1)

Gas Turbine Theory

A simple gas turbine is comprised of three main sections a compressor, a combustor, and a power
turbine. The gas-turbine operates on the principle of the Brayton cycle, where compressed air is mixed
with fuel, and burned under constant pressure conditions. The resulting hot gas is allowed to expand
through a turbine to perform work. In a 33% efficient gas-turbine approximately two / thirds of this
work is spent compressing the air, the rest is available for other work ie.( mechanical drive, electrical
generation)

Theory of operation [edit]

Gases passing through an ideal gas turbine undergo three thermodynamic processes. These are
isentropic compression, isobaric (constant pressure) combustion and isentropic expansion. Together,
these make up the Brayton cycle.

In a practical gas turbine, gases are first accelerated in either a centrifugal or axial compressor. These
gases are then slowed using a diverging nozzle known as a diffuser; these processes increase the
pressure and temperature of the flow. In an ideal system, this is isentropic. However, in practice, energy
is lost to heat, due to friction and turbulence. Gases then pass from the diffuser to a combustion
chamber, or similar device, where heat is added. In an ideal system, this occurs at constant pressure
(isobaric heat addition). As there is no change in pressure the specific volume of the gases increases. In
practical situations this process is usually accompanied by a slight loss in pressure, due to friction.
Finally, this larger volume of gases is expanded and accelerated by nozzle guide vanes before energy is
extracted by a turbine. In an ideal system, these gases are expanded isentropically and leave the turbine
at their original pressure. In practice this process is not isentropic as energy is once again lost to friction
and turbulence.

If the device has been designed to power a shaft as with an industrial generator or a turboprop, the exit
pressure will be as close to the entry pressure as possible. In practice it is necessary that some pressure
remains at the outlet in order to fully expel the exhaust gases. In the case of a jet engine only enough
pressure and energy is extracted from the flow to drive the compressor and other components. The
remaining high pressure gases are accelerated to provide a jet that can, for example, be used to propel
an aircraft.
Brayton cycle

As with all cyclic heat engines, higher combustion temperatures can allow for greater efficiencies.
However, temperatures are limited by ability of the steel, nickel, ceramic, or other materials that make
up the engine to withstand high temperatures and stresses. To combat this many turbines feature
complex blade cooling systems.

As a general rule, the smaller the engine, the higher the rotation rate of the shaft(s) must be to maintain
tip speed. Blade-tip speed determines the maximum pressure ratios that can be obtained by the turbine
and the compressor. This, in turn, limits the maximum power and efficiency that can be obtained by the
engine. In order for tip speed to remain constant, if the diameter of a rotor is reduced by half, the
rotational speed must double. For example, large Jet engines operate around 10,000 rpm, while micro
turbines spin as fast as 500,000 rpm.[8]

Mechanically, gas turbines can be considerably less complex than internal combustion piston engines.
Simple turbines might have one moving part: the shaft/compressor/turbine/alternative-rotor assembly
(see image above), not counting the fuel system. However, the required precision manufacturing for
components and temperature resistant alloys necessary for high efficiency often make the construction
of a simple turbine more complicated than piston engines.

More sophisticated turbines (such as those found in modern jet engines) may have multiple shafts
(spools), hundreds of turbine blades, movable stator blades, and a vast system of complex piping,
combustors and heat exchangers.

Thrust bearings and journal bearings are a critical part of design. Traditionally, they have been
hydrodynamic oil bearings, or oil-cooled ball bearings. These bearings are being surpassed by foil
bearings, which have been successfully used in micro turbines and auxiliary power units.[citation
needed]
 However there are variations...

One variation of this basic cycle is the addition of a regenerator. A gas-turbine

with a regenerator (heat exchanger) recaptures some of the energy in the
exhaust gas, pre-heating the air entering the combustor. This cycle is typically
used on low pressure ratio turbines.
 Turbines using this cycle are: Solar Centaur / 3500 horsepower class
up to the General Electric Frame 5

Gas-turbines with high pressure ratios can use an intercooler to cool the air
between stages of compression, allowing you to burn more fuel and generate
more power. Remember, the limiting factor on fuel input is the temperature of
the hot gas created, because of the metallurgy of the first stage nozzle and
turbine blades. With the advances in materials technology this physical limit is
always climbing.<

2) The common causes of failure and remedy of the gas turbine & gas generator

Home / Technical Articles / Details ...

8/3/2011
The common causes of failure and remedy of the gas turbine & gas generator

(1)The speed of driving car is not enough. Check the air pressure and start the motor starter, start the air
pressure adjustment, vehicle speed to drive up to normal speed.

