Billu Du

RESULTS
4. RESULTS
JFM works were taken up in the North Coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh
for the regeneration of degraded forests. In the present investigation an attempt has
been made to study the species composition in various forests of North coastal AP
and impact of JFM works on few of these forests. Impact of treatment practice-I
works were studied in ten natural forest areas and TP-7 in three forest areas. The
results of the study are summarized below.
4.1. Species composition in TP-1 forest areas:
An attempt has been made to obtain the base line data of different forest
species and also to identify endangered and endemic species in 10 natural forest
areas of North coastal areas of AP. Composition, frequency, density, abundance,
relative density, relative abundance, relative frequency and IVI values of different
species present in the following forest areas were studied. Biodiversity manifests
itself in to two dimensions viz., variety and relative abundance of species
(Margurran, 1988). Hence Menhinicks index to measure species richness,
Simpson’s index to measure species dominance and Shannon-wiener index to
measure relative abundance Were estimated. The results are given below.
A. Pothavaram RF
The area is mountainous with 303 m elevation and forest type is dry deciduous
forest (Plate 1). Soil texture is loamy and soil type is red soil with large boulders.
73
Plate-1: A general view of Pothavaram RF
Plate-2: Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) a dominant species at

Pothavaram RF
16 different tree species were observed (Table 2). Among them Terminalia
tomentosa (Nalla maddi) found to be uniformly distributed over entire area with
100% frequency followed by Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) (75%) and Tectona
grandis (Teak) (75 %). Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) (Plate: 2) recorded higher
Density (3.75), Abundance (5) and Relative density (25.42) values and Terminalia
tomentosa (Nalla maddi) (Plate: 3) showed higher Relative frequency (13.79) and
high Relative dominance value (27.91).
Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) (60.34) belongs to Combretaceae family
recorded highest IVI value followed by Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) (51.52).
Acacia leucophloea (Telia tumma) (6.15) and Bignonia chelonoides (Isuka rasi)
(5.83) recorded lower IVI values.
Bignonia chelonoides (Isuka rasi), Acacia leucophloea (Telia tumma),
Helecteress isora (Thada) and Pterocarpus marsupium (Igisa) are the species
found in singles in one quadrate out of four quadrates laid in one hectare. These
results indicate that these species are going to be endangered and conservation of
them is necessary.
In this location the Shannon’s index value of diversity is 3.458. The simpson’s
index value of species dominance is 0.133 and the Menhinick’s index value of
species richness is 2.1.
The species, Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) and Terminalia bellirica
(Thani) and Xylia xylocarpus (Thangedu) found to have highest height (above
74
Plate-3: Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) a dominant species at
Pothavaram RF
Table-2: Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative
Dominance and Importance Value Index (IVI) at Pothavaram RF.
|
SI. Botanical name Vernacular
Frequency%
Abundance
Frequency
No Name R.D*2 RFq*2 R.Dom*2 IVI*2
class *1
Density
1 Terminalia Thani 50 C 0.5 1 3.38 6.89 4.66 14.93
bellirica
2 Tectona grandis Teak 75 D 0.75 1 5.08 10.34 3.17 18.59
3 Chloroxylon Billudu 75 D 3.75 5 25.42 10.34 15.76 51.52
swietenia
4 Terminalia Nalla 100 E 2.75 2.75 18.64 13.79 27.91 60.34
tomentosa Maddi
5 Lannea Gumpena 50 C 1 2 6.77 6.89 5.86 19.52
caromadelica
6 Emblica Usiri 50 C 1.25 2.05 8.47 6.89 14 29.36
officianalis
7 Semecarpus Nalla jeedi 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 0.76 5.89
acacardium
8 Sapindus Kumkudu 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 1.4 6.53
emarginatus
9 Holarrhena Teddi pala 50 C 0.75 1.5 5.08 6.89 2.63 14.6
pubescens
10 Acacia Telia 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 1.02 6.15
leucophloea tumma
11 Pterocarpus Igisa 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 6.83 11.96
morsupium
12 Atylosia limeata Chennagii 50 C 1 2 6.77 6.89 4.86 18.52
13 Xylia xylocarpus Thangedu 50 C 0.75 1.5 5.08 6.89 3.89 15.86
14 Helecteress Thada 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 2.53 7.66
isora
15 Cassia fistula Rela 25 B 0.75 3 5.08 3.44 3.93 12.45
16 Bignonia Isuka Rasi 25 B 0.25 1 1.69 3.44 0.7 5.83
chelonoides
A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100 %
*2 (R.D ) Relative density; (RFq) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance
IVI=Important Value Index.
Table-3: The girth-class wise and height-class wise distribution of different
________________ species at Pothavaram KF.__________________
s. Name of the Species Girth Height class (m)-»
N (Vernacular name) class
o. (cm)
SO 90
o
i d> T
N 1 00
VO
i—i
00
©
▼H
f
< wi
4 4
fH
1 Terminalia bellirica 10-30 1

30-50
(Thani) 50-70 1
70-90
90-110
2 Tectona grandis 10-30 2
30-50 1
(Teak) 50-70
70-90
3 Chloroxylon 10-30 4 7
swietenia 30-50 3
50-70
(Billudu) 70-90
4 Terminalia tomentosa 10-30 1
30-50 2 4
(Nalla maddi) 50-70 1 2
70-90
5 Lannea caromadelica 10-30 1 1
30-50 1 1
(Gumpena) 50-70
70-90
6 Emblica officianalis 10-30
30-50 2 2
(Usiri) 50-70 1
70-90
7 Semecarpus 10-30 1
acacardium 30-50
(Nalljeedi) 50-70
70-90
8 Sapindus 10-30 1 1
emarginatus 30-50
(Kumkudu) 50-70
70-90
9 Holarrhena 10-30 1
pubescens 30-50
50-70
(Pala)
70-90
10 Acacia leucophloea 10-30 1
30-50
(Telia tumma)
50-70
70-90
11 Pterocarpus 10-30
morsupium 30-50
(Igisa) 50-70
70-90 1
12 Xylia xylocarpus 10-30 2
30-50
(Thangedu)
50-70
70-90
13 Helecteress isora 10-30
30-50 1
(lhada)
50-70
70-90
14 Cassia fistula 10-30 2
30-50 1
(Rela)
50-70
70-90
15 Bignonia chelonoides 10-30 1
30-50
(Isukarasi)
50-70
70-90
16 Atylosia limeata 10-30 3 1
30-50
(Chennagii)
50-70
70-90
Total 0 12 27 12 3 1
Table 4: Summary of height wise and girth wise distribution of different
species at Pothavaram RF
Girth Height classification (m) Total

classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12
10-30 0 10 17 4 0 0 31
30-50 0 . 2 9 7 0 0 18
50-70 0 0 1 1 2 1 5
70-90 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 12 27 12 3 1 55
8 m) (Table 3). More trees observed in 4-6 m height class (27) followed by 2-4 m
(12) and 6-8 m (12) and only one tree observed in 10-12 m height class(Table 4).
More trees observed in 10-30 cm girth class (31), followed by 30-50 cm (18) and
no trees are observed in the girth class of 90-110 cm.
B. Mallavaram RF
The area is Northern dry mixed deciduous forest type. Topography of the
area is plain area (Plate 4). Rock type is Gneiss. Soil type is red laterate, soil
texture is sandy loam and top soil erosion is medium. 17 different tree species
were observed in this area (Table 5). Among them Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu)
(Plate 5) (100%), Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (100 %) and Holarrhena pubescens
(Pala) (100 %) found to be uniformly distributed over entire area. Chloroxylon
swietenia (Billudu), Dalbergia paniculata (Pachari), Lagerstromia parviflora
(Chennagii) and Atlantia monophylla {Karnimma) showed 50 % frequency.
Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu), Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) and Holarrhena
pubescens (Pala) recorded highest density (2-6), abundance (2-6), relative density
(9.6-28.9) and relative frequency (13.3) values.
Cassia siamea {Sima tangedu) (172.6) belongs to Caesalpinaceae family
recorded highest IVI (172.6) value followed by Dalbergia paniculata {Pachari)
(86.3) belongs to Fabaceae family and Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (79.1)
belongs to Ebenaceae family. Terminalia tomentosa {Nalla maddi) (6.3) and
Pterospermum canescens {Loluga) (6.7) recorded lower IVI values.
75
Plate-4: A general view of Mallavaram RF
Plate-5: Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu) a dominant species at

Mallavaram RF
Table-5: Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance
and important Value Index (IVI) at Mallavaram RF
Sl.N Botanical name Vernacular
Frequency
Abundance
0. Name
Density
U
class *1
5
V
s
R.D*2 RFq 2 R.Dom2 IVI*2
u*
4)
u
6
i Cassia siamea Sima 100 E 6 6 28.9 13.3 130.4 172.6

tangedu
2 Diospyros Gatha 100 E 4 4 19.2 13.3 46.6 79.1
sylvatica
3 Holarrhena Pala 100 E 2 2 9.6 13.3 13.0 35.9
pubescens
4 Pterospermum Lolugu 25 B 0.5 2 2.4 3.3 1.0 6.7
canescens
5 Acacia Tumma 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 27.4 31.9
leucophloea
6 Chloroxylon Billudu 50 C 1.25 2.5 6.0 6.6 6.6 19.2
swietenia
7 Bridella retusa Koramanu 25 B 0.5 2 2.4 3.3 2.6 8.3
8 Dalbergia Pachari 50 C 1.5 3 7.2 6.6 72.5 86.3

paniculata
9 Albizia Nalla regi 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 11.2 15.7
chinensis
10 Terminalia Nalla 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 1.8 6.3
tomentosa macldi
11 Xylia Konda 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 3.4 7.9
xylocarpus tangedu
12 Lagerstromia Chennagii 50 C 1.25 2.5 6.0 6.6 17.3 29.9
parviflora
13 Vitex pinnata Rathangii 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 5.3 9.8
14 Atlantia Karnimma 50 C 1.25 2.5 6.0 6.6 18.1 30.7
monophylla
15 Lannea Gumpena 25 B 0.25 1 1.2 3.3 2.9 7.4
caromadelica
16 Sapindus Kumkudu 25 B 0.5 2 2.4 3.3 8.8 21.9
emerginatus
17 Albizia Chinduga 25 B 0.5 2 2.4 3.3 4.2 9.9
odoratissima
*' A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C-41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100%
*2 ( R.D ) Relative density; (RFq) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance
Table-6: The girth-class wise and height-class wise distribution of different species
at Mallavaram RF
S.no Name of the

Species Girth class Height class (m) -»
(Vernacular (Cm)
Name)
14-16
12-14
10-12
i
I
8-10
M -f oc1
o
1 Cassia siema 10-30 1 7 7
30-50 5 1
(Sima thangedu) 50-70 2
70-90 1
90-110
110-130
2 Diospyros 10-30 3 6 2
sylvatica 30-50
50-70
(Gatha) 70-90
90-110
110-130
3 Holarrhena 10-30 5 1 2
pubescens 30-50
50-70
(Pala) 70-90
90-110
110-130 .
4 Pterospermum 10-30 2
canescens 30-50
50-70
(Lolugn) 70-90
90-110
110-130
5 Chloroxylon 10-30 2 2 1
swietenia 30-50
50-70
(Billudu) 70-90
90-110
110-130
6 Dalbergia 10-30 4 1
panuculata 30-50 1
50-70
(Pachari) 70-90
90-110
110-130
7 Terminalia 10-30 1
tomentosa 30-50
(Nalla maddi) 50-70
70-90
90-110
110-130
8 Acacia 10-30 1
leucophloea 30-50
50-70
(Tumma) 70-90
90-110
110-130
9 Bridella ratusa 10-30 1 1
30-50
50-70
(Koramanu) 70-90
90-110
110-130
10 Vitex pinnata 10-30 1
30-50
(Rathangii) 50-70
70-90
90-110
li Albizia 10-30 1 1
odarotissima 30-50
50-70
(Chinduga) 70-90
90-110
Above 210
12 Sapindus 10-30 1 1
emerginatus 30-50
50-70
(Kumkudu) 70-90
90-110
13 Lannea 10-30 1
caromadelica 30-50
50-70
(Gumpena) 70-90
90-110
14 Albizia chinensis 10-30 1
30-50
{Nalla regi) 50-70
70-90
90-110
15 Xylia xylocarpus 10-30 1
30-50
(.Konda tangedu) 50-70
70-90
90-110
16 Atlantia 10-30 3 1 1
monophylla 30-50
50-70
(Karnimma) 70-90
90-110
Total 21 26 20 1 5
Table -7: Summary of height wise and girth wise distribution of different
species at Mallavaram RF
Girth
classification Height classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 Total

