones thus indicating veins underneath the skin. However, for overweight
patients, not all cannulation sites are visible. The cannulation sites detection areas decrease as
the BMI increases. In conclusion, MiNOVEIN has successfully reached its target by
completing the study objectives. The higher the cannulation sites the higher the chances of
veins to be detected. The hypothesis of this study was accepted.
Keywords: Vein Finder, Near-IR LED, Venepuncture
INTRODUCTION
Venepuncture has been practiced for centuries and is still one of the most common invasive
procedures in the health care industry. In the era of the 21st century, excessive venepunctures
are the main problem that worries medical staffs in the health care field due to unclear vein
underneath the skin of a patient. Excessive venepunctures are a significant problem (time- and
resource-consuming events) in emergency rooms and during a hospital stay (Juric & Zalik,
2014) Complications that can arise from unrestrained venepuncture including haematoma
formation, nerve damage, pain, haemaconcentration, extravasation, iatrogenic anaemia,
arterial puncture, petechiae, allergies, fear and phobia, infection, syncope and fainting,
excessive bleeding, edema and thrombus (Buowari, 2013). Furthermore, overweight and dark
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skin tone patients generally have veins that are very deep and are difficult to visualize or
palpate and any puncture may have to be made based on phlebotomist’s knowledge of venous
anatomy. Patients who also suffer from these types of injuries are patient with hard-to find
veins, for instance overweight patients and dark coloured skin patients (Caba, 2014). They
generally have veins that are very deep and are difficult to visualize or palpate and any
puncture made may have to be made based on phlebotomist’s knowledge of venous anatomy.
MiNOVEIN is a device proposed to make vein detection easier to visualize. In order to obtain
a high success rate, cannulation site on the forearm needs to be clear and visible so that vein
identification is confirmed thus minimizing errors caused by medical staffs. By MiNOVEIN
innovation, this study will focus on the appropriate light of wavelength used to make
cannulation sites visible on several types of skin tone and on overweight people based to the
body mass index chart (BMI). The device is a low-cost and mobile device proposedly to make
vein detection easier to visualize. In obtaining to a high success rate, cannulation site on the
forearm needs to be clear and visible so that vein identification is confirmed thus minimizing
errors caused by medical staffs. This device will improve venepuncture success rate by
minimizing errors caused by medical staffs.
The concept of MiNOVEIN is by implying non-invasive near-infrared (NIR) technology that

is used for veins projection onto the skin's surface. Veins can be traced due to haemoglobin in
the blood absorbs infrared light making the veins to appear darker than the surrounding
tissues. This innovation varies from the market as based on commercial vein detection device;
most of it uses projection and infrared light.
MATERIALS & METHODS

The materials used in this study are NIR LEDs, 56-ohm resistors, a circuit board, rocker
switch, a case equipped with 9-volt battery, wires and an enclosure. MiNOVEIN uses 18 units
of 5mm near-infrared LEDs with the range of 650nm to 680nm assisted by 56ohm resistors.
NIR LEDs penetrates deeper into the skin, to a depth about 25 mm while vein is located 6 mm
under the skin surface. Firstly, the enclosure was cut into a U-shaped design so that the lights
are more focused and gives precise results when the device is used on surface of skin. Next,
the blank circuit board was cut to a size that will fit into the casing. An opening was made on
the side of the enclosure to fit the switch. Allow the LEDs to peak out at the U-shaped
opening. This is important as the light will not be blocked by the enclosure. Each LED was
connected to a 56-ohm resistor staggered on the circuit. Next, a small switch was then
attached at the side of the case and connected to battery.
The purpose of selecting 9-volt battery is to ensure that the intensity of the light is high
enough for the light to penetrate the skin. The intensity of the light is depending on the
voltage used. The lesser the voltage the less intense the light will be thus resulting a low
power light emitting. A rocker switch is used due to it is commonly used in homes for light
switches because it is very easy to operate - making it easy to find and use even in the dark.
On top of that, the board was glued into the enclosure. Finally, a strip of aluminium foil was
covered with duct tape is shaped like a U to prevent electric dismissal. The strips will give a
better focus and helps the light to reflect veins.
This innovation varies from the market as based on commercial vein detection device; most of
it uses projection and infrared light. Unfortunately the concept of high radiation emitters on
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Vol. 1(2018) 402-408
skin is quite expensive. In this study the infrared as used in the commercial device was
changed into NIR LEDs which will produce similar comparable results in a low-cost version.
MiNOVEIN has been tested out on a total of 40 people from various skin tones by using the
Von Luschan's chromatic scale. A group of 10 people is recorded to represent each parameter
indicated in the study. The benchmark of each parameter is 5 people with positive results per
group. This is to study the accuracy and precision of the device on a variety of people. The
survey has been carried out by comparing the usage of the device detection of cannulation site
onto several types of skin tone and on overweight patients.

Figure 1. Von Luschan's Chromatic Scale archived from Swiatoniowski et.al., 2013
Figure 2. A BMI Chart archived from (Oten Mage, 2016)
FINDINGS
The variation of skin colour in humans is due to the differences in size and distribution of
melanosomes in the skin. The vein appears in dark black colour surrounded by red light
which is emitted by the NIR LEDs. In this study, the skin tone is referred accordingly to the
selected Von Luschan’s Scale where;
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Vol. 1(2018) 402-408
A = 20, B = 25, C = 27, D = 30. The skin tone was chosen from the Von Luschan’s Scale
where it was randomly based on most Malaysians skin tone. Each meter represents 10
participants from the same group of skin tone.
Figure 3. Vein Detection with Different Skin Tones
According to the study, cannulation sites are visible in most skin tones thus indicating veins
underneath the skin when MiNOVEIN is pointed on the skin surface. All skin tone has
reached minimum benchmark. This is because according to (Peter Gabel, et.al,1978), the
absorption of human pigment epithelium as a function of wavelength in the range 400- 1100
nrn, depending on both location in the fundus and on individual variations.
Hence, it clearly portrayed that skin tone in humans absorbs the wavelength which is
transmitted by the NIR LEDs thus making cannulation sites to be visible to human eyes.
Secondly, this device is also tested on 10 participants for each group of BMIs with the range
of slightly overweight to overweight. The body mass index (BMI) are measured from >25 to
35. The BMI is tabulated according to BMI chart and the results were shown in Figure 4.
Body Mass Index Formula = Weight (Kg)
Height (m) × Height (m)
Based on the study, not all cannulation sites are visible according to specific BMI. The
cannulation sites detection is getting less visible as the BMI increases. For people with BMI
of 25 up till 27 there are still chances of vein getting detected. However, people with higher
BMI of 28 will not be able to use this product for vein detection.
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Vol. 1(2018) 402-408
Detection of Cannulation Sites Vs >25 BMI

10
9
8
Number of Participant
7
6
No
5
4 Yes
3
2
1
0
25 26 27 28 29 30
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Figure 4. Vein Detection with Overweight Patients
From the results obtained, it clearly indicates that skin tone does not affect the effectiveness
of this product. However, an overweight person with the range body mass index of < 25.5 and
higher might limits the usage of this product. This is due to the light that MiNOVEIN emits
could not penetrate deeper onto the fatty layer of the skin. Thus, makes it harder to verify the
cannulation sites. This study shows that, people with a normal BMI or underweight has the
higher chances of getting a positive result regardless skin tone when using this product
compared to overweight and obese person. This is due to the fat layer is too thick thus the
depth of the cell underneath the skin is beyond 25mm. In addition, the benefits of
MiNOVEIN are not limited for only vein detection. A study have shown that, the red light
version of LEDs, is claimed to penetrate to a depth of about 25 mm, for healing skin wounds
and infections, while the near-infrared array penetrates to up to 75 mm, to increase blood flow
and release nitric oxide, to soothe and heal sore muscles and joints (European Editors, 2014).
From the study, it suggests that MiNOVEIN is also capable of providing light therapy to its
user as it has similar wavelength as light therapy device. This is also supported by (Park et al.,
2014) showed that red, continuous LED light enhanced neovascularization in a skin wound
model in mice (mammal) similar to human.
Vein
Figure 5. Detection of Vein on Skin using MiNOVEIN
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Vol. 1(2018) 402-408
CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS

From the results obtained, it clearly indicates that skin tone does not affect the effectiveness
of this product. Unfortunately, an overweight person with the range body mass index of more
than 25.5 or higher might limits the usage of this product. In a nutshell, MiNOVEIN has
successfully reached its target by completing the objectives. The higher the cannulation sites
the higher the chances of veins to be detected. This study was a success as it is able to keep a
low-cost budget, at the same time reduce and prevent minor injuries related to venipunctures.
MiNOVEIN is also applicable for people with hard-to-find veins such as children, people
with dark skin tone and older patients. However, there are still limitations in the device.
Firstly, the device depends on the thickness of fat layer of a person for NIR penetration. Next,
the device is best used in dark as the light that the device emits is not influenced by other
factors such as scattered light from the environment and also to restrain the intensity of the
light.
For future research, the usage of higher voltage and a higher wavelength of LEDs range
approximately about 850nm or higher are strongly recommended for better detection due to
high intensity will give better results. In addition, for visualization purpose, a night vision
goggle can be implied to aid in detection. On top of that, additional liquid-crystal display
(LCD) screen can be applied on the device for better and advanced vein detection viewing.
Next, projection theory can also use so that the detection of the vein can be projected from the
device onto the skin despite of placing it on the surface of the forearm. Lastly, a highly
compact casing can be used to increase its mobility.
REFERENCES
Buowari, O. (2013). Complications of venepuncture. Retrieved 27 September 2017, from
https://file.scirp.org/pdf/ABB_2013013114170934.pdf
Caba, J. (2014). New Vein Finder Could Mean No More Missed Blood Draws [VIDEO].
Medical Daily. Retrieved 17 March 2016, from http://www.medicaldaily.com/pulse/new-
vein-finder-device-allows-nurses-see-exactly-where-they-can-draw-blood-313426
Chiao, F., Resta-Flarer, F., Lesser, J., Ng, J., Ganz, A., & Pino-Luey, D. et al. (2013). Vein
visualization: patient characteristic factors and efficacy of a new infrared vein finder
technology.
European Editors. (2014). Healed by Light | DigiKey. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from
https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/techzone/2014/jul/healed-by-light
Jablonski, Nina (2012). Living Color. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of
California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25153-3.
Juric, S., Flis, V., Debevc, M., Holzinger, A., & Zalik, B. (2014). Towards a Low-Cost
Mobile Subcutaneous Vein Detection Solution Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.
Oten Mage. (2016). Body Mass Index Chart Male - Bmi charts are bogus real best way to tell
if you’re a healthy - ayUCar.com. Retrieved March 16, 2018, from
http://ayucar.com/Ym9keS1tYXNzLWluZGV4LWNoYXJ0LW1hbGU/
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Park, I.-S., Chung, P.-S. & Ahn, J. C. Adipose-derived stromal cell cluster with light therapy
enhance angiogenesis and skin wound healing in mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
462, 171–177 (2015)
Peter Gabel, V., Birngruber, R., & Hillenkamp, F. (1978). Visible and near infrared light
absorption in pigment epithelium and choroid. Bmo.uni-luebeck.de. Retrieved 4 February
2018,fromhttp://www.bmo.uniluebeck.de/fileadmin/files/publications/Gabel__1978_Proc._SP
IE_Visible_and_near_infrared_light_absorption_in_pigment_epithelium_and_choroid.pdf
Pedagogy. (2015). Vein Illumination: Guiding the Way to Successful Vascular Access -
Online Continuing Education. Retrieved from https://www.pedagogyeducation.com/Main-
Campus/Student-Union/Campus-Blog/February-2014/Vein-Illumination-Guiding-the-Way-
to-Successful-Va.aspx
Swiatoniowski, A. K., Quillen, E. E., Shriver, M. D., & Jablonski, N. G. (n.d.). Technical
Note: Comparing von Luschan Skin Color Tiles and Modern Spectrophotometry for
Measuring Human Skin Pigmentation. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.22274
World Health Organization (2010) WHO guidelines on drawing blood: Best practices in
phlebotomy. http://www.who.int/en/
408
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
KEBERKESANAN E-PENGKALIAN BAGI

MENGATASI MASALAH LEMAH OPERASI DARAB
DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR PERINGKAT AWAL
PERSEKOLAHAN
Maheran Zakaria 1, Nor Haryanti Md Nor2, Siti Maziah Abdul Rahman2 dan Noreen Azella
Nawi1
1
Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, Bukit Ilmu, 18500
Machang, Kelantan, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Business Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Kelantan, Kota
Bharu City Campus, Jln. Sultan Ibrahim, 15050 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
E-mail: maher835@kelantan.uitm.edu.my, yanti647@ kelantan.uitm.edu.my, maziah650@

kelantan.uitm.edu.my, noreen437@ kelantan.uitm.edu.my
Abstrak: Kajian tindakan ini dijalankan untuk menilai keberkesanan “E-Pengkalian”. E-

Pengkalian dicipta untuk membantu pelajar yang lemah sifir agar dapat menguasainya dengan
cara yang lebih mudah dan berkesan. “E-Pengkalian” dibangunkan dengan gabungan dua
aplikasi iaitu video scribe dan powtooon. Melalui video, muzik dan kartun, “E-Pengkalian”
dapat menarik minat dan mempercepatkan pelajar mahir sifir dalam masa yang singkat
berbanding dengan teknik konvensional. Teknik ini diperkenalkan bagi mengatasi masalah
pelajar lemah matematik asas iaitu operasi darab. Sehubungan dengan itu, kajian ke atas 30
orang pelajar tahun 4 penghuni Rumah Kebajikan Anak Yatim Dan Dhuafa Siti Aminah,
Kelantan telah dijalankan untuk menilai skor bagi operasi darab dan minat mereka terhadap
matematik dan operasi darab pada pra dan pasca E-Pengkalian. Data diperolehi melalui skor
operasi darab bagi ujian Pra dan Pasca iaitu sebelum dan selepas pengajaran dan
pembelajaran E-Pengkalian. Penemuan menunjukkan pelajar mendapat skor yang lebih tinggi
bagi ujian Pasca berbanding ujian Pra E-Pengkalian bagi sifir 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 dan 9. Namun
begitu, untuk sifir 1, 2 dan 3, skor ujian pasca adalah lebih rendah berbanding ujian pra
dengan perbezaan yang amat kecil. Pelajar mendapat skor yang lebih tinggi pada Pasca
berbanding Pra E-Pengkalian untuk minat terhadap matematik dan operasi darab. Kajian ini
memberi implikasi kepada pelajar, ibu bapa, guru dan kementerian Pelajaran di mana untuk
memupuk minat pelajar dalam matematik dan operasi darab; “E-PEngkalian” perlu dijadikan
teknik dalam aktiviti pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Ironinya, teknik ini diharap dapat
melahirkan pelajar bijak matematik seiring dengan aspirasi negara untuk melahirkan modal
ihsan yang cemerlang bukan sahaja di peringkat awal persekolahan malah terbilang di
peringkat negara juga di persada antara bangsa.
Kata kunci: e-pengkalian, operasi darab, lemah, matematik
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Vol. 1(2018) 409-415
PENDAHULUAN
Matematik ialah suatu bidang ilmu yang berkaitan dengan nombor yang menjadi asas kepada
pelbagai bidang ilmu yang amat penting dalam setiap aspek kehidupan manusia. Kepentingan
matematik secara umumnya diakui umum, di mana ianya diajar di semua peringkat, bermula
dari prasekolah sehingga ke universiti. Kebolehan menguasai matematik akan membantu
pelajar cemerlang bukan sahaja dalam akademik juga kehidupan seharian. Namun begitu
tidak semua pelajar cemerlang dalam matematik, melainkan mereka yang mempunyai minat
dan menganggap ilmu ini menyeronokan (CheLah, 2012). Secara amnya, masih ada
sebahagian pelajar di peringkat awal persekolahan, sekolah menengah dan peringkat tinggi
yang kurang menguasai bidang ini terutamanya kemahiran asas matematik seperti operasi
darab.
Justeru, pengajaran yang lebih kreatif dan inovatif perlu diperkenalkan supaya pembelajaran
matematik akan lebih menyeronokkan bersesuaian dengan kehendak generasi di era milinium.
Anjakan paradigma perlu dilakukan dalam konteks pengajaran supaya pembelajaran
matematik tidak dianggap sukar dan membosankan malah ditakuti oleh pelajar. Teknik yang
dapat merangsang minat dan keseronokan pelajar supaya mereka menguasai matematik
dengan lebih berkesan perlu diperkenalkan terutamanya kepada mereka yang lemah
penguasaan terhadap kemahiran asas seperti operasi darab.
Kini, terdapat beberapa teknik yang diperkenalkan untuk membantu penguasaan operasi darab
dengan lebih mudah, antaranya menggunakan kotak sifir, nyanyian, dan jarimatika (Zakaria,
2014). Kajian telah dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti keberkesanan kepelbagaian teknik bagi
operasi tambah dan tolak di mana penemuan menunjukkan peningkatan penguasaan
matematik dalam kalangan pelajar (Hock, 2007). Kajian lepas juga mendapati minat terhadap
matematik asas operasi darab meningkat selepas pelajar dapat menguasai sifir (Carr, 1986).
Kini teknik ini telah diterjemahkan secara e-learning.
Hakikatnya, penggunaan kepelbagaian teknik untuk kemahiran matematik asas seperti operasi
asas tolak dan tambah telah terbukti. Namun keberkesanannya untuk operasi darab masih
diragui, Ramai beranggapan teknik ini rumit dan tidak memberikan kesan yang menyeluruh
dalam pembelajaran (Ing, 2011). Walau bagaimanapun menurut Henry (2004), menggunakan
teknik secara e-learning dapat menyelesaikan permasaalahan matematik kerana melalui
gambar, muzik dapat menarik minat pelajar untuk menguasai sifir dengan lebih mudah dan
berkesan.. Teknik sifir secara e-learning telah diperakui menunjukkan perkembangan positif
dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran matematik (Westreich, 2002). Teknik e-learning agak
mudah dan menarik, walaubagaimanapun, e-pengkalian perlu dikaji keberkesanannya
sebelum ia diaplikasikan ke atas pelajar di peringkat awal persekolahan.
KAJIAN TINDAKAN
Kajian tindakan telah dijalankan di Rumah Anak Yatim Dan Dhuafa Siti Aminah. Penghuni
rumah ini merupakan anak yatim berumur dari 5 tahun sehingga 17 tahun dengan jumlah 46
orang kesemuanya. Kesemuanya mereka beragama Islam dan daripada golongan miskin
asnaf. 30 orang pelajar Tahun 4 telah dipilih untuk kajian. Melalui permerhatian penyelidik,
kemahiran matematik asas untuk operasi darab pelajar agak lemah. Mereka juga lemah
menghafal sifir dan kurang yakin untuk menyelesaikan operasi darab.
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Vol. 1(2018) 409-415
OBJEKTIF KAJIAN
1. Untuk menilai skor pelajar pada ujian pra dan pasca operasi darab selepas didedahkan
teknik e-pengkalian.
2. Untuk menilai minat pelajar terhadap matematik dan operasi darab pada pra dan pasca
e- pengkalian.
ULASAN KARYAWAN TEKNIK OPERASI DARAB

Menurut Foley (2008), penguasaan sifir secara hafalan memerlukan masa yang panjang untuk
dikuasai. Ing (2011) pula berpendapat, pengajaran matematik berasaskan jadual adalah tidak
tepat. Pendekatan ini menyebabkan pelajar terkebelakang dan lemah matematik (Gardner,
1983). Pembelajaran operasi darab secara e-learning dapat membantu mengatasi kelemahan
menguasai sifir secara hafalan yang mana ia membantu pelajar untuk operasi darab dari
sifir1hingga ke rumah juta (Hock, 2007).
Banyak kajian tindakan telah dijalankan untuk menilai keberkesanan e-learning untuk operasi
darab (Westreich, 2002; Gardner, 1983). Teknik ini dapat menarik minat belajar dan
membantu mereka menguasai sifir dengan cepat (Kilpatrick, 2000).
METODOLOGI
Responden Kajian
Responden kajian terdiri daripada 30 murid dari Rumah Kebajikan Anak Yatim Dan Dhuafa
Siti Aminah, Kelantan. Mereka berusia dalam lingkungan10 tahun dan kesemuanya
perempuan. Pencapaian matematik mereka bagi operasi darab adalah di bawah tahap
sederhana.
Metodologi Kajian
Dalam kajian tindakan ini, pelajar diberi ujian pra dan pasca operasi darab. Mereka diminta
mengisi jadual sifir 1 hingga 9 dengan lima soalan untuk setiap jadual. Ujian pra dijalankan
pada pertemuan pertama. Ujian ini untuk mengukur tahap prestasi pelajar dalam operasi
darab sebelum pengajaran dan pembelajaran teknik e-pengkalian. Ujian pasca pula dijalankan
di akhir pertemuan iaitu selepas pelajar diajar e-pengkalian. Kedua-dua ujian ujian tersebut
mengandungi 45 soalan yang sama. Tujuan kedua-dua ujian tersebut adalah untuk
membandingkan hasil ujian pra dan pasca e-pengkalian.
Di samping itu, pelajar juga diminta untuk menyatakan minat mereka terhadap matematik
dan operasi darab untuk pra dan pasca jarimatika. Tujuannya untuk mengukur perbezaannya
bagi 2 tempoh masa yang berlainan.
HASIL DAPATAN KAJIAN

