ICS Appendices

Appendixes
(Database on EDPs)
I
II
Table of Contents
(DATABASE ON EDPS) .............................................................................................................I
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... III
APPENDIX 1. COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................1

ABBREVIATION OF POLYMERS ..................................................................................................1
MAJOR USED DEGRADABLE POLYMERS ....................................................................................3
APPENDIX 2. STANDARDS ..................................................................................................4
2.1 ISO STANDARD TESTS ON DEGRADABLE PLASTICS ............................................................4
2.2 ASTM ENVIRONMENTALLY DEGRADABLE PLASTICS STANDARDS.....................................4
Composting Environment ....................................................................................................4
Anaerobic digestion/processes .............................................................................................5
Other.....................................................................................................................................5
Photodegradation environment ............................................................................................6
2.3 ASTM BIODEGRADATION TEST METHODS ........................................................................6
2.3 ASTM TEST METHODS FOR PHOTO- AND OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION................................6
2.4 ISO BIODEGRADATION TEST METHODS ..............................................................................7
2.5 ISO TEST METHODS FOR PHOTO- AND OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION ....................................7
APPENDIX 3. EDPS MANUFACTURING AND APPLICATION COMPANIES .................8
3.1 LIST OF EDPSPPRODUCERS IN THE WORLD.........................................................................8
3.2 DATABASE ON TRADE-MARKS MANUFACTURERS AND APPLICATION .................................9
3.3 POLYMER PRODUCERS ......................................................................................................10
3.4 COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE DEGRADABLE POLYOLEFINS ...............................................12
3.5 EDPS APPLICATION COMPANIES .......................................................................................12
3.6 EDPS MANUFACTURING COMPANIES................................................................................18
3.7 MAJOR DEGRADABLE POLYMERS, THEIR APPLICATION AND SUPPLIERS .........................21
3.8 COMPANIES IN EDPS MEDICAL APPLICATIONS ................................................................25
APPENDIX 4. BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................27
4.1 GENERAL LITERATURE ON EDPS .......................................................................................27
4.2 ORCA PUBLICATIONS ......................................................................................................30
4.3 BOOKS ON STARCH BLENDS AND GRAFT POLYMERS OF STARCH.....................................33
4.4 BOOKS ON BIODEGRADABILITY TESTING .........................................................................34
4.5 MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR DEGRADABLE POLYOLEFINS .................................................34
4.6 MAJOR BOOKS FOR DEGRADABLE POLYOLEFINS ..............................................................39
4.7 RECENT BOOKS ON MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS..............................41
4.8 REVIEW ARTICLES ON MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS (AFTER 1995) .....43
4.9 OTHER BOOKS ON DEGRADABLE POLYMERS ...................................................................57
4.10 LITERATURES ON POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES ..............................................................60
4.11 Literatures on Polysaccharides……………………………………………………… 342
APPENDIX 5. EDPS WEBSITE DIRECTORY .....................................................................408
5.1 WEBSITES OF ASSOCIATIONS ..........................................................................................408
5.2 SEARCH ENGINES FOR BOOKS .........................................................................................409
5.3 SEARCH ENGINES FOR PATENTS ......................................................................................409
5.4 DEGRADABLE POLYMERS ................................................................................................410
5.5 ONLINE DATABASE .........................................................................................................410
III
APPENDIX 6. INVENTORY OF PATENTS ........................................................................ 411
6.1 PHOTODEGRADABLE POLYOLEFINS PATENTS ................................................................. 411
6.2 BIODEGRADABLE POLYOLEFINS ..................................................................................... 412
6.3 PATENTS ON PACKAGING, HYGINE AND NON-PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS........... 414
6.4 PHARMACEUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL PATENTS ......................................................... 415
6.5 MICROBIAL, CHEMICAL METHODS, SYNTHESIS AND DEGRADATION PATENTS .............. 417
6.6 BLENDING, COMPOSITION AND PLASTICIZER PATENTS .................................................. 419
6.7 PATENTS ON POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER ........................ 420
6.8 OTHER RELEVANT PATENTS ........................................................................................... 435
6.9 PATENTS IN MEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONS ....................................... 437
APPENDIX 7. LIST OF R&D INSTITUTIONS ON EDPS ................................................. 491
IV
Appendix 1. Commonly Used Abbreviations
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

CEN 'Comité Européen de Normalisation' , European Union
DIN The 'Deutsche Institut für Normung', Germany
EDP Environmentally degradable plastics
HV/LC High volume and low cost
ISO International Standard Organization
ISWA International Solid Waste Association
LCA/LCI Life cycle assessment/Life cycle inventory
MSW Municipal solid wastes
ORCA Organic Reclamation and Composting Association
PPM Process and Production Methods
TC Technical Committee
WG Working group
WTO World Trade Organization (replaced GATT, General Agreement on Trade and Tariff)
UNI Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione, Italy
Abbreviation of Polymers
AU poly(ester-urethane)
BPA bisphenol A
CA, CDA cellulose acetate, diacetate
CAP, CAB cellulose acetate propionate, -butylate
CMC Carboxymethylcellulose
CMHEC Carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose
CMMC Carboxymethylmethylcellulose
DETOSU 3,9-bis(ethylidene- 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5,5] undecane)
DIVEMA poly(maleic anhydride-co-divinylether)
EU poly(ether urethane)
HA Hyaluronic acid
HEC hydroxyethylcellulose
HMC hydroxymethylcellulose
HPC hydroxypropylcellulose
MC Methylcellulose
MEEP poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene
MDI 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate
Nylon2 polyglycine
Nylon6 poly(epsilon-aminocaproic acid)
PBA poly(butylene adipate)
PBLA poly(beta-benzyl-L-aspartate)
PBS poly(butylene succinate)
PBSA poly(butylene succinate adipate)
PCL polycaprolacton
PCL-PET polycaprolacton-co-poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PCPA poly(p-carboxyphenoxy acetic acid)
PCPP poly[1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane]
P(CPP/A7SA) poly[bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane-co-sebacic acid]
PDLA poly(D-lactide)
PDLLA poly(DL-lactide)
1
PDLLA-PCL poly(DL-lactide-co-caprolactone)
PDO-PGA poly(p-dioxanone-co-glycolide)
PDO-PGA-TMC poly(p-dioxanone-co-glycolide-co-1,3-trimethylenecarbonate)
PDS, PDO poly(p-dioxanone)
PEA polyethylene adipate
PES poly(ethylene succinate)
PET polyethlene terephthalate, modified
PGA polyglycolide, polyglycolic acid, polyglycolate
PGA-PCL poly(glycolide-co-caprolactone)
PGA-TMC poly(glycolide-co-trimethylcarbonate)
PGCA poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate-co-glycolide)
PHA poly(beta-hydroxy alkanoate), poly(beta-hydroxy acid)
PHA/PET poly(beta-hydroxy alkanoate)-co-poly(ethylene terephthalate)
PHB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
PHB/PCL poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-caprolactone)
PHB/PEO poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-ethylene glycol)
PHB/A30PVAc poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-vinyl acetate)
PHBB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- hydroxybutyrate)
PHBH poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexnoate)
PHBP poly((3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionat)
PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
PHBV/CAB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-co-(cellulose acetate butyrate)
PHBV/CAP poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)-co-(cellulose acetate phthlate)
PHEA poly{α,β-[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide]}
PHV poly(3-hydroxyvalerate)
PLA polylactide, poly(lactic acid), polylactate
PLA/PVOH poly(lactide-co-vinyl alcohol)
PLLA poly(L-lactide)
PLLA/PDLLA poly(L-lactide-co-D,L-lactide)
PLAGA poly(glycolide-co-lactide)
PLCA poly(lysine citramide)
PMDI polymeric isocyanate
PMLA poly(β-malic acid), poly(malate)
Poly(Glu) poly(glutamic acid)
Poly(Glu-Lys-Tyr) poly(glutamic acid-co-lysine-co-tyrosine)
Poly(Lys) polylysine
PPDA poly(phenylene dipropionic acid)
PPG polypropylene glycol
PSA poly(sebacic acid)
PSA-HDA poly(sebacic acid-hexadecandioic acid)
PSA-PEG poly(sebacic anhydride-co-polyethylene glycol)
PTMEG polytetramethylene ether glycol
PTMS poly(tetramethylene succinate)
PTPA-SA poly(terephthalic acid-sebacic acid)
PUR polyurethane
PUU Polyurethane ureas
PVOH polyvinylalcohol
TDI toluene diisocyanate
TPU thermoplastic polyurethane
2
Major Used Degradable Polymers
abbreviation polymer polymer type

PL polylactide polyester
PG polyglycolide polyester
PGL poly(glycolide-co-lactide) polyester
PLL poly(L)lactide polyester
PDL poly(D)lactide polyester
PDLL poly(DL)lactide polyester
PDS poly(p-dioxanone) polyetherester
PCL polycaprolacton polyester
PDO-PGA polyetherester
polyamide
POLYANHYDRIDE
polyamide-enamide
PVA polyvinylalcohol
ethylene-vinylalcolhol copolymer
polyvinylacetate
ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer polyorthoester
polyethyleneoxide polyurethane, linear
polyphosphazene
3
Appendix 2. Standards
2.1 ISO Standard Tests on Degradable Plastics
ISO 846-78 Plastics - Determination of behavior under the action of fungi and bacteria -
Evaluation by visual examination or measurement of change in mass or
physical properties.
ISO/DIS 14851 Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability of Plastic Materials in an
Aqueous Medium - Method by Determining the Oxygen Demand in a Closed
Respirometer (TC61/SC5 N 798)
ISO/DIS 14852 Plastics - Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability in an Aqueous
Medium - Method by Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide
ISO/CD 14853 Plastics Evaluation of Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic Materials
in an Aqueous System. Method by Analysis of Carbon Conversion to Carbon
Dioxide and Methane
ISO/DIS 14855 Plastics - Evaluation of the Ultimate Aerobic Biodegradability and
Disintegration Under Controlled Composting Conditions - Method by
Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide
ISO-TC61/SC5 N 5025 Evaluation of Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradability and Disisntegration of
Plastics Under High-Solids Anaerobic Digestion Conditions
status: to be considered
ISO-TC61/SC5 N 5026 Evaluation of the Compostability and Biological Treatability of Plastics - Test
Scheme for Final Acceptance
status: to be considered
ISO/CD 15985 Plastics-Evaluation of the ultimate anaerobic biodegradability and
disintegration of plastics under high solids anaerobic digestion conditions-
Method by analysis of released biogas (TC61/SC5 N 861). This is based on
ASTM Standard “Standard test method for determining anaerobic
biodegradation of plastic materials under high-solids anaerobic digestion
conditions [D5511-94]
ISO/CD 15986 Plastics-Evaluation of the compostability-Test scheme for final acceptance
(TC61/SC5 N 862). This is based on ASTM Standard “Standard Guide to
assess the compostability of environmentally degradable plasticsD6002-96]”.
2.2 ASTM Environmentally Degradable Plastics Standards
COMPOSTING ENVIRONMENT
1. [D 5209-91] Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in the presence of municipal sewage sludge
2. [D5338-93, D5338-98 el] Standard test method for determining the aerobic
biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions
3. [D5509-94] Standard practice for exposing plastics to a simulated compost environment
4. [D5512-94] Standard practice for exposing plastics to a simulated compost environmnet
using an externally heated reactor
5. [D6003-96] Standard test method for determining weight loss from plastic materials
exposted to a simulated municipal solid waste aerobic compost environment
6. [D5988-96] Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradation in soil of
4
plastic materials or residual plastic materials after composting
7. [D6002-96] Standard Guide for Assessing the Compostability of Environmentally
Degradable Plastics
8. [D6340-98] Standard Test Method for Determining Aerobic Biodegradation of
Radiolabeled Plastic Materials in an Aqueous or Compost Environment
9. [D6400-99] Standard Specification for Compostable Plastic
10. [D5951-96] Standard practice for preparing residual solids obtained after
biodegradability standard methods for plastics in solid waste for toxicity and
compost quality testing
11. [D5152-91] Standard practice for water extraction of residual solids from degraded
plastics for toxicity testing– Fate & Effect testing
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION/PROCESSES
12. [D5988-96] Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials or residual plastic materials after composting in contact with soil
13. [D5271-92] Standard test method for assessing the aerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials in an activated-sludge-wastewater-treatment system
14. [D 5210-91] Standard test method for determining the anaerobic biodegradation of
plastic materials in the presence of municipal sewage sludge
15. [D5511-94] Standard test method for determining anaerobic biodegradation of plastic
materials under high-solids anaerobic digestion conditions
16. [D5526-94] Standard Test Method for Determining Anaerobic Biodegradation of Plastic
Materials Under Accelerated Landfill Conditions
17. [D5525-94A] Standard Practice for Exposing Plastics to a Simulated Landfill
Environment
OTHER
18. [D 5437-93] Standard Practice for Weathering of Plastics Under Marine Floating
Exposure
19. [D 5247-92] Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradability of
degradable plastics by specific microorganisms
20. [D5510-94] Standard practice for heat aging of oxidatively degradable plastics
21. [ D6118] Standard test method for determining hydrolytic degradation of plastic
materials in an aqueous solution
22. [D6094-97] Standard Guide to Assess the Compostability of Environmentally
Degradable Nonwoven Fabrics
23. [D3826-98] Standard Practice for Determining Degradation End Point in Degradable
Polyethylene and Polypropylene Using a Tensile Test
5
PHOTODEGRADATION ENVIRONMENT
24. [D5071-91] Practice for operating Xenon arc-type exposure apparatus with water for
exposure of photodegradable plastics
25. [D5071-99] Standard Practice for Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics in a Xenon Arc
Apparatus
26. [D5208-91] Practice for operating fluorescent UV and condensation apparatus for
exposure of photodegradable plastics
27. [D5272-92] (1999) Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
2.3 ASTM Biodegradation Test Methods
ASTM test No. Test environment Test measurement

D5209 Aerobic sewage sludge Volume CO2 evolved
D5210 Anaerobic sewage sludge Volume CO2/CH4 evolved
D5247 Aerobic with specific organisms Polymer molecular weight
D5271 Aerobic activated sewage sludge Volume O2/CO2 evolved
D5338 Aerobic controlled composting Volume CO2 evolved
D5437 Marine floating conditions Physical properties
D5509 Simulated compost Physical properties
D5511 Anaerobic biodegradation Volume CO2/CH4 evolved
D5512 Simulated compost Physical properties
D5525 Simulated landfill Physical properties
D5526 Accelerated landfill Volume CO2/CH4 evolved
2.3 ASTM Test Methods for Photo- and Oxidative Degradation
ASTM test No. Test method

D3826 Degradation end points using a tensile test
D5071 Operation of Xenon arc-type exposure device
D5208 Operation of fluorescent ultraviolet and condensation device
D5272 Outdoor exposure testing of photodegradable plastics
D5437 Weathering of plastics under marine floating exposure
D5510 Heat-aging of oxidatively degradable plastics
G26 Operating light exposure apparatus (Xenon-arc type)
G53 Operating light and water exposure apparatus (fluorescent UV/condensation
type)
6
2.4 ISO Biodegradation Test Methods
ISO test number Test environment Test measurement

ISO 9439 Aquatic Volume CO2/CH4evolved
ISO 9408
ISO 9438 Aerobic biodegradation
ISO 14855 Aerobic controlled composting Volume CO2 evolved
2.5 ISO Test Methods for Photo- and Oxidative Degradation
ISO test number Test method

ISO 4892:81 Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources (xenon arc lamp, fluorescent
tube lamps.
ISO 4607:78 Methods of exposure to natural weathering.
ISO 4611 Determination of effects of exposure to damp heat, water spray and salt mist.
ISO 4582 Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure
to daylight under glass, natural weathering or artificial light.
ISO 4892-1,2,4 Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources-
Part1: generalguidance
Part2: xenon-arc guidance
Part3: open-flame carbon-arc lamps
ISO 4607-1978 Methods of exposure to natural weathering
7
Appendix 3. EDPs Manufacturing and Application Companies
3.1 List of EDPsPproducers in the World