10-30 21 26 14 0 2 0 62
30-50 0 0 6 1 2 0 9
50-70 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 o • 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 21 26 20 1 5 0 73
Lannea caromadelica (Gumpena), Vitex pinnata (Rathangii), Terminalia
tomentosa (Nalla maddi) and Pterospermum canescens (Loluga) are the species
found in only one quadrate out of four quadrates laid in one hectare and only one
tree was observed, this shows that these species are going to be endangered and
conservation of these species is necessary.
Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu) found in all the height classes except above
10m (Table 6). Both the dominant species Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu) and
Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) are found in highest height class (8 m). More number
of species found in 2-4 m height class (26) followed by 0-2 m and 4-6 m classes
(20). Most of the trees found to have 10-30 cm girth (Table 7).
C. Gedhada RF
The type of the forest is moist mixed deciduous forest. The topography of the
area is mountainous area. Soil type is red soil mixed with boulders and top soil
erosion is medium. 16 different tree species were observed (Table 8). Wrightia
tinctoria (.Ankudu) (100%) and Xylia xylocarpus (Konda Tangedu) (100%) are
found to be uniformly distributed over entire area. The remaining 14 species
showed 33% frequency. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) (2) and Xylia xylocarpus
{Konda Tangedu) (6) recorded highest density value. Cleistanthus collinus
76
Table 8. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Importance Value Index (I.V.I)
at Gedhada RF _________________________ __ ______________________ _________ _______ , _
SI. Name of the Species V ernacular
l*
no nam e
u,
sJ
Q
a&
R. Do in IVI *2
«r
, SSBJ3
AjISUSQ
auepunqv
.fouanbajj
■<DU3nbOJ4
ZYZ
0.3 4.98 0.98 8.08
a
Cassia fistula Rela 33
ZYZ
Chloroxylon swietenia Billudu 33
a
0.3 4.98 0.44 7.54
Ficus hispida Bodda 33 B 0.6 4.25 4.98 65.75 74.98

8.51 4.98 9.32 22.81
a
Cleistanthus collinus Odissi 33 0.6
Cassia auriculata Tangedu 33 B 0.6 8.51 4.98 4.906 18.39
ZYZ
33 0.3 4.98 2.944 10.04
a
Bridella cinerascens Koramenu
4.906 32.76
rs i
7 Wrightia tinctoria Ankudu 100 E 12.76
ZYZ
33 0.3 4.98 0.98 8.08
a
Azardirecta indica Vepa
ZYZ
0.3 4.98 0.49 7.59
a
Morinda citrifolia Thogera 33
ZYZ
10 Casearia elliptica Gimgudu 33 B 0.3 4.98 0.49 7.59
Xylia xylocarpus Konda 100 E 38.29 15. 34.34 87.73

12 Dalbergia latifolia Rose wood 33 B 0.6 4.25 4.98 3.92 13.15
ZYZ LY
13 Bridella retusa \Anem 33 B 0.3 4.98 8.57
ZYZ
14 Lumnitzera recemasa Kodimi 33 B 0.3 4.98 2,94 10.04
4.9 14.13
90
15 Adina cardifolia Bandaru 33 B 4.25 4.98
ZYZ
0.3 4.98 16.19 23.29
a
16 Clerodendrum infortunatum Bokkudu 33
A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100 %

*2 (R.D) Relative density; (RF) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance,
IV H m portant Value Index.
_________________ ______ species at Geddada RF_______________________
s. Name of the Height class -» m
No. Species Girth class
(Vernacular name) 'l' cm
16-18
14-16
10-12
12-14
4— 6
8-10
■ T 00
o N v©
1 Cassia fistula 1-10
10-30 1
(Rela) 30-50
50-70
70-90
2 Chloroxylon 1-10
swietenia 10-30 1
30-50
(Billudu) 50-70
70-90
3 Ficus hispida 1-10
10-30 1
(Bodda) 30-50 1
50-70
70-90
4 1-10
Cleistanthus 10-30 2 1
collinus 30-50 1
50-70
(Odassi) 70-90
5 Cassia auriculata 1-10 1
10-30 1 2
(T.angedn) 30-50
50-70
70-90
6 Bridella 1-10
cinerascens 10-30 1
30-50
(Koramanu) 50-70
70-90
7 Wrightia tinctoria 1-10 1
10-3 2 3
(Ankudu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
8 Azardirecta indica 1-10
10-30 1
(Neem) 30-50
50-70
70-90
9 Morida citrifolia 1-10
10-30 1
(Thogara) 30-50
50-70
70-90
10 Caearia elliptica 1-10
10-30 1
(Ginigudu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
11 Xylia xylocarpus 1-10 1 1
10-30 8 6
(Konda tangedu) 30-50 2
50-70
70-90
12 Dalbergia latifolia 1-10
10-30 1 1
(Rose wood) 30-50
50-70
70-90
13 Bridella retusa 1-10
10-30 1
(Anem) 30-50
50-70
70-90
14 Lumnitzera 1-10
recemosa 10-30 1
30-50
(Kadimi) 50-70
70-90
15 Adina cardifolia 1-10
10-30 2
(Bandaru) 30-50
50-70
70-90
16 Clerodnedrum 1-10
infortunatum 10-30
30-50
(Bokkudu) 50-70 1
70-90
Total=47 8 22 16 1
Table-10: Summary of height wise and girth wise distribution of different
species at Gedhada RF
Girth Height classification (m) Total

classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10- 12-14 14-16
12
1-10 0 2 10 7 0 0 0 0 19
10-30 0 6 12 7 0 0 0 0 25
30-50 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
50-70 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 0 8 22 16 0 1 0 0 47
{Odassi) (4), Cassia auriculata {Tangedu) (4) and Xylia xylocarpus {Konda
Tangedu) (6) recorded highest abundance value. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu)
(12.76, 15.10) and Xylia xylocarpus {Konda Tangedu) (38.29, 15.10) recorded
highest relative density and relative frequency values, respectively. Ficus hispida
(Bodda) (65.75) and Xylia xylocarpus {Konda Tangedu) (34.34) recorded highest
relative dominance value. Xylia xylocarpus {Konda Tangedu) (87.73) and
Cleistanthus collinus {Odassi) (74.98) recorded highest IVI value.
Morinda citrifolia {Thogara) and Clerodendrum infortunatum {Bokkudu)
are the species found in only one quadrate and only in this area only out of the ten
areas indicating these species are endangered species and conservation of these
species is necessary.
In this location the Shannon’s index value of diversity is 3.11. The Simpson’s
Clerodnedrum infortunatum {{Bokkudu) found in highest height class (>10
m) (Table 9). More number of trees i.e. 22 out of 47 found in the height class of 4-
6 m and all the trees are found above 2 m height only. More number of trees found
in the girth class above 10 cm (Table 10).
D. MurariRF
The area is dry deciduous forest type. Topography of the area is plain area.
Sand type is red soil with small boulders. A total of 16 different tree species were
77
Table 11. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Importance
Value Index (I.V.I) at Murar RF
SI, Name of the Species Vernacular
no name
>
o
©
d
06
06
Q
u,a"
iC|ISU3Q
I* ssep
aunpunqy
Aauanbajj
A3iionbo.i.j
660 Z
Atylosia limeata Chinnagi 50 .25 2.5 6.94 5.4 1.654
Polyalthia cerasodes Chiluka
29.21
3
Didduga 100 2.25 2.25 12.5 10.81 5.9
Lannea caromandelica Gumpena 75 D 1.33 5.55 8.1 16.52 30.17
Vitex pinnata Ratangi 50 0.75 1.5 4.16 5.4 6.13 15.69
Mutya a L'Z
Bangaram 25 0.26 1.38 0.05 4.13
LL’Z ZT
Albizia odarotissima Chinduga 50 C 0.5 5.4 3.03
Holarrhena puhescens Pala 75 D 1.5 8.33 8.1 1.15 17.58
Stereospermum Tagada 99*91
personatum ________ 100 E 10.81 14.79 42.26
Zizyphus xylopyrus Gotti 75 D 1.25 1.6 6.94 5.06 20.
10 Milletia auriculata Kondathanged a L’Z
25 0.25 1.38 0.75 4.83
L'Z
.38 14.39 18.47
a
Carissa spinariim Vaka 25 0.25
12 Diospyros sylvatica Gatha 75 D 3.3 13.88 2.5 17.38 39.36
I
13 Acacia suma Sandra 50 C 1.25 2.5 6.94 5.4 2.43 14.77
L'Z
0.75 4.83
a
14 Capsicum annum Mirapa 25 0.25 .38
I
15 Memecylon edule Alii 50 C 0.75 4.16 5.4 .73 .29
91
Sapindus emarginatus Kumkudu 75 D .33 1.3 5.55 8.1 2.51 16.16
A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21 -40%, C =41 -60%, D =61 -80%, E =81-100 %
*2 (R.D) Relative density; (RF) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance
IVI=Important Value Index._______________________________________________
__________________ ______ species at Mnrari RF_________________________
s. Name of the Girth class Height class (m)
No. Species (cm)
(Vernacular name) ------------------►
____________
16-18
12-14
14-16
10-12
4— 6
8-10
7 00■
© V©
i
1 Atylosia limeata 1-10 1 2 2
10-30
(Chinndgii) 30-50
50-70
70-90
2 Polyalthia 1-10 3 3
cerasodes 10-30 2 1
30-50
(Chilaka didduga) 50-70
70-90
3 Lannea 1-10 2
caromandelica 10-30 2
30-50
(Gumpena) 50-70
70-90
4 Vitex pinnata 1-10
10-3 3
(Ratangii) 30-50
50-70
70-90
5 Mutya Bangaram 1-10 1
10-30
30-50
50-70
70-90
6 Albizia 1-10 1
odarotissima 10-30 1
30-50
(Chinduga) 50-70
70-90
7 Holarrhena 1-10 2 2
pubescens 10-30 2
30-50
(Pala) 50-70
70-90
8 Stereospermum 1-10 1
personatum 10-30 1 7 3
(Tagada) 30-50
50-70
70-90
9 Zizyphus xylopyrus 1-1 2.
10-30 2 1
(Gotti) 30-50
50-70
70-90
10 Milletia auriculata 1-10
10-30 1
(Kondathangedu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
11 Carissa spinarum 1-10
10-30
(Vaka) 30-50 1
50-70
70-90
12 Diospyros sylvatica 1-10 2 3
10-30 2 2 1
(Gatha) 30-50
50-70
70-90
13 Acacia suma 1-10 2
10-30 3
(Sandra) 30-50
50-70
70-90
14 Capsicum annum 1-10 1
10-30
(Mirapa) 30-50
50-70
70-90
15 Memecylon edule 1-10 1
10-30 2
(Alii) 30-50
50-70
70-90
16 Sapindus 1-10
emarginatus 10-30 3 1
30-50
(Kumkudu) 50-70
70-90
Total 15 44 13
species at Murari RF
Girth Height classification (m)

classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10- 12-14 14-16 Total
12
1-10 12 13 j 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
10-30 3 31 10 0 0 0 0 0 44
30-50 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
50-70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 15 44 13 0 0 0 0 0 72
observed (Table 11). Polyalthia cerasodes (Chilaka didhuga) (100%) and
Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (100%) are found to be uniformly
distributed over entire area. Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (10) found to be present
in three quadrates but more in number almost equal to the high frequency value
species. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (3.00; 3.0) and Diospyros sylvatica
(Gatha) (2.50; 3.3) are found to be having more density and abundance values
respectively. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (16.66), Diospyros sylvatica
(Gatha) (13.88) and Polyalthia cerasodes (Chilaka didhuga) (12.50) are found to
be having more Relative density value. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada)
(10.81) and Polyalthia cerasodes (Chilaka didhuga) (10.81) are found to be
having more Relative frequency value. Lannea caromandelica (Gumpena)
(16.52) and Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (17.38) are having high Relative
dominance value. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (42.26), Diospyros
sylvatica (Gatha) (39.36) and Lannea caromandelica (Gumpena) (30.17) are
having high IVI value among the other species.
Carissa spinarum (Vaka) and Capsicum annum (Mirapa) are present in
only one quadrate and only single individual present. Both are traditionally useful
plants and increasing the number of such species is needed. Acacia suma (Sandra),
Memecylon edule (AUi), Capsicum annum {Mirapa), Carissa spinarum (Vaka) and
Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) are the species present only in this area
78
among the ten areas of North Coast of A.P, that means these species are going to
be endangered and conservation of such species is necessary.
More number of species found in the height class of 2-4 m and none of the
species found above 6-8 m (Table 12). More number of species found in girth
class of 10-30 cm and none above 50-70 cm (Table 13).
E. Burna RF
The area is Northern tropical dry mixed deciduous forest type and semi
evergreen sub-forest type (Plate 6). The elevation of the area is 300 m high. Soil
type is red soil, soil texture is sandy loam and topsoil erosion is medium. Among
24 tree species recorded at Burna RF, Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) is
uniformly distribution over entire area (100% frequency) followed by Bridella
retusa (Anem) (80%), Cascaria elliptica (Girigudu) (80%) (Table 14). Though
concentrated in some particular area only, Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) (4.8)
recorded higher density value, higher abundance (8) value and higher relative
density (20.8). Bridella retusa (Anem) (1.00) recorded higher relative abundance
value followed by Pterocarpus morsupium (Igisa) (0.82).
Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) (Plate 7) (27.16) belongs to the family
Apocynaceae, recorded highest IYI value followed by Bridella retusa (Anem)
79
Plate 6: A general view of Burna RF
Plate 7: Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) a dominant species at Burna RF

