The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on 'œgreen synthesis' of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
Original Title
Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on 'œgreen synthesis' of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the need for synthesizing them but, the conventional methods are usually hazardous and energy consuming. This leads to focus on 'œgreen synthesis' of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and ecofriendly approach. In this study, the plant mediated synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus obtained was quantified and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs were tested for antimicrobial activity. N. Tensingh Baliah | S. Lega Priyatharsini"Biosynthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles using Onion Bulb Extract" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd8305.pdf
http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/8305/biosynthesis-and-characterization-of-zinc-oxide--nanoparticles-using-onion-bulb-extract/n-tensingh-baliah
International Open Access Journal ISSN No: 2456 - 6470 | www.ijtsrd.com | Volume - 2 | Issue – 2
Biosynthesis and Characterization ooff Zinc Oxide
Nanoparticles u using sing Onion Bulb Extract
N. Tensingh Baliah S. Lega Priyatharsini
Post Graduate and Research Department Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal of Botany, Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India College, Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India
ABSTRACT
The wide application of nanoparticles stimulates the solids (Anitha et al.,
., 2011). The characters of metal need for synthesizing them but, the conventional and metal oxide nanoparticles have been of great methods are usually hazardous and energy interest due to their distinctive feature such as consuming. This leads to focus on “green synthesis” catalytic activity, optical, magnetic and electrical of nanoparticles which seems to be easy efficient and properties (Garima et al,, 2010). Nanoparticles ecofriendly approach. oach. In this study, the plant mediated interaction with biological ical materials and established a synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) was series of nanoparticle / biological interfaces that carried out using bulb extract of Allium cepa as a depend on colloidal forces as well as dynamic reducing agent. The optimized nano zinc thus biophysicochemical interactions. These interactions obtained was quantified and characterized using UV UV- lead to the formation of new nanomaterial with Visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared control size shape, surfacee chemistry, roughness and Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-Ray Ray diffraction, Scanning surface coatings. Electron Microscope (SEM), EDAX and Zeta potential analyses.. Further, the synthesized ZnO NPs The use of plants for the synthesis of nanoparticles is were tested for antimicrobial activity. novel and provides a cost-effective cost and environmentally friendly alternative to chemical and Keywords: Nanoparticles, zinc oxide, biosynthesis, physical synthesis. In addition, the use of plants can Allium cepa be easily scaled up for large--scale synthesis without the use of toxic chemicals or the need for high I. INTRODUCTION pressures, sures, energy and temperature (Bhainsa et al., 2017). Plant-mediated mediated biosynthesis of zinc oxide Nanotechnology is a emerging field with its nanoparticles has been achieved in Aloe barbadensis application in science and technology for the purpose (Sangeetha et al., 2011), Physalis alkekengi (Qu et al., of manufacturing new materials at nano scale level 2011), Parthenium hysterophorus (Rajiv et al., 2013), (Albrecht et al.,., 2006). Recent advance in the field of Zingiber officinale (Bhuyan et al., al 2015), Azadirachta nanotechnology, ogy, particularly the ability to prepare indica (Wang et al., ., 2014), Ocimum basilicum, highly ordered nanoparticles particles of any size and shape Medicago sativa (Nagaiyothi et al., 2013), (Sangeetha et al.,., 2012). Nanotechnology is a Anisochilus carnosus (Bala et al., al 2015), milky latex multidisciplinary scientific field undergoing explosive of Calotropis procera and fruit juice of Citrus development. The nanometer-sized sized particles offer aurantifolia (Samat et al., ., 2013) etc. novel structural, ral, optical and electronic properties that are not attainable with individual molecules or bulk