Ujian Pra dan Pasca Pelajar
Penemuan menunjukkan untuk operasi darab Sifir 1, skor pelajar menurun dari 100% hingga
98.7%. Bagi Sifir 2, skor pelajar juga menurun dari 97.3% kepada 93.3% dan Sifir 3,
menurun dari 94.7% hingga 89.3. Manakala untuk Sifir 4, skor pelajar meningkat dari 72%
hingga 76%. Begitu juga dengan Sifir 5, skor meningkat dengan ketara dari 66.7% hingga
88%. Bagi Sifir 6, terdapat sedikit peningkatan daripada 54.7% kepada 68%. Untuk Sifir 7,
skor juga meningkat daripada 40% kepada 50.7%. Peningkatan drastik untuk Sifir 8 dan 9
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Vol. 1(2018) 409-415
iaitu dari 16% ke 52%, dan 13.3% kepada 49.3% setiap satu. Keseluruhannya semua skor
untuk jadual operasi darab bertambah baik dalam ujian pasca berbanding ujian pra kecuali
untuk Sifir 1, 2 dan 3. Sila rujuk Rajah 1 di bawah.
Skor Ujian Pra dan Pasca Operasi Darab
98.79
100
100 00 97.3
94.7
0
90
93.3 Ujian Pra
89.3 88
80
76 Ujian Pasca
72
70 66.7
68
Peratus (%)
60
52 50 52 49.3
50
40
40
30
20 16 13.3
10
Rajah 1. Skor Ujian Pra dan Pasca Pelajar
Minat Pelajar terhadap Matematik dan Operasi Darab (Pra dan Pasca Jarimatika)
Penemuan mendapati skor pelajar untuk kesemua soalan berkaitan dengan minat terhadap
matematik dan operasi darab adalah lebih tinggi pada pasca berbanding dengan pra
jarimatika. Secara terperinci, untuk soalan 1 (saya suka matematik), purata skor meningkat
dari 2.40 ke 3.80. Untuk soalan 2 (matematik menyeronokkan), purata skor meningkat dari
2.93 ke 3.73. Untuk soalan 3 (saya suka operasi darab), skor meningkat dari 2.86 ke 4.20.
Untuk soalan 4 (operasi darab mudah), purata skor meningkat dari 2.40 kepada 3.73. Untuk
soalan 5 (saya boleh menyelesaikan operasi darab), purata skor meningkat daripada 2.46
kepada 3.13. Untuk soalan 6 (saya memahami jari), purata skor meningkat dari 2.20 hingga
3.26. Untuk soalan 7 (saya boleh buat operasi darab), purata telah meningkat daripada 2.46
kepada 3.53. Akhirnya, untuk soalan 8 (saya boleh kira operasi darab dengan tangan), purata
telah meningkat dari 2.26 ke 3.53. Sila rujuk Rajah 2 di bawah untuk keseluruhan skor minat
pelajar terhadap matematik dan operasi darab untuk pra dan pasca e-pengkalian.
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Vol. 1(2018) 409-415
Minat Pelajar Terhadap Matematik dan Operasi Darab (Pra dan Pasca E-Pengkalian)
Pra
4.5
4.2
3.8
Pasca
4.0
3.73
3.73 3.53
3.5
3.13 3.26 3.53
2.93
3.0 2.86
2.5 2.46
2.4 2.4
2.5 2.2
2.26
2.0
1.5
Min Skor
1.0
0.5
Rajah 2. Minat pelajar terhahap matematik dan operasi darab (Pra dan Pasca jarimatika)
PERBINCANGAN
Analisa menunjukkan skor yang lebih tinggi untuk enam jadual sifir iaitu 4, 5, 6 ,7, 8 dan 9
pada paca jarimatika . Hal ini kerana pelajar telah menguasai operasi darab dengan mudah
berbanding semasa mereka di pra e-pengkalian. E-pengkalian membantu pelajar menguasai
operasi darab dengan mudah dan cepat. Namun begitu, penurunan dilihat pada jadual sifir
yang lebih kecil iaitu sifir 1, 2 dan 3. Ini disebabkan terdapat beberapa orang murid telah
membuat kesilapan semasa menjawab soalan mudah. Walau bagaimanapun peratus jawapan
betul untuk tiga jadual operasi darab untuk pasca e-pengkalian masih sangat tinggi iaitu
melebihi 80%.
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Vol. 1(2018) 409-415
Bagi menjawab objektif kedua, pelajar telah diminta untuk menyatakan skor minat mereka
terhadap pembelajaran matematik dan operasi darab untuk pra dan pasca jarimatika.
Penemuan menunjukkan skor yang lebih tinggi pada pasca berbanding pra jarimatika.
Dengan kata lain, peningkatan minat pelajar yang ketara terhadap matematik dan operasi
darab selepas pengajaran dan pembelajaran jarimatika. Selama ini, pelajar sukar untuk
menjawab dan melengkapkan jadual sifir disebabkan mereka tidak memahami konsep.
Mereka lemah menghafal dan membaca tanpa memahami konsep nombor dan kira mengira.
Akibatnya, pelajar tidak menguasai sifir, mereka kurang minat untuk belajar matematik dan
menganggap subjek ini membosankan. Apatah lagi bila menghadapi masalah matematik
yang lebih sukar. Perkara ini menyebabkan mereka takut dan benci bila berdepan dengan
nombor atau apa-apa yang berkaitan dengan matematik. Hal ini tidak boleh dipandang ringan
kerana ia akan merugikan masyarakat dan negara. Minat terhadap matematik perlu dipupuk
supaya pelajar seronok dan selesa mengamalkan ilmu matematik bukan sahaja untuk
akademik dan kerjaya tetapi juga untuk kehidupan seharian.
KESIMPULAN
Prestasi pelajar dalam kemahiran asas operasi darab menunjukkan skor yang lebih baik pada
pasca berbanding pra e-pengkalian. E-pengkalian adalah teknik yang sangat praktikal kerana
tidak mengambil masa panjang untuk pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Teknik ini sesuai untuk
generasi sekarang yang terdedah dengan teknologi. Peruntukan masa yang diperlukan hanya
mengambil masa selama 5 hingga 10 minit, bergantung kepada kecekapan pelajar untuk
melatih diri mereka. Ia juga boleh diulangtayang tanpa had. E-pengkalian amat sesuai bagi
pelajar peringkat awal persekolahan, yang gagal menguasai sifir walaupun berada pada
peringkat tinggi juga golongan dewasa yang mengalami masalah yang sama. Keseronokan
belajar juga timbul kerana secara tidak langsung pelajar akan mendengar muzik dan melihat
gambar yang berwarna warni. Keyakinang diri pelajar juga meningkat kerana dibekalkan
kemahiran asas operasi darab yang mantap. Selain itu, kajian tindakan ini dapat membantu
para guru matematik, ibu-bapa, pelajar dan kementerian pelajaran dalam meningkatkan
alternatif teknik pengajaran dan pembelajaran. Pembelajaran secara e-pengkalian iaitu belajar
secara e-learning akan memudahkan mereka memahami dan menjadi bijak matematik.
Justeru, e-pengkalian mendokong dan seiring dengan hasrat negara untuk melahirkan modal
ihsan yang bijak dan cemerlang dalam matematik bukan sahaja di peringkat awal
persekolahan malah di persada antarabangsa.
RUJUKAN
Abdullah, A. K. (2010). Cekap Darab' teknik mudah kuasai matematik. Utusan Online.
Ahmat, N., Mohamed, N. H., Azmee, N. A., & Adham2, S. M. (2017). Developing a
technique to master multiplication facts 6 to 9 for year 5 pupils. AIP Conference Proceedings.
Bogdan, R. &. (1992). Qualitative research foreducation. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Carr, W. &. (1986). Becoming critical. Lewes Falmer.
CheLah, S. A. (14 May, 2012). Matematik. Retrieved 18 December, 2017, from

https://matematikk4.wordpress.com/author/matematikk4/
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Foley, B. (Februari, 2008). Times Tables- The worst way to teach Multiplication. Retrieved
21 Disember, 2017, from http://ezinearticles.com/?MultiplicationTablesBetterWays
&id=1585240
Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. New York: Basic
books.
Henry, V. J. (2004). Investigating mathematics Content Standard Quality: A Review of

California's High Demand first grade basic facts expectations. Proquest Dissertations and
Thesis.
Hock, G. T. (2007). Mastering Basic Facts of addition and Subtraction through " finger
arithmetic". Seminar Penyelidikan Pendidikan Institut Perguruan , 11-20.
Ing, N. J. (2011). Penggunaan Kaedah Jari dalam Penguasaan Kemahiran Penolakan Fakta
Asas Murid Tahun Dua. Seminar Penyelidikan Tindakan IPG.
Kilpatrick, J. &. (2000). Helping children learn Mathematics. Center for Education, Division
of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education: National Research Council.
Margo, D. (2010). Learning strategies to memorize multiplication facts: Using multiplication

rhymes to remember "Times". Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/
Westreich, G. (2002). Dance, Mathematics and Route Memorization. Reston VA: American
Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation.
Zakaria, M. (2014). Teknik Mudah Sifir. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
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EASY-TO-USE APPLICATION SOFTWARE FOR

ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATE IN WEST MALAYSIA
Azhani Arshad1,*and Akmal Hidayah Halim2

1
Faculty of Law, MARA Technology University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Department of Legal Practice, AIKOL, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: azhani_arshad@salam.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: In West Malaysia, the jurisdiction to administer the deceased’s estates lies with the
High Court, the Small Estates Distribution Division and the Public Trust Corporation
(Amanah Raya Berhad) depending on the types of estates left by the deceased and governed
by various statutes of general application, namely, the Rules of Court 2012, the Probate and
Administration Act 1959, the Small Estates (Distribution) Act 1955 and the Public Trust
Corporation Act 1995. In cases of testate or where the value of estate exceeds RM 2 million
and/or the estate consists of moveable property only, then, it should be administered by the
High Court. On the other hand, where the intestate estate total value does not exceed RM 2
million which consists wholly or partly of an immovable property, the jurisdiction to
administer the estate lies with the Land Administrator at the Small Estates Distribution
Division. Whereas an estate which consists of only moveable property and the value which is
less than RM 600,000 would be administered by the Amanah Raya Berhad. These various
administrative bodies, estates and statutes have resulted in the public concern and confusion
over the different roles and functions of available bodies applicable to the administration of
estates. Hence, we develop an application software or device that enable end-users to
determine the applicable administrative bodies in administering the deceased’s estate. The
purpose of the software is to increase efficiency, certainty and ensure compliance with law
and procedure in administration of estate. It is a user-friendly interface which makes it easy,
efficient and enjoyable to operate as it is designed by using, among others, clear dual
languages namely, Malay and English, patterns in layout and design, colour, light, contrast
and texture in software features, and legibility in typography. The user can also print the end
results as the software provides print release integrating directly with printer devices.
Keywords: Estate Administration, Administrative Bodies, Property, User-friendly Interface.
INTRODUCTION
Generally, most people no matter how little they possess, will leave behind an estate when
they die. Upon their death, the deceased’s estates need to be administered for the purpose of
paying funeral expenses, debts and liabilities, and thereafter the remnant is to be distributed to
the entitled beneficiaries, through a legal process known as the administration of estates. Tan
Yock Yin is of the view that the term “administration” includes the management and
distribution by an executor or administrator of the estate of the deceased. It also extends to
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judicial management of the executor or administrator in the performance of his duties by way
of superintending his management, taking the account and making proper distribution among
the person entitled (Yin, 1993).
From the above, it can be deduced that the administration of estates comprises three stages.
They are: obtaining of letters of representation (grant of Probate or Letters of Administration),
management of the estate by the executor or administrator by selling off the property or other
manner of disposing the estate of the deceased and distribution of the property or the proceeds
of sale to the heirs or beneficiaries
In West Malaysia, the jurisdiction over administration of estates resides several judicial and
administrative bodies which include namely the High Court, the Small Estates Distribution
Division of the Director General Land & Mines Department, and the Public Trust Corporation
(Amanah Raya Berhad). A Specific role of the abovementioned bodies depends on some
requirements which include the types of estate and the total value of the estate of the
deceased.
In cases of testate or where the value of estate exceeds RM 2 million and/or the estate consists
of moveable property only; then, it should be administered by the High Court. On the other
hand, where the intestate estate total value does not exceed RM 2 million which consists
wholly or partly of an immovable property, the jurisdiction to administer the estate lies with
the Land Administrator at the Small Estates Distribution Division. Whereas, an estate which
consists of only moveable property and the value which is less than RM 600,000 would be
administered by the Amanah Raya Berhad. The existing procedural framework for
administration of estates shows in Figure 1.
Moreover, issues relating to administration of the deceased’s estates is crucial that it had been
reported that since 2006 there are more than a million cases of unsettled or administered with
an estimated value of RM38-40 billion (Norlizah, 2006). Many of such estates were frozen
(Rozaidi et al, 2010 & Hakimi, 2011), and RM1.8 billion of the estimated value had now been
deposited and classified as unclaimed monies. Unfortunately, most of them comprise estate of
Muslim which form the majority population in the country.
Among the reason and contributing factor for the above situation is the public concern and
confusion over the different roles and functions of available bodies and agencies such as the
state Islamic councils, the Syariah courts, land office, Civil High Courts and Amanah Raya
Berhad. This contributes to delays in administering the deceased’s estates by the heirs and
beneficiaries (Norlizah, 2006).
In addition, there are also situations whereby financial institution advises the beneficiaries to
obtain distribution order in Form E at the Small Estates Distribution Unit for purpose of
withdrawing the deceased’s cash but later to discover that the estate of the deceased
comprised of moveables only. In such a case, the beneficiaries would then be advised to go to
the Amanah Raya Berhad, instead of the Small Estates Distribution Unit. These confusions
are indeed time consuming and unwarranted especially at the initial stage of the estate
administration.
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Figure 1. Existing Procedural Framework for Administration of Estates
Thus, we developed this application software or device that enable end-users to determine the
applicable administrative bodies in administering the deceased’s estate. This invention was
undertaken based on the premises that a software must be in tandem with the current needs
and modern resources. Figure 2 shows the application software for administration of estate.
This software revolves around the available administrative bodies involved in the
administration of estates in West Malaysia namely the High Court, the Small Estates
Distribution Division and the Public Trust Corporation (Amanah Raya Berhad) and within the
perimeters of the civil system of the administration of estates of general application.
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Figure 2. Application Software For Administration Of Estates
METHODOLOGY
The methodology of the research is based on result of interviews with those in the authority
who are directly involved in the administration of estate and researchers’ observation at the
distinctive administrative bodies namely the High Court, Small Estate Distribution
Division/Unit, Principal Registry and Amanah Raya Berhad. The data obtained is valuable in
assessing and evaluating the existing law and procedures of administering estate in West
Malaysia. Among others, demand for articulation of ideas which will assist the community in
determining the appropriate administrative bodies and process of estate administration in
Malaysia.
FINDINGS
The different set of law and administrative bodies in the procedure led to confusion among
the public and those involved in the process of estate administration. Thus, the creation of this
invention i.e. application software will go a long way to expedite the decision making in
determining the appropriate administrative bodies and process of estate administration in
Malaysia. It also able to increase efficiency, certainty and ensure compliance with law and
procedure in administration of estate. As of today, we found nothing similar to invention of
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ours, either online or offline, as to the method of determining the estate administration in
tandem with the current needs and modern resources.
It is a user-friendly interface which makes it easy, efficient and enjoyable to operate as it is

designed by using, among others, clear dual languages namely, Malay and English, patterns in
layout and design, colour, light, contrast and texture in software features, and legibility in
typography. The user can also print the end results as the software provides print release
integrating directly with printer devices.
This application software has a great potential as a method or tool to educate and enhance
public awareness on the distinctive jurisdiction of the administrative bodies in administering
the property of the deceased. The target user is the community at large and the beneficiaries
specifically. The invention will be very significant in ensuring the public awareness of the
available administrative bodies or forum, and compliance of the procedure and law in the
administration of estate. Further, it is very convenient for the community to use and readily
accessible.
CONCLUSIONS
By and large, the different administrative bodies have led to a complex and inconsistent and
often confusing process of estate administration in West Malaysia. Thus, there is a dire need
to adopt more effective methods for determining the appropriate administrative bodies and
process in administering the estate of the deceased. Hence, ‘easy-to-use applıcatıon software
for admınıstratıon of estate ın West Malaysıa’ is very useful to educate and enhance public
awareness on the distinctive jurisdiction of the administrative bodies in administering the
moveable and immoveable property of the deceased.
This software has the benefits, namely, helping person without legal background and
unfamiliar with the available forum or avenue in administration of estate; identification of the
existing procedural framework for administration of estates; matter regarding administration
of estate can be dispose-off faster and reduce the number of unadministered estate; helping
the community, and the beneficiaries specifically, to determine the exact and appropriate
administrative bodies in administering the estate of the deceased; and guide national
government authorities to ensure smooth running of estate administraton processes.
REFERENCES
Hakimi. I. (2011, June 29). Harta Pusaka RM42b dibeku. Retrieved February 9, 2018, from
http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2011&dt=0629&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=
Dalam_Negeri&pg=dn_14.htm. mystar online
Norlizah, A (2006, July 4). Retrieved February 9, 2018, from

http://ww1.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2006&dt=0704&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=
Muka_Hadapan&pg=mh_01.html. RM38b tidak dituntut-Harta terbiar akibat pemilik gagal
rancang wasiat
Rozaidi. A., & Mohd Al Qayum. A. (2010, July 17). Laporan Khas: Harta Umat Islam RM 40
Billion Beku kerana Kelemahan Undang-undang. Retrieved February 9, 2018, from
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Vol. 1(2018) 416-421
http://www.mstar.com.my/berita/berita-semasa/2010/07/17/laporan-khas-harta-umat-islam-
rm40-bilion-beku-kerana-kelemahan-undangundang/
Rozaidi. A., & Mohd Al Qayum. A. (2010, July 17). RM40bil in assets stuck. Retrieved
February 9, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2010/07/17/rm40bil-in-
assets-stuck/
Sulaiman. (2007, January 22). Namakan pewaris asset, harta. Retrieved February 9, 2018,
from https://bijakhutang.wordpress.com/2007/01/22/namakan-pewaris-aset-harta/
thestar online
utusan online
Yin, T. Y. (1993). Conflicts Issues in Family and Succession Law. Singapore: Butterworths
Asia.
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e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
REG: TOWARDS THE LIFE QUALITY OF

COMMUNITY
Nur Hanim Ilias, Nur Huzeima Mohd Hussain, Azran Mansor, Khairul Adham Ibrahim and
Norizan Mt. Akhir
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan Perak, Malaysia
E-mail: nurha048@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: Recycle Edible garden (REG) is an initiative project that practically involved the
researchers and designers together with the immediate community. In general, REG was
composed to accommodate community with edible resources such as plants, herbs, fruits and
vegetables for daily or annually purposes. The objectives of this REG are to (i) motivate
community interaction through program involvement; (ii) minimizing living costs by self-
produce of daily use plants; (iii) improving the community quality of health through
gardening, interacting with neighbours and utilizing the harvested resources for events such as
‘kenduri’ and gathering. This garden has received unexpected attention from both the experts
and public which makes REG significant for the community. The REG also apply the green
living concept by implementation of rain water harvesting as the watering system irrigation
and the used of recycle materials as plants containers and also give an attraction to the garden.
The importance of this recycles edible garden are to connects and communicate between
community besides accommodating each other needs through subsistence living. There were
about 500 participants representing the researchers and designers, the masjid committee, the
industry experts and learning institutional like university, college and school people and also
the business entrepreneur nearby Bandar Seri Iskandar got involved in the REG development.
A photographic method comprising the process, issues and situations will be shown and
discussed. The results will interpret relevant information about the rationale, risks and
recommendation of how REG would benefit and fold the community towards sustainability.
The outcome of this study will uphold the benchmark in designing a recycle edible garden
that would not only giving experience to the experts to work on the ground, but has also
successfully engaged the community in contributing and achieving quality in subsistence
living.
Keywords: Recycle Edible Garden, community, collaborative participation, masjid
INTRODUCTION
Recycle Edible Garden (REG) is a green initiative green project that was composed to
accommodate the community with edible resources, rainwater harvesting and reuse materials
towards achieving subsistence living. Masjid As-Siddiq at Bandar Seri Iskandar Perak was
chosen as a pioneer project based on its location that is reachable between the institution,
community and industries. Moreover, there was a potential green area situated next to the
Masjid. Therefore, with regards to this potential of strategic location, supportive community
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and land availability has turned the imaginary recycle edible garden into reality. Overall, the
total areas of Masjid As-Siddiq are about 2.27 acres consists of 0.44 acres of built-up area and
1.83 acres of open spaces. Masjid As-Siddiq is well established with its primary equipment,
social facilities (religion school, rest house, shops), water, electricity and proper road
network).
According to Rasmuna Mazwan & Mohd Rashid (2015) community gardens plays an
important role in addressing the food crisis, social, safety and the economic issues of the
urban population. Therefore, the REG becomes a collective approach to subsistence living to
overcome these issues. Many studies indicated strategies such as urban farming, community
garden and edible backyards was proved to be successful (Idilfitri S.et al (2015), Md Sakip
SR. et at (2013), Wan Ismail WA. et al (2015)). With regards to the success of these
strategies, this project intends to not only enhance the idea of community garden but also
foresee the opportunity to utilize the reusable material to achieve resilience.
REG project was specially funded by the UCTC grant from Minister of Higher Education
within 12 months (1 November 2016 – 31 Oct 2017). The project connect and communicate
with community besides accommodating each other needs through subsistence living. There
were about 5000 participants representing the researchers and designers, the Masjid
committee, the industry experts such as MARDI Negeri Perak, Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri
Perak, Pejabat Pertanian Perak Tengah and Taman Teknologi Agro MARDI, Cameron
Highland, Pahang, learning institutional like university, college and school together with the
business entrepreneur nearby Bandar Seri Iskandar involved in this project.
Several programs such as ‘gotong-royong, ‘recycle and reuse workshop’, ‘community-

gardening-day’, maintenance clinique and ‘kenduri’ was organized to gain participation
besides fulfilling the project's objectives. The community surrounding was very supportive
and highly committed and in handling and participating in most of the frequent activities
organised by the masjid. After a year of design and build program been implemented, the
REG was ready to serve the communities, institutions and industries.
METHODOLOGY
There are five stages in the process of development and community engagement towards
improving quality of life (Refer Fig.1). These process includes the information and getting
consensus from the respective authority, industry and the community to execute the project,
design-build planning, discussion and meetings with representatives of the communities,
implementation (formation of implementation committees and implementation) and program
monitoring. The process involves continuous engagements with the community and exchange
of knowledge and experiences among the expert group (facilitators) and communities which
aligned with Rasidi et. al (2014) research on the low carbon eco-village in FELDA Taib
Andak. The feedback on the progress, issues, difficulties, problems, and success was
discussed and consider to improve future actions for achieving the projects aims. This
collaborative methods and formulation of action plan and roadmap were adapted from the
technique used proposed by Rasidi et. al (2014).
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a. Design & Built b. Collaborative c. Implementation d. Community e. Maintenance

Development Participation Involvement Works
Figure 1. The Process and Procedures of REG development (Source: Author (2018).
Stage 1: Design & Built Development

Before the construction phase begins on site, there are several meeting had been organised to
ensure the best design to be implemented for REG project. The main agenda of the meeting
was to announce the initiative of REG project to the community and to create awareness on
the idea of REG and how it could benefit the community and contribute the global agenda.
Besides, the AJK of masjid and community also give their feedback according to the site area
and their opinions, needs, preferences, limitations and design interest of the REG.
Stage 2: Collaborative participation

This stage began with allocating and investigating various agency including the public,
private, government, NGO and industry to participate not only as the team member but
perhaps as the project funder and expert. The linkage and connection made through this
project allow both sides to exchange knowledge, expertise and benefits.
Stage 3: Implementation
Based on the design, working drawing and project Bill of Quantities, the hardscape works
were conducted. Site clearance, footing, planter box, pedestrian walkway, gazebo, green
wall, rainwater harvesting capture areas, storage and irrigation system was built to equip the
site before the soft scape works start.
Stage 4: Community Involvement