1
'■
Table-14: Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative
SI. Name of the Vernacul
Abundance
Frequency
Frequency
no Species ar name
class *1
R.D*2 RFq*2 R-Dom*2 IVI*2
Density
1 Mallatiis. Sinduram 40 B 0.4 1.00 1.7 4.1 0.03 5.83
phillippensis
2 Bridella retusa A item 80 D 3.4 4.25 14.7 8.3 1.00 24
3 Diospyros Beedi aku 60 C 0.6 1.00 2.6 6.2 0.02 8.8
melanoxylon.
4 Croton lacciferus Siri billa 40 D 1.2 3.00 5.2 4.1 0.15 9.45
5 Terminalia Nall 100 E 3.0 3.00 13.0 10.4 0.73 23.7
tomentosa maddi
6 Pterocarpus Igisa 40 B 1.0 2.50 4.3 4.1 0.82 9.2
morsupium
7 Bombax ceiba Booriga 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.1 2.9
8 Cleistanthus Odassi 40 B 1.0 2.50 4.3 4.1 0.09 8.49
collinus
9 Dalbergia latifolia Rose 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.12 2.92
wood
10 Bauhinia racemosa An 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.03 2.83
11 Wrightia tinctoria Ankudu 60 C 4.8 8.00 20.8 6.2 0.16 27.1
12 Casearia elliptica Girigudu 80 D 1.0 1.25 4.3 8.3 0.07 12.6

13 Atylosia limeata Chinnagii 40 B 0.4 1.00 1.7 4.1 0.40 6.2
14 Terminalia Thant 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.10 2.9
bellirica
15 Garuga pinnata Gamga 60 C 0.6 1.00 2.6 6.2 0.15 8.95
16 Diospyros sylvatica Gatha 40 B 1.8 4.50 7.8 4.1 0.09 11.9
.17 Ciireya arborea Kurribi 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.0 2.8
karra
18 Gumbi 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.0 2.8
karra
19 Emblica Amla 20 A 0.4 2.00 1.7 2.0 0.0 3.7
officianalis
20 Antidesma acidum Pulleru 40 B 0.6 1.50 2.6 4.1 0.0 6.7
21 Dalbergia Pachari 20 A 1.0 1.00 0.8 2.0 0.07 2.87

paniculata
22 Ficus hispida Bodda
20 A 0.6 3.00 2.6 2.0 0.06 4.66
23 Albizia stupulata 40
Gandra B 0.4 1.00 1.7 4.1 0.02 5.82
24 Syzygiumcumini Neredu
20 A 0.4 2.00 1.7 2.0 0.05 3.75
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =4U-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100%
*2 (R.D) Relative density; (RF) Relative Free uency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance
Table-15: The girth class wise and height class wise distribution of different
species at Burna RF
s. Name of the
No Species Girth Height class (m) -»
(Vernacular class(cm)
name)
r*
16-18
14-16
12-14
4— 6
o
fS Tf CO fH 1
1 O
© fS 'O 00 tH
i
1 Mallotus 10-30 1 1
phillippensis 30-50
50-70
(Sinduram) 70-90
90-110
2 Bridell retusa 10-30 1 4 1 4
30-50 1 3 1
(Anem) 50-70
70-90
3 Diospyros 10-30 1 4 1 4
melanoxylon 30-50 1 3 1
50-70
(Beedi aim) 70-90
4 Croton 10-30 2 3
lacciferus 30-50 1
50-70
(Siri Billa) 70-90
5 Terminalia 10-30 1 3
tomentosa 30-50 2 3 1 2
50-70
(Nall maddi) 70-90
6 Pterocarpus 10-30 1 1
morsupium 30-50
50-70 1 1
(Igisa) 70-90 1
7 Cochlospermu 10-30
m religiosum 30-50 1
50-70
(Booriga) 70-90
8 Cleistanthus 10-30 4 2
collinus 30-50
50-70
(Odassi) 70-90
9 Dalbergia 10-30
latifolia 30-50 1
(Rose wood) 50-70
70-90
10 Bauhinia 10-30 1
racemosa 30-50
50-70
(Aari) 70-90
11 Caserea 10-30 1 1 3
elliptica 30-50
50-70
(Girugudu) 70-90
12 Wrightia 10-30 10 4 4
tinctoria 30-50
50-70
(Ankudu) 70-90
13 Atylosia limeata 10-30
30-50
(Chinnagii) 50-70 1 1
70-90
14 Terminalia 10-30
bellirica 30-50 1
50-70
(Thani) 70-90
15 Gantga pinnata 10-30 2
30-50 1
(Ganiga) 50-70
70-90
16 Diospyros 10-30 1 6 1
sylvatica 30-50
50-70
(Gatha) 70-90
17 Careya arborea 10-30 1
30-50
(Kumbi karra) 50-70
70-90
18 Giimpu karra 10-30 1
30-50 1
50-70
70-90
19 Emblica 10-30 2
officianalis 30-50
50-70
(Usiri) 70-90
20 Antidesma 10-30 3
acidum 30-50
(Konda 50-70
pulleru) 70-90
21 Dalbergia 10-30
paniculata 30-50
50-70 1
(Pachari) 70-90
22 Ficus hispida 10-30 2 1
30-50
(Bodda) 50-70
70-90
23 Albizia 10-30 1
stipulate 30-50
50-70
(Gandra) 70-90
24 Syzygium 10-30 1 1
cumini 30-50
50-70
(Neredu) 70-90
Total 7 39 27 25 9 4 4 1 0
species at Burna RF
Height classification (m)

Girth
classification 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 Total
(cm)
10-30 7 39 23 13 1 1 1 0 85
30-50 0 0 3 10 8 3 2 0 26
50-70 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 3
70-90 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 7 39 27 25 9 4 4 1 116
(24.0) belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae and Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla
maddi) (23.7) belongs to the family Combretaceae. Dalbergia paniculdta
(Pachari) (2.8) belongs to the family Fabaceae recorded lowest IYI value.
Bridella retusa (.Anem), Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) and Terminalia tomentosa
(Nalla maddi) are the species distributed over entire area and dominant among all
the other species.
Dalbergia latifolia (Rose wood), Dalbergia paniculata (.Pachari) and
Terminalia bellirica (Thani) are the species found in only one quadrate out of five
quadrates laid in one hectare and only one tree was observed, this shows that these
species are going to be endangered and conservation of these species is necessary.
Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) and Pterocarpus morsupium (Igisa)
are found in highest height class (>10 m). Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) is
found in almost all the highest classes except above 14 m. (Table 15). More
number of trees found in 2-4 m height class (39), followed by 4-6 m height class
(27) and 6-8 m height class (25). Only one tree (Pterocarpus marsupium) was
found in 14-16 m height class. More number of trees found in 10-30 cm girth class
(85), followed by 30-50 cm girth class (24). No trees were found in the girth class
of 90-110 cm (Table 16).
80
F. Baliagam RF
The type of forest is dry deciduous forest and Illrd quality type with 300 m
elevation and North south aspect. Soil type is red soil, soil texture is sandy loam
and top soil erosion is medium. Rock type is Granite. A total of 11 different tree
species were observed (Table 17). 8 species occupied entire area and only three
species i.e. Emblica qfficianalis (Amla), Osyris peltata (Konda tamara) and
Xymenia Americana (Billa) found only in one quadrate with single digit number.
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (12.66) and Cleistanthus collinus (Odassi) (4.33)
found to be7 having more density and abundance value. Diospyros sylvatica
(Gatha) (43.18) and Cleistanthus collinus {Odassi) (14.77) found to have higher
relative density value. Three species namely Emblica qfficianalis {Amla), Osyris
peltata {Konda tamara) and Xymenia Americana {Billa) are having lesser value.
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (23.12) and Pterocarpus marsupium (Yegisa) (15.75)
found to be having more relative dominance value. Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha)
{77.42) and Wrightia tinctoria {Ankudu) (35.61) found to have high IVI value.
. Out of ten plots, Persea macmatha {Nara), Bignonia suberosa {Karaka) and
Osyris peltata {Konda tamara) found only in this plot and these are not present in
any other area. Their number is also very less, so it is necessary to conserve these
species. Economical plant species Diospyros melonoxylon {Tuniki or Beedi leave)
is found in this area.
81
Table 17. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Importance Value
Index (I.V.I) at Baliagam RF
on
Name of the Species Vernacular
s
I*
name
*2
îsnsa
CS
Q
IAI
R.Dom
fa.cr
r SSBp
fouanbajj
aanBpnnqy
ônanbaaj
E l'll
\Azardirachta indica Vepa 100 1.33 1.33 4.54 9.18 24.84
ZVU
Cleistanthus collinus Odassi 100 4.33 4.33 14.77 8.53 34.42
ZX II
Wrightia tinctoria \Ankudu 100 13.63 10.86 35.61
ZVLL
Diospyros sylvatica Gatha 100 12.66 12.66 43.18 23.12
zrn
Bignonia suberosa Karaka 100 1.33 1.33 4.54 3.12 18.78
zrn
\Pterocarpus Yegisa 100 .33 1.33 4.54 15.75 31.41
zrii
marsupium
Diospyros Tuniki 100 3.4 10.67 25.19
zrn
melonoxylon
33 B 0.33 3.67 0.51 5.31
eri
8 Emblica officianalis Amla
Osyris peltata Konda tamara 33 B 0.33 3.67 0.29 5.09

eri
10 Xymenia americana Bill 33 B 0.66 2.27 3.67 15.38 21.32

II
Persea macmatha Nara 100 3.33 3.3 11.36 6.24 28.72
zni
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100 %
IVI=Important Value Index._____________________________________________
___________________ species at Baliagam R.F________________________
s. Name of the Height class (m) -»
(Vernacular name) (cm)
16-18
14-16
12-14
1 0 -1 2
o
N
i
rs T 00
N© 00
1 Azardirachta indica 1-10

10- 3 i
(Vepa) 30-50
50-70
70-90
2 Cleistanthus 1-10 8
collimis t 10-30 5
30-50
(Odassi) 50-70
70-90
3 Wrightia tinctoria 1-10 17
10-30 7
(Anhidu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
4 Diospyros sylvatica 1-10 16
10-30 17
(Gatha) 30-50 2
50-70
70-90
5 Bignonia suberosa 1-10
10-30 4
(Karaka) 30-50
50-70
70-90
6 Pterocarpus 1-10
marsupium 10-30 2
(Yegisa) 30-50 2
50-70
70-90
7 Diospyros 1-10
melonoxylon 10-30 1
30-50 2
(Beedi aku) 50-70

70-90
8 Emblica officianalis 1-10
10-30 1
(Usiri) 30-50
50-70
70-90
9 Osyris peltata 1-10 1
10-30
(Konda tamara) 30-50
50-70
70-90
10 Xymenia Americana 1-10
10-30 2
(Billa ) 30-50
50-70
70-90
11 Persea macmatha 1-10 7
10-30 3
(Nara) 30-50
50-70
70-90
Tota 88 13
species at Baliagam RF

