ASSIGNMENT 2 – REPORT WRITING

LGB 10503 ENGINEERING SCIENCE

GROUP MEMBERS

1) SHAFIQ EKMAL BIN HASSAN 56213117193

2) MUHAMAD AZIM BIN ABDUL LATIF 56213117197

3) MOHAMMAD AFIQ BIN ABIDIN 56213117198

DATE SUBMISSION : 25/5/2018

Question 1

A) Refrigeration system definition:-

- System of refrigeration has been applied in any machine that needs the process.
Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and
transferring it to a high-temperature reservoir. The work of heat transfer is traditionally
driven by mechanical means, but can also be driven by heat, magnetism and other.
Example system refrigeration process is the change of liquid to solid that have been
applied from heat transfer.

B) The purpose of the refrigeration system on the ship:-

- The refrigeration system on the ship is important system that plays a vital part on ships
carrying refrigerated cargo and victuals for the crew. Refrigeration prevents any damage
to the cargo or decay of perishable foods, like growth of micro-organisms, oxidation,
fermentation and drying out of cargo.
Question 2

Heat and work:-

- Heat and work chemical systems can either absorb heat from their surroundings, if the
reaction is endothermic, or release heat to their surroundings, if the reaction is
exothermic. However, chemical reactions are often used to do work instead of just
exchanging heat. For instance, when rocket fuel burns and causes a space shuttle to lift
off from the ground, the chemical reaction, by propelling the rocket, is doing work by
applying a force over a distance. Heat is the energy associated with the random motion
of particles, while work is the energy of ordered motion in one direction. Heat is chaotic
transfer energy from one system to another. Work is transfer of energy from one system
to another that is done in a uniform motion.

Laws of thermodynamics involved

The First Law of Thermodynamics

- The first law of thermodynamics, also known as Law of Conservation of Energy, states
that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; energy can only be transferred or
changed from one form to another. For example, turning on a light would seem to
produce energy; however, it is electrical energy that is converted.

- A way of expressing the first law of thermodynamics is that any change in the internal
energy (∆E) of a system is given by the sum of the heat (q) that flows across its
boundaries and the work (w) done on the system by the surroundings

ΔE=q+w
The Second Law of Thermodynamics

- The second law of thermodynamics says that the entropy of any isolated system always
increases. Isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium—the
state of maximum entropy of the system. More simply put: the entropy of the universe
(the ultimate isolated system) only increases and never decreases.

- A simple way to think of the second law of thermodynamics is that a room, if not cleaned
and tidied, will invariably become more messy and disorderly with time – regardless of
how careful one is to keep it clean. When the room is cleaned, its entropy decreases, but
the effort to clean it has resulted in an increase in entropy outside the room that exceeds
the entropy lost.

The Third Law of Thermodynamics

- The third law of thermodynamics states that the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. The entropy of a system
at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of
different ground states it has. Specifically, the entropy of a pure crystalline substance
(perfect order) at absolute zero temperature is zero. This statement holds true if the
perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy.
3. How the refrigeration cycle works?

Type of refrigerant used:

1) CFCs – Chlorofluorocarbons

- These are the refrigerants which contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. R11, R12, and R115,
are included in CFC refrigerants. This type of coolant can be used for commercial as well as
daily purposes. It was developed in the past in the 30s and at that time it was non-toxic, non-
flammable, and non-reactive.

2) HCFCs – Hydro chlorofluorocarbons

- HCFCs were referred to as the substitute of CFCs. It contains hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and
carbon. Of course, it is not like this group’s refrigerants are not at all affecting the layer of ozone,
but they affect only around 10%, which is extremely less than the CFCs.

3) HFCs – Hydro fluorocarbons

- These refrigerants do not include any particles of chlorine. So, they are not at all harmful to the
environment and do not deplete the ozone layer. But just like any other refrigerant, they have
some powerful impact on global warming as compared to natural refrigerants.
4) Natural Refrigerants
- As the name suggests, natural refrigerants are completely natural. They are not created by any
men like the other ones. They do not harm the nature, environment, or the ozone layer.
Moreover, they are quite inexpensive as compared to other refrigerants. Air, HC, ammonia,
CO2, H2O, etc. are the examples of natural refrigerants. They have zero ozone depletion
potential and negligible effects on global warming.