There was two program conducted to allow direct participation by the community whereas
indirectly, all immediate community of the masjid As-Siddiq are free to access and utilize the
space and resources provided (Refer Fig.2). The two main programs are:
i. ‘Gotong royong & Kempen Kitar Semula Sambil Beramal’ on the 25th February 2017 –
About 300 participants from the community was involved in the half-day program
ii. ‘Recycle & Reuse program and ‘Gardening with community’ on the 14th May 2017 –
About 350 participants from industries, agencies and communities were involved
Figure 2. The community contributes in ‘gotong-royong’, gardening, fertilizing, watering and maintenance works. Besides
that, they also helps in harvesting and consuming the edible crops (Source: Author (2018).
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Stage 5: Maintenance Works

During the first six months after the project completed, the basic maintenance job including
weeding, watering, pruning, replanting and fertilizing were conducted by the UiTM team.
After the handover process taking part in October 2017, the maintenance job was fully in
charge by the masjid committee and the community.
FINDINGS
The REG was a successful project, the participation from various group including the
agencies, industries and communities are acceptable and above average. The great
participation and consideration from the masjid committee members has turn this project into
reality. The expectation is to see this success can continuosly sustain to accommodate the site
anad community with edible resources that could assists daily use, increase interaction, create
healthy lifestyle and improve quality of life (Refer Fig. 3 for the recent view of REG).
Figure 3. Recent view of the Recycle Edible Garden (Source: Author (2018))
From the experiences, this project discovered:

 The potential of space and potential of people to involve in subsistence living
 They have a good spirit to implement the proposed actions.
 The success of organizing REG in Masjid As-Siddiq is supported by several factors:
a) Good cooperation among the industries and agencies with the management team
b) UiTM is part of the immediate community that triggers awareness to contribute and
involve with community
c) The team and communities appear to have a good connection and communication
skills.
d) Masjid has strategic location, good facilities, responsible committee and comfortable
areas for community meetings/programs
 Maintenance of continuous contacts through meetings, discussions, visits and programs
from researchers is very important to create interest and commitment among the
community.
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CONCLUSION
The REG at Masjid As-Siddiq, Bandar Seri Iskandar shows the potential of collaborative,
participatory approach in improving quality of life through immediate commitment between
the professionals and the local community. The successful project of REG has given a good
impact and image of Masjid as the center of development besides enhancing the ability to
connects the community, encourage a healthy lifestyle through gardening, utilizing natural
resources, reducing living costs through subsistence living in which will collectively lead
towards improving quality of life. This collaborative projects needs full attention and
participation. The lack of delivering process and procedure may result in the deficiency of the
outcome such as interactive participation, poor attendance, lack of interest and consistency in
participation.
REFERENCES
Rasidi, M. H., Ngah, I., & Ramli, A. R. (2014). Developing Sustainable Community
Environment for FELDA Community through Public Participation Programme. Asia-Pacific
Journal of Rural Development, 24(2).
Rasmuna Mazwan, M., & Mohd Rashid, R. (2015). The Potential of Urban Farming
Technology in Malaysia : Policy Intervention, 2011(Figure 1), 1–5.
Sabrina Idilfitri, Nur Izzati Mohd Rodzi, Nik Hanita Nik Mohamad, Suria Sulaiman (2015)
Public Perception of the Cultural Perspective towards Sustainable Development, Procedia -
Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 168, Pages 191-203, ISSN 1877-0428,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.224.(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii
/S1877042814056821)
Siti Rasidah Md Sakip, Noraini Johari, Aldrin Abdullah, Mohd Najib Mohd Salleh (2013)
Assessing Sense of Community Dimension in Residential Areas in the Malaysian Context,
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volume 105, Pages 655-663, ISSN 1877-0428,
/S1877042813044431)
Wan Azlina Wan Ismail, Ismail Said, (2015) Integrating the Community in Urban Design
and Planning of Public Spaces: A Review in Malaysian Cities, Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, Volume 168, Pages 357-364, ISSN 1877-0428,
/S1877042814056997)
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GREEN MOSQUE MODEL: SHAPING MOSQUES OF

THE FUTURE
Siti Syamimi Omar, Ruwaidah Borhan, Mohd Zulhaili Teh and Atikah Fukaihah Amir
Universiti Teknologi MARA, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Malaysia
E-mail: sitisyamimi@perak.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: A mosque has always been known as a centre of a Muslim community.

Traditionally, mosques, especially in the Middle East perform more functions than just being
a place of worship. A mosque is not only for the Muslims to perform prayer in congregation
but also as a place to generate economy, education and social cohesion of the community.
Therefore, both mosque and its surroundings are living symbiotically together. Green mosque
is defined as a multifunctional community centre that is strategically located, accessible,
environmental-friendly, support local business, increase social interaction and exploration of
knowledge. In this paper, it is aimed to explore the potential of a green mosque in a small
newly developed neighbourhood which is Masjid as-Siddiq in the State of Perak as a case
study to become a living nexus. The focus of this paper encompasses three main aspects of
sustainability which are environmental (site location, accessibility, green space, resource
conservation), social (activities, collaborative participation and communal space) and
economic (local business, wakaf and cost saving). Firstly, the functions of a mosque as a
lively center was analysed; from the Prophet’s time compared with the current situations.
Secondly, qualitative data on spatial characteristics of a green mosque were studied based on
various literature reviews. Thirdly, descriptive analysis was done to analyse the green aspects
potentials of Masjid as-Siddiq. Primary data was obtained through site observations and
photographs of the site. Secondary data of site plan, reports, and newspaper articles were also
analysed to achieve the aim of this research. Lastly, new recommendations will be suggested
for Masjid as-Siddiq. As a conclusion, mosques have always been green historically and
indeed, mosques in the modern days have many alternatives to be greener today and for the
future.
Keywords: Green mosque, community centre, neighbourhood, sustainability
INTRODUCTION
According to Omer, S. (2016), the Prophet’s Mosque has seven functions where it is a
religious centre, a place for learning, the Prophet's government centre, a place for welfare and
charity, a detention and rehabilitation centre, a place to provide medical care and a place to
socialize leisurely. However, there is an additional function of a mosque which is as a centre
of economic activities as mentioned by Oloyede, I.O (2014) and Muhammad Rasdi, M.T
(1998), Between these three authors, Omer.S. (2016) focuses on the Prophet's Mosque.
Therefore, it can be seen that the function of a mosque as a detention and rehabilitation centre
especially for war prisoners during the Prophet's time was not mentioned by Oloyede, I.O
(2014) and Muhammad Rasdi, M.T (1998) where they focus on more contemporary issues. In
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contrast, Omer.S (2016) did not mention the function of a mosque as a centre of economic
activities as part of mosque's main function based on hadiths where trade is prohibited within
the Prophet's Mosque while not prohibited outside the mosque. It is recorded that during that
time, trading activities on a very limited scale outside the Mosque and markets were later
added to the morphology of Islamic cities where trading activities tolerable visual, sound,
aromatic and crowd-oriented consequences for everyday city-life takes place.
Oloyede, I.O (2014) mentions that there are eight functions of a mosque which are as the first
worship centre, as a training centre for good virtues, as a learning centre for spreading
knowledge, as a court for judicial activities, as a place for accommodation, as a centre for
healing, as a centre for socializing and as an economic centre. Most of the functions intersect
with the functions stated by Omer, S. (2016). Muhammad Rasdi, M.T (1998) however
discusses the mosque's functions in two main perspectives; mosque as a house of God and
mosque as a community development centre. The first perspective focuses more on the
religious aspects and sanctity of a mosque while the second perspective is more holistic
covering all aspects of a Muslim's life. Muhammad Rasdi, M.T (1998) shows that both
perspectives have their proponents. The function of a mosque as a place of worship is
undeniable. From the time of the Prophet (PBUH), the Prophet’s Mosque is a place for
different kinds of religious activities such as reciting and studying the Qur’an,
dhikr(remembering and glorifying God), i’tikaf (retreat in mosques during the last third of the
holy month of Ramadan for worship), meditation including the most basic prayers (solah)
(Omar, S., 2016). This perspective is also supported by a study conducted by Mohd Taib, M.Z
and Rasdi, M.T (2009) to study the perception of users towards sacredness or sanctity space
in a mosque, 96% of the respondents agree with the propositions that mosque is ritual prayer
and meditation centre for Muslim. Based on Muhammad Rasdi, M.T (1998), the perspective
of a mosque should function as a community development centre was supported by the imam
of the Malaysian National Mosque at that time who suggested that mosque should include
recreational facilities for adults and children, provides travellers accommodation, rooms for
rental, clinic, office for public welfare and shops to cater for modern lifestyle. According to
Drs. Sidi Gazalba mentioned by Mohd Taib, M.Z, and Rasdi, M.T (2009), a mosque is a place
for worship and a centre of Muslim culture where worship is part of Muslim culture that
connects mosque with politics, social interaction, knowledge, art, economy, philosophy and
ritual worship.
METHODOLOGY
The research is done using case study method where observations were made to assess the
potential factors that contribute to a moque being green. As-Siddiq Mosque was chosen as the
case study. This case study method was started by literature review in order to grasp the true
concept of mosque where historically, mosques are ususally sustainable. Literature reviews
done set the evidences to support case study data and form a foundation for a green mosque
principles. Propositions identified through the literature review gives direction to the main
focus of a green mosque. This method of exploratory case study was done to discover the
green potential of an existing typical small mosque for a small community in Malaysia. The
question is whether the existing mosque in Malaysia has the potential to become a green
mosque. The potentials will be compared with the principles from literature review vice versa
to ensure no principles will be left out. Data are collected through site observations,
photographs of the site, site plan, reports, and newspaper articles. Through all the data
gathered, analysis was done and finally a Green Mosque Model was formed.
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FINDINGS
A mosque's functions and design should be parallel with the spirit behind Islamic teaching
and the environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. However, if a mosque does
not follow this principle, it shows that the mosque does not fullly embrace the true spirit of a
'mosque.' Therefore, although a mosque has always been green, if today's mosque has to be
redefined as a green mosque, it can be defined as a muslim religious building which is
environmentally friendly (uses local materials, consider local climate), socially and
economically sustainable for muslims to perform duty as caliphs of Allah. Green mosque can
be defined in two ways, the first is to focus on the building aspect (shown in Figure 1) and the
second is to focus on the buildings aspect and also its surroundings (shown in Figure 2).
Many researchers have been studying the green mosque by looking at the building or
architecture. Therefore, this study focuses more on the mosque surroundings with less
concentration on the building aspect by considering limitations of time.
Spirit: "Muslims as caliphs of Allah"
3 Principles of Green Mosque Model:

Environmental Social
3 principles
1. Environmental (uses local materials, consider
local climate, site selection, accessibility, green
space, resource conservation)
2. Social (activities, collaborative participation,
Economic communal space)
3. Economic (local business, wakaf, cost
saving)
 Figure 1. Green Mosque Model (Source: Author, 2018)
One of the principle of Green Mosque Model is Environmental (site selection). In the case of
As-Siddiq Mosque, mix of land use surrounding the mosque captures the essence of a green
mosque which prioritizes on the site selection. For accessibility of As-Siddiq Mosque, people
are more drawn towards the mosque because of the high visibility that creates the high
accessibility. Next, green space available at As-Siddiq Mosque is highly functional especially
with the addition of an edible garden in the mosque compound. All of the principles of Green
Mosque Model which are environmental (uses local materials, consider local climate, site
selection, accessibility, green space, resource conservation), social (activities, collaborative
participation, communal space) and economic (local business, wakaf, cost saving) are guided
under the spirit of "Muslims as caliphs of Allah" (Figure 1).
CONCLUSION
In this study, it can be concluded that there is a bigger perspective to the definition of a green
mosque. A green mosque is not only a green building. A green mosque is a lively mosque
filled with green environment, strong sense of community and vibrant economy. In that
account, it is recommended that more communal activities such as a playground or sports
facilities could be integrated into the design of green mosque to attract users of different ages
especially children and youth as long as they do not go against Islamic teaching.
Exclusiveness should not be created for a community center, especially for a mosque. Mohd
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Taib, M.Z, and Rasdi, M.T (2009) mentioned that over sanctification of mosque reduces the
essence of a mosque as a centre for community development in Islam and more attention
should be paid to the programs and functions of the mosque. Three main aspects of
sustainability which are environmental (site location, accessibility, green space, resource
conservation), social (activities, communal space, and collaborative participation) and
economic (local business and cost-saving) match the essence of a mosque as a living nexus.
However, although most key criteria of sustainability were studied in this paper, criterion of
green building has not been touched in this study as it covers a very detail and wide scope on
its own. Furthermore, green building has always been studied by researchers. Nevertheless,
the importance of a green building for a mosque is undeniable. Therefore, this Green Mosque
Model inluded all three aspects of sustanibility (Environmental, social and economic).
Finally, Green Mosque Model will act as a guidelines for future landscpae architects,
architects and urban planners to design and plan a green mosque for the future.
REFERENCES
Mohd Taib, M.Z, and Rasdi, M.T (2009). Islamic Architecture Evolution: Perception and
Behaviour. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 49 (2012) 293 – 303
Muhammad Rasdi, M.T (1998). The Mosque As A Community Development Centre:

Programme and Architectural Design Guidelines For Contemporary Muslim Society. Penerbit
UTM. Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
Oloyede, I.O (2014) Multi-Purpose Use Of The Mosque In Islam in Nigerian Supreme
Council of Islamic Affairs (NSCIA) website. http://www.nscia.com.ng/index.php/info-
portal/information/66-multi-purpose-use-of-the-mosque-in-islam-by-is-haq-olanrewaju-
oloyede Retrieved on 26th January 2018
Omer, S. (2016). The Form And Function Of The Prophet’s Mosque During The Time Of
The Prophet (PBUH). https://medinanet.org/2016/09/the-form-and-function-of-the-prophets-
mosque-during-the-time-of-the-prophet/ Retrieved on 9th January 2018
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MUSA ACUMINATA PEEL - A WATER PH

NEUTRALIZER
Sharir Aizat Kamaruddin1,*, Syazana Suhaime 2, Nur Adlin Sabrina Abdul Aziz 2 and Zamzila
Erdawati Zainol1
1
Marine Research and Excellence Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi
MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau, 02600 Arau, Perlis
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Perlis, Kampus Arau,
02600 Arau, Perlis
E-mail: shariraizat@perlis.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: The contamination of freshwater by ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), a fertilizer that is

commonly used in agriculture is profound. A safe water treatment method is required to
remove this pollutant. Absorption is one of the methods, which meet the above objective by
neutralizing pH of water. In this research, Musa sp. peels, a discarded agricultural waste was
used to produce absorbent and pH neutralizer through simple, low-cost and eco-friendly
processes. Varieties of Musa sp. peels; Musa acuminata Triploid AAA (Pisang Berangan),
Musa x paradisiaca Triploid ABB (Pisang Awak), Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas)
were tested in this research in order to determine which varieties of Musa sp. peels are most
effective as an absorbent material. The effects of pH on different parameters like absorbent
particle shape, contact time, and absorbent dosage were investigated for Musa sp. peels.
Overall, this research has proven that Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas) was the
most effective for absorbent material as its peels have achieved the highest improvement of
pH on different parameters analysis. The optimal condition of absorbent was achieved when
the particle’s shape was in powder as it had a very high specific surface area, potential
binding sites and functional groups. In addition, the most effective absorption analysis was
found at 30 minutes contact times and a dose for 1 gram for both absorbent material. Thus,
the result indicates clearly the effectiveness of Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas)
banana peel as a low-cost safe water treatment for neutralizing pH of water contaminated with
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3).
Keywords: peel, pH, neutralizer, banana, ammonia nitrate.
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater has become contaminated from natural sources or numerous types of human
activities. Residential, municipal, commercial, industrial, and agriculture activities can all
affect water quality. For example, nutrient pollution is one of most widespread and
challenging environmental problem.
One of serious nutrient pollution is the contamination of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), a

fertilizer that is commonly used in agriculture. NH4NO3 has the capability to acidify the
freshwater. Consequently, the contaminant can affect freshwater animals and plants. Thus, the
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pollutants can give significant impact towards social-economic development especially to

those who rely on freshwater for the living.
Musa sp. peels is a discarded agricultural waste material as people just threw it away without
knowing the benefits of these peels. With a large amount of this waste, it can be polluted to
the environmental. In term of bio-sorbent material, this Musa sp. peels can be one of the bio-
sorbent material. Since there are much research conducted to observe the applicability of
Musa sp. peels as bio-sorbent material, however, there is less research on the perspective of
neutralizing water contaminated with NH4NO3. pH seems to be the most important parameter
in biosorption process (Aksu et al, 2011). This research adopted a simple and non-treated
preparation method rather than the expensive and high-tech pyrolysis, and non-eco-friendly
acid/base treated methods.
METHODOLOGY
The preparation of sorbent material was taken from Reddy et al (2015). Different varieties of
Musa sp. were obtained from different local fruit market around Perlis area. Three (3)
varieties Musa sp. were chosen; Musa acuminata Triploid (AAA), Musa x paradisiaca
Triploid (ABB) and Musa acuminata Diploid (AA). The effect of pH on different parameters
like absorbent particle shape, contact time, absorbent dosage was investigated in order to
determine which varieties of Musa sp. peels are most effective as an absorbent material.
FINDINGS
This research has proven that Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas) was the most
effective for absorbent material as its peels have achieved the highest improvement of pH on
different parameters analysis. The optimal condition of absorbent was achieved when the
particle’s shape was in powder as it had a very high specific surface area, potential binding
sites and functional groups. Moreover, the most effective absorption analysis was found at 30
min contact times and a dose of 1 gram of absorbent material. Thus, the result indicates
clearly the effectiveness of Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas) banana peel as a low-
cost safe water treatment for removable of NH4NO3 in water. Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3
show the of particle shapes using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample, the effect on
contact time using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample and the Effect on dosage
sorbent using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample respectively. Plus, Figure 1 and
Figure 2 show the graph of pH difference vs. time (min) and pH difference vs mass (g)
respectively.
Table 1. Effect of particle shapes using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample
Species Particle shapes Initial pH Value Final pH Value pH Value

Difference
Musa acuminata Powder 4.32 6.14 1.82
Triploid (AAA)
Flakes 4.32 5.90 1.58
Musa x paradisiaca Powder 4.32 5.87 1.55
Triploid (ABB)
Flakes 4.32 5.22 0.90
Musa acuminata Powder 4.32 6.14 1.82
Diploid (AA)
Flakes 4.32 5.90 1.58
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Figure 1. Effect on contact time using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample
Table 2. Effect on contact time using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample
Species Time Initial pH Value Final pH Value pH Value

Difference
(min)
Musa acuminata 15 5.38 5.65 0.27
Triploid (AAA) 30 5.38 5.85 0.47
45 5.56 6.01 0.45
60 5.47 5.92 0.45
75 5.47 5.91 0.44
Musa x 15 5.38 5.74 0.36
paradisiaca 30 5.38 5.84 0.46
Triploid (ABB) 45 5.56 6.01 0.45
60 5.56 6.00 0.44
75 5.47 5.91 0.44
Diploid (AA) 30 5.38 6.08 0.70
45 5.56 6.03 0.47
60 5.47 5.94 0.47
75 5.47 5.94 0.47
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Figure 2. Effect on dosage sorbent using varieties species of banana peels in NH4NO3 sample
Table 3. Effect on dosage sorbent using varieties Musa sp. peels in NH4NO3 sample
Species Mass (g) Initial pH Value Final pH Value pH Value

Difference
Triploid (AAA) 2 5.56 5.79 0.23
3 5.20 5.37 0.17
Musa x 1 5.38 5.85 0.47
paradisiaca 2 5.56 5.86 0.30
Triploid (ABB)
3 5.20 5.39 0.19
Diploid (AA) 2 5.20 5.60 0.40
3 5.20 5.48 0.28
CONCLUSION
The result indicates clearly the effectiveness of Musa acuminata Diploid AA (Pisang Mas)
banana peel as a low-cost safe water treatment for neutralizing pH of water contaminated with
ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3).
REFERENCES
Aksu, Z.Sag, Y. and Kutsal T. (1992). The Biosorption of Copper by C.Vulgaris and Z.
Ramigera. Environ Technol. 579-586.
Reddy, CA., Prashanti,N., Hari Babu, P., Mahale, JS., (2015). Banana Peel as a Biosorbent in
Removal of Nitrate from Water. IARJSET (Vol.2 Issue 10), India. 95-98.
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ADSORPTION FROM NON AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY

RAW SUGARCANE BAGASSE AND TARO STEM
Nurul Syafiqah binti Ariff and Nurul Farhana binti Farezol

SM Sains Kubang Pasu, Kedah, Malaysia
E-mail: viki07@yahoo.com
Abstract: One of the major sources of water pollution is oil spills or oily waste waters and
removing this pollution is a global concern. Nowadays natural sorbents are applied as single
solution for oil spills since this technique is effective, rapid and cost saving for cleaning these
pollutions and reduce environmental effects. Adsorption is promising choice of treatment for
its simplicity, effectiveness, and feasibility when appropriate sorbent is used. The used of
bagasse as adsorbent especially when structural component of bagasse which is made up of
carbon material is suitable as adsorbent and the fact that, adsorbent bagasse further reduce
solid waste disposal and hence reducing one source of environmental pollution. In this paper,
raw sugarcane bagasse and taro leaves in different particle sizes was used for the sorption of
layer of crude oil from lubricating oil get from motorcycle workshop. Mineral fluid lubricants
are based on mineral oils. Mineral oils (petroleum derived) are product of refining crude oil.
There are three types of mineral oil such as paraffinic, naphtenic and aromatic. In this
experiment, we are use paraffinic oil. Paraffinic oil are used for manufacturing engine oils,
industrial lubricants and as processing oils in rubber, textile and paper industries. The
adsorption process is on going, found that organic waste such as taro stem and sugarcane
bagasse can adsorb lubricating oil waste quickly by using a reagent, N-BromoSuccinimide
(NBS) as an additive for adsorption. The result showed that máximum adsorption capacity of
raw sugarcane bagasse for dry system was about 40% to 50% and for taro stem was about
30% to 45% depends on their mass, size and time taken. In this study, it can be concluded that
using taro stem and sugarcane bagasse with NBS probably can remove the oily layer in
drainage system.
Keywords: natural sorbents, non aqueous, sugarcane bagasse, taro stem, adsorption,
lubricating oil, pollution
INTRODUCTION
Water that being used everyday comes from multiple sources such as streams, rivers and
lakes. Human tend to have clean water but at the same time contribute to the interest rate of
pollution water. Many rivers, lakes and streams becoming increasingly polluted by oil and
grease that thrown by restaurant, industrial and agricultural activities and most frequent by
domestic waste that are being produce and discharged without proper treatment.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Modernization and industrialization has greatly affected our river and waste water stream.
Plus, we can see that much of the domestic activities from the residential area and restaurant,
much of them just throw and wash their oily dishes and discharges to water stream without
thinking about it causes to the environment. They also produce a lot of adverse upon the water
system at the same time enhance pollution in water thus contribute to the poor surface water
quality.One of the major sources of water pollution is oil spills or oily waste waters and
removing this pollution is a global concern. or Natural sorbents are applied as single solution
for oil spills since this technique is effective, rapid and cost saving for cleaning these
pollutions and reduce environmental effects.