Polymer Developer Trademark Name(s) Key Components
EUROPE
Avebe Starch-based blends
BASF Polyesters, Polyaspartic acid*
Bayer BAK 1095 - PEA Polyesteramides
Biopac* Biopack Extrusionable Starch Materials
Biotec Starch-based blends
Boehringer, BPI, Ethicon PLA/PLGA Polyesters
Deutsche Gelatin AG Gelatin Polypeptide (Proteins)*
EMS Chemie / Battelle Amylose* Extrusionable Starch Materials
EPI DCPTM Polyethylene / Additives
Fermentation Institute PHB copolymers Polyesters
Fluntera AG Fluntera Plast Extrusionable Starch Materials
Idroplast Poly(vinyl alcohol)*
Mazzucchelli Cellulose acetate
Neste OY Poly(lactic acid)
Novamont Mater-BiTM Starch-based blends
Novon Polymers AG Novan Extrusionable Starch Materials
Solvay Poly(caprolactone)
Storopack Foamable Starch Materials
Sunstarke Potato starch** Foamable Starch Materials
Technicoat Tech-No-BagTM Polyethylene / Additives
Tubize Plastics (Rhône Poulenc) Cellulose acetate Modified Cellulose
United Paper Mills Cellulose derivatives
USA
Air Products SOP Synthetic/Products*
Amylum PE/Starch Extrusionable Starch Materials
Archer Daniels PE/Starch Extrusionable Starch Materials
BioPlastics Envar Starch/Polycaprolactone (PCL)
Cargill Dow Polymers EcoPLa® Poly(lactic acid)
Chronopol HeplonTM Poly(lactic acid)
Dow Chemical Polyesters
DuPont Biomax® Polyesters
Eastman Chemical Co. Easter BioTM Copolyester Polyesters/Cellulose Derivatives
14766
Monsanto (stopped activity) BiopolTM Poly(hydroxy alkanoate) (PHA)
National Starch Starch-based derivatives
National Starch & Chemical Hydroxypropyl Starch Foamable Starch Materials
American Excelsior (Amylose 70%)
Novon International DegraNovon® Starch-based Derivatives
Planet Polymer Technologies EnviroPlastic®C Poly(ethyleneglycol)*
Rohm & Haas Polyaspartic Acid* Polypeptide (Proteins) - Poly-aspartic acid*
St. Lawrence Starch PE/starch Extrusionable Starch Materials
8
Union Carbide TONE®P-787 Poly (caprolactone) (PCL)
USDA - Agritech EAA/starch Extrusionable Starch Materials
Warner & Lambert Fluntera Plast Extrusionable Starch Materials
Willow Ridge Polystarch® Polyethylene + starch
ASIAN PACIFIC BASIN

Aicello Dolon CC Chitosan/Cellulose/Starch
Ajinomoto Bacterial Cellulose
Chisso/Novon International Novon Starch / PVA or PCL Blends
Dai Nippon Poly(aspartic acid)*
Daicel Chemical GCelGreen P-H (Placcel) Cellulose Derivatives/PCL Blends
Hayashibara Group PUL Pullulan*
Japan Corn Starch EverCorn Starch-based derivatives
Kuraray Poval CP Polyvinyl Alcohol*
Misui-Johatsu Lacea Poly (lactic acid)
Mitsubishi Polyaspartic Acid** Poly (aspartic acid)*
Nippon Shokubai Lunare SE Poly (ethylene succinate)
Nippon Unica Tone Polycaprolacone (PCL)
Nissei Eco-ware Starch-based
Shimadzu Lacty Poly (lactic acid)
Showa High Polymer Bionolle® Aliphatic Polyesters
* Materials soluble in water media
3.2 Database on Trade-marks Manufacturers and Application

trademark application Manufacturer polymer type
Cargill Inc. PLA
ABSOLOK™ ligating clip PDS homopolymer
Bio-Interference Screw interference screw Arthrex, Inc. (sold by)
BIOFIX® pins Bioscience ltd. PG and PL
Biologically Quiet™ interference screw Instrument Makar PGL
Biologically Quiet™ staple Instrument Makar PGL
BioScrew® interference screw Linvatec Corp. PL
Biostop® cement restrictor BIOLAND
BIOSYN™ suture U.S.Surgical PDS/PGA/TMC
DEXON® suture Davis & Geck PG
ENDOFIX® interference screw Smith & Nephew TMC/PG
Gliadel© brain tumor implant polyanhydride
containing BCNU
(carmustin)
LAPRA-TY™ suture clip PDS homopolymer
MAXON® suture Davis & Geck TMC/PG
MONOCRYL® suture Ethicon PG/PCL
Orthosorb® pins polydioxanone
PDS® suture
PHUSILINE interference screw PHUSIS 98%L-PL/2%D-PL
PL-FIX pins Zimmer Japan (sold by) PL
POLYSORB™ suture U.S.Surgical PGL
9
Septicin™ antibacterial bone implant polyanhydride
SURETAC® suture anchor Acufex Microsurgical, Inc. TMC/PG
Surgicel© hemostat oxidized cellulose
SYSORB® interference screw SYNOS DL-PL
VICRYL® suture Ethicon PGL
* To be updated
3.3 Polymer Producers

Absorbable Polymer Technologies, Inc.
2683 Pelham Parkway
Pelham, AL 35124; USA
Telephone 205-620-0025
FAX 205-620-9888
General Information: jpenglish@absorbables.com
http://www.absorbables.com
Absorbable Polymer Technologies, Inc. (APT) is a research and development-based company specializing
in the design, development, and manufacturing of biodegradable-polymer formulations for controlled-
release pharmaceuticals, and medical devices for enhanced therapies.
The company provides: biodegradable-polymer-synthesis (Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), clean-room
manufacturing facilities), applications-development, analytical laboratories,
products (standard and custom-synthesized materials, like polylactides etc.)
Birmingham Polymers Inc.

756 Tom Martin Drive
Birmingham, AL 35211-4467, USA
Phone: (205) 917-2231
Fax: (205) 917-2245
http://www.bpi-sbs.com/
E-mail: info@birminghampolymers.com, bpi@srt.com
Birmingham Polymers Inc. (BPI) is a company that manufactures and sells biodegradable polymers for
medical application. All polymers are produced under current Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP), and
the company maintains both Drug and Device Master Files with the FDA. The company provides:
Synthesis of lactide, glycolide and ε-caprolactone polymers etc. Research, development and manufacturing
Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Sample Kits are also available.
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG

Fine Chemicals
Binger Straße 173, D-55216 Ingelheim, Germany
Phone: ++49 6132 77 2192
Fax: ++49 6132 77 3755
http://www.resomer.de/index.html
e-mail: finechem@ing.boehringer-ingelheim.com
The Boehringer Ingelheim group of companies is one of the world's leading pharmaceutical corporations.It
focuses on the human pharmaceutical as well as on the animal health business. RESOMER® is the generic
term used to describe the polymers that are produced on the basis of lactic and glycolic acid.
Homopolymers of lactic acid (polylactides) are mainly used to produce resorbable implants in the field of
medical devices. Copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid are raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry,
which serve mainly to encapsulate active ingredients for controlled release.
PURAC biochem
10
Arkelsedijk 46, P.O. Box 21, 4200 AA Gorinchem, The Netherlands
Phone +31 183 695 695
Fax +31 183 695 600
http://www.purac.com/
E-mail pnl@purac.com
PURAC is the world's largest manufacturer of natural L (+)-lactic acid and lactates, with factories in Brazil,
Spain and the Netherlands - plus a worldwide sales network. PURAC, a subsidiary of CSM - a renowned
Dutch multinational specializing in the production and marketing of food ingredients and foodstuffs - is
represented in more than 100 countries. PURAC works according to the GMP method and is ISO certified.
For customers in highly sophisticated medical and pharmaceutical areas worldwide, the Biomaterials
Business Unit offers lactide and glycolide monomers and biodegradable polymers and copolymers.
PURASORB lactide and/ or glycolide polymers and copolymers have been developed to provide materials
for a variety of medical devices and pharmaceutical applications, like wound closure products, orthopaedic
implants and controlled drug delivery systems.
SBU Caprolactones
Solvay Interox Ltd
Baronet Road, Warrington, CheshireWA4 6HB, UK
Telephone:+44 (0) 1925 651277
Fax: +44 (0) 1925 232207
Internet: http://www.solvay.com/capa
Solvay Caprolactones provides caprolactone monomer and polymers. CAPA® is the Solvay trademark for
its range of caprolactones, comprising monomer and polymers of varying molecular weight. The main
CAPA® R&D facilities are located in the UK but with significant support provided by Central R&D
laboratories of Solvay in Brussels.
Cargill Dow Polymers LLC

15305 Minnetonka Boulevard
Minnetonka, Minnesota 55345
For more information in the U.S. and Canada: 1-877-4CD-POLY (1-877-423-7659)
In Europe, call the Dow Information Centre in The Netherlands at : ++31-20-6916268
In Japan, call: 81-33-285-0824
http://www.cdpoly.com/home.asp
11
3.4 Commercially Available Degradable Polyolefins
Common description Composition Trade name Manufacture
Photosensitising/Photo- Ferric tiolates Plastor Plastopil (Israel)
(sometimes with Polydress (Germany)
activating additives other metal
Antioxidant-Photo-activator tiolates in Green Plastigone EniChem Agricultural (Italy)
(Scott-Gilead process) polyethylene) Plastigone Technologies Inc. (US)
(in polypropylene Ecoten (manufacture Amerplasr (Finland)

baler twine) discontinued in 1975) American
Cleanfields Brazilian Company (USA)
Iron salts Probably Ferric Poly Grade Ampercet (USA)

stearate
Photodegradable Copolymers of Ecolyte EcoPlastics

compolymer ethylene,
Vinyl ketone copolymers propylene and
(Guillet process) styrene with a
vinyl ketone
Ethylene-carbon monoxide E/CO DuPont (USA)
polymers Union Carbide (USA)
Dow (USA)
Biodegradable polyolefins Physical blend of Bioplast Coloroll (UK)

Starch filled polyethylene LDPE and starch Ecoplast St. Lawrence
(Griffin process) Starch (Canada)
3.5 EDPs Application Companies

Advanced Polymer Systems
123 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
The company provides polymer based delivery systems for use primarily in ethical pharmaceutical
products. The pharmaceutical partner provides the drug, funds product and clinical development and
markets the end product. APS develops a specialized delivery system.
Advanced Tissue Sciences

10933 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 920371005, USA
Phone: 8587137300
Fax: 8587137400
Advanced Tissue Sciences is developing products for tissue engineering technology. Advanced Tissue
Sciences has commercialized two products based on its proprietary tissue engineering technology
TransCyte™, a temporary wound covering for the treatment of burns, and Dermagraft®, a human dermal
replacement designed as a treatment for skin ulcers and its strategy is to efficiently and costeffectively
expand the number of potential products that can be derived from the core proprietary technology, and to
fund development of those products through strategic alliances and research grants.
Alkermes, Inc.
64 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Telephone: 617 4940171
12
Fax: 617 4949263
For polymer information, contact our Polymer Customer Service Department at:
Alkermes, Inc.
6960 Cornell Road, Cincinnati, Ohio 45242 , USA
Telephone: 513 4890294 , Fax: 513 4897244
Alkermes diversified technology currently consists of four proprietary delivery systems:
ProLease® and Medisorb® injectable sustained release systems; RingCapTM and Dose Sipping oral
delivery technologies; AIRTM pulmonary delivery systems and; Cereport® bloodbrain barrier
permeabilizer. In addition, the Company manufactures and supplies Medisorb® Polymers a wide range of
standard and custom developed pharmaceutical grade, bioabsorbable PLG polymers.
ARTHREX
2885 South Horseshoe Drive, Naples, FL 34104, USA
Phone 8009344404
Fax 8006439310
Quality engineered products and educational services for orthopaedic surgeons.
The TissueTak provides a new, bioabsorbable, sutureless solution for arthroscopic SLAP and Bankart
repairs. The Headed BioAbsorbable Corkscrew is a sutureless solution to rotator cuff repairs. The
BioFASTak is a 3 mm diameter suture anchor designed for cortical bone and incorporates a suture eyelet
which virtually eliminates suture drag to significantly improve the performance of sliding knots. The
BioCorkscrew Suture Anchor with a braided suture eyelet molded into the body of the implant is another
concept for bioabsorbable soft tissue repair.
Atrix Laboratories, Inc.

2579 Midpoint Drive, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
Telephone: (970) 4825868
Email: atrixlab@frii.com
Atrix Laboratories, Inc. is a drug delivery and drug development company. The ATRIGEL drug delivery
system consists of biodegradable polymers, similar to those used in other systemically administered
products, dissolved in biocompatible carriers. The polymerbased BEMA™) Film system is designed to
deliver systemic levels of drugs rapidly across oral or vaginal mucosal tissues. The BEMA system consists
of bioerodible bilayer or multilayer thin films that can be developed to deliver at different time intervals.
BIONX Implants, Inc.

1777 Sentry Parkway West, Gwynedd Hall, Suite 400, Blue Bell, PA 19422 USA
tel. 18002592580
fax 12156536128
BIONX Implants, Ltd.

PO Box 3, Hermiankatu 68L, FIN33720 Tampere, Finland
fax +358.3.3165 629
Bionx Implants is a manufacturer and marketer of selfreinforced (SR), resorbable polymer implants,
including screws, pins, arrows and stents, for use in a variety of applications which include orthopedic
surgery, urology, dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. The Bionx Implants Inc. Meniscus Arrow™ is
indicated for the repair of vertical, longitudinal “BucketHandle” tears of the meniscus in the vascular zone
(redred and redwhite) through arthroscopic or open methods. The arrows are made out of a proprietary
SelfReinforced™ PLLA, which imparts to the material an ultrahigh strength microstructure and a unique
ability to resist shear, flexion and torque while the tear is healing. SRPLLA implants have a highly fibrous
and tough structure that is not brittle or weak under load, properties that are advantageous throughout the
healing and remodeling process.
The Bionx Implants Inc. Bankart Tack is a simple, sutureless design for the arthroscopic and open fixation
of Bankart lesions of the shoulder, acute anterior shoulder instability due to tears in the labrumligament
13
complex or capsular shift procedures. The Bionx Implants, Inc. SelfReinforced absorbable fixation screws
are indicated for a variety of orthopaedic applications. The SmartScrew is made of SelfReinforced PLLA
polymer, which imparts to the material an ultrahigh strength microstructure and a unique ability to resist
shear, flexion and torque while the fracture, osteotomy or fusion site is healing. The Bionx Implants, Inc.
SelfReinforced absorbable fixation pins are indicated for a variety of orthopaedic applications. The Bionx
Implants SmartTack is indicated for the repair of ruptures involving the Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the
Thumb of the first metacarpophalangeal joint, ferred to as "Gamekeeper's Thumb" or "Skier's" tear.
DePuy Orthopaedics
P.O. Box 988, 700 Orthopaedic Drive, Warsaw, IN 465810988, USA
Tel: +1 (800) 3668143
Fax: +1 (219) 2677196
DePuy is a manufacturer of orthopaedic implants in the United States.
The Biostop® G Bone Cement Restrictor is a bioresorbable plug designed to seal the medullary canal
before introducing bone cement during surgery with a cemented prosthesis.
Ethicon, Inc.
Sommerville, New Jersey
ETHICON, INC., a Johnson & Johnson company, is a world's marketer of surgical sutures, hemostats, and,
through its Mitek Products division, suture anchors. ETHICON, INC. is the only U.S. company that offers
an adhesive alternative to sutures for topical skin closure. The company also markets a full line of surgical
mesh products. 10-0 VICRYL (polyglactin 910) suture, An absorbable suture that offers wound integrity
for the first 28 days and is completely absorbed after 70 days
Instrument Makar, Inc.

