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Mathcity.org Book: Algebra and Trigonometric By: Muhammad Fiaz Hussain
Class: First Year fiaz.hussain24@yahoo.com
Merging man and maths
1 2 0 1 3 1
1 2 5 3 1 2 Z 3 2 1 2 2 3
Q1.If A 2 3 1 & B 1
0 1 then
1 3 2 0 1 2
5 1 0 2 1 2
0 1 1 0 1 1
show that 𝑨 + 𝑩 is symmetric.
Z 1 0
4 Z 1 0
t
4
1 2 5 3 1 2
1 4 0 1 4 0
A 2 3 1 B 1
0 1
5 1 0 2 1 2 0 1 1
Z 1 0 4 Z t Z
t
Let,
Z A B 1 4 0
1 2 5 3 1 2 So, Z is skew symmetric matrix.
Z 2 3 1 1 0 1 Q3: If A is a square matrix of order 3 then
5 1 0 2 1 2 show that,
(i). 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒕 is symmetric matrix.
2 1 5 2 1 5 (ii). 𝑨 − 𝑨𝒕 is skew symmetric matrix.
Z 1 3 1 Z 1 3 1
t
(i). Since A is square matrix of order 3, then we have
5 1 0 5 1 0 to show that A At is symmetric matirix. Let,
Z A At
Zt Z
So, Z is symmetric matrix.
Z t A At
t
1 2 0 Z t ( At ) t A
Q2: If A 3 2 1 then show that, as ( At ) t A
1 3 2 Z t A At
(i). 𝑨 + 𝑨𝒕 is symmetric matrix. Zt Z
(ii). 𝑨 − 𝑨𝒕 is skew symmetric matrix. So, Z is symmetric matrix.
(ii).Since A is square matrix of order 3, then we have
1 2 0
to show that A At is symmetric matirix. Let,
A 3 2 1
Z A At
1 3 2
Z t A At
t
(i) Let,
Z t ( At ) t At
Z A At
1 2 0 1 3 1 as ( At ) t A
Z 3 2 1 2 2 3 Z t A At ( A At )
1 3 2 0 1 2 Z t Z
So, Z is skew symmetric matrix.
2 5 1 2 5 1 Q4: If A and B are symmetric matrix and
Z 5 4 2 Z 5
t
4 2 AB=BA. Show that AB is symmetric matrix.
1 2 4 1 2 4 Given that A and B are symmetric matrix then by the
definition,
Zt Z
So, Z is symmetric matrix. At A; B t B
(ii) Let,
To show that AB is symmetric matrix we have,
Z A At ( AB) t B t At
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Since 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴, i 1 i i 1 2i i
Z
( AB ) t BA
1 i 1 i i i 2i
as given that, AB BA, 2i i 2i i 2i i
( AB) t AB Z (Z )t
i 2i i 2i i 2i
hence AB is symmetric matrix.
(Z ) t Z
Q5: Show that 𝑨𝑨𝒕 and 𝑨𝒕 𝑨 are symmetric
So, Z is skew Hermitian matrix.
for any matrix of 𝟐 × 𝟑. Q7: If A is symmetric or skew symmetric, show
Let,
that A2 is symmetric.
Z AAt Given that A is symmetric matrix, then by the
to show that Z is symmetric matrix we have, definition,
Z t ( AAt ) t Z t ( At ) t At AAt At A
so, Z is symmetric matrix. we have to show that A 2 is symmetric,
A A.A A A
Now, let, 2 t t t t
F At A
to show that F is symmetric matrix we have, A A.A A
2 t 2
A
i 1 i
A A.A A
2 t 2
i 1 i i 1 i 1 i 1
A ( A )t
1 i 1 i i
Q9: Find the inverse of the following matrices
by the row operations.