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 It is known that the plant mediated synthesis of ZnO CHARACTERIZATION OF ZnO nanoparticles is much safer and environmentally NANOPARTICLES friendly as compared to chemical synthesis. The size of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was in the range The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by of 60-70 nm. The larger nanoparticles of ZnO resulted UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron from the agglomeration of smaller nanoparticles. Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Highly ionic nanoparticulate metal oxides such as Spectroscopy Analysis (EDAX), Fourier Transform zinc oxide nanoparticles are unique in that they can be Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction produced with high surface areas and with unusual (XRD) and Zeta potential analyses. crystal structures (Anandraj et al., 2017). Compared UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS to organic materials, inorganic materials such as ZnO possess superior durability, greater selectivity and The reduction of pure metal ions was confirmed by heat resistance (Padmavathy and Vijayaraghavan, measuring the absorption of reaction mixture by UV- 2008). Vis Spectrophotometer (UV 1700 SHIMADZU) from 200 to 800 nm (Roy et al., 2013). II. MATERIAL AND METHODS FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED (FTIR) SYNTHESIS OF ZINC OXIDE ANALYSIS NANOPARTICLES FTIR has become an important tool for understanding The onion bulbs were washed with sterile distilled the involvement of functional groups in interactions water and the outer covering of the bulb was manually between metal particles and biomolecules. FT-IR peeled off and the fleshy part of the onion was spectra were recorded at 1 cm-1 resolution by FTIR rewashed with sterile distilled water. The onion bulb spectrophotometer (FTIR-8400S SHIMADZU) using was cut into small pieces and 10g of bulb was ground KBr pellet technique (Prathra et al., 2011). The using mortar and pestle with distilled water. The frequency range was measured as wave numbers extraction was filtered using muslin cloth and then typically over the range 4000-400 cm-1. Whatmann No.1 filter paper and used as reducing agent and stabilizer. Zinc nitrate was used as X-RAY DIFFRACTION (XRD) ANALYSIS precursor for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. For ZnO NPs synthesis, the reaction To determine the nature and size of the ZnO mixture was prepared by mixing of 10 ml of leaf nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction (XRD) was extract and 90 ml of 1mM zinc nitrate solution in a performed. The pellet was dissolved in deionized 250 ml Erlenmeyer conical flask. This mixture was sterile water and washed thrice in the same by incubated in dark conditions at 37°C. Then, the centrifugation. The pellet was retained and air dried. mixture was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 20 The powder from of the sample was coated on the minutes. The pellet was taken after centrifugation and XRD grid, the spectra were recorded 40 kV and a air dried. The pellet was used for further studies. current of 30 mA with CuKα radiation using XRD (Philips PW1050/37 model). The diffracted intensities RECOVERY OF ZnO NANOPARTICLES were recorded from 20°C to 80°at 2θ angles. The crystalline nature of synthesized nanoparticles was The nanoparticles thus obtained were purified by calculated from the width of the XRD peaks, using the repeated centrifugation at 10000 rpm at 25°C for Debye-Scherrer formula (D= Kλ/β cosθ). 10minutes. It was followed by re-dispersion of the pellet in deionized water to get rid of any SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) uncoordinated biological molecules. The process of ANALYSIS centrifugation and re-dispersion were repeated with sterile distilled water to ensure better separation of The synthesized nanoparticles were dispersed in water free entities from the nanoparticles. and the resultant suspensions were homogenized using ultra sonicator for one to two hours. A drop of the nanoparticles suspension was placed on a piece of micro glass slide attached to a metal grid coated with carbon film and dried it gradually at room