2950 East Mount Hope • Okemos, MI 48864, USA
Phone +1 5173323593
Fax +1 5173322043
Toll free orders in the United States and Canada 8002484668
Email iminfo@instmak.com
Instrument Makar develops, manufactures and markets safe and effective innovative orthopedic
instrumentation. Instrument Makar's Biologically Quiet™ Screw is a suture material. The material, a
copolymer of glycolic and lactic acid, has shown no adverse effects or bone cyst formation. For ACL
reconstruction, Instrument Makar's Biologically Quiet Interference Screw provides security for the bone-
tendon-bone graft throughout the time necessary for the healing process to be complete. The Biologically
Quiet Screw is solid. Laboratory studies performed show that the Interference Screw had an even greater
resistance to pull-out than metal screws of the same geometry*. The Biologically Quiet™ Staple is an
alternative to metal implants for ACL reconstruction utilizing the semitendinosus tendon. The Biologically
Quiet Staple is a copolymer of glycolic and lactic acid.
Linvatec Corporation
11311 Concept Boulevard, Largo; Florida 33773-4908, USA
Linvatec Customer Service
Email: cust_serv@linvatec.com
Phone: (800) 2370169
Fax: (727) 3995256
International Fax (727) 397-4540
Linvatec Corporation is a arthroscopy/power surgical instrument equipment manufacturer in the United
States. The Bio-Absorbable Interference Screws both the original screws and the femoral screws are
available in 7, 8 and 9mm dia. by 20mm and 25mm sizes.
14
Bio-Stinger™ meniscal repair
Bio-absorbable PLLA implant
Cannulated implant for precise, one-handed placement
Low profile implant head and built-in countersink minimize condylar contact
Four rows of barbs for increased pull-out strength
Curved and straight instruments allow access to all meniscal zones
MacroMed, Inc.
9520 South State Street, Sandy, Utah 84070, USA
Phone: (801) 565-8561
Fax: (801) 565-8562
R&D Fax: (801) 565-8563
email: macromed@macromed.com
Founded in 1995, MacroMed is a privately held company developing novel drug delivery systems utilizing
proprietary polymer technologies.
Oligosphere® Injectable Microspheres

Oligosphere® is a proprietary, polymeric microsphere technology based on FDA-approved PLGA
polymers. MacroMed’s patented processing uses aqueous cosolvents providing a drug-friendly loading
environment. Unlike traditional PLGA microspheres, no methylene chloride is used in the processing.
MacroMed’s process also creates a homogenous drug/polymer matrix; this enables a constant release
profile with little or no initial burst. Oligosphere® is injected parenterally and is designed for drug release
profiles of greater than one month.
Samyang
263 YeonjiDong, ChongnoGu, Seoul 110725, Korea
Tel : 8227407299
Fax : 8227436626
Samyang is one of the Drug Delivery System (DDS) manufacturers in the world. Samyang aims to be an
R&D-oriented company through its cooperation with TheraTech, MacroMed and VivoRx of the United
States in capital participation and joint research. Samyang's Surgisorb is a coated, braided, synthetic and
absorbable suture prepared by utilizing Polyglycolic Acid.
Biomesh GTR barrier
GTR barriers are needed in severe cases of periodontal diseases where patients are at a risk of permanent
loss of tooth due to the removal of the abscess or the infected connective tissues and alveolar bone during
reconstructive surgery.
Smith & Nephew, Inc.

Endoscopy Division
Andover, Massachusetts 01810, USA
Telephone 19787491000
Fax 9787491108
Main Office 18003438386
U.S. Customer Service 18003435717
U.S. Customer Service Fax 18005546105
Acufex Microsurgical
Smith & Nephew
130 Forbes Blvd.
Mansfield, MA 02048
Tel 18003394332; fax 15083394332
15
Smith & Nephew is a global medical device company.
Anatomically Targeted Screws for ACL and PCL Reconstruction
Only one line of bioabsorbable screws gives you techniquespecific screws optimized for all approaches of
both ACL and PCL reconstruction: Screws are designed to hold the graft in place for secure anatomic
aperture reconstruction, allowing patients to resume their active lifestyles. *RotorloC™ Absorbable Rotator
Cuff Suture Anchor RotorloC from Smith & Nephew. Designed exclusively for the humeral head bone, the
RotorloC Absorbable Rotator Cuff Suture Anchor delivers superior deployment and retention in all
humeral head bone densities, including soft bone. RotorloC's propellerlike, selfinserting action creates a
platform and locks the anchor into place for superior retention and stronger fixation. Its twin freesliding
sutures increase the overall strength of the repair by doubling the number of sutures in the tendon.
Suretac® Bioabsorbable Fixation

Suretac® attaches soft tissue with ease. The tapered shaft and leading edge design ease passage through
tissue to bone, while the cannulation ensures precise placement over the guidewire. Suretac is made of
polyglyconate, a bioabsorbable copolymer, so there’s no worry about metal in the joint, or MRI
compatibility.
Bioabsorbable TAG® Suture Anchors

Bioabsorbable suture anchor made of polyglyconate.
EndoFix® Bioabsorbable Interference Screws
Polyglyconate Bioabsorbable Interference Screws 1.5mm cannulation.
Southern BioSystems, Inc.

756 Tom Martin Drive
Birmingham, AL 352114467, USA
Southern BioSystems, Inc. (SBS), research, development and manufacturing of controlled release drug
delivery products for clients to commercialize human and veterinary pharmaceuticals. SABER™ is a
biodegradable gel that can be formulated for oral, parenteral, dermal or other routes of administration
Sulzer Medica Ltd.

Zurcherstrasse 12, CH8401 Winterthur, Switzerland
Sulzer Medica Ltd, Winterthur (Switzerland) and with significant presence in the United States, develops,
manufactures and markets medical implants and surgical products, primarily for orthopedic and
cardiovascular applications. The two Sulzer Medica divisions are Orthopedics (artificial joints, spinal
implants, trauma surgery, arthroscopy, dental implants) and Cardiovascular Prostheses (heart valves and
vascular grafts).
Sysorb® is a bioresorbable interference screw that fixes the “new” cruciate ligament in the knee. This
fixation is as stable as with a metal screw.
TESco Associates, Incorporated

4 Lyberty Way, P.O. Box 769, Westford, MA 01886 U.S.A.
Tel: (978) 3920551
FAX (978) 6920743
info@tescoassociates.com
TESco provides consulting services, focusing on medical devices, especially absorbable polymeric
implants. TESco aids clients in areas such as product development support, material selection and
development, mold design and fabrication, and solution of critical manufacturing difficulties; from early
concept stages through clinical trials.
THM Biomedical, Inc.

325 South Lake Ave, Suite 608, Duluth, Minnesota 55802, USA
Telephone: 218.720.3628
16
Email: contact@thmbiomedical.com
Located in Duluth, Minnesota, THM was organized in 1990 to commercialize health care applications of its
unique, patented, bioresorbable polymer technology. The core technology, known as OPLA® (Opencell
PolyLactic Acid) can be utilized for a broad range of biomaterials and sustained drug delivery applications.
Research is being conducted by THM in the fields of bone and cartilage repair and regeneration,
chemotherapeutic drugdelivery and dentistry.
Epi-Guide®
Bioresorbable OPLA® Periodontal Barrier
Epi-Guide is indicated for use as an adjunct to periodontal restorative surgeries in the treatment of
periodontal defects following established surgical procedures. Epi-Guide (D, D-L, L-polylactic acid)
functions to support the initial blood clot and maintain competence of collateral circulation.
DRILAC®
Bioresorbable OPLA® surgical dressing
Drilac is indicated for the prevention of alveolar osteitis following mandibular third molar extractions.
Drilac (D, D-L, L-polylactic acid) is a hydrophilic, threee dimensional matrix dressing material resembling
cancellous bone.
GLIADEL® Wafer (polifeprosan 20 with carmustine implant) is a sterile, off-white to pale yellow wafer
approximately 1.45 cm in diameter and 1 mm thick. Each wafer contains 192.3 mg of a biodegradable
polyanhydride copolymer and 7.7 mg of carmustine [1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, or BCNU].
Carmustine is a nitrosourea oncolytic agent. The copolymer, polifeprosan 20, consists of poly[bis(p-
carboxyphenoxy) propane: sebacic acid] in a 20:80 molar ratio and is used to control the local delivery of
carmustine. Carmustine is homogeneously distributed in the copolymer matrix.
17
3.6 EDPs Manufacturing Companies
abbrev. polymer polymer type brand name/company/application trade name/manufacturer

PLA polylactide, poly(lactic polyester, poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) NatureWork, (lactic acid-plastics from corn), Cargill Dow
acid), polylactate Polymers - the largest producer of PLA resins
(http://www.cdpoly.com)
Lacea, Mitsui Chemical Inc.
(http://www.mitsuichem.co.jp/english/info/senyaku.htm)
Lacty, Schimadzu Corporation
(http://www.shimadzu.com/products/bio/bio.htm) PLA,
Hygail
PLLA poly(L-lactide) polyester, poly(alpha- Arthrex (Arthrex): interference screws PLA, Birmingham Polymers (http://www.bpi-sbs.com)
hydroxy acid), microbial Biofix (Bionx, http://www.bionximplants.com), Pins and PLA, Neste (http://www.neste.com)
polyester rods Purasorb PL, PURAC (http://www.purac.com)
Bioscrew (Linvatec, http://www.zimmer.com): Resomer L, Boehringer Ingelheim
interference screws (http://www.resormer.de)
Bio-Statak (Zimmer, http://www.zimmer.com): suture
anchor
Endofix (Acufex): interference screws
Lactasorb (Davis and Geck), Anastomosis clip
SmartScrew (Bionx, http://www.bionximplants.com),
screw
PDLA poly(D-lactide) polyester, poly(alpha-hydroxy acid) Purasorb PD, PURAC (http://www.purac.com)
Resomer R, Boehringer Ingelheim
(http://www.resormer.de)
PDLLA poly(DL-lactide) polyester, poly(alpha- Atrisorb, Atrix (http://www.atrixlabs.com): guided tissue Medisorb, Alkermes (http://www.alkermes.com)
hydroxy acid) Drilac, THM Biomedical: dental Heplon, Chronopol
Guidor, Procordia: guided tissue PDLLA, Birmingham Polymers (http://www.bpi-sbs.com)
Purasorb PDL, PURAC (http://www.purac.com)
PLLA/PD poly(L-lactide-co-D,L- copolyester, poly(alpha- Phusiline, Phusis: interference screws (98%PLLA- Resomer LR (http://www.resormer.de)
LLA lactide) hydroxy acid) 2%PDLA) ; Resor-Pin, Geistlich
(http://www.geistlich.ch): Pins and rods
PGA polyglycolide, polyglycolic polyester, poly(alpha- Biofix, Bionex (http://www.bionximplants.com): Pins Biologically Quiet, Instrument Makar
acid, polyglycolate hydroxy acid) and rods PGA, Birmingham Polymers (http://www.bpi-sbs.com)
Dexon II, Ercadex, Davis and Geck: sutures Purasorb, PURAC (http://www.purac.com)
PGA Suture, Lukens Resomer, Boehringer Ingelheim (http://www.resormer.de)
Valtrac, Davis and Geck: anastomosis ring
18
PLAGA poly(glycolide-co-lactide) copolyester, poly(alpha- Angioseal, AHP: angioplastic plug ProLease, Medisorb, Alkermes (http://www.alkermes.com)
hydroxy acid) Biologically Quiet, Instrument Makar PLAGA, Birmingham Polymers (http://www.bpi-sbs.com)
(http://www.instmak.com): interference screws Purasorb PLG, Purasorb PDLG, PURAC
LactoSorb, Walter Lorenz (http://www.purac.com)
(http://www.lorenzsurgical.com): plates, mesh, screws Resomer RG, Boehringer Ingelheim
Polysorb, US Surgical, sutures (http://www.resormer.de)
Resolut, W.L.Gore (http://www.gorefabrics.com),
guided tissue
Vicryl, Ethicon (http://www.ethiconinc.com): sutures
PGA/TM poly(glycolide-co- copolyester Suretac, Acufex: suture anchor

C trimethylene carbonate)
PCL polycaprolacton polyester packaging, die lubricant, mold release, CAPA, Solvay Interox (http://www.solvay.com/capa)
dispersion aid, fertilizers, adhesives, EnviroPlastic-C, Planet Polymer
controlled releasing, (http://www/planetpolymer.com)
polyester segments in urethanes and block polymers PCL, Birmingham Polymers (http://www.bpi-sbs.com)
Praccel, Cellgreen, Deicel Chemical Industries
(http://www.daicel.co.jp)
Tone, Union Carbide (http://www.unioncarbide.com)
PCL/calcium carbonate, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical
Company
PDLLA/P poly(DL-lactide-co- copolyester drug delivery system BirminghamPoly. E12(www.bpi-sbs.com)

CL caprolactone)
PGA/PC poly(glycolide-co- copolyester Monocryl, Ethicon (http://www.ethiconinc.com): sutures
L caprolactone)
PHB poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) polyester, polyhydroxyalkanoate, microbial polyester
PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- polyester, compostable packaging, medical Biomer, Biomer (http://www.biomer.com/)

co-3-hydroxyvalerate) polyhydroxyalkanoate, Biopol, Monsanto, ex. ICI (http://www.biopol.com)
microbial polyester Biopol, PHBV/starch, Zenecaa Bioproducts, Britain
PHA, Metabolix (http://www.metabolix.com/index.html)
PHA, Tepha (http://www.tepha.com): medical devices
PHBV, PCD-Polymere, Austrian
Bionolle polybutylenesuccinate, aliphatic polyester packaging Showa Highpolymer
polybutyleneadipate, (http://itri.loyola.edu/biopoly/showa.htm)
polybutylenesebacate
and copolymers
Lunare polyethylenesuccinate aliphatic polyester packaging Nippon Shokubai
SE (http://www.shokubai.co.jp/english/main/kaihatsu/runare/ru
nare.htm)
19
PBA-PCL poly(1,4-butylene copolyester, thermoplastic disposable film, containers
adipate-co-
polycaprolactone)
PDS poly(p-dioxanone) polyether ester LAPRA-TY, PDO: suture clip
ABSOLOK™, PDO: ligating clip
PDS, Ethicon (http://www.ethiconinc.com):
PMLA poly(β-malic acid), polyester medical, pharmaceutical
poly(malate)
poly(alkylene D-tartrate) polyester biomedical Alzamer, Alza (http://www.alza.com)
PGCA poly(1,3-trimethylene copolyester drug delivery
carbonate-co-glycolide) Endofix, Acufex: interference screws
Suretac, Acufex: suture anchor,
Maxon, Davis and Geck: sutures
Ecoflex copolyester packaging BASF (http://www.basf.com), Eastar Bio, Eastman
(http://www.eastman.com)
Eastar Bio copolyester film, coating Eastman
(http://www.eastman.com/ProductFiles/Prod1519.htm)
PET polyethlene polyester packaging Biomax, DuPont (http://www.dupont.com)
terephthalate, modified
PDO/P+ poly(p-dioxanone-co- Polyether ester medical
A37GA glycolide)
PDO/PG poly(dioxanone-co- Polyether ester Biosyn, US Surgical:sutures
A/A39TM glycolide-co-
C trimethylenecarbonate)
poly(iminocarbonates) pseudopoly(amino acids), drug delivery system
based on tyrosine- poly(iminocarbonates)
derivatives
polyaspartate poly(amino acid) dispersants, absorbants and medicals Donlar, Donlar Corporation (http://www.polyaspartate.com)
Poly(Lys) polylysine poly(amino acid) drug delivery system
poly(glutamic acid) poly(amino acid) drug delivery system
PHEA poly[N-(2-hydroxyethyl)- poly(amino acid) drug delivery system
D,L-aspartamide]
PLCA poly(lysine citramide) polyamide drug delivery system
Nylon2- poly(glycine-co- copolyamid packaging
nylon6 aminocaproic acid)
BAK 1095, BAK 2195 poly(ester amide) packaging Bayer (http://www.bayer.com)
P(CPP- poly[bis(p- polyanhydride Biodel, Gliadel: brain tumor implant Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
SA) carboxyphenoxy)propane (http://www.guilfordpharm.com)
-co-sebacic acid]
20
poly(p-carboxy aliphatic-aromatic drug delivery system
phenoxyalkanoic acids) polyanhydride
PVOH polyvinylalcohol films, fibres, tubing and injection moulded articles, Airvol, Air Products and Chemicals
textile warp sizing, paper industry, (http://www.airproducts.com/airvpoly/html)
Mowial, Hoechst (http://www.hoechst.de)
Hydrolene, Idroplast (http://www.he.net/~tes/hydro)
Aqua-Novon, Novon (http://www.novoninc.com)
Aquadro, Planet Polymers (http://www.planetpolymer.com)
Vinex, Texas Polymer (http://www.aschulman.com)
PVOH/paper pulp laminated film, Shinetsu
(http://www.shinetsu.co.jp/english)
Kuraray (http://www.kuraray.co.jp/en/products/index.html)
poly(ortho ester) drug delivery systems Advanced Polymer System