In this study, the severe pollutants of wastewater slaughter can be identified. Besides, we can
also examine the capabilities of TCL as a coagulant and study the efficiency of combination
TCL and H2O2 intreating slaughter wastewater.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that we have used in the projects are knife, beaker, sieve, stirrer, dropper,
weight balance and laboratory oven. The materials that we have used are distilled water, raw
sugarcane bagasse, taro stems, lubricating oil, N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS)
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance the use of raw sugarcane bagasse
and taro stem to function as a cheaper and conveniently-handled natural sorbents

Natural sorbents are applied as single solution for oil spills since this technique is effective,
rapid and cost saving for cleaning these pollutions and reduce environmental effects. It can
reduce health problems like cancer, reproductive problems, typhoid fever and stomach
sickness in humans and reduce water pollution.
COST IMPACT
which are household cost and industry cost. For households, the total cost is zero. For
TCL extract can be used to treat wastewater but only for some parameters such as ph, BOD,
DO and turbidity. However, it cannot be commercial yet because it still has weakness.There
should be further study on TCL extract because of positive result obtained. There are certain
improvements that can be done to improve the study for better result.The improvements and
modifications can be carried out from times to times and keep abreast technologies available.
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I-STOP@PETROL PUMP
Nurul Izzati binti Anuar and Noor Athirah binti Md Fuad

Sekolah Menangah Sains Kubang Pasu, Kedah
E-mail: cryptics03@yahoo.com
Abstract: Drivers nowdays often take for granted on the safety precautions when refuel at
petrol station.Commom behaviours of drivers is not to switch off the car engine when refuel
at petrol station.This is actually the major cause of some severe accidents which may lead to
jeopardize as it will assume explosion and fire. Despite many advertisement to remind the
drivers to switch off the car engine while refueling, there are still drivers who ignored this
problem even though they are aware of bad consequences with our I – STOP @ PETROL
PUMP the car engine will switch off automatically when the lever to open the oil filling is
pulled. Based on the problem, we make an innovation named I – STOP @ PETROL PUMP.
This innovation is created specially to solve the problem. When the drivers or any person pull
the lever to open the oil-filling hole, the car engine will switch off automatically. So, the risk
of jeopardize that will assume explosion and fire can be reduce. With this, it is clear that our
product I –STOP @ PETROL PUMP is able to overcome the problem of drivers who refuse
to switch off the car engine while refueling. This will also increase the safety standard of car
besides improving safety of all people, as this product will reduce the risk for explosion and
fire to happen when refuel at petrol station.
Keywords: precautions, switch off, automatically, explosion, refuel, petrol station
INTRODUCTION
The problem highlights regarding intractability to follow the safety precaution when refuel at
petrol station. The safety precaution is not to use phone while refuel, no smoking and most
important is to switch off the car engine when refuel. The objective is to make a system that
will be the solution for the problem. As the drives pulled the lever to open the oil filling the
car circuit will be cut and the engine will be automatically switch off. So, this project is
actually for safety.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Drivers nowdays always did not switch off their car engine when refuel at petrol station.
Actually, this problem may lead to jeopardize that will assume explosion and fire.

In this research, we create a system name I-Stop @ Petrol Pump to an actions for solve this
problem.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus and materials that we used is motor, car model, battery 9A, battery 9V, push
start button, micro switch, circuit casing, wiring, oil filling hole opener lever.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge and imagination to create a system that safety for
everyone when refueling.

This product is very economical, higher safety level and low risk of jeopardize that assume
explosion and fire.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the experiment can be divided into two parts,
which are project cost and Add-on in car cost. For project, the total cost is RM49. For Add-on
in car, the total cost is RM11.50.
In the model, the motor will switch off automatically when the lever is pulled. The micro
switch attached to the lever act to cut the circuit as the lever is pulled. This type of circuit is
used as a system in cars, which will switch off the car engine as the oil filling hole opener
lever is pulled. Without switch off the car engine while refueling at petrol station, may cause
jeopardize that assume fire and explosion. Therefore, it is proven that our product, I-
STOP@PETROL PUMP will ensure that people do not take for granted on switching off car
engine while refueling. Thus, their safety is promised.
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CALCIUM CARBONATE SUPPLEMENTS TO

COMBAT OSTEOPOROSIS
Zainol A’mzar and Muhd Noramin

Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Pengkalan Hulu, Perak, Malaysia
E-mail: zainolalfath007@gmail.com
Abstract: In our modern age, people now do not care about their health. Health is one of the
important values in people’s lives. At the age of 30s, there are a lot of people who suffer
osteoporosis disease without realizing it. Osteoporosis means a condition of fragile bone with
an increase susceptibility to fracture. In our study, we found that egg shells wealths in calcium
carbonate. Due to this situation, we take awise step to create pills that contain calcium to
elixir the disease of osteoporosis. Hence, we choose pills as our method to achieve our goal.
We blended the egg shells to become powder. Then, we stored the egg shells powder into
pills. Based on the results from previous researches we found that calcium carbonate had
positive effects in piglets which was an the bones and cartilage. In addition, this brilliant
powder was tested to 54 postmenopausal Vietnamese women. The result was marvelous
because the egg shells calcium was very efficient to gain bone mass. This product will reduce
the probability of osteoporosis from happening. Therefore, the population of humans will not
be effect to this disease.
Keywords: Osteoporosis, Calcium, Egg shells
INTRODUCTION
In our life, there are many problems that we faced. We try to find the best solution for our
problems. In this situation,we found a great solution to prevent Osteoporosis from taking
place in human beings.We used eggshells.Eggshells is the solver for Osteoporosis and in
addition,it also gives many advantages to all humans and animals.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Based on our research, we found that the Osteoporosis is a chronic problem to the Malaysian
people. Known as silent killer, Osteoprosis have caused only 25% to the Malaysian and
women resume normal activity after hip fracture. This is an evidence that Osteoporosis is not
a joke. Other than that, it is very a loss to people because not using eggshells in daily life.

So, we came up with a solution by making supplements made up of calcium using eggshells
as our main ingredient. By only preventing Osteoporosis, we also can stop the wastage of
eggshells and in the meantime clear our landfills.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The materials that we used are eggshells and capsule pills size type 1 which can fill up to 500
mg of calcium from eggshell powder and 100 mg of salmon powder, blender machine and
container.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
By carrying out this experiment,we could encourage the society about the awareness of
wasting.In this situation,not all waste are basically waste. There will be benefits in most of
our waste. We have prove that the concept of 'waste to wealth' is true when we chose
eggshells as our alternative to treat the osteoporosis.
CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY AND SOCIETY

This project is not an ordinary project.It could be prove by using the eggshells which are very
beneficial to the people out there.The society will be able to live a healthier lifestyle when
they choose pills which are eco-friendly.In addition, the osteoporosis disease could be
prevented from time to time.For country perspective,the people will be more aware about how
dangerous is osteoporosis by knowing the symptoms of it.They could also prevent from this
disease starting from the childhood age.
COST IMPACT
For this project, we estimated that the cost needed is about RM0-RM15.We can use the used
the eggshells to run this project.
COMERCIALIZATION POTENTIAL
Eggs are feasibily found abundantly in our daily delicacies and the eggshells collected will be
more and easier.
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FRACHET TO PREVENT WEEVILS IN ORYZA

SATIVA
Nur Herlianaemielya Binti Hamdan and Qistina Alysha Binti Norasrie

Email: herliana29@gmail.com
Abstract: In the titrimetry analysis, weevils are always found in rice containers because rice is
the main weevil food. People are always light-weighted with weevils but it turns out that
weevils are very dangerous and can harm human health. After making some experiments,
weevils can be eliminated by using a high scent material. Although the material is favoured
by humans, weevils hates highly aromatic material. Aromatic ingredients consist of pandanus,
dried chillies and lemon leaves. These materials can cause weevil to be uncomfortable with
the surroundings and will go away from rice. In this study, we intend to reduce or better
eliminate weevils in the rice.
INTRODUCTION
The objective of the project is to produce a fragrant sachet (Frachet) to prevent weevils in the
rice storage container. This sachet also can provide many advantages especially to decrease
the presence of weevils in rice container, without ruining the rice it also can make the rice
more fragrant and bacteria free.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Weevils is a type of pest that attacks food especially rice. Weevils are black beetles that are always
found in a container of rice. Weevils can get in your rice container through the packed food from
outside. This will cause a health impact on the community.

Any aromatic smell can repel them from the rice storage container. That is why, we have
found a way to pack a very aromatic smell in a very conveniently sized bag. With that, we
have come up with ’Frachet’. It is an aromatic sachet containing dried aromas. This includes
aromatic ingredients such as citrus hystrix (lime leaves), Capsicum annuum (dry chilli),
pandanus (pandan leaves).
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The main material is a sachet. The sachet is a small net made by cotton. The sachet had a
length of 10 cm, width 5cm and high 2 cm. First, fry all the ingredients without oil until the
ingredients turn dry. Make sure to fry all the ingredients one by one. Then, blend all the
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ingredients into small pieces. Then, insert all the ingredients one by one into the sachet slowly.
After inserting all the ingredients in the sachet, keep the sachet at a room temperature for a
while to let the aromatic smell diffuse into the air.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used an existing knowledge to further enhance the use of citrus hystrix (lime leaves),
Capsicum annuum (dry chilli), pandanus (pandan leaves). This function as a natural
ingredients which will not cause any health effect in the community.

This product is economical for the use of community with fast results. It is non-commercial
and easily available aromatic smell indicator that can be used by households to determine the
existence of weevils in order to produce healthy rice for their family members.
COST IMPACT
We have estimate the cost needed for the experiment. For households, the total cost is RM50
that is spent from buying the materials and the apparatus.
This fragrant sachet is very useful to prevent weevils in the rice. This is suitable for
households to keep their rice in a healthy and good condition. This product can give a big
potential for the marketing as the number of people with stomach ache increases because of
the weevils.
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DARK PHOSPHORESCENT POWDER
Nala Fatihatun Ni’ami bt Mohd Jaafar and Saidatul Najihah bt Mohd Shukor
E-mail: nalajaafar06@gmail.com
Abstract: In a titrimetric analysis, there are other materials that can replace the LED and
incandescent lamps as decorative lights. These are strontium nitrate and aluminum nitrate as
the base material. LED lamps and incandescent lamps cost much compared to strontium
nitrate and aluminum nitrate which are much lower. After several tests run strontium nitrate
and aluminum nitrate last longer. This means that the duration of use of strontium nitrate and
aluminum nitrate is longer than LED lights and Incandescent incandescent lamps that are
easily damaged and do not last long.
INTRODUCTION
Strontium nitrate is an inorganic compound made of the elements strontium and nitrogen with
the formula Sr(NO3)2. This colorless solid is used as a colorant (red) in pyrotechnics and is
also used as an oxidizer in pyrotechnics.Like many other strontium salts, strontium nitrate is
used to produce a rich red flame in fireworks and road flares. The oxidizing properties of this
salt are advantageous in such applications.Strontium nitrate can aid in eliminating and
lessening skin irritations. When mixed with glycolic acid, strontium nitrate reduces the
sensation of skin irritation significantly better than using glycolic acid alone.
Aluminum nitrate is a white, water-soluble salt of aluminum and nitric acid, most commonly
existing as the crystalline hydrate, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, Al(NO3)3·9H2O.Aluminum
nitrate is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used in tanning leather, antiperspirants, corrosion
inhibitors, extraction of uranium, petroleum refining, and as a nitrating agent.The nonahydrate
and other hydrated aluminum nitrates have many applications. These salts are used to produce
alumina for preparation of insulating papers, in cathode ray tube heating elements, and on
transformer core laminates. The hydrated salts are also used for the extraction of actinide
elements.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In a study conducted, it is found that most Malaysians use LED lights or incandescent lamps
as decorative lights in their homes. Decorative lighting commonly used everywhere, using
many electrical energy. For example, the power used by an LED light is usually 5 Watts
while ordinary incandescent lamps use electricity between 60 ~ 100 Watts. Furthermore the
cost for these two lamps is high at RM30 to RM50 and there are even hundreds of ringgit.
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In the research, dark phosphorescent powder can replace LED and incandescent lamps as an
ornament. This is due to the unique design of dark phosphorescent powder and is easy to
carry where it is convenient for consumers. It is also much better quality than cheap
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that we have used in the projects are a beaker, box furnace, 1.875g of
aluminum nitrate nonahydrate with 530mg of strontium nitrate, 10.7mg of europium nitrate
pentahydrate, 21.9mg of dysprosium nitrate pentahydrate and 30.9mg of boric acid are
dissolved in 3ml of distilled water. 3.9g of pure urea is added and shaken until dissolved. The
mixture is heated in a 1000watt microwave for 4 minutes. Eventually it'll ignite and combust.
The white "ash" is the glow powder.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used existing knowledge to continue to increase the use of Dark Phosphorescent
Powder to function as cheaper and easy to handle decorative lights

This product is very economical and easy to use. It is an ornamental material that is not easily
available but is worth it. It is suitable for all ages as an ornament wherever it is. It is also
capable of contributing to the economy of the self and the country.
COST IMPACT
This product is very useful to the public because it can save energy and reduce the pollution
of the environment that is the effect of using the LED lamp and the incandescent lamp. With
the Dark Phosphorescent Powder it is able to help consumers save their money for low
income people.
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MULTI-FUNCTION STICK
Luqman Al-Hakim Bin Abdul Rahim, Sarah Hanni Binti Suhaifuddin and
Muhammad Izdham Bin Ishak
Sekolah Menengah Sains Pokok Sena, Kedah, Malaysia
Email: sarahanni126@gmail.com
Abstract: Mountain climbers, jungle trekkers and even blind people that uses a white cane
will use a long pole or stick as a common accessory to assist them with their rhythm and
provide stability on rough terrain. It is well – known as a trekking stick and provide limited
usage to the users. It is inconvenient for the user to load them with essential equipment or tool
with them. A research has been made to overcome this problem, which is by developing a
multiple function stick that integrates essential equipment either for mount climbing or jungle
trekking. Visually impaired people also can use it replacing their white cane according to the
function provided. This enable those to not just carry a one functioning trekking stick along.
The researchers aim is to help by providing a multiple function trekking stick that is fully
equipped with their requirement.
Keywords: trekking stick, multiple usage
INTRODUCTION
The Multi-Function Stick is a trekking stick that was improvise and consist of essential
equipment. Our product is divided into three according to the user requirement. The first is
adjustable with a security sensor. The second consist of a security sensor, compass,
barometer, knife, torchlight and a power bank attached to it. The third is a fully equipped set
which consist of a security sensor, barometer, knife, torchlight, power bank, gripper, fishing
set and a lighter.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Common mount climbers need to bring a hiking stick mainly for their stability due to the
rough terrain. The trekking stick just provide one function, so the jungle trekkers need to
bring extra necessary tools. The jungle trekkers also often being threat by dangerous and
venomous animal beyond the woods. The percentage of fatal accident increases and lost of
direction during navigation.

In this research, a gripper and a knife is added to act as a defense system. The security sensor
makes it safer for the users. The compass and barometer help them to know their direction
and surrounding temperature. This ensures their life to be less threatened and always fully
prepared and equipped with tools.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The equipment that was integrated into the trekking stick are barometer, compass, security
sensor, knife, torchlight, power bank, gripper, fishing set and a lighter.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge and integrated other essential equipment to provide a
multiple function trekking stick.

This product is very useful for users in order to ensure their life during jungle trekking or
mount climbing. With this product users will not encounter problem like forgetting basic
necessary tool. The percentage of fatal accident also could decrease by preparing themselves
with the challenges around the woods.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the product can be divided into three parts
according to the equipment that was integrated. The total range cost approximately between
RM 85-RM 150.
This multiple function stick is very useful according to the type of equipment buyers are
interested. The targeted potential buyers are mount climbers, jungle trekkers and visually
impaired people. This product has a great potential in the market as the number of people
exploring the outdoor world increases.
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MULTI-FUNCTION UMBRELLA
Muhd Akmal Bin Md Akhir, Adib Edham Bin Azree Edham and
Muhammad Iqmal Mustaqeem Bin Ahmad Kamal
Sekolah Menengah Sains Pokok Sena, Kedah, Malaysia.
Email: mohdhamiziyusoff@gmail.com
Abstract: Pedestrian that uses an umbrella as a protection and shelter from the direct sunlight
still encounter several problems that could be prevented. The usage of an umbrella only
provides several benefits to the users, which is protection from rain and direct sunlight. Users
will still feel hot due to the atmospheric temperature. A research has been made to work as a
solution. In this research, there are several additional parts that we install to the umbrella to
provide multiple functions for the users but still with an optimum weight range. In this
research, the researchers aim is to show that several additional parts like small fan, led lights,
solar panel and reflective material could be combine into an umbrella.
Keywords: umbrella, multiple usage
INTRODUCTION
Umbrella is commonly used by pedestrian because it is hand-held portable devices size for
personal use. The Multi-Function Umbrella provides multiple function like shelter from direct
sunlight, cool temperature, shelter from rain and usage of renewable energy sources. During
the day, users can use it as a protection from direct heat and receive a cool breeze or
temperature provided by the small fan. During the rain and night time, users will be protected
by the rain, the LED lights attached provide lights and not to forget the reflective material to
provide signals to the motoric users. The additional part is connected with a battery supply
source and solar panel as a renewable energy.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Pedestrian will use an umbrella to a specific destination but will not be protected fully by the
heat from the direct sun. The atmospheric temperature contributes to the hotness that a normal
umbrella could not help to overcome. Users during the night cannot totally ensure that their
life could not be threatened by the reckless motoric users especially when it comes to streets
that does not provide street light.

In this research, small fan, led lights, solar panel, reflective material and battery supply is
tested and installed to provide multiple function for the users. This ensures that users can
totally be safe and protected due to the rain and direct sunlight but still use renewable and
natural sources of energy which is sunlight.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The additional tools or material that was used are small fan, led lights, solar panel, reflective
material, battery supply, cables and switch.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge and integrated the additional material to provide an
umbrella that provides multiple function for users.

This product is very useful for users in order to have a cool and safer environment. It uses
medium range cost material and renewable energy that is safe for the human race. The
percentage of pedestrian involve in night accidents could decrease that makes them not to
worry about the dangers that could happen.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated total range cost of our product is between RM 120 – RM 150.
This multiple function umbrella is very useful to help pedestrian and other users so that they
can walk in a safer and more conducive way. This product has a great potential in the market
because the amount of pedestrian and accident happens to them especially night time
increases rapidly.
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MULTI PURPOSED ROLLER
Nur Fasihah Hannah Binti Mohd Fadzli, Nur Alisa Fikriyah Binti Mohd Maulana and
Rabiatul Arina Binti Jasri
Sekolah Menengah Sains Pokok Sena, Kedah, Malaysia
Email: fasihannah10122002@gmail.com
Abstract: Multi purposed roller are used to clean thing that have two side such as ceiling fan
as it have two sticky roller which can remove any loose or stray particles and extensible pole.
The common way to clean the fan are hard and not convenient as it take a long time and a
wasteful of energy. After some research and reading, it was found that majority of
housewives use a pole and a rug to clean ceiling fan and climb higher surface to reach the fan.
Our aim is to reduce the use of time and energy. At the same time it will not risk the safety of
the consumer.
INTRODUCTION
We use reusable material as the roller which is melamine foam with a cleaning agent inside
as the outer surface of the roller .In addition the roller can wipe both blade side as the roller
are put in double position and the distance of one roller to another roller can be adjusted . The
pole can be extend to suit the height that the consumer wants.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most people use a chair, table and anything to reach the ceiling fan and clearly it is unsafe.
Furthermore, it use a lot of energy and will take and extra time to clean the fan. It is also hard
to reach the other blade side of the fan when using rug and pole and we cannot guarantee the
cleanliness of the fan.

In this research, we invent a tool that can make people work easier as it have double roller
which can reach the both sides of the blade’s fan and the distance of the roller are adjustable.
It also have extensible pole which can be extend as the height that the consumer wanted.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
We use polypropylene as the pole and use the monopod stick concept as it can be longer or
shorter. As the outer surface of the roller we use melamine foam with cleaning agent inside
that can be reusable. The distance of one roller to another roller can be control by a screw as
we use pulley concept.
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KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have do research by analysing the common way people clean the fan and commercialize
our invention.
CONTRIBUTION TO COUNTRY AND SOCIETY

This invention is very productive and convenient for the society to use and it will be
economical invention as it make people work easier.
COST IMPACT
industries, the total cost is RM 80 – RM 100 which is spent on buying materials.
This invention are very helpful to reduce the energy using and will have big potential in the
market as people getting busy everyday.
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CHROMOLAENA ODORATA EXTRACT FOR

HEALING PROCESS
Puteri Alya Syazwina Binti Saharudin and Saidatul Husna Binti Saiful Nizam
Sekolah Kebangsaan Binjal, Jitra, Kedah
Abstract: Innovation project that has been chosen by the inventors of Sekolah Kebangsaan
Binjal entitled “Chromolaena odorata” synonyms as Eupatorium odoratum is a traditional
medicinal plant that is widely used for its wound healing property. In particular, the several
parts of this herb have been used to treat wounds, burns, and skin infections. Furthermore, it
has also been shown to possess anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties. Its phytochemical components are alkaloids,
flavonoids, flavanone, essential oils, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids. The other
important constituents of this plant are Eupolin, chromomoric acid, quercetagetin, and
quercetin, all of which contribute to its remedial properties.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Chromolaena odorata, healing property, plant, traditional medicine,

wound
INTRODUCTION
Chromolaena odorata is a species of flowering shrub in the sunflower family, Asteraceae. It
is native to North America, from Florida and Texasto Mexico and the Caribbean, and has
been introduced to tropical Asia, west Africa, and parts of Australia. Common names include
Siam Weed, Christmas Bush, and Common Floss Flower. It is sometimes grown as a
medicinal and ornamental plant. It is used as a traditional medicine in Indonesia. The young
leaves are crushed, and the resulting liquid can be used to treat skin wounds. It was earlier
taxonomically classified under the genus Eupatorium, but is now considered more closely
related to other genera in the tribe Eupatorieae. Chromolaena odorata is considered invasive
weed of field crops in its introduced range, and has been reported to be the most problematic
invasive species within protected rainforests in Africa. Chromolaena odorata is a fast-growing
perennial shrub, native to South America and Central America. It has been introduced into the
tropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Pacific, where it is an invasive weed. It is also known
as Siam weed, it forms dense stands that prevent the establishment of other plant species. It is
an aggressive competitor and may have allelopathic effects. It is also a nuisance weed in
agricultural land and commercial plantations. Chromolaena odorata contains carcinogenic
pyrrolizidine alkaloids.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Wounds are physical injuries to the skin that take various forms including lacerated wounds,
bruises, burns, etc. Based on the physiology of wound healing and its various phases, wounds
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can be classified as open or closed wounds, and acute or chronic wounds (Meenakshi et al.
2006; Nagori and Solanki 2011). The proper healing of wounds is essential for restoration of
disrupted anatomical integrity and altered function of the affected area (Edlich et al. 2005).
Healing is a complex and difficult process initiated in response to an injury that serves to
restore the function and integrity of the damaged tissues (Wietecha and DiPietro 2013).
Chronic wounds, in particular, are a major concern for animals, humans and clinicians, as
they affect a large number of patients, leading to a significant reduction in their quality of life
(Hostetler et al. 2006; Belmont et al. 2010). Wound healing is a normal biological process in
the body and is achieved through four precisely and highly programmed phases, i.e.,
haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. Wound healing also involves a
variety of processes.