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 temperature. The sample was then sputter coated with reduced during the exposure to aqueous extract of gold and visualized with a JEOL JSM-6480 LV SEM onion within 24 hours of incubation period. It was to assess the particle size, shape and percentage observed that the colour of the reaction medium was (Forough and Farhadi, 2010). changed to pale yellow to pale brown colour (Fig. 1). ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY UV-VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY ANALYSIS SPECTROSCOPY (EDAX) ANALYSIS The reduction of zinc oxide ions in the onion extract A drop of the nanoparticles suspension was placed on was further confirmed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. a piece of microglass slide attached to a metal grid UV-Vis absorption spectra of nanoparticles were coated with carbon film, and dried it gradually at shown in (Fig. 2). The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of room temperature. X-ray spectrometer (EDAX) ZnO NPs was as the peak maxima in 354 nm which operated at an accelerating voltage at 10 KeV. The corresponding to the absorbance of zinc oxide sample was then sputter coated with gold and nanoparticles. After incubation period, the colour was visualized with a BRUKER to assess the particle size, changed because of the excitation of Surface Plasmon shape and percentage of synthesized particles. Vibrations in the ZnO nanoparticle. The reduction of zinc was subjected to analysis by using the UV-Vis ZETA POTENTIAL ANALYSIS Spectrophotometer. Absorption spectra of ZnO NPs formed in the reaction media has absorbance peak at The supernatant was filtered and then sonicated for 5 310nm, broadening of peak indicated that the particles minutes. The solution was centrifuged for 15 minutes are polydispersed. The frequency and width of the at 25°C with 5000 rpm and the supernatant was surface plasmon absorption depends on the size and collected. Then, the supernatant was diluted for 4 to 5 shape of the metal nanoparticles as well as on the times and then set for Zeta-Potential analysis dielectric constant of the metal itself and the (Mohammed et al., 2014). surrounding medium (Melvin et al., 2009). ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY The aqueous extract of Punica granatum and zinc The ZnO nanoparticles were tested against the nitrate solution, the colour of the reaction medium bacterial pathogens such as E.coli (ATCC25922), changed rapidly from colour less to brownish yellow. Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC9144), Pseudomonas The colour indicated surface plasmon vibration aeruginosa (ATCC25619) and fungal pathogens typical of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. The Aspergillus niger (MTCC 1344) and Aspergillus maximum intensity at 364nm was observed indicating flavus (MTCC 1973). Agar disc diffusion method complete reduction of zinc ions. The UV-Vis optical (Baur et al., 2012) was employed for the study of absorption spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles showed a antimicrobial activity of the synthesized zinc oxide sharp absorbance at 345 nm, which indicated an nanoparticles. almost uniform size of the nanoparticles. However, upon change in particle size or particle shape, a slight STATISTICAL ANALYSIS shift in the absorption was observed (Guo et al., 2001). The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of ZnO The XRD values were inferred through JCPDS file no nanoparticles using flower extract of Nyctanthes 89-3722. Further, the UV-Visible spectrum, FTIR, arbor-tristis showed a sharp absorbance at 369 nm XRD values were interpreted by using ORIGIN (Jamdagni et al., 2016). VERSION-8 (data analysis and graphing work space). The data were reported as mean ± SE and in the figure FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED parentheses represent the per cent activity. SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR) ANALYSIS III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION FTIR analysis was carried out to identify the biomolecules which were responsible for the VISUAL OBSERVATION OF ZINC OXIDE reduction of metal ions into ZnO nanoparticles in the NANOPARTICLES presence of onion extract (Fig. 3). The phytochemical found in the onion extract were responsible for the The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were formation of various nanoparticles. The FT-IR initially confirmed by visual observation by colour spectrum of onion extract showed several absorption change in the reaction medium. The metal ions were