Girth
classification 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 Total
(cm)
1-10 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49
10-30 39 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 46
30-50 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
50-70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0
Total 88 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 101
More number of species found in the height class of 0-2 meters (88) and
none of the species found above four meters (Table 18). More number of species
found in the girth class up to 30 cm (101) and above 30cm (Table 19).
G. Shikargangii RF
The type of the forest is dry deciduous forest. The sample plot is located at
side of the mountain and the area is plain area. The soil in this area is red soil with
large boulders. 14 different species observed (Table 20) and out of these, six
species occupied entire area uniformly and three species present in two quadrates
and five species present only in one quadrate with single digit number. Diospyros
sylvatica {Gatha) (100) found to be uniformly distributed over entire area and 46
individual plants are present in this plot.
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (15.33; 15.33; 42.59; 4.75) and Cleistanthus
collinus {Odassi) (4.66; 4.66; 2.96; 1.44) found to be having high density,
abundance, Relative density and Relative frequency values respectively.
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (40.63) and Buchanania latifolia {Jarumaru) (14.25)
found to be having high Relative dominance value.
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (87.97), Cleistanthus collinus {Odassi) (27.37)
and Bixa orellana {Jafra) (25.81) found to be having high IVI value.
82
20. S p ecies com position, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative D om inance and Importance Value
Index .V.l) at Shikargangii RF
SI. no Name of the Species Vernacular
name
&
o
Q
ft
I* SSBp
£>isu3Q
Aouanbajj
^Duanbaj^
aauBpnnqy
1 Diospyrios sylvatica Gatha 100 15.33 15.33 15.33 42.59 4.75 40.63 87.97
ro
Arum esculentum Chema 33.33 0.33 0.33 .0.92 0.42 1.44
£01
Bixa orellana Jafra 100 3.33 3.33 3.33 9.25 15.53 25.81
WL ZL'Ll
\Balsamodendron Kondragi 100 3.33 3.33 3.33 9.25 1.03
caudatum 81*01 10*91
Diospyrios ferrea Pisini 100 3.66 3.66 3.66 1.13 4.7
Cleistanthus collinus Odassi 100 4.66 4.66 4.66 12.96 .44 12.97 27.37
990 V0
Buchanania latifolia Jarumaru 9999 0.66 1.85 14.25 16.3
ro zvo
0.92
W\
8 Aervajavanica \Pindichettu 33.33 0.33 0.33
991
Ochna obtusa Thummi 100 1.66 .66 4.62 0.51 4.25 9.38
99*99 990
10 Pongamia pinnata Kanuga 0.66 1.85 0.2 0.63 2.68
9999 990 990 Z‘0
11 Zizyphus jujuba Konda regu 1.85 2.34 4.39
990 990
12 Wrightia tinctoria \Ankudu 33.33 1.85 0.2 3.19
16*1
5.24
260
13 Lannea caromandelica Gumpena 33.33 0.33 0.33 0.1 2.93
ro
14 Sapindus trifoliatus Ritta kaya 33.33 0.33 0.33 0.92 1.91 2.93
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100%

rVI=Important Value Index.__________________________________ __________
Table-21: The girth-class wise and height-class wise distribution of different species
_____________ at Shikargangii RF.___________________________
s. Name of the Height class -> (m)
(Vernacular
name) (cm)
14-16
12-14
16-18
10-12
o
4— 6
00I •T-i
1
o vo 00
1
1 Diospyros sylvatica 1-10 45 i
10-30
(Gatha) 30-50
50-70
70-90
2 Arum esculentum 1-10 1
10-30
(Chema) 30-50
50-70
70-90
3 Bixa orellana 1-10 8
10-30 2
(Jafra) 30-50
50-70
70-90
4 Balsamodendron 1-10 9
caudatum 10-30 i
30-50
(Kondragii) 50-70
70-90
5 1-10 11
Diospyros ferrea 10-30
30-50
(Pisini) 50-70
70-90
collinus 10-30
30-50
(Odassi) 50-70
70-90
7 Buchanania 1-10
latifolia 10-30 2
30-50
(Jarumaru) 50-70
70-90
8 Aerva javanica 1-10 1

10-30
(Pindi chettu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
9 Ochna obtuse 1-10 5
10-30
(Thummi) 30-50
50-70
70-90
10 Pongamia pinnata 1-10 2
10-30
(Kanuga) 30-50
50-70
70-90
11 Zizyphus jujube 1-10 2
10-30
(Konda regu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
12 Writhtia tinctoria 1-10 2
10-30
(Ankudu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
13 Lannea 1-10
30-50 •
(Gumpena) 50-70
70-90
14 Sapindus trifoliatus 1-10
10-30 1
(Pitta kayo) 30-50
50-70
70-90
Total=108 105 3
Table-22: Summary of height wise and girth wise distribution of different
species at Shikargangii RF

Girth
classification
(cm) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 Total
1-10 100 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 101

10-30 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
30-50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
50-70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 105 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 108
Out of the ten plots laid the species Arum esculentum (Chema),
Balsamodendron caudatum (Kondragi), Buchanania latifolia (Jarumaru),
Sapindus trifoliatus (Ritta Kaya), Pongamia pinnata (Kanuga) and Zizyphus
jujube (Konda regu) were found only in one this plot and these are not found in
any other plots further the number of these plants are very, less and hence
conservation of the species is necessary.
In this location the Shannon’s index value of diversity is 2.69. The
simpson’s index value of species dominance is 0.229 and the Menhinick’s index
value of species richness is 1.347.
More number of individuals found in the height class of 0-2 meters (105)
and none of plants found above the height of 4 meters (Table 21). More number
of individuals found in the girth class of 0-10 cm (101). None of the plants showed
girth more than 30 cm. More number of regeneration plant recruits found in this
area (Table 22).
H. Korra RF
The type of the forest is moist deciduous forest. The topography of the area is
mountainous. The soil in this area is red soil with small boulders and top soil
erosion is medium. 20 different species were observed (Table 23) and among them
Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (100) found to be uniformly distributed over entire
area. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) found in three quadrates. Pterocarpus
marsupium (Yegisa) (2.25), Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (2.25) and Wrightia
83
Table 23. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Importance
Value Index (I.V.I) at Korra RF _____ __________ __________________________
SI. Name of the Species Vernacular
no name IAI
Q
ftj
R.Dom
er
I* SSBP
touanbaaq
ôuanbajf j
onBpunqy
îsnact
SZ’Z
1 Pterocarpus marsupium Yegisa 50 4.5 15.25 1.2 0.51 16.96
Pterocarpus canescens Thada 50 1.5 10.16 0.8 0.2 11.16
Diospyros sylvatica Gatha 100 E 2.25 2.25 15.25 1.2 1.41 17.86
LL'9
Bauhinia vahlii \Addaku 50 0.53 21.21 28.51
Wrightia tinctoria \Ankudu 75 D 1.75 2.33 11.86 0.93 3.87 16.66
\Lannea caromandelica Gumpena 50 0.5 3.38 0.26 3.41 7.05
Careya arborea \Kumbhi 50 0.5 3.38 0.26 54.05 57.69
ero ro
Diospyros montana Erra Gatha 25 B 0.25 1.69 1.92
691 ero LL'Z
Ficus hispida____ Bodda 25 B 0.25 4.59
691 ero ro
25 0.25 1.92
a
10 Bauhinia recemosa Ari
11 Casearia elliptica Girigudu 25 B 0.5 3.38 0.26 0.38 4.02
ero
I
25 0.25 1.69 3.26 5.08
a
12 Bombax ceiba Booruga 691 ero
13 Ficus aspemima L
Karaka boddu 25 0.25 0.97 2.79
14 \Bixa orenella Jafra 25 B 6.77 0.53 0.74 8.04
691
15 Bignonia suberosa Koraka 25 B 0.25 0.13 2.08 3.9
0.75 5.08 0.4 0.07 5.55
a
16 Cynanchum reticulatum Mukku 25
thummudu
17 Pterospermum canescens Lolugu 25 B 0.25 .69 0.13 0.01 1.83
18 Bridella cinerascens \Koramanu 25 B 0.25 1.69 0.13 0.07 1.89

19 Rottlera arenella Kumkuma 25 B 0.5 3.38 0.26 0.08 3.72
ero
20 Clerodendrum Busi 25 B 0.25 .69 3.95 5.77
infortunatum
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100 %______________________________
*2 (R.D) Relative density; (RF) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance, IVM mportant Value Index.
________________ _______ species at Korra RF_________________________
s. Name of the Height class (m) -»
(Vernacular (cm)
name)
12-14
14-16
16-18
10-12
4— 6
8-10
i 00■
o N VO
1 Pterocarpus 1-10 9
marsupium 10-30
30-50
(Yegisa) 50-70
70-90
2 Pterocarpus 1-10 6
canescens 10-30
30-50
(Thada) 50-70
70-90
3 Diospyros 1-10 4
sylvatica 10-30 4 l
30-50
(Gatha) 50-70
70-90
4 1-10
Bauhinia vahlii 10-30 2
30-50
(Addaku) 50-70 2
70-90
5 Wrightia 1-10 5
tinctoria 10-30 2
30-50'
(Ankudu) 50-70
70-90
6 Lannea 1-10
30-50
(Gumpena) 50-70
70-90
7 Careya arborea 1-10 2
10-30
(Kumbhi) 30-50
50-70
70-90
8 Diospyros 1-10 1
montana 10-30
30-50
(Erra Gatha) 50-70
70-90
10-30
(Bodda) 30-50 1
50-70
70-90
10 Bauhinia 1-10 1
recemosa 10-
30-50
(Art) 50-70
70-90
11 Casearia 1-10
elliptica 10-30 2
30-50
(Girugudu) 50-70
70-90
12 Bombax ceiba 1-10
10-30
(Booruga) 30-50 1
50-70
70-90
13 Ficus aspemima 1-10
10-30 1
(Karaka boddu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
14 Bixa orenella■ 1-10 2
10-30 2
(Jafra) 30-50
50-70
70-90
15 Bignonia 1-10
suberosa 10-30
30-50 1
(Karaka) 50-70
70-90
16 Cynanchum 1-10 3
reticulatum 10-30
30-50
(Mukku tumudu) 50-70
70-90
17 Pterospermum 1-10 1
canescens 10-30
30-50
(Lolugu) 50-70
70-90
18 Bridella 1-10 1
cinerascens 10-30
30-50
(Koramanu) 50-70
70-90
19 Rottlera arenella 1-10 2
10-30
(Kumkiima) 30-50
50-70
70-90
20 Clerodendmm 1-10
infortunatum 10-30
30-50 1
(Busi) 50-70
70-90
Total= 59 44 11 4
species at Korra RF

classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8- 10 - 12-14 14 - 16 - Total
10 12 16 18
1-10 35 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35
10-30 9 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
30-50 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
50-70 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Total 44 11 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 59
tinctoria {Ankudu) (1.75) recorded high density value. Pterocarpus marsupium
{Yegisa) (4.5), Pterocarpus canescens (Thada) (3) and Wrightia tinctoria
(Ankudu) (2.33) recorded high abundance value.
Pterocarpus marsupium {Yegisa), Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (15.25; 1.20)
and Wrightia tinctoria {Ankudu) (11.86; 0.93) recorded high relative density and
relative frequency values respectively. Careya arborea {Kumbhi) (54.05),
Bauhinia vahlii {Addaku) (21.21) and Clerodendrum infortunatum {Bust) (3.95)
recorded high relative dominance value.
Careya arborea {Kumbhi) (57.69), Bauhinia vahlii {Addaku) (28.51) and
Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (17.86) are having high Importance index value (IVT)
among the other species.
Bixa orenella {Jafra) a dye yielding plant and Bauhinia vahlii {Addaku)
economically important plants are present in this plot. Also secondary timber
species are also present in this area.
In this location the Shannon’s index value of diversity is 4.461. The
Simpson’s index value of species dominance is 0.08 and the Menhinick’s index
value of species richness is 2.6.
More number of species (35) found in the girth class of 1-10 cm and height
class of 0-2 m ((Table 24). Above 6m height and 70 cm girth no species are found.
0-2m 44 species and 2-4 mil and 4-6m 4 species are found (Table 25).
84
I. Maribanda RF
The type of forest is dry deciduous forest. The area is plain area. The soil type
is sandy loam with very small boulders. 16 different species were observed at
Maribanda RF (Table 26). Among them Zizyphus xylopyrns (Gotti), Diospyros
sylvatica (Gatha), Hoarrenna pubescens (Paid), Pavetta indica (Papidi),
Mimosaps elengi (Pagada), Ximenia americana (Billa), Diospyros ferrea (Pisini),
and Albizia chinansis (Nalla remu) (100 %) (8.33) recorded high frequency and
relative frequency values and are also found to be uniformly distributed over entire
area. Ximenia americana (Billa) (10.6; 10.6; 33.68), Pavetta indica (Papidi) (4.0;
4.0; 12.63) and Albizia chinansis (Nalla remu) (3.6; 3.6; 11.57) recorded high
density, abundance and high relative density values respectively.
Ximenia americana (Billa) (35.56; 77.57), Zizyphus xylopyrus (Gotti) (17.78;
30.32) and Albizia chinansis (Nalla remu) (8.83; 28.73) recorded high relative
dominance and IVI values respectively.
Out of the total plants recorded in this area, 32 plants are Ximenia americana
(Billa), 12 plants are Pavetta indica (Papidi) and 10 plants are Pavetta tomentosa
(Telia papidi). In this area most of the species area uniformly distributed over the
entire area.
In this location the Shannon’s index value of diversity is 3.03. The Simpson’s
85
Table 26. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and Importance Value
Index (I.V.I) at Marribanda RF ___________
SI. no Name of the Species Vernacular name
Q
d.
R.Dom 1VI■*2
^|SU3Q
l* SSBp
ifonanbajj
Amanbaj j
aaucpunqv
1 Zizyphus xylopyrus Gotti 100 1.3 1.3 4.21 8.33 17.78 30.32
001 9*1 9*1
Diospyros sylvatica Gatha E 5.26 8.33 1.77 15.36
YZ
Atlantia monophylla Karinimma 66.6 D 0.6 5.55 3.29 10.94
Hoarrenna pubescens Pala 100 1.3 1.3 4.21 8.33 4.7 17.24
I
Pavetta indica Papidi_____ 100 E 12.63 8.33 6.06 27.02
Pavetta tomentosa Telia papidi 100 3.3 3.3 10.52 8.33 8.31 27.16
9*0 YZ
Mimosaps elengi Pagada 66.6 D 5.55 .35 9
9*01 9*01
8 \Ximenia americana Billa 100 33.68 8.33 35.56 77.57
90 YZ
9 Diospyrosferrea Pisini 66.6 D 5.55 7.32 14.97
10 Albizia chinansis Nallaremu 100 3.6 3.6 11.57 8.33 8.83 28.73
11 Velaga xylocarpa Nulika 66.6 D 1.3 4.21 5.55 0.83 10.59
90 YZ 16’L
12 Muraya paniculata Golumu 66.6 D 5.55 0.26
YZ YZ
j
90
13 Sterospermum Thogara 66.6 D 5.55 10.05
\personatum LL'Z
14 Ixora parviflora Putta pala 33.3 B 0.3 .05 0.78 4.6
a eo LL'Z
15 Aervajavanica pinddi chettu 33.3 1.05 0.31 4.13
LL'Z
16 Wrightia tinctoria Ankudu 33.3 B 0.3 1.05 1.98 5.8
3 ‘%08- % 001-18=
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =6
IVI=Important Value Index._____________________________________________
___________________ species at Marribanda RF______________________
s. Name of the Girth class Height class(m) —»
No. Species (cm)
(Vernacular name)
16-18
10-12
12-14
14-16
i
4— 6
8-10
00i
o c*
1 Zizyphus 1-10
xyloapyrus 10-30 2
30-50 1
(Gotti) 50-70 1
70-90
2 Diospyros sylvatica 1-10 3
10-30 1 1
(Gatha) 30-50
50-70
70-90
3 Atlantia 1-10
monophylla 10-30 2
30-50
(Kamimma) 50-70
70-90
4 Holarrenna 1-10
pubescens 10-30 1 1 2 >
30-50
(Pala) 50-70
70-90
5 1-10 5 1
Pavetta indica 10-30 1 3 2
30-50
(Papidi) 50-70
70-90
6 Pavetta tomentosa 1-10 1
10-30 9
(Telia papidi) 30-50
50-70
70-90
7 Mimosaps elengi 1-10
10-30 2
(Pagada) 30-50
50-70
70-90
8 Ximenia americana 1-10 4 4
10-30 3 10 9
(Billa) 30-50 2
50-70
70-90
9 Diospyros ferrea 1-10 2
10-30
(Pisini) 30-50
50-70
70-90
10 Albizia chinansis 1-10 5
10-30 1 5
(Nalla remu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
11 Velaga xylocarpa 1-10 2 2
10-30
(Nulika) 30-50
50-70
70-90
12 Muraya paniculata 1-10 2
10-30
(Golumu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
13 Sterospermum 1-10
personatum 10-30 2
30-50
(Thogara) 50-70
70-90
14 Ixora parviflora 1-10
10-30 1
(Putta pala) 30-50
50-70
70-90
15 Aerva javanica 1-10 1
10-30
(Pindiga konda) 30-50
50-70
70-90
16 Wrightia tinctoria 1-10
10-30 1
(Ankudu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
Total=95 31 39 25
species at Marribanda RF