C. odorata exhibits its wound healing property using multiple mechanisms. From the
literature reviews, C. odorata extract contains many antioxidant compounds that enhance
wound healing property. C. odorata reduces the bleeding and clotting time may be the first
line of action in the physiology of wound healing. C. odorata can protect the cells from
destruction by inhibiting the inflammatory mediators. C. odorata has the antibacterial
activities against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, suggesting that it may
reduce the wound infections. This review article has attempted to compile the new medicinal
plant C. odorata, to be one of choices in the wound healing treatment.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The leaves of C. odorata (Figure 1) were collected from around the house. The extract was
then filtered through Whatmann filter paper, and the filtrate was evaporated using a rotary
flash evaporator to obtain a concentrated extract. The crude extract was then stored at –20 °C.
Phytochemical analysis was carried out to identify the secondary metabolites present in the
extracts using standard methods (Harborne 1984). Determination of total phenol and lipid
peroxidation inhibition assay. Total phenolic content in the leaf extracts was determined using
standard methods (Gulcin et al. 2003). One millilitre aliquots of extract or a standard solution
of gallic acid were added to a volumetric flask containing 9 ml of water. Fresh leaves were
washed thoroughly with distilled water and dried in the shade in a clean environment. The dry
leaves were powdered and soaked in distilled water (1 : 5 w/v) at 37 °C. After 24 h, the
supernatant was removed and the residue was soaked again in fresh distilled water for another
24 h. The whole process was repeated to ensure a complete extraction. The supernatants were
pooled, filtered and centrifuged at 5000 g and 4 °C for 30 min. After centrifugation, the
obtained supernatants were frozen at –20 °C and then lyophilised. For the preparation of the
ethanol extract, the dried plant material was mixed
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
The data obtained in this study will be useful for future research aimed at further identifying
the specific bioactive compounds other than scutellarein tetramethyl ether and stigmasterol
(Pandith et al. 2013; Vijayaraghavan et al. 2017) that are responsible for the healing efficacy
of C. odorata. Our results are in line with earlier reports (Grinell 1992) and we are in strong
agreement with previously proposed signalling mechanisms of C. odorata in wound healing.
Besides the above, the secondary metabolites of living organisms including C. odorata-
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derived compounds are chemically and taxonomically extremely diverse. Thus, apart from
participating in wound healing activity, they also play significant roles in treating various
diseases (Sivamani et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2014; Borges et al. 2016) and are involved in other
regulatory functions; these include hormonal functions, spermatogenesis (Yakubu 2012),
growth and health promoters (Hashemi and Davoodi 2011), modulation of neutrophilic
activity (Moosavi et al. 2015), blood clotting (Akomas and Ijioma 2014) and promotion of
angiogenesis both in animals and humans (Morgan and Nigam 2013). In summary, the
present results indicate that C. odorata leaf extract stimulates wound healing. This is evident
from the substantial increase in the rate of wound contraction and increased levels of
hydroxyproline and hexosamine, which are necessary for wound healing. In addition, the
enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts in the wound area implies that regeneration can be
attributed to increased wound contraction. Hence, based on the present study we conclude that
C. odorata is a promising wound healing agent. Our data also strongly suggest that the
bioactive compounds found in the leaf extract may, after further study, play a significant role
in treating various ailments in veterinary medicine and alternative medicine in humans in the
future.

The results of this study suggest that C. odorata would be a useful pharmaceutical ingredient
for the management of excision wounds. This plant is also expected to heal other types of
wounds including chronic ones; however, further studies have to be conducted in various
wound models, and research at the cellular and molecular levels are required to identify the
specific mechanism(s) that might induce healing in such wounds. Our results suggest that the
inclusion of antipathogenic microbial extracts rich in antioxidants or fractions of C. odorata
as a potential healing agent would also benefit human health.
COST IMPACT
which are household cost and industry cost. For households, the total cost is rm8. For
industries, the total cost is RM15, which is spent on buying materials and apparatus.
Our results suggest that the inclusion of antipathogenic microbial extracts rich in antioxidants
or fractions of C. odorata as a potential healing agent would also benefit human health. The
data obtained in this study will be useful for future research aimed at further identifying the
specific bioactive compounds other than scutellarein tetramethyl ether and stigmasterol
(Pandith et al. 2013; Vijayaraghavan et al. 2017) that are responsible for the healing efficacy
of C. odorata. Our results are in line with earlier reports (Grinell 1992) and we are in strong
agreement with previously proposed signalling mechanisms of C. odorata in wound healing.
Besides the above, the secondary metabolites of living organisms including C. odorata-
derived compounds are chemically and taxonomically extremely diverse. Thus, apart from
participating in wound healing activity, they also play significant roles in treating various
diseases (Sivamani et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2014; Borges et al. 2016) and are involved in other
regulatory functions; these include hormonal functions, spermatogenesis (Yakubu 2012),
growth and health promoters (Hashemi and Davoodi 2011), modulation of neutrophilic
activity (Moosavi et al. 2015), blood clotting (Akomas and Ijioma 2014) and promotion of
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angiogenesis both in animals and humans (Morgan and Nigam 2013). In summary, the
present results indicate that C. odorata leaf extract stimulates wound healing. This is evident
from the substantial increase in the rate of wound contraction and increased levels of
hydroxyproline and hexosamine, which are necessary for wound healing. In addition, the
enhanced proliferation of fibroblasts in the wound area implies that regeneration can be
attributed to increased wound contraction. Hence, based on the present study we conclude that
C. odorata is a promising wound healing agent. Our data also strongly suggest that the
bioactive compounds found in the leaf extract may, after further study, play a significant role
in treating various ailments in veterinary medicine and alternative medicine in humans in the
future. Acknowledgement Authors thank Brulac Lab, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai for
permitting us to conduct the animal experiments for this study. . This makes the product more
valuable for commercialization.
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STIMULATION OF WOUND HEALING ACTIVITY BY

ALOCASIA DENUDATA STEM CRUDE EXTRACT AS
TESTED ON DF-1 CHICKEN FIBROBLAST CELL
LINE
‘Ainatul Soraya Ramzani1, Aishah Nurain Binti Zulazli1, Hang Nur Deanna Sofea Binti Hang
Al Nuqman Shah1 , Siti Marziah Binti Mohd Dani1 and Muhammad Amir bin Yunus2
1
MRSM Kubang Pasu,Jln Kg Gelong, 06000 Malaysia
2
Institut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju (IPPT), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, 13200
Kepala Batas, Pulau Pinang
Email:marziah@mrsmkp.edu.my
Abstract: Among most essential factors in wound healing pathways is transforming the
vascular endothelial growth factor. Fibroblasts are the main cells in all stages of wound
closure. In this research, the crude extract of Alocasia denudata from its stem was used to
treat the DF-1 chicken fibroblast cells as they were also adherent cells, similar to human
fibroblasts. Firstly, the cytotoxicity of the Alocasia denudata stem crude extract was assessed
using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay or commonly
known as MTT assay. Using a suitable range of concentration of the crude extract, we then
conducted the cell migration assay to assess the migration rate of the DF-1 chicken fibroblast
cells in response to the crude extract. The rates of cells migration process was monitored for
48 h. We found that the crude extract of Alocasia denudata stem at 50 (µg/mL) was able to
promote the migration of chicken fibroblast cells in vitro. Based on this research outcome, we
propose that the raw stem juice of Alocasia denudata could have a stimulatory effect in
wound healing process.
Keywords: Alocasia denudate stem, crude extract, fibroblast cells, in vitro, wound healing
INTRODUCTION
Alocasia denudata or also known as ‘keladi candik’ or ‘keladi canek’ has large cordate or
sagittate leaves that could grow to a length of 20 to 90 cm on long petioles. Their araceous
flowers grow at the end of a short stalk, but are not conspicuous; often hidden behind the leaf
petioles. The stem (a corm) is edible, but it contains raphide crystals of calcium oxalate along
with other irritants (possibly a protease) that can numb and swell the tongue and the pharynx
resulting in difficult breathing, and sharp throat pain according to Bradbury et. al.,2012. The
lower parts of the plant are assumed to have more toxic effect. Therefore, prolonged boiling
before serving or processing may reduce the risks of toxicity but acidic fruit such as tamarind
may also dissolve them.
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This plant has a long history of traditional use in wound healing. A research also has been
carried out in vivo on mice by Abdul Latif, M et al., 2015 which showed that the local
administration of Alocasia denudata can heal wounds efectively.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Healing process of wounds have always been a major problem in the society. Nowadays, the
main reason behind this is the formation of the black scarring or known as keloid of the skin
due to slow wound healing process as it would affect an individual appearance. Besides,
keloid may result in itchiness and tenderness which could last long. Moreover, when the
opening of the wound is exposed for a long period, there are high chances for pathogens to
colonize it and can potentially cause skin infection that will worsen the condition of the
wound. Without further medication, it would take a longer time for a wound to recover, and
even more if there is lack of fibroblast and exposure to an unpredictable surrounding, this
would cause the wound to reopen or secrete pus.

We hypothesized that applying the stem juice of Alocasia denudata on the fresh wound would
speed up the progress of wound closure and therefore, solve the problems of wound healing.
In order to assess the stimulatory effect on wound healing of this plant extract, we tested this
hypothesis in vitro using DF-1 chicken fibroblast cell line by first determining the
cytotoxicity and then used the suitable concentrations in cell migration assay.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that we used in this project are Schott Duran bottle, Bijou bottles, hot plate
stirrer, mixer, hand gloves, heat resistance glove, alcohol swab SATwipes, PANASONIC
MJ7OM squeezer, micropipette, 1000mL beaker, ruler, analytical balance, laminar flow, CO2
incubator, autoclave, 96 well microtiter plate, 12 well microtiter plate, falcon tubes,
CENTRIFUGE 5810R, T25 culture flasks, IKA MS3 Digital, 0.2µm nylon filter, syringe. The
chemicals and reagents which we have used are Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
(DMEM), Trypsin-EDTA solution, MTT Solution, Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution,
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), penicillin, streptomycin. Moreover, the mammalian cell that we
have experimented on was DF-1 chicken embryonic fibroblast cell line from ATCC® CRL-
12203. Finally, the only raw material we have used was the Alocasia denudata Engler var.
elongata plant.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
Based on the basis knowledge/observation that Alocasia denudate could help in wound
healing, the researchers conducted an experimental strategy to determine the fibroblastic
proliferative stimulation by Alocasia denudate extract. This study is targeted to gain better
understandings and further knowledge for the students on fibroblastic proliferation aspect so
that it can be used as an alternative to treat certain skin diseases in our community. Besides
that, students could have a clearer scientific evidence on the mechanism of wound healing.
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CONTRIBUTION TO THE SOCIETY

This plant product is non-commercially available yet and widely found in Malaysia especially
in rural areas. The stem juice of the plant can be readily used by anyone to treat open wounds.
This would benefit the bottom billions group of the nation where access to conventional
medicinal drugs is limited. Furthermore, this study was aimed to promote the use of medicinal
plants which are commonly used in the traditional community as there are so many plants
available in Malaysia which could be used as healers.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the experiment can be divided in two. The
household cost to do this experiment in total is zero and the clinical cost to do this experiment
is RM5k when spent on buying materials, chemicals and reagents and the apparatus.
As the Alocasia denudata could be further applied as wound healing creams, it is expected to
be very cost effective to produce the cream as compared to the commercialized creams which
are made from chemicals and synthetic drugs due to the fact that this plant is abundant in
tropical countries like Malaysia. This product has a great potential in the society itself as more
people have been going back to using natural products as their preferences over the
conventional drugs.
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NATURAL ANT REPELLENT

Chong Min Kee, Wong Shin Yi and Gan Lui Nam*
Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Taman Johor Jaya 1, Johor, Malaysia
*Email: Happy_angel0831@hotmail.com
Abstract: The title of the research is the natural ant repellent. This research is done to
determine whether the natural plant such as Capsicum annuum L. can be used as the natural
ant repellent and discover some of the reason why natural plant can be used as natural ant
repellent. Capsicum annuum L. is chosen which basically contain the insect repelling
properties. To test whether Capsicum annuum L. can repel ants, Capsicum annuum L. are cut
into pieces and squeezed it into juicy form then sprayed around the candy A while candy
without Capsicum annuum L. will be the controlled variable of this project. Placed the candy
at the ants favorable place. Observe the candy for every 30 minutes within 2 hours period and
observation is recorded. Instead, the treated candy with absent of ants for 2 hours showed that
the selected plant is able to act as a natural ant repellent. In a nutshell, Capsicum annuum L.
can be used as a natural ant repellent.
Keywords: Capsicum annuum L., Ant repellent
INTRODUCTION
Capsicum annuum L. which is commonly known as dried chili, has purplish red skin and
white flesh tinged with red. Capsicum annuum L. is available throughout the year. They can
be stored 3 to 4 months at room temperature. Capsaicinoid is the pigment found in Capsicum
plant which contributed to the ant repellent property.
According experiment conducted by Chaudhari et al. (2013) and Chaudhari, S. V. (2014)

stated that chili work as ant repellents. It is used as ant repellents and eco-friendly. According
to Sessile (2017), chili is a new alternatives ways to dangerous synthetic repellents that
commonly used worldwide.
Natural ant repellent can be obtained by treating Capsicum annuum L. with dried it and stir
evenly until it brittle. So it can be used as ant repellent.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The ant invasion can be a big problem to human as mostly will end up with very troublesome
and nasty situation. For instance, indoor ants can lead to ruined food and damaged property or
result in stinging bite. Consumers have to use synthetic pesticide in order to kill ants around
their house. Synthetic pesticide has been linked to negative impact on wildlife and water
sources in production and during use. Some plants can be used as natural ants repellent.
Specific pigments found in plants enable them to keep ants away. The main argument in this
research is the effectiveness of Capsicum annuum L. act as the natural ant repellent.
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In this research, mixture of water and Capsicum annuum L. is function as the ant repellent to
keep ants away. This ensures the consumers can use this natural ant repellent as a better,
cheaper and easier way to keep ants away.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that we have used in the projects are beaker, knife, Petri dish and stirrer. The
materials that we have used are Capsicum annuum L., water, candy and filter paper.
The procedures are shown as below.
1. Capsicum annuum L. is washed cleanly and cut into small pieces with knife.
2. Mix Capsicum annuum L. with water in a 100cm3 beaker and stir evenly.
3. The mixture is filtered.
4. Two pieces of candy are put into two Petri dishes, A and B separately.
5. The mixture of dried chili and water is sprayed around the candy in dish A while dish B is
set as controlled set.
6. Observe and record the change of the dishes every 30 minutes for 2 hours.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance the use of Capsicum annuum L. to
be functioned as cheaper and easier handle ant repellent. We hope that people can learn the
simplest way to make naturally ant repellent from our experiment. It is very important to
maintain a good hygiene of our environment.

This research product is very convenient and low-cost with fast obtaining results. It is a non-
commercial and easily available ant repellent that can be used by consumer to keep ants away
of the sugary food in order to maintain good hygiene of house.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated the cost needed throughout the experiment. It can be divided into two
parts which are household cost and industry cost. For household cost, the total cost that we
have expenditure is RM 10/ kg Capsicum annuum L.. For industry cost, the total cost that we
have spent is RM30 which was used to buy some material (Capsicum annuum L.) and
apparatus (as stated above).
This natural ant repellent is very useful to help the family with pregnancy women or children
to keep ant away of their house by a safest way as Capsicum annuum L. will not cause any
harm to their body. This product has a great potential in market as the people who has sweet
tooth is keeping on increasing these years but they can only do nothing to protect their sugary
food from the ants. The family with pregnancy women, child and people who likes sugary
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food are targeted users for this product. The most important is the effectiveness of Capsicum
annuum L. as a suitable ants repellent which works safely for human and environment.
REFERENCES
Chaudhari, P., Jangam, S., Chaudhari, S., Baheti, K., Patil, S., & Jadhav, G. (2013). Herbal
plants as an ant repellent. International Journal of Bioassays, 883–886.
Chaudhari, S. V. (2014). Management of Insect Pest by Using Plant Extracts. Journal of

International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 2(2), 559–574.
Sessile, T., Mutalib, N. A., Mohd, T., Azis, F., Mohamad, S., Azizan, N. I., Razali, Z. (2017).
The Repellent and Lethal Effects of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum), Chilli Pepper (Capsicum
annuum) and Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylancium) Extracts towards the Odorous House
Ant, 12(8), 2710-2714.
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CACO TILES
Nur Izzah binti Muhammad Syaifun Azli and Darwish bin Moktar
Sekolah Berasrama Penuh Integrasi Gombak, Kuala Lumpur
E-mail: darwishmoktar8@gmail.com
Abstract: CaCO tiles is defined as a tile made from reusable materials which are egg shells.
This is yet another proud invention from students of Gombak Integrated Fully Residential
School. CaCO tiles are made up from egg shells collected from various sources as an attempt
to save human nature. Human nature that is polluted and corrupted by us, humans. Tiles that
we step on everyday are actually polluting the air and land of this precious Mother Earth.
Tiles from ceramic and cement are expensive,and polluting. On contrary, why not save the
world while gaining something that we could benefit from? Based on experiments, CaCO
tiles can withstand 750 degree Celcius and 4.67kN/m2. Water resistant and amazing strength
of these eggs tiles are inventions worth a lifetime in the short life of a man. What else would
we ask for ourselves? Save human nature, save our kind, save money and save the lives of the
ones we love. The solution is here, right here, right now. Science and God knows, work in
perfect harmony.
Keywords: Tile, egg shell, pollution
INTRODUCTION
Ever thought of the effect of ceramic tiles we’re so used to having? Everyday, masses of egg
shells are filling up the landfills, and we blatantly throw them away without knowing that
we’re throwing away something that could benefit us in the future. Egg shells that consist
mostly of calcium carbonate, a strong and stable compound can be used in 1001 ways. These
egg shells, we turned it into something strong and reliable which are tiles.Those tiles that we
are so used to see, causes air pollution and changes of landscape. Why not settle down for
these eco-friendly tiles? Strong, water resistant and can withstand almost to 750 degree
Celcius. It’s time for a change. And with these egg tiles, it’s a better change.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Ceramic tiles are not produced synthetically. It is produced by the process of mining, usually
results in air pollution and change of landscape. Egg shells, being considered as having no
economic value in the market even with its high content of minerals and amino acids have
recently been researched and turns out to have a high technological potential. This trash that
has loitering the landfills all this time finally has a purpose to come back and use it for
definite use.
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Basically, the CaCo tiles that we have produced will surely replace the original ceramic tiles
in the world market. From that, the demand for the normal ceramic tiles will decrease
drastically which leads to fewer quarry activities. This will eventually stop all the issues
caused by the quarry activities such as air pollution, destruction of natural habitats and also
the changes of landscape.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The materials that we used are egg shells, polyester resin, Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide
(MEKP). As for the materials, we use electronic balance scale, a dropper, mould.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance the use of reusable materials to
produce an eco-friendly product.

This product is very economical as it only requires a very low modal. Other than that, it can
create a healthy environment for the society and also increase the economical state of our
country.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the best invention in the world which is the CaCO
tile is about RM1.50 per ft square. It is because the fact that egg shells can be obtained freely
while the other two materials which are polyester resin and MEKP are highly available in
Malaysia.
The WOW factors proposed by the CaCO tiles will surely receive high demand from users
considering the fact that the respective factors proposed by CaCO tiles could definitely
convince all users (regardless of age) about their own safety. As for the cost, CaCO tile is way
cheaper than the normal ceramic tile which enables all users from different backgrounds to
buy our CaCO tiles.
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MANGOILSTEEN
Muhammad Shahril bin Azhar and Mohammad Faris bin Mohd Farisham
E-mail: mffairusham@yes.my
Abstract: MANGOILSTEEN is an agricultural waste adsorbent which is utilized to remove

several types of dyes from aqueous solutions by adsorption. A highly revolutionary project,
this product will contribute in eradicating negative toxins being thrown by the tons into the
sea every day. Current dye adsorbers are purely chemical and not safe towards the
environment. Combining mangosteen pericarps and waste cooking oil produces an adsorbent
that can directly adsorb any dyes in universal solutions. The present work highlights the facile
synthesis of combining agricultural waste and free fatty acid from waste cooking oil as a
green sorbent for the efficient removal of dyes from aqueous solutions. In order to assess the
performance of this new synthesized sorbent, screening tests will be performed on various
type of dyes. The effectiveness of present sorbent in adsorbing of dyes from aqueous
solutions will be studied as a function of agitation time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye
concentration and pH. Moreover, the reusability of the sorbent will be investigated, as it is
one important factor to prove that the developed sorbent is economical and practical. We
believe that, this low-cost sorbent, with their sustainable sources and excellent biodegradable
nature will be an innovative and competitive bio-product for the removal of dyes from
environment samples.
INTRODUCTION
The batik industry is the biggest cottage industry in Malaysia and it’s contributing positively
to the economic growth of Malaysia. This industry produces wastewater rich in colour due to
the dyes. Colour is one of the characteristics of an effluent that is easily detected and are toxic
as well. In view of the harmful impacts of this wastewater to the environment and society, the
Malaysian government has imposed stringent limits on the quality of discharged wastewater.
The conventional waterwaster treatment processes for the textile industry is not capable of
degrading many of the dyes present in industrial effluents. In addition, the conventional
treatments are also not economically efficient since it is quite costly. So why don’t we save
the world from waste? A new adsorbent made from mangosteen pericarp with a combination
of waste cooking oil. We believe that this low-cost adsorbent, due to their sustainable sources
and excellent biodegradable nature is an innovative and competitive bio-product for the
removal of dyes in environment samples. The reuse of these waste materials is both an
advantage and an effective alternative for waste management. Thus, this innovation meets the
criteria; serving people, animals, plants and environment. Let’s go green and save our planet.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Homemade textile industry is very famous in the East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Known
locally as Batik Industries. The Batik Industry makes a big contribution to the economic
growth due to high demands locally and from abroad. However, this industry produces
wastewater which contributes to water pollution since it utilizes a lot of chemicals.
Preliminary studies show that the wastewater from this homemade textile industries contains
grease, wax, heavy metal, surfactant, suspended solid, and dyes (organic and inorganic). This
paper explores the use of agricultural waste adsorbent based on combination of mangosteen
pericarp and waste cooking oil to remove dyes from wastewater of batik industry.We already
know that mangosteen pericarp is just thrown away as only their flesh edible. So, this trash
that has been loitering the landfills all this time finally has a purpose and definite use to help
curb water pollution. In our attempt to save a small bit of the world, we bring you
Mangoilsteen!