(http://www.advancedpolymer.com)
PEO/PLA polyethylene oxide-block- poly(ether ester) drug delivery system
poly(L-lactic acid)
polyurethane foam disposable packaging Biofoam, Kehl (http://www.kehl-br.com/bioespuma_e.html)
poly(1,4-butylene polyester urethane packaging:bags, rope, fibers, bottles, foamed cups
adipate-co-
1,4-butylene succinate),
extented with 1,6-
diisocyanatohexane
MEEP poly[bis(methoxyethoxyet hydrophilic phosphazenes drug delivery system
hoxy)phosphazene
3.7 Major Degradable Polymers, Their Application and Suppliers
abbrev. polymer polymer type application Supplier/manufacture

Albumin globular protein medical, textile printing, fixation of dyes, sugar refining
Globulin globular protein biomedical

Collagen animal, fibril protein pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, food packaging Naturin GmbH & Co. (http://www.naturin.de), Vasoseal,
Datascope (http://www.vasoseal.com)
Gelatin animal, fibril protein gelling agent http://www.gelatine.org
Fibrinogen/Fibrin animal, fibril protein hemostatic, wound healing agent, implant
21
Casein animal, fibril protein food packaging, drug delivery system Kruse Chemie (http://www.kruse-gruppe.de/uk/casein.htm)
beta-Conglycinine, soybean protein, vegetal protein plastic bags, mulch film, urethane foams, Omnitech
glycinine urethane binders (http://www.omnitechintl.com/soy_program/studies/plastics.html)
Gliadine and Glutenin wheat protein, vegetal protein packaging plastic Polytriticum 200, Midwest Grain
α-Zein vegetal protein coating of food and pharmaceutical tablets, plastic wrap
Heparin polysaccharide, animal medical Heparin-pur-ratiopharm and -pur-forte ratiopharm, MIKA Pharma
GmbH (http://www.mika-pharma.de)
HA Hyaluronic acid polysaccharide, animal scaffold, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, food Chisso (www.chisso.co.jp), Biomatrix (http://www.biomatrix.com)
Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
HYAFF® (scaffold), Fidia Advanced Biopolymers S.p.A.
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/press/2000/pr2703-
fidia.html)
Cellulose polysaccharide textile, paper Aquacel, Aqualon, Blanose Cellulose Gum, Aqualon-Hercules
(http://www.herc.com)
CA, CDA Cellulose acetate, polysaccharide, cellulose ester packaging, adhesives, textile, cigarette filters Eastman Chemical Company (http://www.eastman.com)
diacetate EnviroPlastic-Z, Planet Polymer
Rhodia Rhone Poulenc (http://www. Rhone-poulenc.com)
Akzo Noble (http://www.akzonoble.com)
CA sheet products, Mazzucchelli (http://www.mazzucchelli
1849.it)
Celanese (http://www.celanese.com)
Daicel Chemical Industry (http://www/daicel.co.jp)
CAP, CAB Cellulose acetate polysaccharide, cellulose ester ophthalmic, medical, toys/sport goods Eastman Chemical Company (http://www.eastman.com)
propionate, -butylate
Cellulose acetate polysaccharide, cellulose ester tablets

phthalate
CMC Carboxymethylcellulose polysaccharide, cellulose ether Detergents, food conservator, thickening Aqualon, Aquacel, Blanose cellulose gum, Aqualon-Hercules
agents in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals (http://www.herc.com/businesses/aqualon/aqualon.htm)
Lenzing Lyocell, Lenzing (http://www.lenzing.com)
Newcell, Akzo Noble (http://www.akzonoble.com)
Tencel, Courtaulds Textiles (http://www.courtaulds-textiles.com,
http://www.tencel.com)
22
MC Methylcellulose polysaccharide, cellulose ether excipient, emulsifier, suspending Culminal, Benecel, Aqualon-Hercules
agent,adhesives in foods, cosmetics, (http://www.herc.com/businesses/aqualon/aqualon/htm)
pharmacy Methocel, Celacol, Dow Chemical Company
(http://www.dow.com)
Metolose, Shin-Etsu (http://www.shinetsu.co.jp/english)
Tylose, Clariant (http://www.clariant.com)
Walocel, Wolff-Walsrode-bayer (http://www.bayer.com)
EC Ethylcellulose polysaccharide, cellulose ether adhesives, additives in plastics, lacks and Ethocel, Dow (http://www.dow.com)
pigments. Aqualon EC, Aqualon-Hercules
(http://www.herc.com/businesses/aqualon/aqualon/htm)
EC, Bermocoll (EHEC), Akzo Nobel (http://www.akzonobel.com)
HEC Hydroxyethylcellulose polysaccharide, cellulose ether thickening agent Natrosol, Aqualon-Hercules
B3 (http://www.herc.com/businesses/aqualon/aqualon/htm)
Tylose, Clariant (http://www.clariant.com)
Shin-Etsu (http://www.shinetsu.co.jp/english)
HPC Hydroxypropylcellulose polysaccharide, cellulose ether thickening agents, encapsulation Klucel, Aqualon-Hercules
(http://www.herc.com/businesses/aqualon/aqualon/htm)
Shin-Etsu (http://www.shinetsu.co.jp/english)
Pectin polysaccharide, plant extract coating, gelling agents in foods, pharmacy Herbstreith & Rox (http://www.herbstreith-
fox.de/produkte/englisch/einstplus.htm), Genu (Hercules)
Dextran polysaccharide, fermentation product molecular sieve (Sephadex), drug delivery Pharmachem Corporation (http://www.pharmachemcorp.com)
system
Xanthan polysaccharide, fermentation product emulsifiers and suspending agents Rhodia (http://www.food.us.rhodia.com/prod_info.asp)
Inulin polysaccharide, plant extract nasal drug delivery Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
Konjak polysaccharide, plant extract food packaging FMC Biopolymer (http://www.fmcbiopolymer.com/en_US),

Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
Alginate polysaccharide, algae extract thickening, gelling, emusifying agent FMC Biopolymer (http://www.fmcbiopolymer.com/en_US)
Agar/Agarose polysaccharide, algae extract suspending, emulsifying agent, cuture gel Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
Garrageenan polysaccharide, algae extract thickening, stabilizing, emusifying agent FMC Biopolymer (http://www.fmcbiopolymer.com/en_US),
http://www.philexport.org/members/siap/intro.htm
Gum arabic/Aracia gum polysaccharide, gum demulcent, emusifying agent, tablets binder Multikem (http://www.multikem.com/mk/index.html)
Tragacanth gum polysaccharide, gum tablets binder, demulcent Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
Chitosan polysaccharide food coagulant, wastwater treatment, Vanson (http://www.vanson.com/)
coating
Pullulan polysaccharide, plantseed extract food coating Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)
Xyloglucan, Amyloid polysaccharide, plantseed extract gelling agent in foods and pharmaceuticals
23
Lignin, lignin sulfonate polysaccharide lignin: adhesives, emulsifiers, dispersing Borregard, Lignotech USA (http://www.ltus.com)
agents; Georgia Pacific (http://www.gp.com)
lignosulfonate or lignin Kraft: paper pate, Northway Lignin (http://duenorth.net/northway)
preparation of polyurethane
Starch polysaccharide paper industry, chemical and pharmaceutical Nadeg by Schulman-Amylum
industry Eridania-Beghin-Say Cerestar (http://www.eridania-beghin-
say.com)
Novo-Nordisk (http://www.novo.dk)
Roquette (http://www.roquette.fr)
Cargill (http://www.cargill.com)
Starch blends packaging plastic BioPac, Biologische verpackungssysteme GmbH, Austria

BioPlast, Biopur: starch/CA blends, Bioflex:
starch/polycaprolactam, Biotec
(http://www.kunststoffweb.de/biotec)
Bio-stoll, starch/LDPE/Ecostar, Stoll Papierfolien
Eco-Foam, National Starch (http://www.nationalstarch.com)
Ecopolym, PE/starch blends, Society Polychem
Ecostar, Starch (90-95%) + additive, Chisso Corporation USA
Ecostar, PE/starch mulch film, Society St Lawrence Starch
Company ; EMS SB 220.0, 60% starch/40% polyamide, EMS
Chemie AG, Swiss
Envar, starch/PCL, Bio Plastics, Michigan
Starch(< 50%)-co-hydrophobic polymers, Fluntera AG, Swiss
Mater-Bi, starch (>60%)/PVA alloy, starch/PCL blends,
Novamont (http://www.novament.com/i_c/index.htm)
Paragon, Avebe (http://www.avebe.com)
Poly-Novon, starch blends with copolymers of PVOH,
polysaccharides, vinylpyrrolidone, hydrophobic polymers, Novon
International (http://www.novoninc.com), ex. Warner-Lambert
Polytriticum 2000, Midwest Grain
Sconacell, starch acetate, Buna Sow Leuna
ST1, ST2, ST3, Starch Tec
24
3.8 Companies in EDPs Medical Applications
Company Associate Address City State Trademark Application Polymer homepage ref.
Advanced Polymer Heller J. 123 Saginaw Redwood CA 94063, orthopedics poly(ortho)esters http://www.advanced book 05
Systems Research Drive City USA polymer.com/
Institute
Advanced Tissue Bartel, R.; 10933 N. La Jolla CA 92037, Dermagraft® tissue engineering/ skin http://www.advancedt book 12
Sciences, Inc. Mansbridge, Torrey Pines USA issue.com/
J.; Naughton, road
G.K.
Alkermes, Inc. 64 Sidney Cambridge Massachus ProLease® INJECTABLE DRUG poly-(DL-lactide-co- http://www.alkermes.
Street etts 02139, Medisorb® DELIVERY SYSTEMS glycolide) com/
USA
Arthrex, Inc. 2885 South Naples FL 34104, TissueTak™; Headed interference screw; suture PLDLA copolymer http://www.arthrex.co
Horseshoe USA Bio- Absorbable anchor m/flash.htm
Drive Corkscrew™; Bio-
FASTak®; Bio-
Corkscrew™
Atrix Laboratories Dunn, R.L. 2579 Midpoint Fort Collins Colorado ATRIGEL®; BEMA™ Parenteral Drug Delivery poly(a-hydroxy acids)/ www.atrixlabs.com/ book
Drive 80525, System; Bioerodible release 11/
USA Mucoadhesive JBMR
42
Aventis Gliadel® drug delivery poly(CPP-SA) www.gliadel.net;
Pharmaceuticals http://www.aventisph
Products Inc arma-us.com/
Bionix Implants Oy Tormala,P.; P.O.Box 3 FIN 33721 Finland Smartscrew™; PCT Int. Appl. WO http://www.bionximpla CA
Bonfield, W. Tampere Smartpin™; 9911296 A2 11 Mar. nts.com/ 130:21
Smarttack™ 1999/ Bioresorbable 3683
PLLA/PGA Products
American Cyanamid Danbury Connecticu DEXON®; MAXON® suture TMC/PG
Corp., Davis & Geck t, USA
Division of Johnson 700 Warsaw, IN 46581- Biostop® bioresorbable plug http://www.depuy.co
& Johnson, DePuy Orthopaedic 0988, USA m/index.cfm
Orthopaedics Drive
Division of Johnson Jamiolkowski, Somerville New MONOCRYL®; suture; ligating clip; suture PCL/ PLA; poly-p- http://www.ethiconinc. book 11
& Johnson, Ethicon, D.D. Jersey, VICRYL®; clip dioxanone com/
Inc. (endosurgery) USA PANACRYL®;
PDS®; ABSOLOK™;
LAPRA-TY™
Instrument Makar, 2950 East Okemos MI 48864, Biologically Quiet™ interference screw PGL/PLA http://www.instmak.co
Inc. Mount Hope USA m/
25
Linvatec Corp. Perrin, D.E 11311 Concept Largo Florida Bio-Stinger™; Meniscal Fixation Device; PLLA http://www.linvatec.co
Boulevard 33773, BioScrew®; Bio-Absorbable Interference m/
USA BioTwist™ Screws and Delivery
System; Soft Tissue
Fixation Device
Macromed, Inc. Zentner, 9520 South Sandy Utah Oligosphere® drug delivery http://www.macromed
Gaylen. M. State Street 84070, .com/
USA
PHUSIS SA France PHUSILINE interference screw 98%L-PL/2%D-PL
Samyang 263 Yonji- Seoul Korea Surgisorb; BioMesh suture; reconstructive http://www.samyang.
Pharmaceuticals dong, GTR barrier surgery com/english/index.ht
R&D, Samyang Chongno-gu ml
Genex Co.
endoscopy, Smith & ENDOFIX®; interference screw; suture TMC/PG http://www.sn-e.com/