Girth
classification
(cm) 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 Total
1-10 25 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 32
10-30 6 31 22 0 0 0 0 0 59
30-50 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 4
50-70 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
70-90 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 31 39 25 0 0 0 0 0 95
More number of species (59) found in the girth class of 10-30 cm and height
class of 2-4 m (Table 27). Above 6m height and 70 cm girth no species are found.
0-2m 31 species and 2-4 m 39 and 4-6m 25 species are found (Table 28).
J. Darakonda RF
The type of forest is moist deciduous forest. The area is mountainous area.
The soil type is red soil mixed with large boulders. The top soil erosion is more.
The area is high rain fall region. 26 different species were observed (Table 29).
Bridella retusa (Anem).and Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla Maddi) (100%) found to
be uniformly distributed over the entire area. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) (6.5;
8.6; 21.84) and Bridella retusa (Anem) (4.5; 4.5; 15.12) recorded high density,
abundance value and relative density values respectively. Terminalia tomentosa
(Nalla maddi) and Bridella retusa (Anem) (8.88) recorded high relative frequency
value. Pterocarpus marsupium (Igisa) (15.09) and Bridella retusa (Anem) (14.19)
recorded high relative abundance value. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu) (38.31),
Bridella retusa (Anem) (38.19) and Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) (28.81)
recorded high IVI value.
Out of the total plants recorded in this area, 26 plants are Wrightia tinctoria
(Ankudu), 18 plants are Bridella retusa (Anem).
86
Table 29. Species composition, Relative Density, Relative Frequency, Relative Dominance and importance
Value Index (I.V.I) at Darakonda RF __________________________
SI. no Nam e of the Species V ernacular
nam e
iCqsuag
I* ss®p
£
Q
Pi
R.Dom *2
u*
rvi
Xonanbojj
Xauanbajjj
aauBpnnqy
WL
Mallotus phillippensis Sinduram 50 0.75 1.5 2.52 4.44 0.48
1 ZVSl
Bridella retusa Anem 100 4.5 4.5 8.88 14.19 38.19
LY9
Diospyros melanoxylon Beedi Aku 50 0.5 1.68 4.44 0.35
Croton lacciferus Shi billa . 50 1.5 5.04 4.44 4.17 13.65
Terminalia tomentosa Nallamaddi 100 E 6.72 8.88 13.21 28.81
60-SI
Pterocarpus marsupium Igisa 50 1.5 5.04 4.44 24.57
Bombax ceiba Booriga 25 B 0.25 0.84 2.22 2.71 5.77
8 Cleistanthus collinus Odassi 25 B 1.5 5.04 2.22 3.23 9.97
Dalbergia latifolia Rose Wood 25 B 0.25 0.84 2.22 3.5 6.56
10 Bauhinia recemosa Ari 25 B 0.25 0.84 2.22 4.16
n
11 Caseria elliptica Girugudu 75 D 1.25 1.66 4.2 6.66 0.28 11.14
9*8
12 Wrightia tinctoria Ankudu 75 D 6.5 21.84 6.66 9.81 38.31
IV
13 Atylosia limeata _______ Chinnagi 50 0.5 1.68 4.44 17.24
14 Dendrocalamus strictus Veduru 50 0.75 1.5 2.52 4.44 0.33 7.29
ZZ'Z
15 Terminalia bellirica Thani 25 B 0.25 0.84 6.06
16 Garuga pinnata Garuga 75 D 0.75 2.52 6.66 2.83 12.01
17 Diospyros sylvatica Gatha 50 6.72 4.44 2.44 13.6
ZZ'Z
18 Lannea caromandelica Gumpena 25 B 3.36 2.92 8.5
61 ZZ'Z
Emblica officianalis Amala 25 B 0.5 1.68 0.18 4.08
9
20 \Antidesma acidium Pulleru 25 3.36 2.22 6.79
in
21 Dalbergia paniculata Pechari 25 B 0.5 .68 2.22 2.33 6.23
6Y 9
22 Ficus hispida _______ Bodda 25 B 0.75 2.52 2.22 1.75
9
23 Bahunia valli Addaku 25 0.25 0.84 2.22 0.27 3.33
ZZ'Z
24 Albizia stipulata______ Gandra 25 B 0.25 0.84 0.79 3.85
25 Loranthus phillipensis Bonnika 25 B 0.25 0.84 2.22 0.22 3.28
26 Cinchona orixensis Pothalk 25 B 0.84 2.22 3.06
________
"1 A : 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100% _____________________________
*2 (R.D) Relative density; (RF) Relative Frequency; (R.Dom) Relative Dominance. IVI=Important Value Index.
species at Darakonda RF
s.
Name of the Girth class Height class (m) —»
No. Species (cm) ^

(Vernacular
name)
12-14
14-16
r* 00
4— 6
8-10
tH
ni T 00
© SO
n o
1 Mallotus 1-10 1
phillippensis 10-30 2
30-50
(Sinduram) 50-70
70-90
2
Bridella retiisa 1-10 2
10-30 i 4 1 4
(Anem) 30-50 1 3 1
50-70 1
70-90
3 Diospyros 1-10 i
melanoxylon 10-3 i
1
30-50
(Beedi Aku) 50-70
70-90
4 1-10
Croton 10-30 3 2
lacciferus 30-50 1
50-70
(Siri billa) 70-90
5 Terminalia 1-10 1
tomentosa ' 10-30 1 1
30-50 3 2
(Nallamaddi) 50-70
70-90
6
Pterocarpus 1-10
marsupium 10-30 2
1
30-50
(Igisa) 50-70 1 1
70-90 1
7 Bombax ceiba 1-10
10-30
(Booriga) 30-50 1
50-70
70-90
collinus 10-30 3 2
30-50
(odassi) 50-70
70-90
9 Dalbergia 1-10
latifolia 10-30
30-50 1
(Rose wood) l
50-70
70-90
10 Bauhinia 1-10
recemosa 10-30 1
30-50
(Ari) 50-70
70-90
11 Caseria elliptica 1-10 1
10-30 1 3
(Girugiidu) 30-50
50-70
70-90
12 Wrightia' 1-10 5 2 1
tinctoria 10-30 10 5 3
30-50
(Ankudu) 50-70
70-90
13 Atylosia limeata 1-10
10-30
(Chinnangii) 30-50
50-70 1 1
70-90
14 Dendrocalamus 1-10 1
strictus 10-30 1 1
30-50
(Veduni) 50-70
70-90
15 Terminalia 1-10
bellirica 10-30
30-50 1
(Thani) 50-70
70-90 -
16 Garuga pinnata 1-10
10-30 2
(Garuga) 30-50 1
50-70 |
70-90
17 Diospyros 1-10 2 2
sylvatica 10-30 3 1
30-50
(Gatha) 50-70
70-90
18 Lannea 1-10
I
30-50 1
(Gumpena) 50-70
70-90
19 Emblica 1-10
officianalis 10-30 2
30-50
(Amla) 50-70
70-90
20 Antidesma 1-10
acidium 10-30 4
30-50
(Pulleru) 50-70
70-90
21 Dalbergia 1-10
paniculata 10-30 1
30-50 1
(Pachari) 50-70
70-90
10-30 2 1
(Bodda) 30-50
50-70
70-90
23 Bahunia valli 1-10
10-30 1
(Addaku) 30-50
50-70
70-90
24 Albizia stipulate 1-10
10-30 1
(Gandra) 30-50
50-70
70-90
25 Loranthus 1-10
phillipensis 10-30 1
30-50
(Bannika) 50-70
70-90
26 Cinchona 1-10 1
orixensis 10-30
30-50
(Pothalk) 50-70
70-90
Total= 119 15 46 27 18 8 2 1 1 1
species at Darakonda RF

classification
(cm)
0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 Total
1-10 13 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 23
10-30 2 38 22 9 2 0 0 0 0 73
30-50 0 0 2 8 6 1 0 0 0 17
50-70 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 5
70-90 . .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
90-110 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 15 46 27 18 8 2 1 1 1 119
0-2 m height class 15 plants, 2-4 m 46 plants and 27 in 4-6 m, 18 in 6-8 m, 8
in 8-10 m and the rest one plant each in 10-16 m respectively (Table 30) 1-10 cm
girth class 23 plants, 10-30 cm 73 plants and 17 in 30-50 cm, 5 in 50-70 cm and 1
in 70-90 cm . No plant observed in girth class of 90-110 cm (Table 31).
4.2. Species composition in all the ten reserve forest areas.
Altogether, 84 different species were observed in these ten reserve forest areas
(Table 32). The species Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) is having more number of
individual plants (141) and is uniformly distributed. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu),
Casearia elliptica {Girugudu), Bridella retusa (Anem), Diospyros sylvatica
{Gatha), Bignonia suberosa (Karaku), Atylosia limeata {Chinnagii), Polyalthia
cerasodes (Chilaka didduga), Holarrhena pubescens {Paid), Stereospermum
personatum (Tagada), Zizyphus xylopyrus {Gotti), Bixa orellana {Jafra),
Diospyrios ferrea {Pisini), Terminalia tomentosa {Nalla maddi) and Terminalia
bellirica {Thani) recorded high frequency value (100 %) and uniformly
distributed. Cassia siamea {Sima tangedu) (24), Xylia xylocarpus {Konda tangedu)
(20), Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (17.62), Pterocarpus marsupium {Yegisa)
(12.5), Pavetta indica {Papidi), Stereospermum personatum {Tagada) (12),
Xymenia Americana {Billa) (11.3), Wrightia tinctoria {Ankudu) (11.14) and
Albizia chinansis {Nalla remu) (11) recorded high density values. Diospyros
sylvatica {Gatha) (35.25), Cassia siamea {Sima tangedu) (24), Wrightia tinctoria
87
Table 32: Species composition at 10 selected RF areas of North coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh
Quadrates laid Total no Total no of| Total No of