In our attempt to save a small bit of the world, we bring you Mangoilsteen! An agricultural
waste adsorbent which is utilized to remove several types of dyes from aqueous solutions by
adsorption.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
Firstly, sieved dry mangosteen was treated with fatty acid from the waste cooking oil and
hexane in the presence of a few drops of sulfuric acid as catalyst. The mixture was heated in a
round bottom flask at a certain temperature for several hours. The obtained product was
washed with ample amount of hexane and then dried in oven until dry powder is obtained.
Then we held an ultraviolet spectrum test to test the efficiency of our product.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We thought of how to treat the contaminated water while at the same time able to make use of
trashed waste especially the mangosteen pericarp and waste cooking oil with the help of the
existing knowledge and scientific principles which helped us create an eco-friendly dye
adsorbent.

This eco-friendly dye adsorbent will certainly help in reducing the amount of contaminated
water being released into the water channels and water streams which could also harm the
aquatic life and reduce the quality of water. This would also create awareness among the batik
factory owners about the condition of our water. Lastly, This would also reduce the amount of
waste loitering the landfills especially the waste cooking oil that could actually cause much
more pollution if just being thrown away. This is why we attempt to bring these wastes to use.
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COST IMPACT
We have estimated the cost needed for the product is relatively low, as the materials needed
are mangosteen pericarp and waste cooking oil which we considered as a waste and the cost is
mainly on the catalyst which is sulphuric acid, RM0.30 per liter (RM300 per metric tonne).
The fashion industry and a part of it is textile industry, has been proved that the industry is the
second largest in world’s gross domestic products (GDP) after the technology industry, but
the consequences are even worse in environment pollutions. One of the pollutions are to the
river and ocean. This is because the waste management on dyes is too costy, making the
producer of textile, clothing and such on will neglect the cost part as profits are more
important. In conjunction with that, our product and development, the MANGOILSTEEN
will serve as a crucial solution that will lead to better environment and at the same time
maintaining the profits. MANGOILSTEEN could be supply to the producer of the textile in
relatively low cost. Thus, we can live in better and promising environment.
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LEMUNI HITAM-SHERBS: A GOOD ANTICEPTIC

SOURCE
Aliah Adlina Binti Sahrolnizam and Mohamad Ikmaluddin Bin Mohd Sabri
E-mail: dahliza@sbpigombak.edu.my
Abstract: ‘Lemuni Hitam’ is an aromatic shrub. In Malaysia, ‘Lemuni Hitam’ is commonly

known in the northern region and widely used in preparing ‘Nasi Lemuni’ and also well-
known among certain people who know the benefits of this plant traditionally. This plant have
a great potential for producing antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds as it contains
phenolics and flavanoids. Therefore, ‘lemuni hitam’ leaves are used in this investigation to
determine whether it can be used as a natural antiseptic. This plant can benefit us, as an
alternative natural antioxidants, as in making ‘lemuni tea’, capsules widely used in preparing
“Nasi Lemuni” and as a natural antiseptic solution. We should grow it as a cash crop plant.
INTRODUCTION
‘Lemuni Hitam’ or Vitex Negundo belongs to the family of verbenaceae, an aromatic shrub. It
can erect 2 to 5 metres in height, and is a slender tree with quadrangular branchlets. The leaf
has 5 leaflets in the palmately arrangement which are lanceolate 4 to 10 cm long hairy
beneath and pointed at both ends. The bluish purple flowers are numerous. The fruit is
succulent black when ripe,rounded at about 4mm in diameter. ‘Lemuni Hitam’ is numerously
found in Malaysia and even in our own beloved school.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Current commercial hand sanitizers contain a lot of unknown chemical substances which in
the long run is hazardous for us and the environment.

Sherbs, our lemuni hitam based hand sanitizer is an all natural hand sanitizer. It is utilized to
remove harmful germs from the surface of which it is spread onto as it has antiseptic
properties.The combination of natural substances and citric acid provides a completely safe to
use concoction which offer antiseptic protection in an all-natural soothing environment. The
black lemuni has been proven to be able to decrease and eliminate the activity of bacteria such
as Escherichia Coli and Aspergillus Oryzae. Aloe vera provides the cooling gel base for the
formulation of the hand-sanitizer while glycerin and citric acid act as stabilizers and
emulsifying agents. Lemongrass a common herb in the southeast region is a widely mild
antiseptic and effective insect repellent. Pandan's role is to provide pleasant aromatic tinge to
our concoction.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that we have used in the projects are electronic balance, beaker, maslin cloth,
blender, spatula, knife, cutting board while the materials needed are pandan, aloe vera,
lemongrass,glycerin,citricacid.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance the use of lemuni hitam leaves to
function as a more user-friendly and safer natural antiseptic.

This natural antiseptic are applied as a solution for those who are suffering from sensitive
skin. It can be used as an alternative to treat our wounds in a more eco-friendlier and safer
way.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the experiment only requires RM 3.00 as most of
the materials used are natural ingredients.
SHERBS can be used as a natural antiseptic to treat wounds for all ages. However, it cannot
be commercialized yet because it still has weakness. There should be further study on the
toxicity and anti-inflammatory result of the lemuni hitam leaves.There are certain
improvements that can be done to improve the study for better result. We are also still doing
research on how to lengthen the shelf life of our natural antiseptic.
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ATTACHABLE MICRO-CHIP NEAR-INFRARED

SENSOR (AMNEIS)
Nur Fakihin Auni Ahmad Razali, Raziefa Razak and Noradila Rusli
Centre of Studies Surveying Science and Geomatics, Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Perlis Branch
E-mail: fakihinauni@gmail.com, raziefarazak@gmail.com, radhiutm@gmail.com
Abstract: Landsat imagery provides a 30 x 30 meters’ coverage area per pixel such that low
resolution imagery gives less visual perception in determining features and plant healthiness.
The high spatial resolution imagery is costly such that inconvenience for small-scale projects
that covers small area. This project aims to develop attachable micro-chip near-infrared (NIR)
sensors in order to detect the healthiness of vegetation cover specifically for harumanis
plantation in Perlis. This project is designed to provide the detection of vegetation by using
attachable micro-chip on drones by analyzing spatio-temporal change of harumanis plantation
cover using infrared sensor. Besides, this project also intent to assist farmers in early
detection of harumanis plantations’ healthiness for their orchard. With the development of
this outstanding project, it is expected to move parallel towards the latest technology used in
recent days.
Keywords: near-infrared sensor chip, NIR, drone, plantation healthiness, harumanis

healthiness, vegetation detection
INTRODUCTION
NIR is being well known in the capabilities on chlorophyll detection of plant. This type of
infrared providing assessment in management of crop zones and generally assessing
plantation healthiness across a farm or orchard. Conventionally, a healthy plant can be
detected by using near-infrared band which is acquired from remotely sensed imagery from
space-borne. In recent trend, the practice of drone is highly demanded whereby the image
acquisition is more compatible and imagery can be obtained in a shorter time. Therefore, the
development of this AMNeIS mounted on drone is as good as space-borne data acquisition
while at the same time having other added advantage in plant healthiness detection.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The problem faced for determining plant healthiness happens due to the dependency on
spatial resolution which by using decent open source space-borne imagery that provides low
spatial resolution imagery. Other than that, temporal resolution for space-borne imagery
equipped with near-infrared sensor is based on sensor specification and cannot be determined
or customized. Furthermore, there is also limited application of drone attached with affordable
near infrared sensor. In addition, conventional space-borne imagery consist of errors
involving atmospheric and radiometric error. Thus, from the problem mentioned, it can be
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concluded that developing AMNeIS is crucial to reduce cost, reduce errors, increase
efficiency and time convenience.

The micro-chip sensor will function by detects the chlorophyll density of the plant using NIR
radiation. This chlorophyll density can distinguish the healthiness of the plantation. This
sensor is able to prevent the atmospheric condition where it change the ratio of NIR
illumination and visible illumination. Using the sensor, it will give an advantage over RGB
image such that it provides a better performance in plantation healthiness detail. Furthermore,
this sensor does not emit harmful radiation towards the plantation. In obtaining the final
product, the image will undergo several processing by using remotely sensed application
software such as ERDAS Imagine where Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) is
applied.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
This micro-chip is attached to the drone by slot-in the chip in the existing chip slot on top of
the camera. This sensor will be aligned parallel along the movement of the camera and gives
NIR whenever the image is captured. The AMNeIS will function in correcting the color
recognition and also able to minimize multiple reflections in the lens system. Other than
producing NIR, this micro-chip also acts as a storage for imagery.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
This project idea is believed to give a new exploration in discover new fields with the
collaboration of remote sensing and photogrammetry fields. This micro-chip sensor will give
impact in optimizing the usage of drone for plantation detection. The development of this
project able to give improvement to the conventional method in gaining NIR data and
exploring the new sides of photogrammetric technology.

The contribution of this development project is where it can be utilized by all kind of
consumers. It will ease the farmer in terms of monitoring their plantation’s health. The uses of
this product is convenient and time effective. Not less than that, development of this product
may leads to the increment in production of harumanis fruit in Malaysia and specifically
Perlis state because AMNeIS capable in facilitating small scale farmers in early detection of
plantation healthiness.
COST IMPACT
For the basic near-infrared sensor, it might cost MYR3000. Meanwhile, the estimated total
cost needed in executing this sensor including all the extra material in optimizing the sensor
function is MYR5000. It is a reasonable price due to the longevity of the sensor life. It is a
very reasonable price compared from the existing NIR camera which cost MYR12000 such
that it will save cost up to MYR7000.
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This AMNeIS can be commercialized through aerial-based photography vendor, licensed
surveyor company, researchers, academician and respective consultant. These responsible
parties will provide services in data collection, data processing, analyzing hence producing
the final output. This product will serve researchers and academician well due to cost
effectivity and time flexibility. It will improve and expand their research scope for a better
study.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
C. Spradlin (2016). Color, NIR and NDVI imagery according to Iowa state. Retrieved March
13, 2018 from http://www.droneyard.com/2016/05/26/1836/
Department of Space Indian Space Research Organization (2017). Applications of Unmanned

Aerial Vehicle (UAV) based Remote Sensing in NE Region. Retrieved March 13, 2018 from
https://www.isro.gov.in/applications-of-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav-based-remote-sensing-
ne-region
Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey. (2016). Department of the Interior U.S.
Geological Survey. Data Users Handbook, (2.0).
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DETECTION OF LUNG NODULES USING IMAGE

PROCESSING
Thasarathan A/L Gunasegaran and Dr. Haniza Binti Yazid

Universiti Malaysia Perlis, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis
Email: hanizayazid@unimap.edu.my, thasa_14@yahoo.com
Abstract: This project is designed specifically to aid radiologists working in imaging

department, responsible for making reports regarding the diagnosis result from the CT scan
lung images of the patients. In this project, a general Computer Aided Design (CAD) system
is developed which aim to detect lung nodules presented in the CT images of possible lung
cancer patients. The system comprised of 4 major steps, including pre-processing,
segmentation, features extraction and classification. The images that are used in this project
are obtained from the LIDC-IDRI database, a large database publicly available. In pre-
processing stage, the noises and other artifacts acquired during the scanning process are
removed by using suitable filters. In the segmentation stage, an inverse surface adaptive
thresholding segmentation method is employed on the images so that the interested nodules in
the region of interest (ROI) are segmented. Next, manual cropping is implemented to segment
the nodules perfectly in order to extract the features (13 features). Finally, all the extracted
features from the segmented nodules are classified by using Back Propagation neural network
to test the possible accuracy obtained from the system in segmenting the lung nodules. Based
on the result, it is observed that the inverse surface segmentation method works well with CT
scan images and segments the interested nodules in the ROI perfectly. The inverse surface
method could produce desired level of output segmentation result as comparable to watershed
method and Otsu method. The system is successful in classifying the nodules to be nodules or
non-nodules with fast computation time, when compared with the conventional method used
by the radiologists in current time being.
INTRODUCTION
Lung cancer is being one of the most deadliest cancer in current society. The early diagnosis
and detection of lung nodules increases the probability of survival of lung cancer patients.
The main reason for the increase trend in the lung cancer among world citizen is being
smoking. Conventionally, the radiologists will examine the lung CT scan images of patient
and detect the possibility of having malignant nodules (cancerous). The whole process of
reading and marking the lesions (nodules) consumes a lot of time and in most cases, the
radiologists will become exhausted. They will experience fatigue due to large number of lung
CT scan images to be analyzed. Thus, there arises the need for an automated CAD (Computer
Diagnostic System) for lung nodule detection. The introduction of Lung nodule detection
system using a CAD system reduces the computational cost of hiring many professional
radiologists and in return reduce the errors made by human during analysis of nodules on the
images. The CAD system proposed has the ability to detect the nodules in an efficient and
faster way compared to radiologists' analysis. Thus, the patients can have earlier treatment
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and improved their life quality. The implementation of various image processing techniques
enables the medical personals to examine the nodules effectively. Lung nodules that are less
than 3mm are considered benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) if their size are
more than 3mm.
DESIGN
A GUI (Graphic User Interface) system is designed for the radiology department (X-ray or
imaging department) of current hospital system. The system basically able to compute the
analysis of nodules detected in the lung CT scan images of patients. The detection and early
diagnosis enables the higher chance of survival of lung cancer patients.
METHODOLOGY
Basically, there are four stages in the proposed CAD system. The first process is pre-
processing stage. Median filter is employed on the images for introducing better image
quality images as the input to the system. This step is also be made to remove any artifacts,
include noises that are presented in the images acquired through CT scan machine. Next stage
is segmentation process, where the lung nodules (objects of interest) are isolated from the
image (background). The employed segmentation technique is inverse surface adaptive
thresholding method. The third stage is the Feature Extraction stage. Important features of the
nodules such as area, perimeter, eccentricity, centroid are extracted for the input for classifier.
In the features extraction stage, a total of 13 features are extracted from the nodule which has
the higher probability of being cancerous nodule and in the region of interest as annotated by
the database’s experienced radiologists. Manual Cropping technique is used to crop the
interested nodule and thus the features could be calculated simultaneously from the nodules.
Classifier will classify the nodules to be nodules or non-nodules based on the extracted
features in final stage of classification using artificial intelligence system. The classifier
which is used in the last stage of this CAD system is the Back Propagation Neural Network.
FINDINGS
The proposed CAD system could effectively detect the nodules in the lung CT scan images
and classify them into two categories (nodules or non-nodules). Therefore, the medical
personals could conduct proper treatment to the patients with reference to the diagnostic result
from the CAD system proposed. The chances of survival of lung cancer patient can be
improved and increased. The accuracy achieved by the system is used as a measurement for
evaluating whether the proposed system has the required accuracy in correctly detecting the
interested nodules. These segmented nodules are being the determining factor in examining
lung cancer among the patients.
RESULTS
The proposed CAD system could segment the nodules efficiently from the lung image. The
important features of the nodules are extracted for the classification process. Lastly, the
nodules isolated will be classified as being nodules or non-nodules. In the first scan, the
nodules which are expected to be interested nodules are examined and the subsequent features
are extracted. In the following check up and scanning (most probably few months after the
first scan), the same nodules are extracted and the features are examined. If there is a drastic
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increase in size of the nodules in terms of diameter and minor axis length, there is a high
probability that this patient is developing the symptoms of lung cancer. Thus, early detection
is encouraged and there is a high chances of the patient for surviving the lung cancer.
The accuracy which is achieved by the system after the classification stage determines the
workability and the accuracy of the system in detecting the nodules perfectly. Higher
accuracy achieved by the proposed system indicates the higher chances of the proposed
system in detecting and segmenting the interested nodules in region of interest.
CONTRIBUTION
The proposed CAD system will eliminate the possibility of poor visual contrast, inaccurate
segmentation by human manual cropping (radiologists in the hospital), low accuracy due to
variant expertise of radiologists. The misclassification between diseased and normal person
can be avoided. The designed system also reduces the time for manual segmentation
conducted by radiologists in previous days. Most importantly, the system has the better
accuracy in detecting lung nodules than human analysis. The system which is developed in
this project has a high commercial value in medical field, especially in imaging department.
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REAL TIME ROAD ACCIDENT ANALYSIS (RTRAA)

WEB BASED
Nur Fatma Fadilah Yaacob, Mohd Farid Mazlan and Mohd Nur Adnyn Mohd Tajudin
Universiti Teknologi Mara Campus Arau, Perlis
E-mail: cikfatma@yahoo.com
Abstract: Accident analysis plays the important part in order to decrease the road accident
cases. In the past, the main analysis tools available to the road safety engineer were paper
maps allied to databases like Excel spreadsheets. This was very time consuming process and
some of the data was missing and uncompleted. The aim of this study is to improve road
accident data storage and accessibility the use of WebGIS by creating a real time road
accident analysis data management system. Selection of study area was Kedah. The use of
analyses tools such as hotspot area of road accident, spatial temporal pattern of road accident,
ordinary least square (OLS) analysis. RTRAA Web based develop through PostgreSQL and a
webserver. By making use of RTRAA the police would be control and manage whole
accident events as a real-time monitoring analysis system.
Keywords: road accident, real time, web based, WebGIS.
INTRODUCTION
Road accident is a serious problem in Malaysia. According to the Traffic Enforcement
Investigation Department (JSPT) Bukit Aman (2016), there were 489,606 road accidents
cases that lead to 6,193 fatalities in year 2015. The number fatalities caused by road accidents
in Malaysia has consistently been above 6,000 cases since year 2010. Due to this critical
figure, the government has launch the Road Safety Plan 2015-2020 with the objectives to
reduce the incidences of road accidents and improve the delivery of emergency services to be
on par with international standards ((Economic Planning Unit, 2015).
Besides that, the advancements in Geographical Information System (GIS) can be put to
effective use in accident analysis. Although GIS has been used for over thirty years, however
it has only been recently used in the field of transportation (Selvasofia & Arulraj.G, 2016).
The development of a GIS to analysis traffic accidents has been pursued towards improving
the efficiency and effectiveness of traffic accident counter measures. GIS also would make
analysis less time consuming and less tedious which otherwise would become very labor
sensitive (Nayak, 2014). Hence, GIS will offer a platform to maintain and update accident
record database and use it for further analysis. For example are spatial-temporal analysis,
hotspots area analysis, shortest path analysis and emergency response analysis.
Nowadays, the advancement capabilities in GIS lead production of web application. It will be
produced easily using Web AppBuilder for ArcGIS. Web AppBuilder is a medium to produce
web application using existing template that provided by ESRI. This is the latest product that
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produces by ESRI. One of benefit of web AppBuilder application is users can simply manage
their geospatial content, such as data, maps, images, applications, and other geographic
information. Hence, web application of road accidents using GIS will be more interactive and
informative in order to expand more analysis in road accidents.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Currently, road traffic accident related data is managed by various players (Munyendo, Kuria,
& Mubea, 2015) such Traffic Police Department, National Transport and Safety Authority.
Accident data in Malaysia is recorded by Police on standard forms and then transferred to
MIROS (Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research) for digitization and development of
accident database (Ahmed, Sadullah, & Yahya, 2014) and (Oxley, Ravi, Yuen, & Hashim,
2013). However, there is no consistency in crash data formatting and storage among divisions
or departments (Paz et al., 2015). The implication is the data available in variety of data
formats and that accessibility regimes are different for each organization. Manner of storage is
mainly in analogue publications, meaning that retrieval is cumbersome and at worst
inaccessible for cases of lost data. Furthermore abundance of accident data is critical to
manage and evaluate. Even though, police department in Malaysia had existing system to
manage road accident but they still maintain individual database (Hashim & Allyana, 2009).
Hence, it is important to create new database system to solve this issue and synchronized the
data.

In this study, real time road accident analysis web based develop to manage the accident data
and carried out the analysis on the spot. It will synchronize the data and up to date the
database. It will be one stop center database of road accident.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
Through this study, there are several methods that carried out by ArcGIS software. There are
about four stages in order to complete this study. The phase of project planning is about
selection of study area and software used in the project. Meanwhile, data collection phase
includes the types of data acquired and their sources. During the data processing phase, all
data that had been acquired will be processed. The steps for data processing are defined
projection of data editing, attribute data entry and others. Besides that, data analysis described
the analysis that used in this study in order to obtain the result. The overall detail
methodology shows in Figure 1.
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PHASE 1
Project Planning
- Selection of Study Area
- Selection of Software and Hardware
- Reviewing Literature Review
PHASE 2
Data Collection
- Road Accident Data
- Basemap
- Road Data
PHASE 3
Road Accident Database Creation
PHASE 4
Web Based Design
- Admin Web Page Creation
- HTML and FileZilla used
Real Time Road Accident Analysis

Web Based (RTRAA)
Data Analyzing
- Hotspot Analysis
- Spatial Temporal Pattern
- Ordinary Least Square (OLS) Analysis
- Statistical Analysis
- Accident Factor Analysis
Figure 1. Proposed Methodology
Figure 2 provides with an overview of the various components and how these provide a
seamless data flow for analysis and publication on the web portal. The data from accidents
and traffic monitoring is stored in Postgresql, a relational Database Management System
(DBMS), as well as related spatial data which is stored in Postgis format inside Postgresql
tables. Postgis also provides several spatial functions which are used to correlate data with
spatial objects as illustrated in the next sections.
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Figure 2. Proposed data flow and overall information system structure (Source: Pirotti et al. (2015)
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the existing knowledge to further enhance of WebGIS through Web
AppBuilder to develop real time analysis of road accident which is to help police department
upgrade their existing database.