Nephew SURETAC® anchor; fixation
Southern 756 Tom Birmingha AL 35211- Saber™ delivery systems; lactide, glycolide and http://www.southernbi
BioSystems, Inc Martin Drive m 4467, USA microencapsulation; drug- caprolactone polymers osystems.com/
loaded implants
SYNOS, Sulzer Zurcherstrasse CH8401 Switzerland SYSORB® interference screw DL-PLA http://www.sulzer.ch
Medica Ltd. 12 Winterthur
TESco Associates, 4 Lyberty Way Westford MA 01886 , mold design and fabrication
Incorporated USA
THM Biomedical, Brekke, J.H. Duluth Minnesota Epiguide®; Drilac® therapeutic implants; PLA http://www.thmbiomedi book 04
Inc. 55802, surgical dressing cal.com
USA
U.S.Surgical BIOSYN™; suture PDS/PGA/TMC
POLYSORB™
26
Appendix 4. Bibliography
4.1 General literature on EDPs
Compostability Testing and Acceptance Criteria: Close to a Universal Concept? (A manuscript in the publication: Gross
R.A., C. Scholz and G.L. Leatham. Polymers from Renewable Resources) De Wilde B., Boelens J., De Baere L.,
and Tillinger R.,
Waste Treatment and Disposal. Williams P.T., (1998), John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Verwijdering van huishoudelijk kunststofafval: analyse van milieu-effecten en kosten (Bijlagen). Centrum voor
Energiebesparing en Schone Technologie, Delft, NL
(Bio)Plastices in een duurzame samenleving, Syllabus, 21 oktober 1997 te Wageningen, NL
B.I.M.-Rapporten 8: Normen betreffende de verontreiniging van de bodem en het grondwater in de geindustrialiseerde landen,
(1995)
Green Chemistry, Cornet J. and Bergans J. (1992-1993): bibliography
Indicators of Sustainable Development for the United Kingdom, Department of the Environment – HMSO (03/1996):
Facts, not Fear: a parent’s guide to teaching children about the environment. Sanera M. and Shaw J.S., (1996).
Attitudes and Ecologically Responsible Consumption.Moisander J., (1996).
Winning the Organics Game, Tyler R.W., (1996), The Compost Marketer’s Handbook.
Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers. Griffin G.J.L., (1994), Blackie Academic & Professional
(Chapman & Hall)
Integrated Solid Waste Management: A lifecycle Inventory. White P.R., Franke M. and Hindle P. (1995), Blackie
Academic & Professional (Chapman & Hall)
Bioabfall-Management 96. RHNO, Rheinisches Institut für Ökologie, Köln
Indicators of Sustainable Development for the United Kingdom (1996). Department of the Environment, Government
Statistical Service, HMSO, London.
Composting in the European Union. Report of DHV Environment and Infrastructure, Amersfoort, NL (1997), In
assignment of: European Commission DG XI
The Environmental Policy of the European Communities, Johnson S.P. and Corcelle G., (1995), Second Edition.
Kluwer Law International.
Factors influencing sludge utilisation practice in Europe. Davis R.D., Haeni H. and L’Hermite P., (1985), Proceedings
of a Round-Table seminar organised by the Commission of the European Communities, held in Liebefeld,
Switzerland
Treatment and use of sewage sludge and liquid agricultural wastes. Hall J.E., L’Hermite P. and Newman P.J., (1992):
EUR 14330 EN, Review of Cost 68/681 programme, 1972-90. Commission of the European Communities,
Luxembourg
Colloque sur la recherche, la formation et l’agriculture en Europe. Mangé P. (1994), Les nouveaux défis. European
Commission, Brussels
Production of Thermo-Bioplastics and Fibres based mainly on Biological Materials. Fritz H.-G., Seidenstücker T., Bölz U.
and Juza M., (1994): EUR 16102 EN, European Commission, Brussels
Desertification in a European Context: Physical and Socio-Economic Aspects. Fantechi R., Peter D., Balabanis P. and
Rubio J.L., (1995); EUR 15415 EN, European Commission, Brussels
27
European Workshop on Technologies for Environmental Protection: Abatement of Emissions to the atmosphere. Büsing J. and
Pippich B., (1995); EUR 16200 EN, European Commission, Brussels
Soil Fertility and Cultivation of Energy Crops. Coombs J., Hedegaard M. and de Bertolid M., (1996); EUR 16517
EN, European Commission, Brussels
Bioconversion Assessment Study. Coombs J., (1996): EUR 16515 EN, European Commission, Brussels
Weathering and Degradation of Plastics, Pinner-S-H, (Editor). Newark: Gordon-and-Breach-Publishing-Group,
1966. Publication Year: 1966. ISBN: 0677118309.
Polymers and Ecological Problems, Guillet J. (Editor). New York: Polymer Science & Technology, Vol. 3 - Plenum,
Degradation of Polymers. Vol. 14, Bamford-C-H, (Editor); Tipper-C-F. New York: Elsevier-Science, Sept. 1975.
Publication Year: 1975. ISBN: 0444411550.
Stabilization and Degradation of Polymers, Allara-David-L, (Editor); Hawkins-Walter-L. Ann Arbor: Books-on-
Demand, 1978. Publication Year: 1978. ISBN: 0608038660. Publisher Order Number: 2064313.
Polymers in Nature, Mac Gregor E.A., Greenwood C.T. (Editors). New York - Wiley & Sons, 1980. Publication
Year: 1980. ISBN: 0471277622.
Polymer Degradation: Principles and Practical Applications, Schnabel-Wolfram. Wien: Hanser Publications, 1981.
Synthesis and Degradation-Rheology and Extrusion, Cantow-H-J, (Editor). New York: Springer-Verlag-New-York-
Incorporated, Oct. 1982. Publication Year: 1982. ISBN: 0387117741.
Cellulose and Other Natural Polymer Systems: Biogenesis, Structure, and Degradation, Brown-R-Malcolm, (Editor). New
York: Plenum-Publishing-Corporation, April 1982. Publication Year: 1982. ISBN: 0306408562.
Plastics, Fibres, Rubbers, Resins; Starting and Auxiliary Materials, Degradation Products. Vol. 2, Hummel-Dieter-O;
Scholl-Friedrich. New York: John-Wiley-and-Sons-Incorporated, May 1984. Publication Year: 1984. ISBN:
3527257985.
Polymer Stabilization and Degradation, Klemchuk-Peter-P, (Editor). Washington: American-Chemical-Society, June
Polymer Stabilization and Degradation, Klemchuk-Peter-P, (Editor). Ann Arbor: Books-on-Demand, 1985.
Publication Year: 1985. ISBN: 060803911X. Publisher Order Number: 2064358.
Degradation of Dental Polymers, Roulet-Jean-Francois. Farmington: S-Karger-AG, Nov. 1986. Publication Year:
1986. ISBN: 3805543204.
Chemical Physics of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization, Emanuel-N-M; Buchachenko-Anatoly-L. Philadelphia:
Coronet-Books, Dec. 1987. Publication Year: 1987. ISBN: 9067640921.
Degradation and Stabilization of Vinylchloride Based Polymers, Minsker-K-S; Kolesov-S-V; Christensen. Elkins Park:
Franklin-Book-Company-Incorporated, Jan. 1988. Publication Year: 1988. ISBN: 0080348572.
Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Biogenesis and Biodegradation, Lewis-Norman-G, (Editor); Paice-Michael-G. Washington:
American-Chemical-Society, July 1989. Publication Year: 1989. ISBN: 0841216584.
Plant Cell Wall Polymers: Biogenesis and Biodegradation, Lewis-Norman-G, (Editor); Paice-Michael-G. Ann Arbor:
Books-on-Demand, 1989. Publication Year: 1989. ISBN: 0608031992. Publisher Order Number: 2063718.
Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers: A Series of Comprehensive Reviews. Vol. 2, Jellinek-H-H, (Editor); Kachi-H.
New York: Elsevier-Science, June 1989. Publication Year: 1989. ISBN: 044487402X.
Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers. Set, Pts. I and II, Hayes. Newark: Gordon-and-Breach-Publishing-Group,
1990. Publication Year: 1990. ISBN: 288124422X.
Novel Biodegradable Microbial Polymers, Dawes-Edwin-A, (Editor). Norwell: Kluwer-Academic-Publishers, Nov.
28
Biodegradable Polymers As Drug Delivery Systems, Chasin-Mark; Langer. New York: Marcel-Dekker-Incorporated,
Aug. 1990. Publication Year: 1990. ISBN: 0824783441.
Degradable Materials, Barenberg-Sumner-A, (Editor). Boca Raton: C-R-C-Press-LLC, April 1990. Publication
Year: 1990. ISBN: 0849342740. Publisher Order Number: QP801.
Biodegradable Polymers & Plastics, M. Vert, J. Feijen, A. Albertsson, G. Scott and E. Chiellini (Editors). Cambridge
- UK: BRoyal Soceity of Chemistry 1992. Publication Year: 1992. ISBN: 0851862071.
Degradable Plastics: Impact on Litter and Solid Waste Disposal, Dauner-; oth. Norwalk: Business-Communications-
Company-Incorporated, Dec. 1992. Publication Year: 1992. ISBN: 0893369330. Publisher Order Number: P-
112R.
Degradable Polymers, Dauner-; oth. Norwalk: Business-Communications-Company-Incorporated, Feb. 1992.
Publication Year: 1992. ISBN: 089336911X. Publisher Order Number: TAP-13.
Degradation Phenomena on Polymeric Biomaterials: Proceedings of the 4th International ITV Conference on Biomaterials,
Denkendorf, September 3-5, 1991, Planck-H-I, (Editor); Dauner-M; Renardy-M. New York: Springer-Verlag-
New-York-Incorporated, July 1992. Publication Year: 1992. ISBN: 038755548X.
Electrical Degradation and Breakdown in Polymers, Dossado-L-A, (Editor); Fothergill-C-J. Piscataway: Institution-of-
Electrical-Engineers, May 1992. Publication Year: 1992. ISBN: 0863411967.
Handbook of Polymer Degradation, Hamid-S-Halim, (Editor). New York: Marcel-Dekker-Incorporated, June 1992.
ASTM Standards for Environmentally Degradable Plastics, oth. West Conshohocken: American-Society-for-Testing-
and-Materials, Aug. 1993. Publication Year: 1993. ISBN: 0803117795. Publisher Order Number: 03-42009319.
Biomedical Polymers: Designed-to-Degrade Systems, Gilles. Cincinnati: Hanser-Gardner-Publications, 1993.
Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers: Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and
Polymers, Osaka, Japan, November 9-11, 1993, Studies in Polymer Science: Vol. 12, Y. Doi, K. Fukuda Eds.
New York: Elsevier-Science, Aug. 1994. Publication Year: 1994. ISBN: 0444817085.
Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics in Japan: Research, Development, and Applications, JTEL Monographs Ser., Lenz-
Robert-W. Baltimore: International-Technology-Research-Institute, March 1995. Publication Year: 1995. ISBN:
1883712386.
Degradable Polymers, Recycling, and Plastics Waste Management: Proceedings, Plastics Engineering Ser.: Vol. 29, Albertsson-
Ann-Christine, (Editor); Huang-Samuel-J. New York: Marcel-Dekker-Incorporated, July 1995. Publication
Year: 1995. ISBN: 0824796683.
Biomedical Applications of Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers, Hollinger-Jeffrey, (Editor). Boca Raton: C-R-C-Press-
LLC, July 1995. Publication Year: 1995. ISBN: 084934896X. Publisher Order Number: 4896.
Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers: Theory and Practice, Dauner-, (Editor). Commack: Nova-Science-
Publishers-Incorporated, Nov. 1995. Publication Year: 1995. ISBN: 1560721227.
Degradable Polymers. Principles & Applications, Scott Gerald & Gilead Dan (Editors). Cambridge: Chapman & Hall
Hydrogels and Biodegradable Polymers for Bioapplications, Ottenbrite-Raphael-M, (Editor); Huang-Samuel-J; Schmitt.
Washington: American-Chemical-Society, May 1996. Publication Year: 1996. ISBN: 0841234000.
Polymer Durability: Degradation, Stabilization, and Lifetime Prediction, Clough-Roger-L, (Editor); Billingham-Norman-
C; Gillen-Kenneth-T. Washington: American-Chemical-Society, May 1996. Publication Year: 1996. ISBN:
0841231346.
Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds, Atala-A, (Editor), (Preface by); Mooney-D-J; Arbor-Ann; Vacanti-J;
Langer-R. Cambridge: Birkhauser-Boston, March 1997. Publication Year: 1997. ISBN: 0817639195.
Blockcopolymers/Polyelectrolytes/Biodegradation, Pitsikalis-M; Pispas-S; Mays-J-W; Hadjichristidis-N. New York:
Springer-Verlag-New-York-Incorporated, 1997. Publication Year: 1997. ISBN: 3540631569.
29
The Mechanical Behavior of UV-Degraded HDPE: Consequences for Designers, Hoekstra-Hielke. Philadelphia: Coronet-
Books, Dec. 1997. Publication Year: 1997. ISBN: 9040715351.
Biodegradation of Cellulose. Enzymology and Biotechnology, Clarke Antony J (Editor). Lancaster: Technomic Publishing
Co., 1997. Publication Year: 1997. ISBN: 1566764149.
Biodegradation and Biodeterioration of Polymers: Kinetical Aspects, Gumargalieva-Klara-Z; Efremovich-Zaikov-
Gennadil. Commack: Nova-Science-Publishers-Incorporated. Publication Year: 1998. ISBN: 1560725826.
Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, Domb-Abraham-J, (Editor); Poste-; Wiseman-David-M. Newark: Gordon-
and-Breach-Publishing-Group, Feb. 1998. Publication Year: 1998. ISBN: 9057021536.
Medical Plastics: Degradation Resistance and Failure Analysis, Goodall-; oth. Norwich: William-Andrew-Incorporated,
Feb. 1998. Publication Year: 1998. ISBN: 188420760X.
Biodegradable Polymers: Prospects and Progress, Kumar-G-Sudesh.Ann Arbor: Books-on-Demand. Publication Year:
To-be-published-in: Date not provided. ISBN: 0608090042. Publisher Order Number: 2069639.
Degradation and Stabilization of Polymers: A Series of Comprehensive Reviews. Vol. 1, Jellinek-H-H, (Editor). New York:
Elsevier-Science. Publication Year: To-be-published-in: Date not provided. ISBN: 0444422161.
Biodegradation of Starch-Poly(Beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) Composites in Municipal Activated Sludge. S. H. Imam, S. H.
Gordon, R. L. Shogren, and R.V. Greene. J. Environ. Polym. Deg. 3(4):205-213. 1995.
Processing and Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-Starch Compositions. Mahesh A.
Kotnis, Gregory S. O'Brien and J. L. Willett. J. Environ. Polym. Deg. 3(2):97-105.
4.2 ORCA Publications

ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 1 - Information on Composting and Anaerobic Digestion
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 2 - A Review of Compost Standards in Europe
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 3 - Compostability Criteria Guidelines for the Evaluation of Feedstock for Source
Separated Biowaste Composting and Biogasification (1994)
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 4 - ORCA/OWS Report The Impact of Paper Products on Biowaste Composting
(1994)
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 5 - Third Annual ORCA Conference Book Fitting Composting and Anaerobic
Digestion into Integrated Waste Management - January 18 & 19, 1995 - Brussels, Belgium
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 6 - The Science of Composting - May 30 - June 2, 1995 - Bologna, Italy
ORCA Technical Publication Nr. 7 - Ecobalance of Compost versus Mineral Fertilizer
Projektarbeit Qualitätsbestimmungen und Regelungen zur Anwendung und Vermarktung von Kompost in der
Europäischen Union Part I, State-of-the-Art of Biogenic Composting in Europe
Diplomarbeit Behandlung organischer Siedlungsabfälle in der Europäischen Union Part II, State-of-the-Art of
Biogenic Composting in Europe (only available in German)
Compost Facility Operating Guide (Draft 2.0, first edition 1993), The Compost Council, Alexandria, Virginia
Biodegradation of Semi-crystalline Polymers, Steven Arthur Bradley, Thesis-Northwestern Univ. 1975
Biodegradable Polymers, Shawbury, Shresbury, Shropshire, UK, Rapa Review Reports, 1998, vol. 8, number 09
Biodegradable Polyesters, block copolymers and stereocopolymer design and characterization, Michael S. Reeve, 1993, Univ. of
Lowell, Univ. of Mass., thesis
Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics, International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics,
Montpellier (2nd, 1991, special publication of Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain) vol. # 109.
Frost + Sullivan, European Bioplastics Markets, 1998, 3551-39 MarTech, Biodegradable Polymers in North America
and Europe (PO81), July 1998.
30
Skz, Würzburg 1999, Biologisch abbaubare Werkstoffe Haus der Technik, Essen, Biologisch abbaubare Kunststoffe,
1999.
The use of Agricultural Commodities as a Source of New Plastic Materials - C. Bastioli, V.Bellotti, G. Gilli - APRIA
Conference 10-11/5/90 - Paris
Nuovi materiale a base di amido - C. Bastioli - XLI Convegno Giornate della Chimica: Plastica distruzione o
riutilizzo?
Nuovi materiali biodegradabili da amido - C. Bastioli, V. Bellotti - Agrobiotecnologie e nuove produzioni chimiche
da risorse rinnovabili, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei - Roma November 26-27 1990
Nuovi materiali biodegradabili da amido - C. Bastioli, V.Bellotti - Materiali e prodotti - March 1991, 258-262
Mater-Bi: Properties and Biodegradability - C. Bastioli - Environmentally Degradable Polymers: Technical, Business,
and Public Perspectives, Univesity of Lowell - August 13 - 15, 1991
Rheology, Processing and Mechanical Properties of a Starch Based Polymer - C. Bastioli, A. Rallis, F.Cangialosi, F.P.
LaMantia, G. Titomanlio, S. Piccarolo - The Polymer Processing Society, European Regional Meeting -
Palermo (Italy) September 15 - 18, 1991
Mater-Bi: Properties and Biodegradability - C.Bastioli, V. Bellotti, G. Gilli, A. Rallis - Plastics Waste Management -
New Orleans, Louisiana - December 9- 12, 1991
Properties and Biodegradability of Mater-Bi Starch Products - C. Bastioli - Corn Utilization Conference IV - St. Louis,
Missouri - June 24 - 26, 1992
Le nuove tecnologie che riducono e agevolano lo smaltimento dei rifiuti - C.Bastioli - Smaltimento Rifiuti Industriali -
Milano, 15 - 16 Marzo 1993 - Cegos
Materiali biodegradabili da amido - C.Bastioli - 3° Settimana della Cultura Scientifica promossa dal Ministero della
Ricerca Scientifica - Foligno, 19 - 24 Aprile 1993
Microstructure and Biodegradability in Starch Based Materials - C.Bastioli - Gordon Research Conferences
Biodegradable Polymers - San Miniato Italy - May 3-7, 1993
Influenza della granulometria negli studi di biodegradazione di materiale plastico - G.Freschi, C.Bastiol i, F.Degli
Innocenti, G.Gilli, G.P.Molinari - Atti Convegno SICA - Ferrara - Settembre 1993
Starch/Vinyl-Alcohol Copolymer Interactions - C.Bastioli, V.Bellotti, M.Camia, L.Del Giudice, A.Rallis - 3rd
International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers - Osaka - Japan - November 9-11,
1993
The starch based thermoplastics - C.Bastioli - Recycle '94 Davos Global Forum and Exposition - Davos Switzerland
- March 14-18, 1994
Compostable films of Mater-Bi Z grades - C.Bastioli, F.Degli Innocenti, I.Guanella, G.C.Romano - International
Workshop: Controlled Life-Cycle of Polymeric Materials Biodegradable Polymers and Recycling - Stoccolma
Sweden, April 21-23, 1994
Physical state and biodegradation behaviour of starch-polycaprolactone systems - C.Bastioli, A.Cerutti, I.Guanella,
G.C.Romano, M.Tosin - Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society - Boston Massachusetts - June 6-8,
1994
Starch-Polymer Composites: State of the Art and Future Perspectives - C.Bastioli - Polymers from Renewable Resources
and their Degradation - Stockholm, Sweden, 10-11 November, 1994
Degradation of Mater-Bi ZI01U Sheets in a Composting Pilot - F.Degli Innocenti, S.Piccinini, L.Rossi, C.Bastioli -
Proceedings of the ORCA Congress - January 18, 19, 1995 - Brussels, Belgium
Microstructure of Biodegradable Composite Materials Based on Starch - C.Bastioli, I.Guanella, A.Rallis, M.Trznadel -
Gordon Research Conference on “Biodegradable Polymers” - California, February 19-24, 1995
Polimeri Biodegradabili a base di amido - C.Bastioli - Giornata di Studio AIM su Plastiche biodegradabili - Milano,
23 Marzo 1995
31
Behaviour of Biodegradable Mater-Bi ZI01U plastic layers in a composting pilot plant - S.Piccinini, L.Rossi, F.Degli
Innocenti, M.Tosin, C.Bastioli - International Symposium “The Science of Composting”, May 30th - June, 2rd,
1995
Use of Mater-Bi ZF03U biodegradable bags in source-separated collection and composting of organic waste - C.Bastioli, F.Degli
Innocenti, S.Silvestri, G.Zorzi - International Symposium “The Science of Composting”, May 30th - June, 2rd,
1995
Starch based biodegradable materials in the separate collection and composting of organic waste - C.Bastioli, F.Degli Innocenti
- International Symposium “The Science of Composting”, May 30th - June, 2rd, 1995
Method for the evaluation of biodegradability of packaging in composting conditions proposed by CEN (European Committee for
Standardization): a technical approach - F.Degli Innocenti, M.Tosin, C.Bastioli - International Symposium “The
Science of Composting”, May 30th - June, 2rd, 1995
An overview of the Italian situation on composting - C.Bastioli (BEDPS)
Mater-Bi and the bags for composting - C.Bastioli (ORCA)
Envionmental Conference and Exhibition on the Role of Biodegradable Materials in Waste Management - C.Bastioli -
Biodegradable Materials and the separate/composting of organic waste - Tokyo - June 14, 16, 1995
Raccolta differenziata e compostaggio - Costi e benefici - C.Bastioli - Suno (Novara), October 27, 1995
“OK Compost” label for two Mater-Bi grades” - The Orcazette
Degradation of Mater-Bi ZI01U Sheets in a Composting Pilot - F.Degli Innocenti, S.Piccinini, L.Rossi, C.Bastioli -
Proceedings of the ORCA Congress - January 18, 19, 1995 - Brussels, Belgium
Effect of the Composting Substrate on Biodegradation of Solid Materials Under Controlled Composting Conditions - M.Tosin,
F.Degli Innocenti, C.Bastioli - Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1996
Starch-polymer composites - C.Bastioli - “Degradable Polymers - Principles & Applications” edited by G.Scott and
D.Gilead - pp. 112-137
Bastoncini cotonati biodegradabili e solubili. Studio della biodegradabilità in laboratorio ed in un impianto di trattamento delle
acque di scarico - A.Buttignol, G.Barozzi, F.Degli Innocenti, M.Tosin, C.Bastioli
Effect of Molecular Weight and Crystallinity on Poly(lactic acid) Mechanical Properties - G.Perego, G.D.Cella, C.Bastioli -
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 59, 37-43 (1996)
Biodegradable Materials - C.Bastioli - The Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology, Second Edition, Edited
by Aaron L.Brody and Kenneth S.Marsh, 1987 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Present and Future of Biodegradable Materials - C.Bastioli - IUPAC CHEMRAWN IX - World Conference on the
Role of Advanced Materials in Sustainable Development - Sept. 1-6. 1996 - Seoul - Korea
Bioplastics - The view of industry - C.Bastioli - Bioplastics Seminar - Presentation of Results from EU Funded
Projects - Brussels, October 1, 1996
Materiali biodegradabili a base di amido: stato dell’arte e prospettive future - C.Bastioli - Chimica e Industria - Gennaio,
Febbraio 1997
L’azienda Mater-Bi - C.Bastioli - Rivista Ambiente - Nr. 1 Gennaio 1997
Dagli amidi ai film biodegradabili - C.Bastioli - Rivista Plast - Marzo 1997
Mater-Bi, un nuovo materiale biodegradabile a base di amido - C.Bastioli - Colore e Competitività - March 6-7, 1997 -
Montecarlo
th
State of the art and future perspectives of starch based materials - C.Bastioli - 4 International Workshop on
Carbohydrates as Organic Raw Materials - March 20-21, 1997 - Vienna - Austria
Biodegradability and microstructure of starch - composites - Gordon Research Conference on “Biodegradable Polymers”
- May 4-9, 1997 - “Il Ciocco” Barga, Italy
Properties and applications of Mater-Bi starch-based materials - EMRS 1997 Spring Meeting - Counsil of Europe - June
16-20, 1997 - Strasbourg - France - Published in Polymer Degradation and Stability, 59, (1998), 263-272
32
Biodegradable materials state of art and future perspectives - Nato - Asi on “Frontiers in the science and technology of
polymer recycling - June 16-27, 1997 - Antalya - Turkiye
st
Renewable bioproducts, industrialoutlets and research for the 21 century - “Starch based materials: properties and
applications” - June 24-25, 1997 - Wageningen - The Netherlands
th
Prague meetings on macromolecules - 38 Microsymposium Recycling of Polymers - Biodegradable materials -
Present situation and future perspectives, July 14-17, 1997, Prague - Czech Republic
TH
6 Annual Meeting of the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society - The Controlled Composting Test is a
Reliable System to Determine the Biodegradation of Starch and Starch-Based Materials - September 17-20,
1997 San Diego, California - USA
Conference of biodegradable polymers - Starch based bioplastics: properties, applications and future perspectives -
February 11-12, 1998 - Wurzburg - Germany
th
Biomass for Energy and Industry - 10 European Conference and Technology Exhibition - Starch Based Materials:
Properties, Application and Future Perspectives - June 8-11, 1998 - Wurzburg - Germany
th
5 International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers - State of art of starch-based materials -
June 9-13, 1998 - Stockholm - Sweden
th
7 Annual Meeting of the Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society - Global Status for Biodegradable Polymers
production - August 19-22, 1998 - Cambridge- Massachsetts
Detection of a Toxic by-product released by a polyurethane-containing film using a composting test method based on mineral bed -
Tosin M., Degli Innocenti F., Bastioli C. - J. of Envinronm. Polymer Degradation - (1998) - (6) - pp. 79-90
The Carbohydrate Economy: Making Chemicals and Industrial Materials from Plant Matter. David Morris and Irshad
Ahmed (August 1992), Institute of Local Self-Reliance, Washington, D.C.
Polymers from Agricultural Coproducts, Marshall L. Fishman, Robert B. Friedman, and Samuel J. Huang eds.
(August 22-27, 1993), Symposium Series 575, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Biodegradable Polymers and Packaging, Ching C., Kaplan, D., and Thomas, E, (1993), Technomic Publishing Co.,
Inc, Lancaster, PA
Agricultural and Synthetic Polymers: Biodegradability and Utilization, Glass J. Edward and Swift, Graham (April 9-14,
1989), Symposium Series 433, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, Proceedings of 3rd. Int'l Sci. Workshop on biodegradable plastics and
polymers, Osaka, Japan, Nov. 9 -11, 1993.
Biodegradable Plastics. William M. Doane. J. Polym. Mater. 11:229-237. 1994.
Development of Starch Based Plastics - A Reexamination of Selected Polymer Systems in Historical Perspective. Randal L.
Shogren, George F. Fanta and William M. Doane. Starke
Organic Chemistry, McMurry, J., 3rd ed.; Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.: Pacific Grove, 1992; p 1186-1208.
Accounts of Chemical Research, Swift, G., 1993, 26, 105-110.
Environmental Scientific Technology, Krupp, L. and Jewell, W.; 1992, 26,
4.3 Books on Starch Blends and Graft Polymers of Starch
Poly(ethylene oxide) Coated Starch - Poly(hydroxybutyrate-co- valerate) Composite Materials. R. L. Shogren. J. Environ.
Polym. Deg. 3(2):75-80. 1995.
Screw Design Effects in Single Screw Extruder Processing of Thermoplastic Starch. J.L. Willett and B.K. Jasberg. In:
Proceedings of the American Chemical Society, Division of Polymeric Materials.
33
Skin and Layer Formation in Films Prepared from Carbohydrates, Poly (ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and Polyethylene. C. L.
Swanson, G. F. Fanta and J. H. Salch. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 49:1683-1693. 1993.
Biodegradation of PHBV-starch blends in municipal activated sludge. IMAM, S.H., GORDON, S.H., SHOGREN, R.L.
and GREENE, R.V. 1995. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3:205-213.
Synthesis and Processing of Graft Copolymers from Cornstarch and Methyl Acrylate: Physical and Mechanical Properties.
Damodar R. Patil and George F. Fanta. Starch/St rke 46(4):142-146, 1994.
Formulations Prepared from Polyacrylamide and Starch. D. Trimnell and G. F. Fanta. J. Polym. Mater. 11:271-277.
1994.
Graft Polymerization of Methyl Acrylate-Vinyl Acetate Mixtures onto Starch. G. F. Fanta, D. Trimnell and J. H. Salch. J.
Appl. Polym. Sci. 49:1679-1682. 1993.
4.4 Books on Biodegradability Testing
Starch-based plastics - Measurement of biodegradability. GORDON, S.H., IMAM, S.H. and GPEENE, R.V. 1995.
Polym. Mat. Encycl..: Accepted April 7, 1995.
Starch biodegradation in starch-PE-EAA plastic blends: Performance and predictability. IMAM, S.H., GORDON, S.H.,
Nino, K.A. and GREENE, R.V. 1995. Polym. Mat. Encycl.: Accepted April 7, 1995.
Starch-based extruded films and their biodegradable properties. Biotechnol. AREVALO-NINO, K., SANDOVAL, C.,
GALAN, L.J., IMAM, S.H., GORDON, S.H. and GREENE, R.V. 1995. Lett.: in press
Accessibility of starch to enzymatic degradation in injection molded starch-plastic composites. IMAM, S.H., GOPDON, S.H.,
BURGESS-CASSLER, A. and GREENE, R.V. 1995. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3: 107-113.
Starch-plastic materials - preparation, properties, and biodegradability. SWANSON, C.L., SHOGREN, R.L.,
FANTA, G.F. and IMAM, S.H. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1: 155-165.
The use of CP/MAS 13C-NMR for evaluating starch degradation in injection molded starch plastic composites. IMAM, S.H.,
GORDON, S.H., THOMPSON, A., HARRY-O'KURU, R.E. and GREENE, R.V. 1993 Biotechnol. Techniq.
7:791-794.
Microbial alpha-amylase from pond larvae attached to starch-plastic films. BURGESS-CASSLER, A., IMAM, S.H. and
KINNEY, M.P. 1994. Biotechnol. Lett. 16:565-568.
Hydrophilic foams containing corn products for horticultural use. CUNNINGHAM, R.L., CARR, M.E., BAGLEY, E.B.,
GORDON, S.H. and GREENE, R.V. 1994. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 51: 1311-1317.
Polymer compatibility and biodegradation of starch-blends. SHOGREN, R.L., THOMPSON, A.R., FELKER, F.C.,
HARRY-O'KURU, R.E., GORDON, S.H., GREENE, R.V. and GOULD, J.M. 1992. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.
44:1971-1978.
Fate of starch-containing plastics exposed in aquatic habitats. IMAM, S.H., GOULD, J.M., GORDON, S.H.,
KINNEY, M.P., RAMSEY. A. and TOSTESON, 1992. Curr. Microbiol. 25: 1-8.
Zymographic analyses of carboxymethylcellulases secreted by the bacterium from wood-boring marine shipworms. IMAM, S.H.,
GREENE, R.V. and HOCKRIDGE, M.E. 1993. Biotechnol. Techniq. 7:579-584.
Binding of extracellular carboxymethylcellulase activity from marine shipworm bacterium to cellulosic substrates. IMAM, S.H.,
GREENE, R.V. and GRIFFIN, H.L. 1993. J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59:1259-1263.
4.5 Major Bibliography for Degradable Polyolefins

lbertsson A-C. and Rånby B.: Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers: The C-14 Method Applied to Polyethylenes, in
Proc. 3rd Int. Biodeg. Symp., Sharpley J.M. and Kaplan A.M., Eds., Applied Science Publishers, London, 1976,
p. 743-751.
Albertsson A-C.: Studies on the Mineralization of 14C-Labelled Polyethylenes, in
34
Aerobic Biodegradation and Aqueous Aging. Doctoral Dissertation, KTH, Stockholm, 1977.
Rånby B., Albertsson A-C. and Jansson S.L.: Effects on Growing Crops of Plastics Stabilized or Pigmented with Cadmium
Compounds: Preliminary Results of Pot Experiments with Spring Wheat, Ambio, 7, 172 –174 (1978).
Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers II. Limited Microbial Conversion of 14C in Polyethylene to 14CO2 by
Some Soil Fungi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 22, 3419-3433 (1978).
Albertsson A-C., Banhidi Z.G.and Beyer-Ericsson L.L.: Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. III. The Liberation of
14CO by Moulds like Fusarium Redolens from 14C Labeled Pulverized High Density Polytethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
2
22, 3434-3447 (1978).
Albertsson A-C. and Rånby B.: Biodegradation of Synthetic Polymers. IV. The 14CO2- Method Applied to Linear
Polyethylene Containing a Biodegradable Additive, IUPAC Int. Symp., Longterm Properties of Polymer Materials,
Stockholm, Appl. Polym. Symp., 35, 423-430 (1979).
Albertsson A-C. and Banhidi Z.G.: Microbial and Oxidative Effects in Degradation of Polyethylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
25, 1655-1671 (1980).
Albertsson A-C.: The Shape of the Biodegradation Curve for Low and High Density Polyethylenes in Prolonged series of
Experiments. Eur. Polym. J., 16, 623-630 (1980).
Albertsson A-C., Andersson S-O. and Karlsson S.: The Mechanism of Biodegradation of Polyethylene. Polym. Degrad.
Stab., 18(1), 73-87 (1987).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Degradation of Polyethylene Studies in Abiotic and Biotic Environment. Proc. ACS
Div. Polym. Mater. Sci., 58, 65-69 (1988).
Albertsson A-C.and Karlsson S.: The Three Stages in Degradation of Polymers: Polyethylene as a Model Substance. J. Appl.
Polym. Sci., 35, 1289-1302 (1988).
Karlsson S., Ljungquist O. and Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradation of Polyethylene and the Influence of Surfactants. Polym.
Degrad. Stabil., 21, 237-250 (1988).
Albertsson A-C.: The Synergism Between Biodegradation of Polyethylenes and Environmental Factors, in Advances in
Stabilization and Degradation of Polymers, Volume 1, A. Patsis, Ed., Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster,
Pennsylvania, 1989, p. 115-122.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Biodegradation of polyethylene and degradation products, 197th National Meeting of
the American Chemical Society, Dallas, TX, Apr 9, 1989; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1989;
BTEC 27.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: The Influence of Biotic and Abiotic Environments on the Degradation of Polyethylene.
Prog. Polym. Sci., 15, 177-192 (1990).
Albertsson A-C.and Karlsson S.: Polyethylene Degradation and Degradation Products, in "Agricultural & Synthetic
Polymers", Glass G. and Swift G., Eds., ACS Symposium Series No. 433, 1990, p. 61-64.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Degradable Polyethylene-Starch Complex. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp.,
48/49, 395-402 (1991).
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: Susceptibility of Enhanced Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene to
Thermal and Photooxidation. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 37, 163-171 (1992).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Increased Biodegradation of LDPE-Matrix in Starch-Filled LDPE Materials. Proc.
ACS. Div. Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 67, 296 (1992).
35
Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradation of Polymers, in "Handbook of Polymer Degradation", Hamid S.H., Maadhah A.G.
and Amin M.B., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, p. 345-263.
Albertsson A-C.and Karlsson S.: Biodegradable Polymers, in "Comprehensive Polymer Science", First Supplement,
Allen G., Aggarwal S.L.and Russo S., Eds., Oxford, Pergamon Press, 1992, p. 285-297.
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: Increased Biodegradation of LDPE-Matrix in Starch-Filled LDPE-
Materials. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1, 241-245 (1993).
Albertsson A-C., Sares C. and Karlsson S.: Increased Biodegradation of LDPE with Nonionic Surfactant. Acta Polym.,
44, 243-246(1993).
Albertsson A-C.and Karlsson S.: Aspects of Biodeterioration of Inert and Degradable Polymers. Int. Biodet. Biodegrad.,
31, 161-170 (1993).
Albertsson A-C.: Degradable Polymers. J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem., A30, 757-765 (1993).
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: The Influence of Blend Composition and Morphology on the Degradation
Rates and Products. Preprint. Int. Workshop on Environmentally Compatible Materials and Recycling
Technology, Japan, November 1993.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Environment-Adaptable Polymers. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 41, 345-349, 1993.
Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradable polymer blend of polyethylene and starch, Part 1,

