Geophysicist

Basic tools:
• Magnetic surveys
• Gravity surveys
• Seismic surveys
ä Surface - land or marine
ä Borehole

Interpretation of data in 2D, 3D and 4D :

• Provides structural information on the large scale
• Seismic bright spots indicate potential hydrocarbons
• Field wide data

Plan and QC seismic acquisition program

Principles of Seismic

Reflection of of acoustic energy by sub surface boundaries

2D Seismic

Structure

Line spacing = 500 m - 2 km

2D Section - Stacked and Migrated

Potential Hydrocarbon
Trap
3D Seismic Concept

• Parallel grid pattern shoot

• 25m spacing

Inline >
Crossline >
3D Cube for Interpretation
Seismic-Well Ties

Initial
Initial Synthetic-
Synthetic -Seismic Tie
Synthetic-Seismic Tie

Final
Final Synthetic-
Synthetic -Seismic Tie
Synthetic-Seismic Tie
 Borehole Seismic

Surface Surface
source geophone

Weathered
layer
1-Crosswell
2-VSP
2 3-Reverse VSP
4-Surface
5-Single well

Borehole 4
geophone 5 3
Reservoir
unit 1 Borehole
source
4D Time lapse Seismic
 Statfjord 4D
Seismic changes Upper Brent

Original OWC R110 target area

Small
crest

Drained zone

SFC SFC
High pressure zone

Top Etive time map 1991 - 1997

Reflection strength of difference cube (48ms)
 4-D Technology is Expected to
Improve Recovery

Before 1980:
2-D – 25-30% 1980-95:
of oil recovered 3-D – 40-50%
recovered
1996 - future:
4-D – 65-75%
recovery*

Slices
Volumes

*BP/Shell’s estimate,
Petroleum Engineer International; January, 1996. Changes
 Geologist
Basic tools:
• Rock Samples - Outcrops, Cores, Well Cuttings
• Well Log Data - LWD or Wireline
• Borehole Image Logs & Dip Meters
• Fossils and Palynology

Interpret all available data to provide :

• Geological Dating
• Sequence Stratigraphy
• Depositional Environment
• Sedimentology
• Geological Structure
• Rock Mecanics and In Situ Stress

Plan and QC Coring Program

Schematic of Sedimentary Environments
Exaggerated
vertical scale
Alluvial
Fans

Desert
Dunes Lake
Barrier Bay Braided Delta
Island Stream
Beach
Meandering Lake
Stream
Delta
Turbidite
Channels
Tidal
Shoals Continental
Coastal
Deep Continental
Sea Shelf
Fan
Continental
Slope Bigelow et al.,1987
Walker model, 1978
Feeder Channel
Debris D-B Slumps
Flows CGLS.

Slope into Basin

Conglomerates: Thin bedded turbidites
Inverse-to normallly Upper on levee
graded Terrace Fan Pebbly ssts.
Graded-bed
Massive ssts.
Graded-
stratified Braided
Mid Fan
Supra Fan Lobes
Incised
Proximal channel

Classical turbidites
New suprafan
Lower Fan lobe

Basin
Plain Thin bedded
No relative scale implied
Structural Uncertainties
• Structural Dip Determination
ä Where to drill well to have as good or
better structural position - 77
20
• Fault Identification and Analysis
ä Determine strike and dip of the fault
ä Determine rock displacement along 1 Km .
the fault
• Fracture Identification and
Characterization
ä Closed or open , Natural or drilling
induced
ä Orientation, spacing, frequency
• Characterization of In-Situ Stresses
ä Optimal borehole stability
ä Drilling induced fractures
ä Potential & artificial fracturing
ä Potential sand production
Geological Model
 Petrophysicist
Basic tools:
• Borehole Logging Tools (LWD or Wireline) :
ä Caliper
ä Gamma Ray
ä Resistivity
ä Density and Neutron
ä Acoustics
ä NMR
ä Formation Test
• Core Data

Interpret well log data to provide

• Matrix type
• Fluid Types & Pressure Gradients
• Fluid Saturations & Volumes
• Porosity & Permeability

Plan and QC logging programs

 BADHOLE PHIE MATRIX
0.5 0 0.6 V/V 00 1
VSH RA400 PHIT PHIT
0 V/V 1 0.2 200 0.6 V/V 01 V/V 0
BS DEPTH RP400 NPHI PHIE
6 IN 16 FEET 0.2 200 0.6 V/V 01 V/V 0
GR RP2000 RHOB VOL
0 GAPI 150 0.2 200 1.66 G/C3 2.65 1 V/V 0

4600

4700

4800
 Reservoir Engineer

Basic tools:
• Well Test / Production Data - Pressure, Temperature, Rates
• Fluid Samples
• Core

Interpret all available data to provide :

• Rock Properties - permeability, capillary pressure, wettability
• Fluid Properties - viscosity , compressibility
• Fluid Behaviour - relative permeability
• Reservoir Properties - pressure, volume, temperature,
- permeability & skin
• Reservoir Model - recoverable reserves, productivity
• Reservoir Simulation - Production scenarios

Plan and QC Well Test and PVT Tests

Plan and monitor production
 Reservoir Engineer
Well Test :
Gas
• Take : Surface Sample
ä Fluid Samples

• Measure : Surface Separator Oil

ä Flow Rates (bbl/day)
ä Pressure and Temperature

• Derive : Water
ä Productivity (bbl/day/psi)
ä Near Well Conditions (skin)
ä Reservoir Conditions (permeability) Bottom Hole Sample
ä Boundary Conditions (Tested Volume) (at reservoir conditions)

Reservoir

Borehole
 Reservoir Engineer

Surface Sample

PVT
Analysis

Bottom Hole Sample

 Reservoir Engineer

Reservoir Simulation Model :

• Predict production v time
• Predict drainage patterns
• Predict onset of water cut and / or gas breakthrough
• Determine optimum recovery techniques
ä primary = natural flow
ä secondary = pumping or pressure maintenance
ä tertiary = alteration of reservoir conditions
eg steam (temp), chemical (viscosity)
 Reservoir Engineer
Constrained by :
• No. wells, Surface Facilities,
• Contracts, Critical Rates, etc.
Production bbl/day

Plateau

Affected by :
• Total Reserves,
• Recovery mechanism
• Reservoir Complexity
Decline Curve

Time