Components of refrigeration system:

Condenser
Condensation changes gas to a liquid form. Its main purpose is to liquefy the refrigerant gas
sucked by the compressor from the evaporator. As condensation begins, the heat will flow from
the condenser into the air, only if the condensation temperature is higher than that of the
atmosphere. The high-pressure vapor in the condenser will be cooled to become a liquid
refrigerant again, this time with a little heat. The liquid refrigerant will then flow from the
condenser to a liquid line.

Compressor

The compressor’s use is to pull the low-temperature and low-pressure vapor from the
evaporator, through a suction line. Once the vapor is drawn, it will be compressed. This will
cause the vapor’s temperature to rise. Its main function is to transform a low-temperature vapor
in to a high-temperature vapor, to increase pressure. Vapor is released from the compressor
into a discharge line.

Evaporator
An evaporator is used to turn any liquid material into gas. In this process, heat is absorbed. The
evaporator transfers heat from the refrigerated space into a heat pump through a liquid
refrigerant, which boils in the evaporator at a low-pressure. In achieving heat transfer, the liquid
refrigerant should be lower than the goods being cooled. After the transfer, liquid refrigerant is
drawn by the compressor from the evaporator through a suction line. Liquid refrigerant will be in
vapor form upon leaving the evaporator coil.

Expansion Valve

Commonly placed before the evaporator and at the end of the liquid line, the expansion valve is
reached by the liquid refrigerant after it has been condensed. Reducing the pressure of the
refrigerant, its temperature will decrease to a level below its atmosphere. This liquid will then be
pumped into the evaporator.

Refrigeration cycle
For an air conditioning system to operate with economy, the refrigerant must be used
repeatedly. For this reason, all air conditioners use the same cycle of compression,
condensation, expansion, and evaporation in a closed circuit. The same refrigerant is used to
move the heat from one area, to cool this area, and to expel this heat in another area.

 The refrigerant comes into the compressor as a low-pressure gas, it is compressed and
then moves out of the compressor as a high-pressure gas.

 The gas then flows to the condenser. Here the gas condenses to a liquid, and gives off
its heat to the outside air.

 The liquid then moves to the expansion valve under high pressure. This valve restricts
the flow of the fluid, and lowers its pressure as it leaves the expansion valve.

 The low-pressure liquid then moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is
absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas.

 As a hot low-pressure gas, the refrigerant moves to the compressor where the entire
cycle is repeated.
Note that the four-part cycle is divided at the center into a high side and a low side This refers to
the pressures of the refrigerant in each side of the system

4. Common problems found in the ship’s refrigeration system and its solution

a) Disturbing sound from the compressor

 It is normal for certain part of machine to produce abnormal sound coming from certain
parts. One of the reason to conclude this problem is the capacity control were set too
high which lead to knocking sound during starting. Way to overcome this problem is by
reducing the capacity control setting.
 Other than that, low oil pressure also one of main problem that can be found. If the
following problem occurred, ensure that the oil level is maintained and no foaming of oil
is developed. For the best result, replenish or refill the lube.
 Loosening of driving belt may be dangerous if not be monitored properly as it also one of
the problem that can be occurred. Best way is to make sure the elasticity of the belt and
renew the belt if it is found out slacked.

b) Oil level drop in compressor

If the level of oil in compressor crank case is reducing continuously, this show that leakage or
increase in consumption of oil lube oil caused by

 Nozzle or filter is clogged. To solve this problem is by ensuring the nozzle in oil return
line or filter in solenoid valve is cleaned and not choked
 Other than that, leakage of drive side seal also may contributed to this factor as the
compressor is provided with oil seal at the drive side. Monitored the leaking part and
replace with new part if possible.
 The piston ring that been worn out can lead to oil carryover in the system which can be
solve by replacing the compressor piston rings or liner.
 Conclusion

From all the above discussion, it can be concluded that refrigeration is a process of
cooling or removing heat to make sure the temperature lower at certain level. Other than
that, refrigeration system also include the refrigerant used ,main component that
involved and several problems and way to overcome those problem in order to ensure
the refrigeration system working efficiently.

References
https://www.marineinsight.com/refrigeration-air-conditioning/8-most-common-problems-found-in-
ships-refrigeration-system/

Accessed 23/5/2018

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/introduction-to-
thermodynamics/

Accessed 23/5/2018

https://heinenhopman.com/en/merchant/ship-refrigeration-system/

Accessed 23/5/2018