down
3 4 quadrates plots the
12 of
SI. Vernacular
Name of the Species in which species
no Name
individu
species occoured out
aaucpunqy
X* ssbjo ôuanbajj
Ajsuaa
Xouonbaj j
al species occoured of ten plots
1 Cassia fistula Rela 50
Chloroxylon swietenia Billudu
10 21 75 D
Ficus hispida Bodda 50 2.25 4.5
Cleistanthus collinus Odassi ,IZ
11 10 42 4 75 D 10.5 14
0
Cassia auriculata Tangedu 75 D 3.5 2.333
0
Bridella cinerascens Koramenu 50
Wrightia tinctoria \Ankudu 14 16 26 22 78 100 E 11.143 19.5
8 \Azardirecta indica Vepa 75 D 2.5 1.667
Morinda citrifolia Thogara 50 1.5
100 6.5 3.25
a
10 Casearia elliptica Girugudu 13
11 Xylia xylocarpus Konda
Tangedu 20 75 D 20 6.667
12 Dalbergia latifolia Rose Wood 75 D 1.6667 1.667
18 100 4.5
a
13 iBridella retusa \Anem
14 \Lumnitzera recemasa LKadimi 0 0
25 B
0
15 Adina cardifolia Bandaru 0 25 B
16 Clerodendrum Bokkudu
infortunatum 25 B
17 Persea macmatha Nara 10 75 D 10 3.333
1—^
o
00
IT)
rH
o
CM
cn
ON
Diospyros sylvatica Gotha 141 100 17.625 35.25
W w
00 ON
rH
CM
rH
rH
rH
rH
Bignonia suberosa Karuku 100 1.25
20 Pterocarpus marsupium Yegisa
cm
o
m
cn
00
t-H
25 75 12.5 8.333
<N
rH
Diospyros melonoxylon Tuniki
cn
cn
75 2.6667 2.667
Q Q
cn
o o
<N in
cn
oo t—<
o
rH
22 Emblica offlcianalis Amla 75 13.3333 3.333
23 Osyris peltata Konda
03
rH
rH
rH
o
o
tH
rH
Tamara 25
o o
cn
rH
rH
24 Xymenia americana Billa 34 75 11.333 11.33
Q W
CO
NO
so
00
<N
MS OS
s
.s
100 4.5
1
25 Atylosia limeata
26 Polyalthia cerasodes Chiluka
ON
CM
cn
os
rH
didduga 100 2.25
27 Lannea caromandelica Gumpena
o
NO
ro
rH
cm
NO
10 75 2.6667 5.333
CM
00
CM
CM
o o
m
rH
CM
H
1.333
£
C
53
•|**»
K
S
Ratangii 75
Q,
29 M utya
CQ
rH
rH
O
H
Bangaram 25
CM
<N
CM
CM
©
o
m
o o
rH
Albizia odarotissima Chinduga 50
co co
Holarrhena pubescens Pala
M-
in
in
Ul
00
rH
(N
NO
NO
100
32 Stereospermum Tagada
CO
Ul
tH
<3-
in
m
rH
Zl
personatum 100
n
LU
M**
»n
CM
rH
m
CM
CO
33 Zizyphus xylopyrus Gotti 100 2.25
rH
CO
rH
rH
rH
rH
34 Carissa spinarum Vaka 25
CM
<n
u
in
fH
CM
in
rH
o o
35 Acacia suma Sandra 50
rH
rH
CQ
rH
rH
rH
co ro o o o
o
rH
36 Capsicum annum \
Mira pa 25
in
u
co
*5
rH
co
o
CM
x>
ro
rH
CM
o o
Memecylon edule 50
38 Sapindus emarginatus Kumkudu
Q
ro
ro
rH
o
m
CO
75 2.3333 2.333
P'
rH
CQ
rH
rH
rH
rH
O
O
39 Arum esculentum Chema 25

< r-
*n
cn
Ui
CM
©
m
CM
o ro
Bixa orellana Jafra 14 100
Balsamodendron Kondragii
3 .3 3 3
o
o
O'
75
m
rH
rH
LO
01
caudatum
3 .2 5
wo
VO
UJ
100
LO
r\i
rH
m
ro
LO
4 2 Diospyrios ferrea Pisini
CM
9
50
CM
CM
rH
rH
cq
R
a
a
U
rH
.3
*R
R
a
c
.<3
Jarumaru
«■—«
U
50
o o
cm
fM
rsl
rH
rH
Aerva javanica Pindichettu
cm
CO
a
45 75
CM
m
CM
LO
fM
(M
Ochna obtusa Tummi
r““*
CM
46
CM
rH
50
rH
fM
rH
Pongamia pinnata Kanuga
CM
u
47 50
CM
rH
o
CM
rH
rH
Zizyphus jujuba Kondaregu rH
CO
48
rH
25
rH
o o o o o o o o
rH
rH
o
Sapindus trifoliatus R / t t a kaya
2 .3 3 3
CO
wo
Q
49
ro
CM
fM
75
o o
rt
rH
Atlantia monophylla Karnimma
12
•<r
Q
50
rH
CO
12 75
CM
LO
Rfr
Pavetta indica Papidi
WO
l-H
wo
CM
rH
50
LO
rH
LO
O
Pavetta tomentosa Telia papidi
CM
wo
CM
rH
50
CM
CM
rH
o o
rH
£
S
§
c
•■■"•a
Pagada
3 .6 6 7
Q
WO
CO
rH
75
o o o o
CO
11
LO
fM
Albizia chinansis Nalla re mu
CM
M*
rH
50
3
CM
CM
CM
O
0
<3
a
Nulika
1 1
&
CM
rH
50
WO
WO
CM
CM
rH
rH
O
0
•*«*
a
-8
a
c
Golumu
1 1&
R.
1 .3 3 3
M"
rH
LO
VO
75
CM
M*
ro
rH
rH
o
Ixora parviflora P o t t o pala
WO
Mallatus. phillippemis Sinduram
wo
WO
OS
CM
CO
CM
LO
CM LO
u
cm’ LO
CM
CM fM
50
o o
CM
12
wo
10
oo
Croton lacciferus Siri billa
00
oo
UJ
XT
Rt
100
cn
<3-
59 Terminalia tomentosa Nalla maddi 10 34
u
CM
00
CM
50
CM
rH
o
Bombax ceiba Booriga
u
wo WO wo
wo wo wo
tr-H
fM
50
CM
rH
o o
o
CM
CO
“C
VO VO
rH
Bauhinia racemosa
62 Dendrocalamus stirctus Veduru
CO
wo
rH
OS
rH
CM
rH
fM
o
o
CO
...*<
1 .3 3 3 3
III
co
««*•
100
rH
rH
rH
rH
CO
Terminalia bellirica Thani
a
CM
75
CM
CM
CM
CO
VO
VO vo
Garuga pinnata Garuga
<N CO
u
CO CO
wo
WO
CM
50
C*
CM
o
CM
LO
o o
wo
vo
Antidesma acidum Pulleru
99
Dalbergia paniculata Pachari
wo
OS
CM
ro
LO
o
CT»
M-* CM
CO CM
50
CM
CM
CM
CM
Albizia stupulata Gandra
rH
CO
25
rH
rH
VD vo
O
rH
rH
r- OO
Loranthus phillipensis Banika
CQ
rH
25
rH
rH
o o o o
o o o
O
rH
69
Cinchona orixensis Pothalk
70 Pterocarpus canescens Thada
wo
Q
co
O
rl
CM
CO
CO
tn.
2.333
<N
t**-
i-H
O
rH
O
(N
CM
rs
Bauhinia vahlii Addaku 50
<o
rM
CO
rH
CO
rH
rH
72 Careya arborea Kumbi 75
CD
O
H
O
H
rH
H
73 Diospyros montana Erra gatha 25
1A Ficus aspemima Karaka boddu
CD
rH
rH
H
O
o
O
rH
25
75 Cynanchum reticulatum Mukku CO
CD
CO
rH
H
o
o
CO
o
CO
thummudu 25
76 Pterospermum Lolugu WO
<N
OS
CM
CO
CM
H
canescens <N
1.5
<N
CQ
rH
o o
CM
fN
o
o o
77 Rottlera arenella Kumkuma 25
78 Clerodendrum Busi
V—H
T-H
rH
CD
tH
rH
rH
o
o
infortunatum 25
1—4
rvi
CM
<N
o o
o
rH
rH
79 Acacia leucophloea Thumma 50
80 Cassia simea Sima thagedu
CD
rH
rH
o
24 24 25 24 24
CO
CO
CD
00
rH
rH
o o
o o
CO
CO
o
K
£
Teak 25
82 Semecarpus Nalla jeedi
CO
rH
rH
anacardium 25
CN
co
(N
rH H
rH rH
CM
o o
CM
83 Syzygium cumini Neredu 25
r-H
CO
rH
rH
o
o o o
rH
rH
o o
84 Bignonia chelonoides Isuka Rasi 25
Total 271 202 249 108 830
*1 A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100%
(Ankudu) (19.5), Cleistanthus collinus (Odassi) (14) and Xymenia americana
(Billa) (11.33) recorded high abundance values among all the other species.
Out of ten areas, the species Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) present in eight
areas, Lanea caromandelica {Gumpend) in six areas, Atylosia limeata (Chinnagii)
in five areas. Out of 84 different species present 42 number of species present in
only one area out of the ten areas studied. The species like Cassia siamea
(Sima thangedu) (24) and Xylia xylocarpus (Konda tangedu) (20) are observed
more in number but present only in one area.
Over the ten areas studied, more number of trees found in 0-2 m height class
(314) followed by 2-4 m (240), 4-6 m (165) and 6-8 m (72). Only three trees found
in height class of 12-18 m (Table 33). More number of trees found in Downoor
RF (119) followed by Buma RF (114), Shikargangii RF (108) and Maribarida RF
(95). Only 47 trees found in Gedhada RF. More number of trees found in 10-30
cm girth class (446) followed by 1-10 cm (274) and 30-50 cm (87). Five trees
found in girth class of 70-110 cm (Table 34).
Total number of individual varieties of species are more at Darakonda RF
(26) and Buma RF (24), Korra RF (20) and very less number of species found at
Baliagam RF (11). Shannon-Wiener index (H) of species diversity is more at
Korra RF (4.461) and Buma RF (3.896) and is very less at Baliagam RF (2.01).
Simpson's index of species dominance is more at Shikargangii RF (0.229),
Mandasa RF (0.226) and is less at Korra RF (0.08). Menhinick's index of Species
88
Table 33. Height wise distribution of various species at different RF areas studied
Height classification (m) ------------------------------- >
S.n Name of the
o RF 0-2 m 2-4 m 4-6 m 6-8 m 8-10m 10-12 m 12-14 m 14-16m 16-18 m Total
LZ
<N
cn
r-H
r-H
o
<N
Pothavaram RF 55
OZ ZL
o
O
CM
o
>n
^H
oz
Mallavaram RF 26
o
CO
o
o
oo
o
no
r*H
Gedhada RF 22 47
ZL
o
o
o
m
r-H
Murari RF 44
LZ
o
in
o
os
t>
Burna RF 39 25 114
o
o
©
<0
o
o
cn
r-H
Baliagam R 76 89
©
o
o
<N
o
©
Shikargangii RF 106 108
o
o
©
00
o
r—H
r-H
Korra RF 44 59
o
o
o
o
o
m
o
i-H
Marribanda RF 39 25 95
LZ
r-H
CN
00
o
T“
OO
r-H
Darakonda RF 46 119
00
o
CM
in
H
H
H
PsCM
Total 314 240 165
Table 34. The Girth wise distribution of various species at different RF areas studied
Pothavaram Mallavara Gedhada Murari RF, Burna RF Baliagam Shikargan Karra RF, Marriband Darakonda
o
15
+->
i-
Girth
RF RF RF giiRF, a RF RF
flSO
*■&
dassif mRF
on
o
v—i
o
o
e
os
1-10 cm 25 39 35 32 23 274
10-30 cm
VO
r-
rH
cn
62 25 44 85 44 59 73 446
30-50 cm
00
1>
Tf
VO
CM
r*H
OO
o\
m.
24
50-70 cm o
<N
"'S'
■o
r—<
in
18
70-90 cm
>'■"**
o
o
o
o
©
90-
fS
<N
o
o
o
o
o
o
110cm
O
Total 55 72 47 72 114 89 108 59 95 830