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(i). 1 2 1 1 0 0
1 2 3 R 0 1 3 0 1 0 R3 R1
0 2 0
0 2 3 1 0 1
2 2 2
1 0 5 1 2 0
R 2 R2
1 2 3 1 0 0 R 0 1 3 0 1 0 1
0 2 0 0 1 0
R 2 R2
0 0 3 1 2 1 3
2 2 2 0 0 1
1 0 5 1 2 0
1 2 3 1 0 0 R 0 1 3 0 1 0 R2
R 0 2 0 0 1 0 R3 2 R1
0 0 3 1 2 1
2 2 2 0 0 1
1 0 5 1 2 0
1 2 3 1 0 R 0 1 3 0 1 0 R2
0 1
R 0 2 0 0 1 0 R3 2 R1
3
0 0 1 13 23 13
0 2 4 2 0 1
1 0 0 23 43 53
R 5R3
1 2 3 1 0 0 R 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
R 0 1 0 0 12 0 R2 R 3R3
1
2 0 0 1 13 2
3 13 2
0 2 4 2 0 1 So, the inverse of the matrix is,
1 0 3 1 1 0 23 43 53
R 2 R2 1
R 0 1 0 0 12 0 1 1 1
R 2 R2
0 0 4 2 1 1 3 13 2
3 13
1 0 3 1 1 0 (iii).
R 0 1 0 0 12 0 1R 1 3 2
4 3 2 1 0
0 0 1 12 14 4 1
0 1 1
1 0 0 12 14 4
3
Hence, the inverse of the matrix is, 0 1 1 0 0 1
12 14 4
3
1 3 2 1 0 0
0 1 0 R 0 7 4 2 1 0 R2 2 R1
2
12 14 14 0 1 1 0 0 1
(ii). 1 3 2 1 0 0
1 2 1 R 0 1 2 2 1 6 R2 6 R3
0 1 3
0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 2
1 0 8 5 3 18
R 3R2
1 2 1 1 0 0 R 0 1 2 2 1 6 1
R 0 1 3 0 1 0 R3 R2
0 0 1 2 1 7
1 0 2 0 0 1
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1 0 0 11 5 38 3 15
R 8R3
R 0 1 0 2 1 8 1 2 10
R 2 R2 Rank of A 1 1
0 0 1 2 1 7 2 3 15
So, the inverse of the matrix is, 5 25
11 5 38
2 1 8 0
Rank of A 2 20
2 1 7 0
Q10: Find the rank of the following matrices. Because remaining matrix is zero so we write it zero.
(i). Rank of A 2
1 1 2 1 (iii).
A 2 6 5 1 3 1 3 0 1
1 2 1 3 2
3 5 4 3
A
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 2 5
2 6 2 5 2 1 2 5 2 3 3
Rank of A 1 3 1 3 3
1 1 1 2 1 1 3 0 3 1
3 4 3 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2
3 5
3 1 3 3 3 0 3 1
4 1 1 Rank of A 1
Rank of A 1 2 3 2 4 2 2 2 5
8 2 6 3 1 3 3 3 0 3 1
4 1 4 1 2 5 2 2 2 3 2 3
Rank of A 1 1
8 2 8 6
7 6 9 5
Rank of A 2 0 32 2 1
Rank of A 1 11 6 6 17
Remaining non-zero number of row is 1 so we write it
17 12 9 11
1.
Rank of A 3 7 6 7 9 7 5
(ii).
11 6 11 6 11 17
Rank of A 1 1
1 4 7 7 6 7 9 7 5
2 5 1
A 17 12 17 9 17 11
1 2 3 108 141 174
Rank of A 2 18 90 213
3 7 4
1 4 1 7 108 141 108 174
Rank of A 2 1
2 5 2 1
18 90 18 213
1 4 1 7
Rank of A 1 Rank of A 3 7182 19872 3 1
1 2 1 3 Remaining non-zero number of row is 1 so we write it
1 4 1 7 1.
3 7 3 4 Rank of A 4
3 15
Rank of A 1 2 10
5 25
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