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 peaks ranged from 3421cm-1 to 677 cm-1. The region nano particle which was consistent with that reported of band was phenols, alkanes due to N-H stretching of before (Ravichandrika et al., 2012). From FTIR proteins and O-H stretching, > C=O stretching of analysis of leaves extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum all esters, aromatics, ring C-C stretching of phenyl, functional groups play important role in the alkanes, C-O stretch in vibration combined with the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles. ring stretch of phenyl, aliphatic amines, alcohols, carboxylic acids, ester, ether, functional groups Green synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using mainly from carbohydrate and alkyl halides. FTIR Phyllanthus embilica stem extract revealed The FT-IR measurements of zinc oxide nanoparticles with onion spectra showed the presence of bonds due to O-H extract showed the presence of bands at 3438.84, stretching around 3423 cm-1. Peak at 1405 cm-1 may 2925.81, 1633.59, 1383.83, 1122.49, 1104.17 and be assigned to symmetric stretching of the carbonyl 600.78 cm-1. These bands were indicting the presence side groups in the amino acid residues of the protein of N-H bend primary amines, C-O stretching alcohols, molecules. The band at 1022 cm-1 was corresponding carboxylic acids, ester and ethers. to C-N stretching vibration of amine. The peak at around 1340 cm-1 present in green ZnO signified FTIR spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles revealed that the amide III band of the random coil of protein (Joel and peak at 417.52cm-1 was the characteristic absorption Sheik, 2017). of ZnO bond and the broad absorption peak at 3438cm-1 attributed to the characteristic absorption of X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERN ANALYSIS hydroxyl group (Khan et al., 2011). The FTIR spectrums of ZnO NPs derived from Corymbia The various peaks in the XRD pattern could be citriodora leaf extract showed the strong absorption assigned to the crystalline zinc oxide phase with the peaks observed at 3300 and 1620cm−1 and were hexagonal wurzite structure with the lattice assigned to O–H stretch and N–H bend functional parameters a=3.2475 nm and c= 3.2501 nm. The XRD groups. Weaker bands observed at 2955, 777 and pattern showed different intensity peaks in the whole 633cm−1 were assigned to –C–H stretch (alkanes), C– spectrum of 2θ values ranging from 20° to 80° for the H (aromatics) and –C=C–H (alkynes). The absorption onion. The Allium cepa extract-mediated synthesized peaks at 1520 and 1431cm−1 were attributed the C=C ZnO nanoparticles were indexed as (100), (002), bending and C–C stretching of aromatic rings, (101), (102), (110), (103), (200), (112) and (201). The respectively. The peak at 1053 cm−1 assigned to the zinc was indexed as (100) and (101). The average C–N stretching mode in aliphatic amines. The crystalline size was determined using Scherrer’s formation of ZnO NPs may attribute to the chemicals equation. The average crystalline size of zinc oxide presence in the C. citriodora such as citronellal, nanoparticles was 20-100 nm (Fig. 4). Zinc oxide linalool, catechin, gallic acid, courmaric acid and nanoparticles synthesized using Corymbia citriodora protocatechuric acid, which acted as reducing agents leaf extract showed the peaks at 32.1°, 34.6°, 36.1°, as well as stabilizing agents (Tamuly et al., 2013). 47.7°, 56.4°, 63.1° and 68.1° and indexed to hexagonal wurtzite ZnO (JCPDS 36–1451). Further, The FTIR spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles derived no other peaks have been detected in the sample and from Ocimum tenuiflorum showed the fundamental confirmed the biosynthesis of ZnO NPs owning a high mode of vibration at 3458.04cm−1 which purity. The mean crystalline size was found to be 21 corresponded to the O-H stretching vibration, nm (Yuhong Zheng et al., 2017). Biological synthesis 1625.35cm−1 which correspond to the N-H bend, of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Catharanthus roseus 1418.86cm−1 which corresponded to C-C stretching leaf extract showed strong diffraction peaks at 20, 32, vibration of alcohol, carboxlic acid, ether and ester 35 and 40 degrees of 2q which corresponds to 111, were confirmed. The band at 1148.10cm−1 200, 220 and 311 crystal planes, which were corresponds to C-N symmetric stretching vibration significant agreement with the JCPDS file 36145 (a = and O-H bending of the hydroxyl group at b = 3.249A0, C = 5.206 A0) and indexed as the 3458.04cm−1 was observed. The absorption at hexagonal wurtezite structure of ZnO. High purity and 875.23cm−1 was due to the formation of tetrahedral crystallinity of the synthesized ZnO NPs were also coordination of Zn. The bond at 835.61cm−1 was due confirmed. to the C-Cl stretching vibration. The peak at 668.29cm−1 indicated the stretching vibrations of ZnO