The road accident data management system has the following benefit:-
i) Identification design problems on the transportation network.
ii) Improving inaccuracies and incompleteness of current traffic accident data.
iii) Helping the government to decide on Safety Policy supported by scientific evidence
such as the night travel ban.
iv) Guide national and county government authorities to reach appropriate decisions such
as campaigns on drink-driving and child safety education.
v) One stop center for road accident related data and it also would help determine the true
burden of road accidents.
COST IMPACT
This is required minimal financial commitment considering the availability of a wide array of
open source tools to implement its operation while its usage does not require specialized
training as is the case for GIS programs. The acquisition of data required to populate the
system does not entail extraneous efforts and resources as institutions are already in place
with clear mandates and responsibilities.
Real Time Road Accident Analysis Web Based is very useful to help police department
upgrade existing their database in various aspect such as synchronized the format of road
accident data. The road accident data also will up to date and all detail the cases complete. It
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will be one stop center road accident database. Based on the complete information of road
accident, authority will carried out analysis such as hotspot area of road accident, spatial
temporal pattern of road accident, pattern of factor contributed to road accident and so on.
Hence, it is easier for authority to take action based on the analysis carried out. This product
has a great potential in the market as the number of road accident increase and focus
government action to decrease the road accident cases in Road Safety Plan 2015-2020.
REFERENCES
Ahmed, A., Sadullah, A. F. M., & Yahya, A. S. (2014). Accident Analysis Using Count Data
For Unsignalized Intersections In Malaysia. Procedia Engineering, 77, 45–52.
Economic Planning Unit. (2015). Eleventh Malaysia Plan 2016-2020: Anchoring Growth On
People. Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (Eleventh Malaysia Plan) : 2016-2020.
Hashim, H. H., & Allyana, S. (2009). The Construction Of Road Accident Analysis And
Database System In Malaysia. 4th Irtad Conference, 235–241.
Munyendo, J. N., Kuria, D., & Mubea, K. (2015). Development Of A WebGIS Supported
Road Traffic Accident Data Management System : A Case Study Of Nairobi County, 218–
227.
Nayak, S. C. (2014). Under Guidance Of Prof. P.K Bhuyan, (May).
Oxley, J., Ravi, M. D., Yuen, J., & Hashim, H. H. (2013). Fatal Motorcycle Collisions In
Malaysia , 2007-2011. 16th Road Safety On Four Continents Conference, (May), 1–12.
Paz, A., Veeramisti, N., Khanal, I., Baker, J., & De La Fuente-Mella, H. (2015). Development
Of A Comprehensive Database System For Safety Analyst. Scientific World Journal, 2015.
Pirotti, F., Guarnieri, A., & Vettore, A. (2015). Road Safety Analysis Using Web-Based
Collaborative Gis. The International Archieves Of The Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing
And Spatial Information Sciences, 34.
Selvasofia, A., & Arulraj.G, P. (2016). Identification Of Hotspots Of Traffic Accidents Using
Gis. International Journal Of Advanced Engineering Technology, 7(3), 2–5.
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4D HOUSEHOLD ASSISTANCE GAME

Mohd Izzat bin Nordin, Muhammad Afif bin Othman and Jum’azulhisham bin Abdul Shukor
Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Spanish Institute, Lot 13- 16, Kulim Hi-Tech Park,
Kedah.
E-mail: izat_nordin@yahoo.com, afifothman373@gmail.com, azulhisham@unikl.edu.my
Abstract: Parents often have a big headache cleaning up a messy home .Children, being
creative and energetic, normally use almost everything at home as toys, play all over the
house including the kitchen, bathroom, living room and the balcony. Instructions to do
housekeeping are often ignored unless an incentive / reward is given. A 4-Dimentional
Household Assistant Game can help educate children to assist parents in keeping the house
clean and tidy. The game requires children to play and participate in doing simple household
activities. By playing this game children indirectly learn the 5S way to do housekeeping while
having fun. This game has been simulated and statistically found to be effective in asking
children to assist parents in doing household chores.
Keywords: Household, housekeeping, 4D game; 5S implementation, rewards.
INTRODUCTION
A solution to assist parents in keeping their children to keep the entire house clean and tidy
including placing toys in its rightful place is in the drawing board. Parents need not need to
shout to their children to do housekeeping but encourage them to play a 4D game while they
help to do routine household chores. This game requires players to play while they follow
instructions /penalty they have to do in the game. Some of the penalties involve them to
interact and move around the house while keeping their house tidy. This game will also
develop children’s mental faculties through Problem Based Learning.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Children at the early stage are active, imaginative and creative. But at times, they become
mischievous. They use household items, equipment and utensils within their reach to be part
of their imaginative play. They move from one place to another playing thus creating a mess
i.e leaving their playthings everywhere. Scattered toys all over the place not only leave an
ugly sight but also creating a potential safety hazard to all. Missing kitchen utensils due to
children’s activities sometimes tests mother’s nerves and emotions.

Children love to play but most often, they fail to do simple tasks when adults instruct them to
do. One solution to this problem is to incorporate fun while they work. Parents can
incorporate this game into their routine by encouraging their children to play and at the same
time lend a hand to their parents in making the house clean and tidy. This is a combination of
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imaginative, real time and practical game based on another simple ordinary game played by
children. This hybrid game uses online questions.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The game is developed based on stakeholders’ responses including parents and children’s
feedback through surveys. The prototype will continuously be tested and improved to ensure
it meets safety, industrial and customer’s standards and regulations. A patent is currently been
prepared to ensure its originality and ownership.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
The principles of 5S are applied in industries but they can also be applicable at home. This
game incorporates Problem Based Learning (PBL) which focuses on problem assigned, and
players learn or apply solutions towards the problem. This encourages players to be reactive,
critical thinking and creative rather than passive on the game board at all times.

Children learn to make the workplace and environment clean and tidy while enhancing their
soft skills. It also strengthens family ties. Examples of fun and work, with children
participating will also spread to the next door neighbor’s children. Ultimately, this game may
encourage people to keep the environment clean and tidy. The country too benefits by being
clean and tidy.
COST AND MONETARY IMPACT

Hiring nannies may seem solve their physical problems but not the social problems between
parents and their children. Nannies are paid to assist parents to keep their homes clean and
tidy. However, the cost of employing them can be high too. This game is a cost saving
measure if Iceberg Theory is used. There is huge impact in saving costs for example cost of
advertising, registration and hiring nannies. Cost of risks, medical claims, cost of
hospitalization, operations, treatment, therapy may be saved. Transportation costs may be
included in the process of related activities. The game set may cost approximately RM100 but
it can save thousands of Ringgit if time, safety and health are included as costs.
The use of SWOT analysis was made to analyse our internal strengths and weaknesses while
observing the external opportunity and threats in commercialization.
Strengths – Use of manufacturing and green technologies in the development of prototype and
safety & health. The trend of on-line marketing and social media, boost up its distribution
potential. Adapting Internet of Thing and Big Data including Industrial 4.0 as well.
Weakness – Challenges in understanding children’s psychology and perceptions in the
development of sets of questions.
Opportunities – Collaboration with manufacturers, distributors, 497 retail network outlets,
government agencies in getting funding, intellectual properties and networking.
Threats – ideas and design easily to be copied unless patent is registered beforehand.
Manufacturers and business competitors always ahead in finding new ideas and products.
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ANODIC ALUMINIUM OXIDE MEMBRANE AS

SUPPORT MATERIAL FOR GOLD NANOPARTICLES
CATALYST
Norizwan Nordin1,*, Nur Jamilin Rosyidah Uzma1, Hanani Yazid1 and Abdul Mutalib Md
Jani2
1
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 35400 Tapah Road, Perak,
Malaysia
*E-mail: izwan722@gmail.com
Abstract: The use of catalyst is to speed up a chemical reaction or to make a reaction cost
effective by lowering the energy needed for a reaction to occur. In industries, catalysts can be
referred as 'performance chemicals', which enhance the processing of other chemicals. Gold
(Au) nanoparticles is an example of metal catalyst, which efficiently can enhanced the
catalytic reaction at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Versatile application of the
gold nanoparticles catalyst can also been improved by depositing the Au nanoparticles on
aluminium oxide support. The aluminium oxide as the support offers better dispersion of gold
nanoparticles as well as increase the total surface area of the catalyst. The idea of this work is
to fabricate aluminium oxide support in form of thin membrane by electrochemical
anodization method for further deposition of the gold nanoparticles. This catalyst is in form of
thin membrane, which will facilitates the removal of catalyst in liquid-phase catalytic reaction
compared to conventional powdered catalyst. Effective removal of the catalyst from the
reaction medium is necessary to further reuse the catalyst for another catalytic cycle.
Keywords: Gold catalyst; aluminium oxide membrane
INTRODUCTION
Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) is an efficient catalyst for various oxidation and reduction
reaction. However without any supporting or dispersing medium, gold nanoparticles tend to
agglomerate and form large gold clusters. The large gold clusters will inhibit the performance
of Au NPs as catalyst. Many literatures have reported the size-dependent properties of the Au
NPs with the preferable gold size of 4 - 20 nm ranged. Nowadays, the Au NPs are deposited
on metal oxides or polymers to prevent the agglomeration. Anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) is
an example of metal oxides support. The AAO can be prepared by chemical anodization of
aluminium (Al). It is chemically inert, thermally stable, high surface area and can be
fabricated at tunable thickness (thin membrane). When viewed on a nano scale the structure
of AAO can be described as a close-packed hexagonal array of parallel cylindrical nanopores
perpendicular to the surface on top of the underlying Al substrates. The porous structures of
AAO make it possible to graft the Au NPs into it. This new Au NPs on AAO membrane is
expected to enhance the efficiency and reusability of the Au NPs catalyst.
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Industries have to use catalyst in a form of powder in their chemical reactor. However, the
recovery of these catalysts was limited and remains a challenge since these catalysts in
powder form which make it difficult to separate from the liquid-phase catalytic reaction. In
order to solve this problem, various support materials and strategies were applied to obtain an
efficient free standing heterogeneous catalyst. Therefore this research proposed to synthesis
Au nanoparticles on AAO membrane to enhance the catalytic activity of the Au NPs catalyst
as well as improve its reusability.

In this study, AAO membrane is used as Au NPs support. The Au NPs supported on AAO
membrane (Au-AAO) will ease the procedure to remove the catalyst after a reaction. The
operator can simply remove the catalyst by using forceps without losing any catalyst after a
reaction.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The apparatus that will be used in the projects are anodizing apparatus, beaker and forceps.
While the materials are aluminum foil, lead strips, 0.4 M of oxalic acid and distilled water.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
The innovation of the catalysts support in a form of membrane rather than the traditional
powder form.

This product is very economical. Membrane supported catalyst is very stable and can be reuse
numerous time when compared to the traditional powder supported catalyst.
COST IMPACT
The estimated cost needed to synthesis the membrane catalysts’ support is RM 3000 for the
needed apparatus and RM 50 for the synthesis of 5 cm diameter of a single AAO membrane.
This membrane supported catalyst is very convenient to industries that utilize catalyst in their
daily operation. This product can be easily retrieved after a reaction is done than the
traditional powder supported catalyst.
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PERCEPTUALLY ADAPTIVE IMAGE

WATERMARKING APPLICATION
Taha Basheer Taha, Ruzelita Ngadiran and Phaklen Ehkan

School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis
02060 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Email: eng.taha987@yahoo.com
Abstract: Watermarking in image and video has a grown interest during last decade due to
wide spread of digital media through the internet. Watermarking can be used for copy right
protection, copy protection, authentication, channel quality measurement and many other
applications. In this poster, an efficient watermarking algorithm is proposed based on
simplified perceptual mapping model that combines three factors, texture mapping factor that
is implemented using a simplified method referred as ALD (Accumulative Lifting
Differences), simplified edge detection technique, and luminance mask. The perceptual model
which is consists of new texture map called Accumulative Lifting Differences (ALD),
simplified edge extraction method, and luminance mask; is utilized to find the severity of
watermark embedding in a new blind image watermarking application that relies on simple
and fast calculations which make the design suitable to be implemented on real time systems.
Also, the proposed watermarking algorithm shows high robustness against different geometric
and nongeometric attacks, high perceptual quality and friendly graphical user interface.
Keywords: Watermarking; LWT; Perceptual Mapping; Texture Mapping; ALD
INTRODUCTION
Image tracking service "Pixsy" stated that 64 percent from photographers had their work
stolen in 2016, and 49 percent from the misusing was by social media users and bloggers, i.e.
digital images, along with commercial businesses and other fields that digital images have
major participation in them. As a consequence, finding a way to protect the copyrights of
these images is a very demanding challenge for researchers and developers. Digital
watermarking is a good tool for copyright protection as well as other image and video
applications, as copy protection and authentication. It is achieved by embedding a piece of
data like proprietary information and intellectual property rights inside digital media.
In this poster we considered invisible watermark, that is, no visual affect will be on the image.
It is known that watermarking algorithm performance is a trade of between imperceptibility
and robustness. Since higher intensity in watermark embedding, the better robustness results
but less invisibility, similarly, low intensity in embedding reduces the robustness of
watermark. Watermark is considered as an additive noise that should not affect the perceptual
quality of cover image.
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Human Visual System (HVS) has different perceptual evaluation for the same amount of
noise if that noise is applied to different images or applied to the same image in different
places. Researchers had analyzed such cases and concluded that HVS can perceive visual
alerts if it pass a certain threshold called Just Noticeable Distortion (JND). In this work, JND
model is created and utilized for best invisibility and highest robustness for a perceptual
adaptive image watermarking system with the ability of blind extraction where no need for
the existing of original image or original watermark in extraction phase. A perceptual
adaptive, robust and user friendly watermarking application is introduced based on new
perceptual mapping model where HVS is simulated using efficient perceptual algorithms. It
is used to find the most suitable regions where watermark is hidden with high robustness and
best visual appearance.
In this research, Lifting wavelet transform (LWT) which is characterized by simplicity, on

location processing, and filter similarity have been used to create a fast and low complexity
texture model by exploiting the variety of details band in first LWT decomposition. Since
details band has higher coefficients values in areas where the changes are unexpected, So,
finding the variety of that change and accumulate it produces the proposed texture mapping
model, referred as Accumulative Lifting Differences (ALD). In addition, a simplified
implementation of edge detection algorithm based on Sobel operator is presented to be
extracted from texture area. Finally the luminance mask is added to the equation for a model
that overcomes current ones in terms of noise resistance and speed of execution.
The proposed watermarking algorithm shows a great robustness for geometric and geometric
attacks, for instance Normalized Correlated Coefficient (NCC) for 50% jpg compression
equal to one. For perceptual quality, subjective measurements shows high quality and the
watermark is completely invisible, while the subjective metric Structural Similarity Index
(SSIM) values are more than 0.97 for tested images. Also, the watermarking system is
presented using user friendly graphical user interface as shown in Figure 1. The presented
watermarking system is a comprehensive one that characterized by Simplicity, adaptability,
efficiency, real time executing ability with user friendly interface.
• Figure 1. GUI User Interface
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PROBLEM STATEMENT
Tradeoff between invisibility and robustness watermarking is a serious issue in image/video
watermarking systems, and literature attempts to combine perceptual mapping models in
watermarking systems for high robustness and perceptuality involves complex and time
consuming operations that are unsuitable for limited processor and real time systems.

In this research, a simplified perceptual mapping model is designed and implemented based
on basic and simple arithmetic operations. Lifting wavelet transform based algorithm shows
high performance, simplicity and fast execution in compare with current perceptual models,
as a consequence, involving it with watermarking produces efficient watermarking system.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
Lifting wavelet transform has been utilized in this project for transforming images from time
domain to frequency domain. LWT coefficients have been utilized in creating the ALD
texture model by taking advantage of the differences in details band values and combining
them. Another LWT utilization is achieved by using the approximation band for hiding
watermark bits for high robustness evaluation. Equivalent masks for edges detection and
luminance are also estimated by approximation band.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
Since details band of Lifting wavelet transform has higher coefficients values in areas where
the changes are unexpected, we proposed a system for finding the variety of that change and
accumulate to create our texture mapping model that referred as Accumulative Lifting
Differences (ALD). In addition, a simplified implementation of edge detection algorithm
based on Sobel operator is presented to be extracted from texture area. Finally the luminance
mask is added to the equation. These three factors are combined for a perceptual model that
overcomes current ones in terms of noise resistance and speed of execution.

The proposed watermarking algorithm can be used for any watermarking system, for tracking
images through the web, copy right protection, embedding meta data and many other
applications of watermarking systems with high invisibility and in real time manner. Since
video is set of consecutive frames, the algorithm can also be implemented on video
watermarking.
COST IMPACT
The proposed method is totally based on simple arithmetic operations, so no certain
programming tools or specific off shelf functions are required. The system can be
implemented using any programming language over any platform which make it suitable to
be implemented with the available programming tools without extra cost.
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The proposed watermarking algorithm may be adopted by any camera phone or any system
with embedded cameras with the ability of real time of perceptual analyzing, watermark
embedding and extracting. Also, the fast and efficient perceptual mapping model may be
utilized in many other applications as image/video compression along with different
watermarking applications.
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MULTIPURPOSE POLE FOR FRUIT HARVESTING
Bakri Bin Ali, Mohd Hanapiah Bin Abdullah and Zainal Hisyam Bin Che Soh
UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang, Kampus Permatang Pauh, Malaysia
E-mail: bakri071@ppinang.uitm.edu.my
Abstract: In fruit plantation, wrapping and harvesting of fruit was done manually by worker
by means of a ladder to reach a fruit more than 2 meters high. This job is tedious and can
endanger the worker if the ladder collapsed. A multipurpose pole was designed to help the
worker reach the high fruit in order to wrap or harvesting it. The pole is made from a
lightweight aluminum with adjustable height up to 15 foot. The wrapping and harvesting
mechanism is attached on top of the pole and manually operated by means of a cable. The
mechanism consists of a round aluminum loop on which a wrapper sheet(plastic/paper) is
attached. The pole can be extended to cover the fruit and the cable will be pulled to tie the
wrapper around the fruit. For harvesting purpose, the wrapper is replaced with a bag or chute.
Once the bag is placed under the fruit, a cable is pulled to cut the fruit stem and collected in
the bag or sliding down the chute to be collected in the basket on the ground.
Keywords: harvesting; pole; fruits; wrapping, aluminum.
INTRODUCTION
In fruit plantation, wrapping and harvesting of fruit was done manually by worker by means
of a ladder to reach a fruit more than 2 meters high. This job is tedious and can endanger the
worker if the ladder collapsed.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Fruit plantation such as Mango, Guava, star fruit and others needed a proper care from
planting up to harvesting. From planting up to when the tree is matured, most of the work
done on the ground with help from several machines and tools. However, when the tree starts
to bear a fruit, the worker need to stand or using ladder to take care of the fruit and the tree
itself. The work is ranging from pruning, cutting off the low quality fruit, covering the good
fruit and finally harvesting the fruit. Using a ladder is burdensome and can also endanger the
worker.

In this project, a multipurpose pole was designed to help the worker in doing their job without
using a ladder. It was intended to be used manually since those fruit might be cut-off if
motorized mechanism was used. This also will make the pole lightweight to be carried as well
as the selling price can be minimized.
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PLANNING STRUCTURE
The pole will be made of from an aluminum to make it lightweight and preventing from
corrosion. The pole can be extended easily up to 5 meter to reach a high fruit and can be
retracted to 2 meter for storing purpose. The wrapping or harvesting job can be performed just
by extending the pole to cover the fruit and pulling a cable provided with the pole.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have used the engineering knowledge and transform it into a practical device to ease the
fruit harvesting process.

This product is very economical and easy to handle. It is lightweight and can reduce fatigue
and burden of the worker thus increase productivity and increase their safety. It is a cheap
device and can be easily available after the mass production.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed to produce the device not more than RM100. After
added with production, transportation and retail cost, it can be sold in hardware store for less
than RM250.
The target customer is a plantation owner or their worker. With a wide fruit plantation and
each plantation may need 10-20 unit (depends on its size or numbers of worker). Apart from
plantation, it can also be sold to the individual farmer or gardener as well as for domestic use
which has several fruit trees in their yard.
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PARABOLIC TROUGH COLLECTOR WITH

THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS
Wong Shy Kit

Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor Malaysia
E-mail: jack_wsk95@live.com
Abstract: 2 out of 10 people in Asia suffer from electricity abruption, while 1 child dies every
21 seconds from water-related disease. Much efforts have been focused onto providing clean
drinkable water and electricity to marginalised communities in rural areas, but most of the
existing solution are not portable or accessible and largely expensive. Water distillation
system is considered to be one of the more convenient and cheaper way to obtain clean
drinkable water. To distill water, the water source is heated into steam, transferred into a
condenser and condensed back into distilled water. Therefore, a portable parabolic trough
collector (PTC) integrated with thermoelectric generators (TEGs) could possibly be the
solution to these barriers when it is manufactured in a minimal cost, where we named it as
Light2O.
Keywords: marginalised communities; distillation; water; electricity; parabolic trough

collector; thermoelectric generators
INTRODUCTION
Millions of individuals around the globe are in dire need of basic necessities such as clean
drinkable water and lighting. Currently most of the initiatives and assistance could not reach
to them as majority of the marginalised communities live in rural areas and the solutions are
not portable or accessible and largely expensive. In order to cater to these demographics, the
solution has to be highly portable, accessible, user-friendly and relatively cheap. Therefore,
one of the ideal method is to utilise water distillation system through the implementation of
PTC. A container with unclean water sources is connected to the PTC, where PTC collects the
heat energy from sun, focuses towards tube using reflector sheets to evaporate water into
steam. The steam then channeled into a condenser and condensed into distilled water, suitable
for drinking purposes. To further improve the output of the system, TEGs, which generate
electricity through temperature difference, are integrated to produce electricity for lighting
purposes. The main concerns on such system is on its output efficiency, costs and portability.
Therefore the design of the support system and materials chosen have to be studied, while the
dimensions need to be optimised through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
A huge amount of marginalised communities in Asia resides in rural areas, where it poses
difficulties when it comes to sending assistance and aid to the communities. The existing
solutions such as water piping system and solar panels are mainly not portable or accessible
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Vol. 1(2018) 489-490
and largely expensive, because vast infrastructures are needed to be brought along in other to
support their solutions. At the same time, the output efficiency of water distillation system is
considered to be relatively low compared to water filtration.