206th National Meeting of American Society, Chicago, IL, Aug 22, 1993; American
Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1993; Cell 71.
Albertsson A-C.and Karlsson S.: Chemistry and Biochemistry of Polymer Biodegradation, in Chemistry and Technology
of Biodegradable Polymers, Griffin G.J.L., Ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1994, p. 7-17.
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: Degradation of Enhanced Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene in
Biological Aqueous Media. Mechanisms During the First Stages. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 51, 1097-1105 (1994).
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: Abiotic Degradation Products from Enhanced Environmentally
Degradable Polyethylene. Acta Polym., 45, 97-103 (1994).
Albertsson A-C., Griffin G.J.L., Karlsson S., Nishimoto K. and Watanabe Y.: Spectroscopic and Mechanical Changes
in Irradiated Starch filled LDPE. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 45, 173-178 (1994).
Karlsson S. and Albertsson A-C.: Techniques and Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation, in Degradable Polymers:
Principles and Applications, Scott G. and Gilead D., Eds., Chapman and Hall, London, 1995, p. 29-42.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Degradable Polymers for the Future. Acta Polym., 46, 114-123 (1995).
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C. and Karlsson S.: Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatographic Mass Spectrometric
Identification of Degradation Products from Enhanced Environmentally Degradable Polyethylene. J. Chromatogr., A 690,
207-217 (1995).
Albertsson A-C., Barenstedt C., Karlsson S. and Lindberg T.: The Product Pattern and Morphology Changes as means
to differentiate abiotically and biotically aged degradable polyethylene. Polymer, 36, 3075-3083 (1995).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: New Tools for Analysing Degradation, Macromol. Symp., 98, 797-801 (1995).
Karlsson S. and Albertsson A-C.: Degradation Products in Degradable Polymers. J. Macromol. Sci., Pure and Appl.
Chem., A32, 599 (1995).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Chromatographic Finger-Printing as means to Predict Degradation Mechanisms. J.
Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 , 51-53 (1996).
36
Hakkarainen M., Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Solid-phase extraction and subsequent gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry analysis for identification of complex mixtures of degradation products in starch-based polymers. J. Chromatogr., A,
741, 251-263 (1996).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Macromolecular Architecture - Nature as Model for Degradable Polymers. J. Macromol.
Sci., Pure Appl. Chem., A33, 1565-705 (1996).
Karlsson S. and Albertsson A-C.: Environmental Interaction of Polymers-Natural Metabolites as Opposed to the
Degradation Products of Syntetic Polymers. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp., 118, 733-737 (1997).
Erlandsson B., Karlsson S. and Albertsson A-C.: The Mode of Action of Corn Starch and a Prooxidant System in
LDPE: Influence of Thermooxidation and UV-irradiation on the Molecular Weight Changes. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 55,
237-245 (1997).
Hakkarainen M., Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Susceptibility of Starch-Filled and
Starch-Based LDPE to Oxygen in Water and Air. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 66, 959-967 (1997).
Karlsson S., Hakkarainen M. and Albertsson A-C.: Dicarboxylic Acids and Ketoacids Formed in Degradable
Polyethylenes by Zip Depolymerization through a Cyclic Transition State. Macromolecules, 30, 7721-7728 (1997).
Karlsson S. and Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradable Polymers and Environmental Interaction. Polym. Eng. Sci., 38, 1251-
1253 (1998).
Khabbaz F., Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Trapping of Volatile Low Molecular Weight Photoproducts in Inert and
Enhansed Degradation LDPE. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 61, 329-342 (1998).
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Biodegradable Polymers, in Encyclopedia of Environmental Anlysis and
Remediation, Meyers R.A., Ed., Wiley, London, 1998, p. 641-651.
Albertsson A-C., Erlandsson B., Hakkarainen M.and Karlsson S.: Molecular Weight Changes and Polymeric Matrix
Changes with the formulation of Degradation Products in Biodegraded Polyethylene. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 6, 187195
(1998).
Albertsson A-C., Chiellini E., Feijen J., Scott G. and Vert M., Eds., Degradability, Renewability and Recycling –
Key Functions for Future Materials, 5th International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and
Polymers; Macromol. Symp. 144, Stockholm, Sweden, 1998, 1-5.
Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.. Dynamics in prediction of life-time of environmental adaptable polymers. In
Degradability, Renewability and Recycling – Key Functions for Future Materials, Albertsson A-C., Chiellini E.,
Feijen J., Scott G. and Vert M., Eds.,5th International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and
Polymers; Macromol. Symp. 144, Stockholm, Sweden, 1998, 1-5.
Khabbaz F., Albertsson A-C. and Karlsson S.: Chemical and morphological changes of environmentally degradable
polyethylene films exposed to thermo-oxidation. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 63, 127-138 (1999).
Albertsson A-C.:, Biodegradation of Polymers in Historical Perspective Versus Modern Polymer Chemistry, in "Handbook
of Polymer Degradation", Hamid S.H., Maadhah A.G. and Amin M.B., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1999,
p. 417-435.
Swift G., Opportunities for environmentally degradable polymers, J. Macromol. Sci. Pure Appl. Chem. A32 64-651,1995.
Potts J. E., Clendinning R. A., Ackart W. B., Environmental Protection Technology Series, Report EPA-R2-72-046,
Office of Research and Monitoring, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1972.
Potts J. E., Clendinning R. A., Ackart W. B.,Niegisch W. D., in Guillet J. E., (Ed.) Polymers in Ecological Problems.
New York, Plenum Press, 1973, P. 61.
37
Potts J. E., Environmentally degradable plastics, in Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Supplemental Volume.
3rd ed. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1984, p. 628-668.
Klemchuk P. P., Degradable Plastics: a critical review. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 27, 1990, 183-202.
Guillet J. E., Polymers with controlled lifetimes, in Guillet J. E. (Ed.), Polymers and Ecological Problems, New York,
Plenum Press, 1973, p. 1-25.
Hartley G. H., Guillet J. E., Photochemistry of Ketone Polymers, I. Studies of ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymers.
Macromolecules, 1, 1968, p. 165-170.
Al-Malaika S. Marogi A. M., Scott G., Mechanisms of antioxidant action: Time controlled photoantioxidants for polyethylene
based on soluble iron compounds, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 31, 1986, 685-698.
Guillet J. E., Environmental studies on photodegradable plastic packaging, Polym. Mater. Sci.. Eng., 63, 1990, 946-949.
Ennis R. S., Controlled degradation of plastics: environmental toxicology, in Hamid S.H., Amin M. B., Maadhah A. G.,
(Eds) Handbook of Polymer Degradation, New York, Marcel Dekker, 1992, p. 383-408.
Al-Malaika S., Chohan S., Coker M., Scott G., Arnaud R., Dabin O., Fauve A., Lemaire J., A comparative study
of degradability and recyclability of different classes of degradable polyethylene, J. Macromol. Sci., Pure. Appl.
Chem. A32, 1995, p. 709-730.
Lemaire J., Arnaud R., Dabin O., Scott G., Al-Malaika S., Chohan S., Fauve A., Maaroufi A., Can polyethylene be a
photo(bio)degradable synthetic polymer? J. Macromol. Sci.Pure. Appl. Chem. A32, 1995, p. 731-741.
Scott G., Photo-biodegradable plastics: their role in protection of the environment, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 29, 1990, p. 135.
Scott G., Environmental biodegradation of hydrocarbon polymers, initiation and control, in Biodegradable Plastics and
Polymers, Doi Y., Fukuda K. (Eds.), Elsevier, p. 79.
Scott G., Green polymers, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 68, 2000, 1-7.
Scott G., Plastics with controlled biodegradability from concept to realization, The Arabian Journal for Science and
Engineering, 13:4, 1988, 605.
Scott G., Polymers with enhanced photodegradability, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chem., 51, 1990, 73-79.
Scott G., Plastics packaging and coastal pollution, Intern. J. Environmental studies, 3, 1972, 35-36.
Statz R. L., Dorris M. C., Photodegradable polyethylene, Proceedings of Symposium on degradable plastics, SPI,
Washington DC, 10 June, 1987, pp. 51-55.
Harlan G. M., Nicholas A., Degradable ethylene-carbon monoxide copolymer, Proceedings of symposium on degradable
plastics, SPI, Washington. DS, 10 June, 1987, p. 14-17.
Gilead D., Plastics in agriculture, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 29, 1990, 65-71.
Gilead D., Technoligical and physical aspects, Proceedibgs NAPA Conference, 1991, p. 52.
Allen N. S., Palmer S. J., Marshal G. P., Luc-Gardette J., Environmental oxidation processes in yellow gas pie:
implications for electrowelding, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 56, 1997, 265-274.
Aminabhavi T. M., Balundgi R. H., Cassidy P. E., A review on biodegradable plastics, Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng.,
29:3, 1990, 235-262.
Swift G., Direction for environmentally biodegradable polymer research, Acc. Chem. Res., 26, 1993, 105-110.
38
Breslin V. T., Swanson R. L., Deterioration of starch-plastic composites in the environment, Air & Waste, 43, 1993, 325.
Breslin V. T., Boen L., Weathering of starch-polyethylene composite films in the marin environment, J. Appl. Polym. Sci.,
48, 1993, 2063-2079.
Giesse R., De Paoli M. A., Photo-degradable polymer films derived from low density polyethylene, Polym. Degrad. Stab., 23,
1989, 201-207.
David C., Kesel De., Lefebvre F., Weiland M., The biodegradation of polymers: recent results, Die Ang. Makromol.
Chem., 216, 1994, 21-35.
Amin M. B., Hamid H. S., Khan J. H., Photo-oxidative degradation of polyethylene greenhouse film in a harsh environmen, J
Polym. Eng., 14:4, 1995, 253.
Johnsson K., Pometto III A. L., Nikolov Z. L., Degradation of degradable starch-polyethylene plastics in a compost
environment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59:4, 1993, 1155-1161.
Kim M., Pometto III A. L., Johnsson K., Fratzke A. R., Degradation studies of novel degradable starch-polyethylene
plastics containing oxidized polyethylene and prooxidant, J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 2:1, 1994, 27-38.
Shah P. B., Bandopadhyay S., Bellare R., Environmentally degradable starch filled low density polyethylene, Polym.
Degrad. Stab., 47, 1995, 165-173.
Maddever W., Starch-based degradable plastics, in Handbook of polymer degradation, Hamid S. H., MaddhahbA.
G., Amin M. B., (Eds.), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, p. 365.
Andrady A., Weathering of polyethylene (LDPE) and enhanced photodegradable polyethylene in the marine environment, J.
Appl. Polym. Sci., 39, 1990, 363-370.
Ferguson G. M., Hood M., Photodegradable high density polyethylene-based shopping bags- Environmental hazard or
blessing? Polym. Int., 28, 1992, 35-40.
Guillet J., Environmental aspects of photodegradable plastics, Macromol. Symp., 123, 1997, 209-224.
4.6 Major Books for Degradable Polyolefins

TITLE: Degradable polymers
AUTHORS: Albertsson A. C., Karlsson S., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: Oxford, Huthig & Wepf , April 1998.
PUBLICATION YEAR: 1998
ISBN: 3-85739-327-0
TITLE: Degradability, Renewability and Recycling-Key Functions for Future Materials

AUTHORS: Albertsson A. C., Chiellini E., Feijen J., Scott G., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: Weinheim, Germany, WILEY-VCH, October 1999.
ISBN: 3-527-29904-1
TITLE: Degradable polymers: Principles and Applications

AUTHORS: Scott G., Gilead D., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Chapman & Hall, 1995.
ISBN: 0-412-59010-7
TITLE: Degradation and Stabilisation of Polyolefins

AUTHORS: Sedlacek, Blahoslav, (Editors)
39
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Cop. 1977.
ISBN: 99-0130972-7
TITLE: Degradation and Stabilization of Polyolefins

AUTHORS: Allan N. S. (Editor)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Applied Science, Cop., 1983.
ISBN: 0-85334-194-x
TITLE: Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization

AUTHORS: Scott G., (Editoe)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Elsevier Applied Science, Cop., 1990.
ISBN: 1-85166-505-6
TITLE: Polymers and the Environment

AUTHORS: Scott G., (Editor)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: Cambridge, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cop. 1999.
ISBN: 0-85404-578-3
TITLE: Polymer Degradation and Stabilization

AUTHORS: Grassie N., Scott G., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: Cambridge: Cambridge U. P., 1985
ISBN: 0-521-24961-9
TITLE: Photodegradation of Polymers: Principles and Applications

AUTHORS: Rabek J. F., (Editor)
ISBN: 1-85166-408-4
TITLE: Photodegradation, Photo-oxidation and photostabilization of Polymers: Principles and Applications

AUTHORS: Rånby B., Rabek J. F., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Wiley, Cop., 1975.
ISBN: 0-471-70788-0
TITLE: Polymer Photodegradation: Mechanisms and Experimental Method

PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Chapman & Hall, 1995
ISBN: 0-412-58480-8
TITLE: Photodegradation of Polymers

PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Springer, 1996
ISBN: 3-540-60716-1
TITLE: Long-Term Properties of Polymers and Polymeric Materials

AUTHORS: Rånby B., Rabek J. F., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Wiley & Sons, 1976
40
ISBN: 0570-4898
TITLE: Fundamentals of Polymer Degradation and Stabilization
AUTHORS: Allen N. S., Edge M., (Editors)
ISBN: 1-85166-773-3
TITLE: Handbook of Polymer Degradation

AUTHORS: Hamid S. H., Amin M. B., Maadhah A. G., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Dekker, Cop., 1992.
ISBN: 0-8247-8671-8
TITLE: Handbook of Polymer Degradation

AUTHORS: Hamid S. H., (Editor)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., Cop., 2000
ISBN: 0-8247-0324-3
TITLE: Thermal Degradation of Polymers

AUTHORS: Billingham N. C., Doi Y., Chien J. C. W., Grassie N., (Editors)
No PUBLICATION INFORMATION, Year and ISBN
TITLE: Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers

AUTHORS: Griffin G. J. L., (Editor)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: London, Blackie Academic & Professional, 1994.
ISBN: 0-7514-0003-3
TITLE: Handbook of Polyethylene