Table 35: Information on Vegetation with respect to tree community at different RF
areas studied.
Total number of
¥
¥
<&
ffl
S.no Location details Individual species
T—
CN
T—
CD
T-
Pothavaram RF 3.458 0.133
CN
Mallavaram RF 3.286 0.149 1.866
T—
CD
CO
Gedhada RF 3.11 0.18 2.33
1
o
CD
CO
T“
Murari RF 0.095 1.88
IT)
Burna RF 24 3.896 0.101 2.238
CO
Baliagam RF 2.01 0.226 1.146
r-
Shikargangii RF 2.69 0.229 1.347
CN
CO
00
Korra RF 20 4.461 0.08
CD
o>
Marribanda RF 3.03 0.16 1.641
to
CO
o
600
Darakonda RF 26 2.38
Note: H* = Shannon's index of diversity, R*= Menhinick's index of Species richness and
C*=Simpson's index of species dom inance
richness value is more at Korra RF (2.6), Darakonda RF (2.38) and is less at
Baliagam RF (1.146) (Table 35).
Darakonda RF, Buma RF and Korra RF are having higher diversity and
richness of the species. Species dominance is found to be high at Mallavaram RF
where two to three species occupied major area. In Buma RF, Shannon’s species
diversity index (H) is higher (3.836) and Simpson’s index of species (C)
dominance lower (0.101) and Menhinick’s index (R) of species richness is higher
(2.238) than other locations indicating favorable balance of species.
4.3. Regeneration status at different RF areas.
In order to estimate reserve forest recycling capacity, regeneration status of
various species studied at Mallavaram and Buma RF areas.
Mallavaram RF
Four mini-sub plots were laid and the status of regeneration of the species
were observed. Seedling /saplings of 19 different species (Table 36) including
Atlantia monophylla (Kamimma), Pterospermum canescens {Loluga), Zyzyphus
species, Rochukada and Albizia odorotissima (Chinduga). Rochukada species (17)
found more in number, followed by Zizyphus oenoplia {Parimi) (6) and Atlantia
monophylla (Kamimma) (5). Pterospermum canescens (Loluga) (Albizia
odorotissima {Chinduga), Tectona grandis {Teak) and Holorehnna pubescens
{Paid) are the important useful species present for regeneration. More number of
species found in the height class of 0-25 cm (24) followed by 25-50 cm (15). Only
89
Table-36: Regeneration status of various Species at Mallavaram RF
SI Botanical Vernacular No. of seedlings/Saplings noticed in Total No
.n name Name different height class(cm) of
0 individu
als
0- 25- 50- 75- 100- 150- 200-
25 50 75 100 150 200 300
1 Jasminum Malli 1 1
sambac
2 Pterospermum Loluga 1 1
canescens
3 Zizyphus Parimi 2 4 - 6
oenoplia
4 Woodfordia Pagadam 1 1 2
floribunda
5 Rochukada 7 4 3 3 17
6 Terminalia Nellam 2 2
paniculata
7 Cynanchum Mukki 1 2 3
reticulatum Tummachett
udi
8 Tectona grandis Teak 1 1
9 Zyzyphus jujuba Regu 1 1
10 Aerva scandens Purudu aku 1 1
11 Atlantia Kamimma 3 2 5
monophylla
12 Holarrhena Pala 1 1
pubescens
13 Capparis Gulugu 1 1
bisperma
14 Diospyros Picini 2 1 3
ferrea
15 Gardinia Pidelu 1 1 2
fragrans
16 Stereospermum Togada 1 1 1 3
personation
17 Zizyphus Gotti 1 1
xylocarpns
18 Thysanalaena Konda 1 1
maxima chepuni
19 Albizia Chinduga 1 1
odoratissima
Total 24 15 5 7 1
Table-37: Regeneration status of various Species at Burna RF
SI. Species Vernacular name No. of seedlings/Saplings noticed in Total
no name different height class (cm) No of
indivi
duals
0- 25- 50- 75- 100 150 200

25 50 75 . 100
150 200 300
i Thulivelaga 2 1 3
2 Mallotus Sinduram 7 7
phillippensi
s
3 Bridella Anem 3 3 6
retusa
4 Bahunia Addaku 5 5
vahlii
5 Diospyros Beedi aku 1 1

melanoxylo
n
6 Alangium Ooduga 1 1 2
salvifolium
7 Emblica Amla 1 1 2
officianalis
8 Cassytha Anthuru 1 1
filiformis
9 Thunga 1 1
10 Croton Siri 1 1
lacciferus
11 Dalbergia Pachari 5 5
paniculata
12 Ficus Bodda 3 5 8
hispida
13 Viscum Bamiki 2 2
orientate
14 Mimosops Pagada 1 1
ellangii
15 Antidesma Pulleru 1 1
acidum
16 Griwer Tada tega 1 1 2

species
17 Wrightia Ankudu 2 4 6
tinctoria
18 Casearia Girugudu 1 1
elliptica
19 Balsamode Kondragii 3 3
ndron
caudatum
20 Azardirecta Vepa 1 1
indica
21 Albizia Gandra 2 2 4
stipulata
22 Dalbergia Rose wood 1 1 2

latifolia
23 Diospyros Gatha 1 1 2
sylvatica
24 Zizyphus Kimmaregu 1 1
jujuba
25 Sapandus Kumkudu 1 1 2
indica
26 Chloraxylo Billudu 1 1
n swietenia
Total 44 22 1 0 0 3 0
one species found in the height class of 100-150 cm. No species were observed in
the height class of more than 150 cm.
Burna RF
Regeneration status of the species observed in four mini-sub plots. 26 different
species found in various regeneration stages (Table: 37). More number of species
found in height class of 0-25 cm (44), followed by 25-50 cm height class (22). No
species were found above height classes of 75-100. Only one species found in 50-
75 cm height class. Bridella retusa (Anem), Mallotus phillippensis (Sinduram),
Dalbergia paniculata (Pachari), Diospyros melanoxylon (Beedi aku), Wrightia
tinctoria (.Ankudu), Casearia elliptica (Girugudu), Albizia stipulata (Bandi
chinduga), Dalbergia latifolia (Rose wood), Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) and
Chloroxylon swietenia (BiUudu) are the important timber species present for
regeneration. Ficus hispida recorded more number of individuals (8).
4.4. Impact of TP-1 operations in three reserve forest areas.
Joint Forest Management (JFM) is Participatory action involving the
Government and a local community for regeneration of degraded forests through
effective protection, sharing of produce and improving the socio economic
conditions of these forests communities. In Andhra Pradesh from 1994 to 2006, a
total 7054 Vana Samrakshana Samithi’s were formed for protecting the forests.
Three RF areas were selected were the TP-1, operations are started from the year
1999 and the impact of such operations studied (Table 38).
90
Table 38: Effect of JFM works on the Growing stock and Basal area of
different species in TP-I plots.
Name of the No Percentage

of increase
£
location of
indi in TP-1 plot
over control
vi Control plot TP-1 Plot plot
ctual
spec
ies
Initial data Increment data Increment Initial data Increment Increment
(%) data <%)_________
322
P5
-
S
Basal Basal
a .a
area
I<° M
area m2 SO
O .. u
o .s ts
«h TJ3
n
B^
1 BA
58a> &•
1 BA GS BA GS
rt o
h' (BA) m2 h'
„„ gn
a 1« 3
« a a6
(BA) *8 et la O
2 M 8~K
So
rh
s2
sS
o .a ts a S
a2
W ^ S?
Pothavarm RF
r-H
*1
16 9.942 35.31 11.652 35.33 1.71 0.021 10.14 35.32 12.30 35.36 2.16 0.03 4.5 0.18
Mallavaram
n
i
RF *2
o
in
00
17 3.536 1.1 4.125 2.284 1.18 3.827 1.004 4.717 2.963 0.89 1.959
Burna RF
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
00
W
fS
24 13.34 63.02 123.48

*Increment data not taken, *lTwo years increment data,
*2 One year increment data
A. Pothavaram RF
Initially, at Pothavaram RF, the basal area/hectare found to be more in treated
area (10.14 m2 h'1) compared to control area (9.94 m2 h'1). In the initial data the
growing stock found to be more in treated plot (35.32 m3 /ha) compared to control
plot (35.31 m3/ha). After two years the basal area/hectare in treated plot (12.30 m2
h"1) is more than in control plot (11.652 m2 h’1), an increment of 4.5 percent over
control plot. After two years, the growing stock/hectare in treated plot (35.36 m3
/ha) is 0.02 m3 /ha more than in control plot i.e., 0.18 percent of increment. All the
above results indicate that JFM works are effective in increasing the forest cover.
B. Mallavaram R.F
In the initial data at Mallavaram RF, the basal area/hectare in TP-1 plot
(3.82 m2 h'1) is more compared to control plot (3.53 m2 h'1). The growing
stock/hectare in control plot (1.1 m3 ha-1) is more in the initial data compared to
TP-1 plot (1.0 m ha ). However, after one year the basal area/hectare in TP-1
(4.71 m h-) is more compared to control plot (4.12 m h ). After one year the
growing stock/hectare in TP-1 plot (2.96 m ha ) is more compared to control

-5 __-l
plot (2.28 m ha ). That means 3 percent of increment in basal area/hectare and 7
percent increment in growing stock/hectare in TP-1 plots over control plot
observed after one year. All these results indicate that forest cover is increasing
due to JFM works.
91
E. BurnaRF
The basal area (23.78 m2 h"1) and growing stock (123.48 m3 h'1) in Buma
R.F found to be more in TP1 plot compared to control (13.34 m2 h'1 / hectare;
63.02 m3 h'1, respectively). The result confirms the positive impact of JFM works
at Buma RF.
4.5. Impact of TP-1 operations in the three reserve forest areas.
In the initial data the basal area/hectare in Buma RF in control plot (13.34
m h') and TP-1 plot (23.78 m h") is more compared to other areas and same is
the case with growing stock.
In TP-1 treatment plots, Mallavaram RF recorded 3 % increase in Basal
area (m2 h-1) and 7 % in growing stock (m3 h-1) compared to control plot in one
year. In Pothavaram RF (TP-1 plot) 4.5 % increase in basal area and 0.18 % in
growing stock, were observed compared to control plot in two years. This
indicates that TP-1 practices are effective in increasing the forest growth.
4.6. Impact of TP-7 operations in three different Reserve forest areas.
Three trial plots are laid to carryout modeling studies for the
standardization of the treatment practice number seven such as mounding and
decongestion operations taken up for the improvement of degraded forests under
APFP (Andhra Pradesh Forestry project). The sample plots are laid at Srikakulam
district (Tarlakota RF ,Kasibugga Range, Himagiri VSS), Visakhapatnam district
(Lammashagii RF, Chintapalli Range, Ummarasi gondi VSS) and East godavari
92
Plate 8: Dendrocalamus strictus (Sadanam) present in TP-7 area of
Tarlakota RF

Lammasangii RF
Table 39: Status of bamboo at Tarlakota RF in TP-7 and control area during
base year and after six months
Average Average No. Average No.

Average Average No.
Total of long of short
s. Sample No. of of fresh bamboo bamboo
number of
plot clumps recruits
No culms
(> 5 m) (< 5 m)
1 F I F I F I F I F
1 TP-7 3.7 3.7 72.3 70.3 3.3 0.3 30.7 32.7 41.7 37.7
plot
2 Control 4 4 88 105 17 0 58 98 30 113

plot
Note: 1= Initial Data; F= Data after six months
Table 40: Status of bamboo at Lammasangii RF in TP-7 and control areas

during base year and after six months
Average No.
Average Average of Average
Average
Total No. of short
S. Sample No. of No. of fresh
number of long bamboo bamboo
No plot clumps recruits
culms (< 5 m)
(> 5 m)
I F I F I F I F I F
1. TP-7 4 4 64 66.3 5.5 0.5 57.5 60.5 6.5 8.5

plot
2. Control 4 4 56 77 1 0 28 37 28 36
plot
Note:I= Initial Data; F= Data after six months

district (Divanchervu RF, Kakinada Range, Divanchervu VSS) to know the
impact of TP 7 area. Trial plot laid in the area where natural Dendrocalamus
strictus (Sadanam) (Plate-8) bamboo is present. Data recorded on parameters like
Girth and height. Number of fresh recruits are counted and culms with size less
than five meters and greater than five meters and their girths with less than nine
and greater than eighteen centimeters are noted in a table form. These are all again
classified in to different classes.
A. Tarlakota RF
Sample plot was laid in December 2003 and data recorded and again
second data recorded after six months (Table 39). During first month many fresh
recruits are observed and all are grown with in six months. No fresh recruits are
observed after six months. Three plots in TP-7 area and one control plot ware
laid. Number of clumps in the plots are equal both in initial and final (after six
months) data. This is same in the control plot also. Number of culms are more or
less same both in initial (3.7, 4) and final (3.7, 4) data in TP-7 plot. Where as in
control plot the number increased from 88 to 105 after six months. In TP-7 plot,
number of short bamboos increased (30.7 to 32.7) and long bamboos decreased
(41.7 to 37.7) in the final data compared to initial data. This may be due to
growth of the fresh recruits into strong bamboos culms over the time. In control
plot, number of both long (from 58 to 98) and short bamboo (from 30 to 113)
increased after six months. Increase in the short bamboos in control may be due
93
to lack of degecongetion operation. Even though the number is more in control
plot, many of them are not economically valuable. *
B. Lammasangii RE
Two sample plots laid in TP-7 area (Plate 9) and one control plot was also
laid. Average number of clumps in the plots are equal both in initial (4) and final
(4) (after six months) data and is same in the control plot also (Table 40). Total
number of culms increased after six months both inTP-7 (from 64 to 66.3 culms)
and control plots (from 56 to 77 culms). The increase is more in control plot
compared to TP-7. In TP-7 area number of fresh recruits were more initially (5.5
No.) compared to after six months data (0.5). Slight increase observed in the
number of long and short bamboo after six months in TP-7 plot and more in
control plot. Even though more number of culms present in the control plot they
are congested and economically not valuable.
C. Divanchervu RF
Sample plot laid in the month of November 2004 and data recorded. After
one-year, again data recorded from the same clumps. In the treatment plot total
number of culms are 417 and after one year 582 i.e. 165 extra culms (55 %
increment) were observed (Table 42) (Plate 10). Increment was observed in the
number of special class bamboo, number of class -1 bamboo and number of class
-II bamboo. In the rest of the classes no change occurred. In the initial data, less
94
Divanchervu RF
Plate 11: Dendrocalamus strictus (Sadanam) present in Control area of