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM) The zeta potential of the biologically synthesized NPs ANALYSIS was determined in water as dispersant. The zeta potential was found to be -20 to -30 mV for ZnO The surface morphology of the nanoparticles was nanoparticles. The high negative value approved the characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy. repulsion among the particles and thereby increases in The onion extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles were stability of the structure of nanoparticles (Jafarirad et found as nano-rod shape (Fig. 5). The biological al., 2016). It was suggested that the surface of the approach using milky latex of Calotropis procera has nanoparticles was negatively charged and dispersed in been used for the first time as a reducing material as the medium. The negative value confirms the well as surface stabilizing agent for the synthesis of repulsion among the particles and proves that they are spherical-shaped ZnO NPs. The structure, phase and very stable (Anandalakshmi et al., 2016). The morphology of synthesized product were investigated biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Ixora by the SEM analysis (Sangeetha et al., 2011). Raut et coccinea leaf extract zeta potential was found to be al. (2017) done the SEM analysis for zinc oxide −49.19 mV (Yedurkar et al., 2016). The synthesis and nanoparticles synthesized by Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf characterisation of zinc oxide nanoparticles using extract. The SEM analysis showed the hexagonal terpenoid fractions of Andrographis paniculata leaves nanoparticle formed with diameter range 11-25nm. the zeta potential of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles ZnO nanoparticles synthesized using Trifolium was 17.6 mV. pratense flower extract revealed that SEM images of the ZnO nanoparticles were agglomerated with a ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY particle size ranging from 100–190nm (Dobrucka and Dugaszewska, 2015). Antimicrobial activity of onion extract mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles were tested against bacterial EDAX ANALYSIS pathogens such as E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal pathogens EDAX analysis is very much useful for further like Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. The confirmation of presence of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity (inhibition zone) of zinc oxide EDAX analysis showed the confirmative peaks for nanoparticles was higher against Pseudomonas ZnO NPs. The ZnO nanoparticles were confirmed by aeruginosa followed by Staphylococcus aureus and typical absorption peak at 1KeV (Fig. 6). Sharma et E.coli. In the case of fungal pathogens, the maximum al. (2014) reported that the size of the nanoparticle is inhibition zone was observed against A. niger (Table more than that calculated from the Debye -Scherrer 1). formula indicating the agglomeration of crystallites in ZnO nanoparticles. The aggregation of particles Nanoparticles possess the antimicrobial properties should have been originated from the large specific against several microorganisms including bacteria, surface area and high surface energy of ZnO fungi and certain extremophiles (Haeed et al., 2008). nanoparticles. The aggregation occurred probably The properties of ZnO nanoparticle is strongly during the process of drying (Raoufi, 2013). The influenced by the particle size and mechanism of cell green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using inhibition. The properties include disruption of cell Moringa oleifera leaf extract the strong and weak membrane, altering the permeability, electrostatically peaks are observed from Zn and O atom and weak binding to the cell surface and accumulation of peaks are observed form S, K, C, P, Ca element nanoparticle in cytoplasm (Stoimenov et al., 2002). (Mishra et al., 2015). Biosynthesis and Antimicrobial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles characterization of ZnO nanoparticles using the were known from the very distant past and has many aqueous leaf extract of Imperata cylindrica the EDS applications in disinfecting medical devices, water spectrum shows the high value of zinc (80.3%) and purification, and wound healing, creams, lotions and oxygen (19.65%). antibacterial creams. The mechanism of action of antimicrobial activity zinc oxide is similar to other ZETA POTENTIAL ANALYSIS nanoparticles, but it acts mostly through destruction of bacterial walls. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been Zeta potential measures the potential stability of the widely used against Gram-positive and Gram negative nanoparticles in the colloidal suspension. From the bacteria (Emami et al., 2013). Zeta potential analysis, onion extract mediated ZnO nanoparticles carried a charge of ±26.5 mV (Fig. 7).
