Assignment

Material science
Amity institute of aerospace
engineering

Submitted by: Aryan Sharma

Enrollment No. A37055160043
B.tech (AE)
2016-20
Ans 1. Three basic groups of engineering materials are
 Metals
 Ceramics
 Polymers

Metals:
1. Characteristics are owed to non-localized electrons i.e. electrons are not bound
to a particular atom.
2. They are characterized by their high thermal and electrical conductivities.
3. They are opaque and can be polished to high lustre.
4. Relatively heavier, strong, yet deformable.
5. Examples: Steel, Aluminium, Bronze, Lead, Titanium etc.

Ceramics:
1. They contain both metallic and non-metallic elements.
2. Characterized by their higher resistance to high temperatures.
3. Typically good insulators to passage of both heat and electricity
4. They are harder and stiffer, but brittle in nature.
5. They are mostly oxides, nitrides, carbides of metals.
6. Examples: glass, porcelain, minerals etc.

Polymers:
1. Commercially called plastics.
2. Mostly are of organic compounds i.e. based on carbon, oxygen and other non-
metallic elements.
3. Consists large molecular structures bonded by covalent bonds.
4. They decompose and relatively moderate temperatures.
5. Examples: Teflon, rubber, polyester, etc.
Ans 2 (b).
Space lattice: A space lattice is an array of points showing how particles (atoms, ions or
molecules) are arranged at different sites in three dimensional spaces.
Miller Indices: It is a system of notation of planes within crystal of space lattice. They are
required to identify particular directions or planes to characterize the arrangement of atoms
in a unit cell.

Ans 3.
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or evaluating materials,
components or assemblies for discontinuities, or differences in characteristics without
destroying the serviceability of the part or system. In other words, when the inspection or
test is completed the part can still be used.
Types:
1. Liquid Penetrant Testing: The basic principle of liquid penetrant testing is that when a very
low viscosity (highly fluid) liquid (the penetrant) is applied to the surface of a part, it will
penetrate into fissures and voids open to the surface. Once the excess penetrant is removed,
the penetrant trapped in those voids will flow back out, creating an indication. Penetrant
testing can be performed on magnetic and non-magnetic materials.
2. Magnetic Particle Testing; Magnetic Particle Testing uses one or more magnetic fields to
locate surface and near-surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic Particle
Testing uses one or more magnetic fields to locate surface and near-surface discontinuities
in ferromagnetic materials.
3. Ultrasonic Testing: Ultrasonic testing uses the same principle as is used in naval SONAR
and fish finders. Ultra-high frequency sound is introduced into the part being inspected and
if the sound hits a material with a different acoustic, some of the sound will reflect back to
the sending unit and can be presented on a visual display. By knowing the speed of the sound
through the part (the acoustic velocity) and the time required for the sound to return to the
sending unit, the distance to the reflector can be determined.
4. Radiography Testing: Radiography involves exposing a test object to penetrating radiation
so that the radiation passes through the object being inspected and a recording medium
placed against the opposite side of that object. The recording media can be industrial x-ray
film or one of several types of digital radiation detectors. With both, the radiation passing
through the test object exposes the media, causing an end effect of having darker areas where
more radiation has passed through the part and lighter areas where less radiation has
penetrated.
5. Visual Testing: As the name implies, VT involves the visual observation of the surface of a
test object to evaluate the presence of surface discontinuities. VT inspections may be by
Direct Viewing, using line-of sight vision, or may be enhanced with the use of optical
instruments such as magnifying glasses, mirrors, boroscopes, charge-coupled devices
(CCDs) and computer-assisted viewing systems (Remote Viewing). Corrosion, misalignment
of parts, physical damage and cracks are just some of the discontinuities that may be detected
by visual examinations.

Ans 4.
1. Engineering Stress: It is the ratio of applied force and the Original area.
2. Engineering Strain: It is the ratio of change in any dimension of the object to its original
dimension.
3. Modulus of elasticity: It is the ratio of stress and strain.
4. Yield Strength: A yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the
stress at which a material begins to deform plastically.
Ans 5.
Hardness is a measure of how resistant solid matter is to various kinds of permanent shape
change when a compressive force is applied whereas toughness is the ability of a material to
absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing.
Various hardness testing techniques used are:
Brinell hardnes test:
1. Uses ball shaped indentor.
2. Cannot be used for thin materials.
3. Ball may deform on very hard materials.
4. Surface area of indentation is measured.
Rockwell hardness tests:
1. Gives direct reading.
2. Rockwell B used for soft materials.
3. Rockwell C used for hard materials.
4. Flexible, quick and easy to use.
Vickers hardness test:
1. Uses squared shaped pyramid indentor.
2. Accurate results.
3. Measures length of diagonal on indentation.
4. Usually used on very hard materials.