Divanchervu RF
Table 41: Status of bamboo at Divanchervu RF in TP-7 and control plots
_______ _______ during base year and after one year________________
S.n Area Averag Average Average Average Average Average
0 eNo. No. of clump height number of inter nodal
of culms diameter (m) fresh length(cm)
Clump (cm) recruits
s
I F I F I F I F I F
1 TP-7 30 14.7 19.4 5.6 5.6 6.6 6.6 2.5 4.9 20 20
2 Control 8 32.8 35 5.8 5.8 6.8 6.8 3.6 0 20.7 20.7

plot
Note: I=Initial data; F=After one year data
Table-42: Classification of Bamboo at Divanchervu RF in TP-7 area and

control plots during base year and after one year
S.No Classification TP-7 area Control
I F I F
1 No. of Super Class Bamboo ( > 18 cm) 8 6 16 18
2 No. of Special Class Bamboo (15-18 cm) 9 37 17 17
3 No. of Class -1 Bamboo (12-15 cm) 37 58 41 37
4 No. of Class - II Bamboo ( 9-12 cm) 151 271 84 89
5 No. of Class - HI Bamboo ( <9 cm) 212 210 98 129
Total 417 582 256 290
Note: I=Initial data; F=After one year data

number of fresh recruits observed both in the treated and in control plots and more
number of fresh recruits observed after one year.
In the control plot, total numbers of culms initially observed are 256 and after
one year the number increased 290 culms (42 % increment). When comparing
with treated plot, less increment in culm number was observed. Even more number
of culms are present in control plot, many of them are not economically valuable
because the culms are twisted and malformed due to congestion (Plate 11).
In TP-7 area, average number of culms per clumps are 14.7 initially and
19.4 after one year. Where as in the control plot average number of culms/clumps
is 32.8 initially and after one year it is 35. Average clump diameter is 5.6 cm in
TP-7 area and 5.8 in control plot.
Average height of the clump is more in control (6.8 m) than TP-7(6.6 m)
(Table 41)- In control plot 3.6 number of fresh recruits are present initially, but
after one year no fresh recruits are observed. Where as in TP-7 area 2.5 number of
fresh recruits are present initially and the number increased to 4.9,,
All the three areas are having good fertile soils. The culm number in TP-7 area
increased due to growth of fresh recruits. This result indicates the positive effect
of mounding and decongestion operations. Number of culms is less in the
permanent sample plots and more in Control plot. In PSP decongestion operation
freely exposed the culm to sun. In control plot, no such operations are done and
there fore more number of culms are grown. Even though more number of culms
95
are present in the control plot, most of the culms are twisted, molformed and
diseased and hence, economically not valuable.
4.7. Soil characteristics of sample plots.
Soil samples were collected from the selected TP-1 and TP-7 sample plots and
analyzed for various characteristics (Table 43).
Out of the thirteen areas studied the soil reaction of the soil samples are
neutral and slightly neutral in many areas and found acidic only in Murari RF,
Korra RF and Tarlakota RF areas. The macro element, the Total Nitrogen value is
medium (250 to 400 kg/ha) in all the areas and it is low only in Shikargangii RF
(128 kg/ha). The available Phosphorous value is high (32 kg/ha) in Pothavaram
RF and medium in Murari (29 kg/ha) and Darakonda RF (22 kg/ha) and it is low
in all the remaining areas (< 20). The available Potassium value is high in
Pothavaram, Murari, Buma, Darakonda and Divanchervu RF areas (420, 360, 385,
390 &396 kg/ha) and it is medium (145-640 kg/ha) in all the remaining areas.
Pothavaram RF, Murari RF, Darakonda RF and Divanchervu RF areas area having
good macro elements values and in the rest of the areas one out of three having
low value of macro element. Shikargangii RF is having very low macro elements
value.
The micro element, the available Zinc value is high in Pothavaram,
Mallavaram, Gedhada, Burana and Divanchervu RF areas (1.22, 0.9, 1.63, 0.9 &
0.8 ppm) and in the remaining area its value is low (< 0.6 rppm). The available
96
Table 43. Soil analysis report of different Reserve Forest areas of North Coastal districts of
Andhra Pradesh
X
S.N Reserve Forest Total Available Available Available Available Available Available
a
o Nitroge Phosphoru Potassium zinc (ppm) Manganese Iron (ppm) Copper
n s (kg/ha) (kg/ha) (Mn) (ppm)
(kg/ha) (ppm)
T—
cq
00
CO
CO
tH
CO
o
Pothavaram 6.5 32 420 1.22 18.12
CO
CM
00
Mallavaram 390 290 0.9 31.1 26
CM
CD
LO
lO
cn
Gedhada 7.5 342 1.63 10.09 7.5 0.64
T-
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
CO
90
Murari 5.5 29 29.66 30
CO
d
o
Y—
LO
Burana 315 385 0.9 12.2 0.822
-M-
h-
CO
Y“
CO
<£>
Baliagam 6.5 290 256 0.26 27.76 6.69
T—
to
id
LD
Shikargangii 128 230 0.33 29.93 10.87 0.276
d
oo
LO
Y“
Y“
00
Korra 278 312 0.5 28.56 0.27
ZVO CO
fx-
cn
Maribanda 322 242 6.67 0.9
CM
O
CM
CM
r>-
CD
o
Darakonda 390 0.41 21.5 9.13 2.15
CM
00
vH
in
ID
cn
rsi
t—1
r-1
Tarlakota 310 0.28 26.77 0.667
t
co
o
CO
l£>
in
rH
CM
—1
Lammasanghii 310 299 24.11 8.65
Y*“
LO
O
00
CO
T"
00
H
Divancheruvu 360 396 33.1 29
Manganese value is high in all the thirteen areas. The available Iron value is
medium in Gedhada, Baliagam, Maribanda and Tarlakota RF areas (7.5, 6.69, 6.67
& 7.12 ppm) and is high in all the remaining areas (above 8 ppm). The available
Copper value is high in Mallavaram, Murari, Darakonda, Lammasangii and
Divanchervu RF areas (26, 30, 2.15, 3.14 & 29 ppm) and medium in Pothavaram,
Gedhada, Buma, Maribanda and Tarlakota RF areas (1.6, 0.64, 0.82, 0.9 & 0.66)
and its value is low in Baliagam, Shikargangii and Korra RF areas (< 0.4). The
four micro elements values recorded high only in Mallavaram and Divanchervu
RF areas and except in Tarlakota and Baliagam RF areas the remaining RF areas
are having medium concentration of micro elements.
Pothavaram RF is having good fertile soil. Mallavaram RF soil is having low
micro and high macro elements concentration. Gedhada RF is having medium soil
fertility. Murari RF is having slightly acidic nature and the macro elements are in
medium concentrations and micro elements are in high concentration. Buma RF is
having good soil fertility, all the macro and micro elements are high in
concentration. Baliagam RF is having medium soil fertility. Shikargangii RF is
having low microelements concentration and medium macro elements
concentration. Korra RF area is having slightly acidic soil and except zinc and Iron
micro elements all the other elements are in medium concentration. Maribanda RF
soil is having moderate soil fertility. Darakonda RF is having low micro and high
macro elements concentration. Tarlakota RF is low fertile area and Lammasangii
97
is having moderate soil fertility.. Divanchervu RF is having good fertile soil. In
Pothavaram, Mallavaram, Buma and Divancervu RF areas many of the macro and
micro elements values are in high concentration and are fertile areas.
98

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RESULTS

results of the study are summarized below.

4.1. Species composition in TP-1 forest areas:

areas of North coastal areas of AP. Composition, frequency, density, abundance,

itself in to two dimensions viz., variety and relative abundance of species

(Margurran, 1988). Hence Menhinicks index to measure species richness,

Simpson’s index to measure species dominance and Shannon-wiener index to

Plate-2: Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) a dominant species at

100% frequency followed by Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) (75%) and Tectona

high Relative dominance value (27.91).

Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) (60.34) belongs to Combretaceae family

recorded highest IVI value followed by Chloroxylon swietenia (Billudu) (51.52).

(5.83) recorded lower IVI values.

Bignonia chelonoides (Isuka rasi), Acacia leucophloea (Telia tumma),

species richness is 2.1.

The species, Terminalia tomentosa (Nalla maddi) and Terminalia bellirica

1 Terminalia bellirica 10-30 1

Girth Height classification (m) Total

no trees are observed in the girth class of 90-110 cm.

(Plate 5) (100%), Diospyros sylvatica (Gatha) (100 %) and Holarrhena pubescens

(Pala) (100 %) found to be uniformly distributed over entire area. Chloroxylon

swietenia (Billudu), Dalbergia paniculata (Pachari), Lagerstromia parviflora

(Chennagii) and Atlantia monophylla {Karnimma) showed 50 % frequency.

Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu), Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) and Holarrhena

(9.6-28.9) and relative frequency (13.3) values.

Cassia siamea {Sima tangedu) (172.6) belongs to Caesalpinaceae family

recorded highest IVI (172.6) value followed by Dalbergia paniculata {Pachari)

(86.3) belongs to Fabaceae family and Diospyros sylvatica {Gatha) (79.1)

belongs to Ebenaceae family. Terminalia tomentosa {Nalla maddi) (6.3) and

Pterospermum canescens {Loluga) (6.7) recorded lower IVI values.

Plate-5: Cassia siamea (Sima tangedu) a dominant species at

i Cassia siamea Sima 100 E 6 6 28.9 13.3 130.4 172.6

8 Dalbergia Pachari 50 C 1.5 3 7.2 6.6 72.5 86.3

S.no Name of the

0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 Total

conservation of these species is necessary.

species richness is 1.866.

found to be uniformly distributed over entire area. The remaining 14 species

{Konda Tangedu) (6) recorded highest density value. Cleistanthus collinus

SI. Name of the Species V ernacular

Ficus hispida Bodda 33 B 0.6 4.25 4.98 65.75 74.98

Xylia xylocarpus Konda 100 E 38.29 15. 34.34 87.73

A = 0-20 Frequency %, B =21-40%, C =41-60%, D =61-80%, E =81-100 %

Girth Height classification (m) Total

Tangedu) (6) recorded highest abundance value. Wrightia tinctoria (Ankudu)

relative dominance value. Xylia xylocarpus {Konda Tangedu) (87.73) and

Cleistanthus collinus {Odassi) (74.98) recorded highest IVI value.

Morinda citrifolia {Thogara) and Clerodendrum infortunatum {Bokkudu)

species richness is 2.33.

Clerodnedrum infortunatum {{Bokkudu) found in highest height class (>10

in the girth class above 10 cm (Table 10).

Girth Height classification (m)

Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (100%) are found to be uniformly

species. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (3.00; 3.0) and Diospyros sylvatica

respectively. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (16.66), Diospyros sylvatica

be having more Relative density value. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada)

(10.81) and Polyalthia cerasodes (Chilaka didhuga) (10.81) are found to be

having more Relative frequency value. Lannea caromandelica (Gumpena)

dominance value. Stereospermum personatum (Tagada) (42.26), Diospyros

sylvatica (Gatha) (39.36) and Lannea caromandelica (Gumpena) (30.17) are

having high IVI value among the other species.

Carissa spinarum (Vaka) and Capsicum annum (Mirapa) are present in

be endangered and conservation of such species is necessary.

species richness is 1.88.