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) ISSN: 2456-6470 The mechanisms of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs REFERENCES were direct contact of ZnO NPs with cell walls, resulting in destructing bacterial cell integrity, 1. Albrecht, M. A., Evan, C. W. & Raston, C. L. liberation of antimicrobial ions mainly Zn+2 ions. (2006). Green chemistry and the health However, the toxicity mechanism varies in various implications of nanoparticles. Green Chemistry, media as the species of dissolved Zn may change 3(8), 417-432. according to the medium components besides the 2. Anand Raj, L.F.A. & Jayalakshmy, E. (2017). physicochemical properties of ZnO NPs (Yedurkar et Biosynthesis and characterization of zinc oxide al., 2016). Nano-sized ZnO exhibited varying nanoparticles using root extract of Zingiber morphologies and showed a significant antibacterial officinale. J.Chem, 31, 51-56. activity over a wide spectrum of bacterial species 3. Anandalakshmi, K., Venugobal, J. & Ramasamy, explored by a large body of researchers. ZnO is V. (2016). Characterization of zinc oxide currently being investigated as an antibacterial agent nanoparticles by green synthesis method using in both microscale and nanoscale formulations. ZnO Pedalium murex leaf extract and their exhibited significant antimicrobial activities when antibacterial activity. Appl. Nanosci. 6(2), 399. particle size is reduced to the nanometer range, then 4. Anitha, S. Kiruba, D., Singhal, G. (2011). nano-sized ZnO interacted with bacterial surface Bhavesh, R., Kunalkasaraiya, M., AshishRajanan, and/or with the bacterial core where it entered inside S. & Singh R. Biosythesis of zinc oxide the cell and subsequently exhibited distinct nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaf bactericidal mechanisms (Seil and Webster, 2012). extract and screening its antimicrobial activity, J. Nanopart. Res, 13(9), 2981-2988. CONCLUSIONS 5. Bala, N., Saha, S., Chakraborty, M., Maiti, M., Das, S., Basub, R. & Nandyc, P. (2015). Green The biological production of metal nanoparticles is synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using becoming a very important field in chemistry, biology Hibiscus subdariffa leaf extract: Effect of and materials science. Metal nanoparticles have been temperature on synthesis, anti-Bacterial activity produced chemically and physically for a long time; and anti-diabetic activity. Int. J. Mol. Sci, 5, 4993- however, their biological production has only been 5003. investigated very recently. The biological reduction of 6. Baur, R.W., Kirby, M. D. K., Sherris, J. C. & metals by plant extracts has been known since the Turck, M. (2012). Antibiotic susceptibility testing early 1900s; however, the reduction products were not by standard single disc diffusion method. Americ. studied. The rapid biological synthesis of zinc J. Clin. Pathol. 45, 493-496. nanoparticles using bulb extract of Allium cepa 7. Bhainsa K. C. & Souza, D. (2017). Extracellular provides an environmental friendly, simple and biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the efficient route for synthesis of nanoparticles. The use fungus Aspergillus fumigates. Biosurfaces, 47(2), of plant extracts avoids the usage of harmful and toxic 160-164. reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nano 8. Bhuyan, T., Mishra, K., Khanuja, M. & Prasad, R. particles of ZnO are in the range of 20-100 nm. Zinc (2015). Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles nanoparticles can exist in ions only in the presence of from Azadirachta indica for antibacterial and strong oxidizing substances. The synthesis of ZnO photocatalytic applications. Mat. Sci. nano particles is still in its infancy and more research Semiconduct. Process, 32, 55-56. needs to be focused on the mechanism of nanoparticle 9. Dobruckaand, R. & Dugaszewska, J. (2015). formation which may lead to fine tuning of the Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of ZnO process ultimately leading to the synthesis of nanoparticles using Trifolium pratense flower nanoparticles with a strict control over the size and extract. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 23, 517-523. shape parameters. 10. Emami, S., Akya, A., Hossain Zadeh, A. & Barkhordar, S. (2013). Bacterial contamination of ACKNOWLEDGEMENT traditional ice creams in Kermanshah. Iran J. Med. Microbiol. 7(2), 59–62. The authors are thankful to the Management and the 11. Forough, M. & Farhadi, K. (2010). Biological and Principal of Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College, green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India for providing laboratory Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci. 34, 281 – 287. facilities to carry out the experiment.
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Fig. 3: FTIR spectrum of Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Onion Extract ZnNO3 ZnO NPs
Fig. 1: Visual observation of synthesis of Zinc
oxide nanoparticles Fig. 4: XRD spectrum of the Zinc oxide nanoparticles
Rajiv, 2013. Bio-Fabrication of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Leaf Extract of Parthenium Hysterophorus L. and Its Size-Dependent Antifungal Activity Against Plant Fungal Pathogens
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