A self-sustainable and portable PTC integrated with TEGs provides clean drinkable water and
lighting to the marginalised communities in a convenient and affordable way. PTC collects
heat energy from sun to evaporate the water, then condensed to distilled water in a condenser.
In the meantime, TEGs are installed underneath PTC reflector sheets, where electricity is
generated through temperature difference which is then stored in a battery to power up LED
light bulbs. The whole system is designed to be easy to assemble and disassemble, while
suitable at almost any demographics in Southeast Asia as long as there is access to sunlight.
In addition, the materials chosen are highly accessible in developing countries.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The whole system is divided to 3 main parts: water source input, PTC and condenser. The
materials for PTC are mainly stainless steel, aluminium and copper tube, while the condenser
is made of stainless steel only. With precise dimensions obtained from CFD simulation, the
optimum performance of the system is expected to produce 8 liters of clean drinkable water
and 2 hours of lighting.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
We have optimised the usage of heat energy from sunlight instead of relying on solar panels,
which are currently experiencing price fluctuations due to the increase of price by United
States.

Light2O is highly portable and accessible, where it can be brought to any demographics in
Southeast Asia with the access to sunlight to provide clean drinkable water and lighting to
marginalised communities. With that, these individuals will have safer living conditions,
longer life expectancy and increase in productivity. Furthermore, the manufacturing and
assembling of Light2O also creates job opportunity as all the processes involved can be done
in a local market, removing the need to import.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for the whole system is RM1200 as all the materials
and processes are easily accessible in a local market.
NGOs and companies are highly interested in Light2O when it comes to the empowerment of
marginalised communities and fulfilling Corporate Social Responsibilities. Universiti Putra
Malaysia has also agreed to offer assistance in commercializing the product as it utilises
renewable energy and causes no negative impact to the environment.
490
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
SLEA APP V2
Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul Hisham, Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd
Shaifuddin, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti
Azman and Aunie Qamarina binti Mohd Haris
Malaysia
E-mail: ameeranzan@gmail.com, shakirshaifuddin@gmail.com,

amirulhakimi33@gmail.com, nurhazlin_hussein@yahoo.com.my, unnajieha5@gmail.com,
aunie.q@gmail.com
Abstract: SLEA APP V2 is an innovation pioneered by the students association under the
Faculty of Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP). This project is an output
resulted from Training Management System applied in public service where all government
servant has a system where they can track how many a public servant has attend training for a
particular course a year. It is a combination of education and fun which will create a healthy
competition among the players as a whole. The players will be competing in extracurricular
activities and programs, the more involvements from the students, the higher the students will
get the points. Then, those points will be resulted in a ranking table among students, thus will
create the urge to compete each other to be the top in the ranking table. This will create a
holistic performance-based ranking between university students itself. What more interesting,
an innovation of QR code will be used by the students to gain the point by scanning the QR
code through our apps. This will be a new version of certificate hence paperless system. In
future, this project will be improved through great interface and very light-weight so it can be
run in almost every devices. This project is hoped to ease the job recruitment process as it will
be an ease for future employers to offer jobs from continuous and holistic student
performance.
Keywords: abstract, performance, edufun, ranking, university
INTRODUCTION
SLEA V2 known as one of the application that can help students encouraged more in
participating with extracurricular activities in universities. This app will provide a platform
for the students to compete healthily each other among students by collecting points through
participation in any extracurricular program held by their universities. SLEA V2 is available
to be accessed by students anytime, anywhere and by anyone since it can be installed for all of
the students and workers through their smartphone either Android or IOS operating system.
This application will be introduced with the introduction of QR code which it will help to
evaluate all the points given to students at every university without any tendency of fraud in
collecting points from the students.
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Vol. 1(2018) 491-494
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Most of the co-curriculum activities and programs are having problems in term of
participation from students. This kind of problems give the impact and the goal of the
programs itself lower to the target audience, the students, since it is the student who are not
attending the program. Thus, any fund given to the internal university clubs will lead to the
inefficiency problems due to the non-achieving goal program being held.
Besides that, focusing on the UiTM system itself, it has been found out there is no records
for any co-curriculum activities involved by students, except the conventional certificates
given after programs. So, the students have no urgencies to join any co-curriculum activities
since they feel that there is nothing much more value to attend any program besides getting
college coupon and some cheap food. The student want more in return when they attend any
co-curriculum activities and programs what more for non-resident students, they do not need
the college coupon, so there is not satisfied enough for the non-resident students to attend any
programs just for getting some cheap food in return.
As the employer, they need some easy-access system to view any their future employee’s
co-curriculum activities because to go through in detail a pile of certificates is very
burdensome for people, especially employer who had no enough time for having a long and
draggy interview session just for examining someone’s certificates. Thus, this SLEA
application will help much in the future based on our features in this app.

By using this application, the students will have much more fun in joining any co-curriculum
activities and programs since they can collect points from those participations, compete with
other friends and it will be ranked in a table to see who is on the top of the league. This can
create an edu-fun environment since students like playing games to aim become the top of the
league while compete with other friends. Thus, the urge of collecting points from attending
program will give the programs crowd and the impact of the program itself will be
improved compared before the usage of the SLEA app.
With the presence of the SLEA app, the student will have a database system on what
programs they have attend the first year to final year activities. This can assure that the
student really joining programs by not telling lies in their resume. Besides that, this database
can help the student to recall any program they had attend to put in their resume to become a
value added for them in applying job in future.
Lastly, as for the employer, they can refer the points that their future employees had gained
when they used the SLEA app, SLEA also will provide a cumulative points from each
semester to portray ones achievement and participation in co-curriculum activities which ease
the employer to overview their future employee performance in co-curriculum activities.
This can help the future employee to increase their value added from others since they have a
database that shows their co-curriculum activities in detail and a cumulative points that shows
their overall marks from the first semester to the final semester.
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Vol. 1(2018) 491-494
PLANNING STRUCTURE
The SLEA App is a smartphone app product which is has been designed having a
programming and IT-based structure in a long-term planning, with the assistance by credible
app developers. It begins with firm content and arrangement, before we design the suitable
complete function, interface and features for SLEA App to be commercialized and
maintained. At current stage however, we are working on the right content of the apps by
frequently consulting with respective lecturers on the content part and with the apps developer
for the system and the mechanism part to ensure the objective of this app can be achieved
without any major obstacles. The ongoing research-based structure includes interviews,
giving out questionnaires to reliable respondents and considering suggestions from experts
such as lecturers from time to time. This is to ensure SLEA App tackles the issue effectively
and manages to achieve its very goal that is to act as tool for students participate more in
extracurricular activities in their campus.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
There is a research on the significance of the mean GPA for student organization members
and officers was significantly higher than the mean GPA for the general student group
(Hawkins, 2010). This means that the higher students participation on extracurricular
activities in the campus, the higher the students’ academic performance. Thus, by introducing
this SLEA App, it will support Hawkins’s research and making the universities stakeholders’
job easy to produce high performance students in curricular and extracurricular. By creating
the urge for the students to compete each other in the ranking table and giving them rewards
in term of extracurricular certificates for their use in applying jobs, this SLEA App has all the
confidence from all the stakeholders involved in this app to achieve its own goal on the
reason why SLEA App is created.

SLEA is expected to change the landscape of university students’ development in large scale.
The chain effect that comes out of this is firstly, students will be more proactive in co-
curricular activities. They desire achievements due to tough competition in after-college lives.
With their achievement prudently recognized, some may see it as an opportunity to participate
more in campus activities because they will earn more benefits compared to the recent time.
Meanwhile, some others may see participation as a must because they may no longer make
fake achievements up in resume preparation. The system that we propose should be verifiable
enough to serve that purpose. Secondly, active participation will result in students’ skills
development. Communication and leadership skills, for example, are built mostly in non-
academic activities. More experience will be gained, whereas the university graduates will be
of higher quality than before. Thirdly, as it is related to the first and second contribution,
employers can enjoy the benefits as well. SLEA App will make it more convenient for
employers to monitor the future employees’ achievement in a reliable manner. Fourthly from
the university perspective, problems of passive students can be reduced. The university will
also get the credit when they are able to produce marketable graduates.
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Vol. 1(2018) 491-494
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for SLEA App can be divided into three parts which
are development cost, where it come from the apps developer costing before the app being
developed, operation cost where the administration of this app when the app has been start
using by the stakeholders and marketing cost where the costing for this app to be
commercialized and be known by the targeted stakeholders in future. However, at the initial
stage of the project, full attention must be given to the project development hence the
development cost*. Thus, the exact amount of this app will be referred to the proposal
prepared by the apps developer
*Total cost will be referred to quotations from app developers
introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. For SLEA APP apps
the commercialization potential for this product has been broke down by three main points.
In having a higher commercialization potential, SLEA APP needs a high level of public value
in gaining higher users and participants in return. This public value had been gained by
developing the SLEA APP with corporation from other entities such as targeted firms and
public universities for a start which focusing on boosting the involvement of students in
extracurricular activities. SLEA APP also in the process to get attached with some
government agencies programs such as SL1M, which can increase the awareness of the
presence of this app. SLEA APP also had gained attention from the educational institution
and non-government agencies who are very committed in helping the society in cultivating
the involvement of students’ activity outside the class.
Besides, SLEA APP also has been brought to be protected under Intellectual Property. Since
the team are from Technology MARA University (UiTM), SLEA APP has been attached to
be protected under Research Innovation Business Unit (RIBU). Thus, since this app protected
SLEA APP can only enter the market once the property rights has been reserved, compete
with another product which having same goal and same target customer in the same market.
At this stage, SLEA APP will be produce with another team partner who is specialist in apps
494
e-ISBN: 978-967-15843-2-3
HELUVA APP V2
Mohammad Shakir Ariff bin Mohd Shaifuddin, Mohammad Amirul Anwar bin Badrul
Hisham, Amirul Hakimi bin Azmi, Nurhazlin binti Hussein, Umi Nurul Najihah binti Azman,
Malaysia
E-mail: shakirshaifuddin@gmail.com , ameeranzan@gmail.com ,

aunie.q@gmail.com
Abstract: An innovation pioneered by students’ association under the Faculty of

Administrative Science and Policy Studies (FSPPP). This product is an output resulted from
the observation of the surroundings, assisted by internal surveys conducted among future
targeted users. This project is merely focusing on those who are suffering from depression,
one of the mental illnesses that has been a recent major topic among people across the globe.
This project will be able to create a social platform for them. It will help depressed people to
engage and be engaged with intention to pour their heart out. They can choose either to be a
listener or advisor. This project is going to be a middleman to bridge people who might have
the same problems to stay connected. It acts as an alternative especially to those who are not
really into public sharing on their problems and in the same time refuse to refer to the experts.
In the future, this project will be continuously improved through better graphics and great
user interfaces that will ease the users. It is anticipated to downsize the depression
phenomenon within the country, specifically among youth and active smartphone users.
Keywords: abstract; depression; social platform
INTRODUCTION
HELUVA is an application that provide emotional support to the people who are needed, not
specifically to those who diagnose with mental illness but also to those who have emotional
and physical problem that can affect a person’s ability to function at work or home. More
worst, it can lead to suicide. Depression is one of the major concern of this apps. Depression
can be treated through many ways including talk therapy but not all are interested reaching
out to their friends or loved ones even they feel lonely and needed. So, HELUVA is a
platform that connect you with anyone who interested regardless their races, gender and age.
You can engage with others that experiences the same emotion or those who understand your
feeling without having any fear of rejection by the other party. The simple act of talking to
someone enormous about how you feel can be a big help. The person that you choose to talk
does not have to be a specialist. They just need to be a good listener listening you story and
problem without judging who you are. While you don’t have to worry about your privacy
because it is fully protected and your conversation are confidential. No more fear of having
bad dreams with those who don’t understand your emotion and feeling. If you don’t have the
feel up seeing with other, HELUVA is the one!
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Vol. 1(2018) 495-498
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Mental illnesses specifically Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) has been a recent major topic
among the people across the globe. In this millennial era, the increasing rate of depression
among youth can be observed to be alarming. Many respective agencies and social groups
have been putting a lot of efforts to curb mental diseases of such. Their efforts include
providing experts’ consultation, raising awareness on mental issues and initiating support
groups. Nonetheless, surveys found that there are victims of depression who refuse to use all
the given lifelines, especially youth. The factors causing this predicament are lack of trust,
hopelessness and inferiority complex. Although they do acknowledge that they need help,
consulting experts might be a less favourable option among some youth.

HELUVA App can be seen as a social platform for them, with the likes of present social
medias. This app is merely focusing on those who are suffering from MDD or commonly
known as depression. It acts as an alternative especially to those who are not really into public
sharing on their problems and at the same time, refuse to refer to the experts. It will help
depressed people to engage and be engaged with intention to pour their hearts out. They can
choose either to be a listener or advisor. Users may enjoy the features that provide a private
chatting space. When the users log in, they are given options of problem categories.
HELUVA is designed to match the user with other users with same problem categories. This
is important because they look for the likes of them with similar problems. The rationale of it
is that only those who are in the same shoes understand each other. In most cases, it will be
very comfy for them to speak to someone that understands them, rather than merely a
professionally- trained expert. In the future, this project will be continuously improved
through better graphics and great user interfaces that will ease the users even more. It is
expected to downsize the depression phenomenon within the country, specifically among
youth and active smartphone users.
PLANNING STRUCTURE
Coming as a smartphone app product, the structure that we require in long-term run is
programming and IT-based structure, with assistance by credible app developers. It begins
with firm content and arrangement, before we design the suitable complete function, interface
and features for HELUVA App to be commercialised and maintained. At current stage
however, we are working on the right content of the apps by frequently consulting with
respective government agencies, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and social groups
directly related to mental illnesses issue. The ongoing research-based structure includes
interviews, giving out questionnaires to reliable respondents and considering suggestions
from experts from time to time. This is to ensure HELUVA App tackles the issue effectively
and manages to achieve its very goal that is to act as an alternative resort to curing MDD.
KNOWLEDGE IMPACT
Depression is a serious, common, and recurring disorder linked to diminished functioning,
quality of life, medical morbidity, and mortality. There has been a 37.5% increase in health
life years lost to depression over the past two decades. Depression was the third-leading cause
of global burden of disease in 2004 and the leading cause of burden of disease in high- and
middle-income countries. It is projected to be the leading cause globally in 2030. While
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Vol. 1(2018) 495-498
effective treatments for depression are available, they are underused. Barriers to treatment
include geography, socioeconomic status, system capacity, treatment costs (direct and
indirect), low mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, and stigma. A 2010 study found that
75% of primary care patients with depression in urban areas could identify more than one
structural, psychological, cultural, or emotional barrier to accessing behavioural treatments.
The rate was substantially higher in rural areas.
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) hold tremendous promise to expand the
reach of quality mental health care and close the treatment gap for depression. A meta-
analysis examining the effectiveness and acceptability of computer-based therapy for anxiety
and depressive disorders found that computer-based therapy showed superiority in outcome
over the control groups with substantial effect sizes. The study also found that adherence and
satisfaction were good, suggesting acceptability. These findings were echoed in other meta-
analysis studies of computer-based treatments for depression. With the ever-increasing
sophistication of ICTs, namely the evolution to mobile devices (ie, smartphones, tablets, and
phone tablets or “phablets”), there is potential to further expand the reach of mental health
treatment through mobile health (or mHealth). The emergence of a commercial marketplace
of software for mobile devices (or apps) has given users the ability to personalize their
devices to cater to their health and informational needs by purchasing or downloading apps at
their convenience. These apps can help support a variety of useful tasks such as self-
assessment, symptom monitoring, psychoeducation, psychological therapy, and
psychotherapy skills training.
Many consider apps as an opportunity to increase patient access to evidence-based mental

health (and addictions) treatments; however, many apps fail to incorporate evidence-based
practices, health behaviour theory, or clinical expertise into the design of the app. For
instance, smoking termination apps are found to have low adherence to evidence-based
practices and insufficiently incorporate behavioural theory. A study on addiction recovery
apps found that only six of the 52 app developers had clinical experience or used academic or
clinical advisors in the development of apps; additionally, none of the app store descriptions
mention any evaluation of the apps. The lack of reported evaluations is also seen in scientific
literature, as the current body of evidence is marginal in comparison to the number of mental
health apps available.

This product is one of the tools that can help to solve depression problems especially among
the youth. Everyone can install this application in order to treat a depressive illness problem
among the people all around the world.
Emotions play a very important role in humans. This is because human physical strength
depends on the mental and emotional strength of human beings. So when the human emotion
is not stable, human health will also start to diminish. This will cause the body's cells to be
damaged and cause the limbs to become weak and vulnerable to disease.
So, in order to prevent this problem from getting worse, this application can help patients to
reduce the burden of their problems. Of course, the real effects that can be seen by people
with depressive problems are that they will avoid people around them including family
members. If this thing is left without treatment, it is likely that the problem of depression will
continue to be severe. Through this application, they can share their problems with the people
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Vol. 1(2018) 495-498
who are having the same problem, but they can also get the spirit of strength and advice from
the committee who log in through this the application. This is because, patients with
depression problems will better understand the situation and the feelings of other people who
are suffering the same depressing problems because they will feel more comfortable to share
their problems or expressing their opinions.
COST IMPACT
We have estimated that the cost needed for HELUVA App can be divided into three parts
which are development cost, operation cost and marketing cost. However, at the initial stage
of the project, full attention must be given to the project development hence the development
cost*.
*Total cost will be referred to quotations from app developers.
introduction of the product through its mass production and adoption. For HELUVA apps the
In having a higher commercialization potential, HELUVA needs a high level of public value
in gaining higher profit in return. This public value had been gained by developing the
HELUVA with corporation from other entities such as, commercial business which focusing
on mental health. HELUVA also had been attached with some government agencies programs
which can increase the awareness of the presence of this app. HELUVA also had gained
attention from the educational institution and non-government agencies who are very
committed in helping the society in combatting with mental illness.
Besides, HELUVA also has been brought to be protected under Intellectual Property. Since
the team are from Technology MARA University (UiTM), HELUVA has been attached to be
HELUVA can only enter the market once the property rights has been reserved, compete with
another product which having same goal and same target customer in the same market. At this
stage, HELUVA will be produce with another team partner who are specialist in apps
498
Abstracts of The 4th International Innovation,
Design and Articulation E-Book, i-iDeA 2018,
UiTM Perlis, Arau Malaysia
Publisher
Research, Industrial Linkages, Community
and Alumni Network Division (RICAEN)
Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis)
02600 Arau Perlis Malaysia
RICAEN http://abstract.i-idea.org

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Co-organizer: Smart partnerships : Sponsors : Media partner : Official magazine :

Dr. Rizana Yusof

Research, Industrial Linkages, Community and Alumni and Entrepreneurship

Tel: 04-9882028/ 2296

Copyright @ 2018 RICAEN, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis)

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing-in Publication Data

A215. V.A. VITAL ASSISTANCE MULTI-FUNCTIONAL SPORT 15-17

B042. OTEL2GO 23-27

B079. SISTEM PERPARITAN DI KAWASAN KELANG LAMA 39-42

B110. HIGH PERFORMANCE SPORE INDUCTION LIQUID SPAWN 62-68

B137. DECISION AID FOR LEAN TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES 79-83

B156. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE APPLICATION FOR 89-93

B201. THE INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN OF LE SWING BEGINNER 103-111

B242. PHYSICAL MULTIMEDIA LEARNING SYSTEM IN COOKING 126-130

B254. EFFECTS OF TORREFACTION ON THE BIO-COAL 140-146

C015. NEEVESPRAY – MULTIFUNCTIONAL NATURAL SANITIZER 164-167

C078. OUTSTANDING PERFORMANCE OF NOVEL CATHODE 200-203

C127. DEVELOPMENT ON MEAL CALORIES DETECTOR DEVICE 230-239

C128. HAIRBISCUSS: A NATURAL HAIR SHAMPOO 240-246

C138. EASY LATERAL RADIOGRAPHIC HOLDER 251-254

C139. ECZEMA RELIEF MIST 255-260

C150. MATHEMATIC EDUCATIONAL GO (MEGO) 261-264

C151. PICK AND PAY 265-269

C158. RAPID DETECTION METHOD OF ORTHODONTICS 270-273

C159. GOLD NANOPARTICLES ON VARIOUS SUPPORT 274-279

C182. ZUMBA DANCE APPS : EVERYONE CAN ZUMBA 292-295

C195. FIRE SAFETY USING FIRE ESCAPE APPS 296-300

C221. USING ‘TETSI’ TO HELP TEACHERS IDENTIFY POTENTIAL 301-307

C244. CLEANER, GREENER, SAFER AND HELATHIER OF 308-310

C249. HELUVA APP V2 311-314

D055. BIOMASS SMART CAMPING STOVE THAT CAN PRODUCE 348-350

D090. R-METAL GREEN CREATIONS 353-355

D097. RAM SEBAGAI SATAH CONDONG YANG DIUBAHSUAI 356-357

D141. 5R SMART BIN 358-359

E023. KELUARGA ‘u’ DAN ‘n’ AJAIB 367-383

E074. ABCS IS FUN 390-391

F012. ACKIT: EASY AND CONVENIENT 392-397

F182. MUSA ACUMINATA PEEL - A WATER PH NEUTRALIZER 431-434

G064. FRACHET TO PREVENT WEEVILS IN ORYZA SATIVA 441-442

G072. DARK PHOSPHORESCENT POWDER 434-444

G075. MULTI-FUNCTION UMBRELLA 447-448

G076. MULTI PURPOSED ROLLER 449-450

G091. NATURAL ANT REPELLENT 458-460

G093. MANGOILSTEEN 463-465

H019. DETECTION OF LUNG NODULES USING IMAGE 471-473

H032. 4D HOUSEHOLD ASSISTANCE GAME 479-480

H068. PERCEPTUALLY ADAPTIVE IMAGE WATERMARKING 483-486

H098. HELUVA APP V2 495-498

MONITORING ILLUMINATION LEVEL USING

Keywords: Lighting, Illumination Level, Monitoring, Maintenance,System.

Figure 1. Research Workflow

Figure 2. Illumination level for classroom based on questionnaire

Figure 3. Illumination level for classroom based on Lux meter readings

Figure 4. Illumination level for classroom based on LightQ system

Based on physical appearance, LightQ is practically useful to the maintenance department

USE OF EGGSHELLS AND CHITOSAN FILLERS TO

Keywords: egg shells, chitosan from shrimp shells, cornstarch, bio-plastic.

Table 1. Types of Plastic [2]

Name Properties Uses

MATERIALS AND METHODS

a) The Mixture being Stirred b) The Sticky Mixture

b) Mixture laid on Aluminium Foil c) Mixture being Cooled

Figures 1. The Process of Making Bio-plastic from Cornstarch