(2) The emergency stop button does not reset or ground. Check the dashboard display of fault alarm
table, reset stop button.

(3) ignition module no output current. Check the ignition module, power indicator, check out the
module wiring harness connector. Check the power cylinder ignition circuit grounding. Fastening line or
replace the ignition module.

(4) flooded cylinder. Check the fuel gas valve and cut off the fuel gas inlet valve, system gas pressure
decreased significantly, that the gas cut off valve leaks, too much air into the fuel tank, resulting in
flooded cylinder. Rapid shut-off valve repair, or close the fuel gas inlet valve, then open until the gas
engine speed rise.

(5) air bypass valve is not closed. Check the air bypass valve. Pull down the lever to manually reset
execution.

(6) spark plug misfire. Clean spark plugs and ignition coils, dry and ensure good contact.

(7) Ignition timing is wrong. When the lamp is checked with the ignition timing, ignition module by
adjusting the knob back to the correct location.

After starting the engine speed does not rise up

(1) fuel gas pressure is low or pre-combustion chamber valve does not work. Check the fuel gas pressure
and the valve opening, if the gas pressure is low, slowly increasing the gas pressure; If the pressure is
normal, pre-combustion chamber check valve of the pipe work and systems leakage situation.

(2) the amount of air is not enough. Check the air filter out of the pressure, if excessive, replace the
filter. Check the air line leakage situation. Check the operation of the turbocharger rotor.

(3) The governor does not work. Governor does not move because of the mixer valve opening is not
enough, adjust or replace.

(4) power cylinder temperature, and multiple cylinder misfire. Clean spark plugs and ignition coils, air
drying and ensure good contact. Check the pre-combustion chamber into the valves work, remove coke,
open and close the valve and flexible.

(5) air-fuel ratio control valve stepper motor card. Cut off the power to remove it clean. Then installed
wiring harness, transmission check its operation, to adjust their equipment back to normal after.
(6) mixer failure. Mixer loss or damage or cause the spool valve diaphragm can not work properly,
affecting the supply of fuel gas. The entire drain, clean and check the diaphragm valve.

Speed fluctuation

(1) more than one power cylinder gas engine ignition is not normal, intermittent ignition or fire off.
Check the spark plug, ignition coil, low voltage wire, pre-combustion chamber into the valves and other
components.

(2) fuel gas pressure fluctuations or lower. Check the reasons for the changes, restoring normal.

(3) Compressor load change. Adjust the compressor, if necessary, to test the gas engine power, check
for overload.

Sudden stop

(1) parameters exceeded the protection shutdown; check the fault indicator to identify failure points,
troubleshooting.

(2) No output or ignition system grounding; check the ignition module and wiring harness connector
power indicator to check whether the grounding line of the power cylinder.

(3) The emergency stop button the ground; check the instrument panel, engine installed on the
emergency stop button should be in the open position.

(4) fuel gas pressure is too low. Check the reasons for the changes, restoring normal.

(5) the compressor overload. Check the air gas pressure, adjust to normal.

Surge

(1) air filter is dirty, big pressure. Replace filter.

(2) air bypass valve opening small or card. Check the air bypass valve actuator control circuit, check the
connection ball.

(3) changes in the fuel gas component exceeded. Check the power cylinder exhaust temperature, check
the other unit's operation, and adjust gas parameters.

(4) turbocharger failure. Turbo supercharger impeller or excessive sediment, pressurized air flow
resistance is large. Muffler in cold, or dirty, leading to growth lags behind the turbine exhaust pressure.
(5) card or mixer valve diaphragm failure. Check the mixer valve wear and movement, check the
diaphragm defects. Repair or replacement.

Power cylinder exhaust temperatures are high

(1) single-cylinder misfire. Check the ignition cylinder malfunction ring, spark plugs and pre-combustion
chamber intake valve.

(2) air filter blocking. Replace the filter.

(3) changes in the fuel gas components. gas parameters to adjust.

Power cylinder exhaust temperature is low

(1) the ignition timing advance. Turn up the ignition advance angle.

(2) fuel gas pressure, composition changes. Check the fuel gas pressure and composition changes.
Adjusted to normal.

High temperature

(1) power cylinder exhaust temperature high. Check the fuel gas pressure changes, adjust the air-fuel
ratio module, to reduce the fuel gas into the air.

(2) water tank. To the tank water.

(3) poor air-cooled cooling effect. Check the cooling fan motor current, check the cooling tubes
cleanliness. Clean the cooling tubes.

(4) oil temperature is high. Check the oil temperature causes, check the crankcase oil level, oil pressure
and oil.

(5) pump efficiency is low. Check the pump pressure and work of the maintenance recovery.

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