AUTHORS: Peacock A. J., (Editor)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: New York, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2000
ISBN: 0-8247-9546-6
TITLE: Polymer Durability

AUTHORS: Clough R. L., Billingham N. C., Gillen K. T., (Editors)
PUBLICATION INFORMATION: Washington, DC, American Chemical Society, 1996
ISBN: 0065-2393
4.7 Recent Books on Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
ID Title Author/Editor Publisher ISBN year

book 001 Biodegradable Polymers as Chasin, M.; Langer, R. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 0-8247-8344-1 1990
Drug Delivery Systems
book 002 Controlled Release of Drugs: Rosoff,M. VCH Publishers, New 0-89573-321-8 1988
Polymers and Aggregate York
systems
book 01 Polymer Yearbook 16 Pethrick, R.A.; Zaikov, G.E.; Harwood Academic 90-5702-473-X 1999
Tsuruta, T.; Koide, N. Publishers
book 02 Polymer Yearbook 15 Pethrick, R.A.; Zaikov, G.E.; Harwood Academic 1998
Tsuruta, T.; Koide, N. Publishers
41
book 03 Controlled drug delivery Park, K. ACS Professional 0-8412-3418-3 1997
Reference Book
book 04 Encyclopedic handbook of Wise, D.L. et al. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 0-8247-9593-8 1995
biomaterials and
bioengineering: Part A
Materials vol. I
biomaterials and
bioengineering: Part A
Materials vol. II
biomaterials and
bioengineering: Part B
Applications vol. I
biomaterials and
bioengineering: Part B
Applications vol. II
book 08 Degradable Polymers: Scott, G.; Gilead, D. Chapman & Hall 0-412-59010-7 1995
Principles and applications
book 09 ACS Symposium Series: Shalaby, S.W.; Ikada, Y.; American Chemical 0-8412-2732-2 1992
Polymers of Biological and Langer, R.; Williams, J. Society; Washington
Biomedical Significance
book 10 ACS Symposium Series: El-Nokaly, M.A.; Piatt, D.M.; American Chemical 0-8412-2624-5 1993
Polymeric Delivery Systems Charpentier, B.A. Society; Washington
book 11 Biomedical application of Hollinger, J.O. CRC Press 0-8493-4896-X 1995
synthetic biodegradable
polymers
book 12 Synthetic Biodegradable Atala, A. and Mooney, D.J.; Birkhauser Boston 0-8176-3919-5 1997
Polymer Scaffolds Vacanti, J.P. and Langer, R.
book 13 Hydrogels and Biodegradable Ottenbridge, R.M.; Huang, ACS Washington 0-8412-3400-0 1996
Polymers for Bioapplications S.J.; Park, K. D.C.
book 14 Biodegradation and Gumargalieva, K.Z.; Zaikov, Nova Science Publ., 1-56072-582-6 1998
Biodeterioration of Polymers: G.E. Inc.; Commack, NY
Kinetical Aspects
book 15 Handbook of Biomaterials von Recum, A.F. Taylor & Francis, 1-56032-479-1 1999
Evaluation: Scientific, Philadelphia
Technical, and Clinical Testing
of Implant Material
book 16 Biodegradable polymers and Vert, M; Feijen, J.; Royal Society of 0-85186-207-1 1992
plastics Albertsson, A.; Scott, G. and Chemistry;
Chiellini, E. Cambridge
book 17 Biomedical Applications of Tsurata, T.; Hayashi, T.; CRC Press 0-8493-4519-7 1993
Polymeric Materials Kataoka, K.; Ishihara, K.;
Kimura, Y.
book 18 The Biomedical Engineering Bronzino, J.D. CRC Press in coop. 0-8493-8346-3 1995
Handbook IEEE Press
book 19 Handbook of Biodegradable Domb, A.J.; Kost, J.; Harwood Academic 90-5702-1530-6 1997
Polymers Wiseman, D.M. Publishers
book 20 Biodegradable hydrogels for Park, K.; Shalaby, W.S.W.; Technomic Publ. Co., 1-56676-004-6 1993
drug delivery Park, H. Inc.
42
4.8 Review articles on medical and pharmaceutical applications (after 1995)
Cammas-Marion, Sandrine; Guerin, Philippe

Design of malolactonic acid esters with a large spectrum of specified pendant groups in the engineering of
biofunctional and hydrolyzable polyesters
Macromol. Symp. (2000), 153 (Recent Advances in Ring Opening (Metathesis) Polymerization), 167-186
Vert, Michel,
Lactide polymerization faced with therapeutic application requirements,
Macromol. Symp. (2000), 153 (Recent Advances in Ring Opening (Metathesis) Polymerization), 333-342
Biocompatible polymers for medical application,

Lipatova, T. E.; Lipatov, Yu. S.
Plast. Massy (2000), (2), 28-33
In situ photopolymerized hydrogels for vascular and peritoneal wound healing

Sawhney, Amarpreet S.; Hubbell, Jeffrey A.
Methods Mol. Med. (1999), 18 (Tissue Engineering Methods and Protocols), 85-100
Biodegradable microcapsules: basic criteria and properties

Arshady, Reza
Microspheres, Microcapsules Liposomes (1999), 2(Medical & Biotechnology Applications), 227-257
Polymers as implant materials

Lendlein, Andreas
Chem. Unserer Zeit (1999), 33(5), 279-295
Potential of polymeric lamellar substrate particles (PLSP) as adjuvants for vaccines

Jabbal-Gill, Inderjit; Lin, Wu; Jenkins, Paul; Watts, Peter; Jimenez,
Monica; Illum, Lisbeth; Davis, Stanley S.; Wood, John M.; Major, Diane;
Minor, P. D.; Li, Xiongwei; Lavelle, Edward C.; Coombes, Allen G. A.
Vaccine (1999), 18(3-4), 238-250
Bioresorbable vehicle systems

Vert, M.
Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. (1999), 26th, 228-229
Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications

Ikada, Yoshito; Tsuji, Hideto
Macromol. Rapid Commun. (2000), 21(3), 117-132
Solid lipid nanoparticles: phagocytic uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro biodegradation: 2nd
communication
Muller, Rainer H.; Olbrich, Carsten
Drugs Made Ger. (1999), 42(3), 75-79
Biodegradable polymeric microparticles in biomedical applications

Gumargalieva, K. Z.; Horak, Daniel; Zaikov, G. E.
Polym. Yearb. (1999), 16, 197-221
Biodegradable materials
Burg, K. J. L.; Shalaby, S. W.
Tissue Eng. Intell. Unit (1999), 1(Tissue Engineering of Vascular Prosthetic Grafts), 505-511
Inorganic-organic polymers as a route to biodegradable materials

Allcock, Harry R.
43
Macromol. Symp. (1999), 144(Degradability, Renewability and Recycling—Key Functions for Future
Materials), 33-46
Controlled-release inhalation aerosols

Edwards, David A.; Chen, Donghao; Wang, Jue; Ben-Jebria, Aziz
Respir. Drug Delivery VI, Int. Symp., 6th (1998), 187-192. Editor(s): Dalby, Richard N.; Byron, Peter R.;
Farr, Stephen J. Publisher: Interpharm Press, Inc., Buffalo Grove, Ill.
Bioadhesive, bioerodible polymers for increased intestinal uptake
Carino, Gerardo P.; Jacob, Jules S.; Chen, C. James; Santos, Camilla A.; Hertzog, Benjamin A.;
Mathiowitz, Edith
Drugs Pharm. Sci. (1999), 98(Bioadhesive Drug Delivery Systems), 459-475
Targeted delivery of antibiotics using liposomes and nanoparticles: research and applications
Pinto-Alphandary, H.; Andremont, A.; Couvreur, P.
Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents (2000), 13(3), 155-168
Solid lipid nanoparticles: phagocytic uptake, in vitro cytotoxicity and in vitro biodegradation. 1st
Communication.
Muller, Rainer H.; Olbrich, Carsten
Drugs Made Ger. (1999), 42(2), 49-53
Properties and medical applications of biodegradable polymers

Lee, Jin-Ho; Choi, Sun-Woong; Khang, Gil-Son; Noh, Seung-Moo; Min, Byung-Moo; Kim, Young-Beak;
Kim, Hak-Yong
Dep. Macromolecular Science, Hannam Univ., S. Korea
Chungnam Uidae Chapchi (1998), 25(1), 1-13
Processing and fabrication of bioresorbable implants and devices. State of

the art and future perspectives.
Hutmacher, D.; Kirsch, A.; Ackermann, K. L.; Huerzeler, M. B.
Process. Fabr. Adv. Mater. VI, Proc. Symp., 6th (1998), Meeting Date 1997, Volume 2, 1645-1660.
Editor(s): Khor, Khiam Aik; Srivatsan, T. S.; Moore, John J. Publisher: IOM Communications, London,
UK.
Carrier for drug formulations and artificial living tissues

Schulz, Michaela; Blunk, Torsten; Gopferich, Achim
Pharm. Ztg. (1999), 144(45), 3661-3666,3668
Polylactide (PLA)-a new way of production

Jacobsen, S.; Degee, Ph.; Fritz, H. G.; Dubois, Ph.; Jerome, R.
Polym. Eng. Sci. (1999), 39(7), 1311-1319
Controlled delivery of pesticides through synthetic biodegradable polymer compositions

Marshall, Mary; Wellinghoff, Steve; Brazel, Christopher; Alexander, Matthew; Akatagawa, Susumu
Controlled-Release Delivery Syst. Pestic. (1999), 263-294. Editor(s): Scher, Herbert B. Publisher: Dekker,
New York, N. Y.
Polymers in controlled release.Targeted drug delivery. Part 2. Formulation types in targeted delivery
Brannon-Peppas, Lisa; Birnbaum, Duane T.; Kosmala, Jacqueline D.
Polym. News (1999), 24(7), 230-232
The use of natural metabolites in the design of new materials for tissue engineering
Kohn, Joachim
Int. Congr. Ser. (1998), 1169(Tissue Engineering for Therapeutic Use 1), 61-70
Synthetic extracellular matrixes to guide tissue formation
44
Peters, Martin C.; Mooney, David J.
Polymeric biodegradable hemoglobin nanocapsule as a new red blood cell substitute

Chang, T. M. S.; Yu, W. P.
Blood Substitutes: Present Future Perspect., [Sel. Pap. Int. Symp. Blood Substitutes], 7th (1998), Meeting
Date 1997, 161-169. Editor(s): Tsuchida, Eishun. Publisher: Elsevier Science, Lausanne, Switz.
Biocompatible magnetic polymer carriers for in vivo radionuclide delivery
Schutt, Wolfgang; Gruttner, Cordula; Teller, Joachim; Westphal, Fritz; Hafeli, Urs; Paulke, Bernd; Goetz,
Phil; Finck, Wilhelm
Artif. Organs (1999), 23(1), 98-103
Therapeutic applications of implantable drug delivery systems

Dash, Alekha K.; Cudworth, Greggrey C., II
J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods (1998), 40(1), 1-12
Development of novel technologies for the synthesis of biodegradable PEGylated nanoparticles

Peracchia, Maria Teresa; Desmaele, Didier; Vauthier, Christine; Labarre, Denis; Fattal, Elias; D'Angelo,
Jean; Couvreur, Patrick
NATO ASI Ser., Ser. A (1998), 300(Targeting of Drugs 6), 225-239
Oral particulate delivery: status and future trends

Chen, Hongming; Langer, Robert
Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. (1998), 34(2,3), 339-350
Bioabsorbable polymers for implantable therapeutic systems

Sinha, Vivek R.; Khosla, Lara
University Institute Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University,
Chandigarh, 160 014, India
Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm. (1998), 24(12), 1129-1138
CODEN: DDIPD8; ISSN: 0363-9045
Preparation techniques and mechanisms of formation of biodegradable

nanoparticles from preformed polymers
Quintanar-Guerrero, David; Allemann, Eric; Fessi, Hatem; Doelker, Eric
Polymer concepts in tissue engineering

Peter, S. J.; Miller, M. J.; Yasko, A. W.; Yaszemski, M. J.; Mikos, A. G.
J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (1998), 43(4), 422-427
Degradable polyphosphazenes for biomedical applications

Schacht, Etienne; Vandorpe, Joke; Lemmouchi, Yahia; Dejardin, Stephane; Seymour, Leonard
Front. Biomed. Polym. Appl., [Int. Meet. Front. Med. Appl. Polym.], 1st (1998), Meeting Date 1996,
Volume 1, 27-42. Editor(s): Ottenbrite, Raphael M. Publisher: Technomic, Lancaster, Pa.
Stability of pharmaceutical proteins in particulate carriers

Van De Weert, M.; Van 't Hof, R.; Hennink, W. E.; Crommelin, D. J. A.
Alfred Benzon Symp. (1998), 43(Peptide and Protein Drug Delivery), 359-378
Structure, morphology and degradation of poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid)s microspheres in relation with

monolayers
Proust, J. E.; Boury, F.; Saulnier, P.; Benoit, J. P.; Panaiotov, I.; Ivanova, Tz.
Curr. Top. Colloid Interface Sci. (1997), 1, 195-224
45
Protein delivery from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) biodegradable microspheres: release kinetics and
stability issues
Crotts, G.; Park, Tae Gwan
J. Microencapsulation (1998), 15(6), 699-713
Biopolymers as drug carriers and bioactive macromolecules

Domb, A. J.; Bentolila, A.; Teomin, D.
Acta Polym. (1998), 49(10-11), 526-533
Host response to tissue engineered devices
Babensee, Julia E.; Anderson, James M.; McIntire, Larry V.; Mikos, Antonios G.
Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. (1998), 33(1,2), 111-139
Bioerodible polymers for ocular drug delivery

Deshpande, A. A.; Heller, J.; Gurny, R.
Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. (1998), 15(4), 381-420
Encapsulation of proteins for improved delivery

Putney, Scott D.
Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. (1998), 2(4), 548-552
Transductional elastic and plastic protein-based polymers as potential medical devices

Urry, Dan W.; Pattanaik, Asima; Accavitti, Mary Ann; Luan, Chi-Xiang;
McPherson, David T.; Xu, Jie; Gowda, D. Channe; Parker, Timothy M.;
Harris, Cynthia M.; Jing, Naijie
Drug Targeting Delivery (1997), 7(Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers), 367-386
Mechanisms of polymer degradation and elimination

Goepferich, Achim
Degradable hydrogels
Chen, Jun; Jo, Seongbong; Park, Kinam
Polyanhydrides
Domb, Abraham J.; Elmalak, Omar; Shastri, Venkatram R.; Ta-Shma, Zeev; Masters, David M.; Ringel,
Israel; Teomim, Doron; Langer, Robert
Poly(ortho esters)
Heller, Jorge
Poly(propylene fumarate)
Peter, Susan J.; Miller, Michael J.; Yaszemski, Michael J.; Mikos, Antonios G.
Polycaprolactone
Perrin, Dana E.; English, James P.
Poly(p-dioxanone) and its copolymers

Bezwada, Rao S.; Jamiolkowski, Dennis D.; Cooper, Kevin
Pre-clinical evaluation and quality control aspects of microparticulate antigen delivery systems
46
Sesardic, Dorothea; Corbel, Michael J.
Drug Targeting Delivery (1997), 8(Antigen Delivery Systems), 227-250
Immunological responses with biodegradable polymer microspheres

Men, Ying; Audran, Regine; Merkle, Hans P.; Gander, Bruno; Corradin, Giampietro
Microencapsulation of antigens for parenteral vaccine delivery systems

Kissel, Thomas; Hilbert, Anne Katrin; Koneberg, Regina; Bittner, Beate
Sustained delivery of proteins for novel therapeutic products

Bartus, Raymond T.; Tracy, Mark A.; Emerich, Dwaine F.; Zale, Stephen E.
Science (Washington, D. C.) (1998), 281(5380), 1161-1162
Other polyesters
Shastri, Venkatram R.; Hildgen, Patrice P.; Langer, Robert; Najajrah, Yousef; Ringel, Israel; Domb,
Abraham J.
Synthetic for biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering and drug delivery
Hubbell, Jeffrey A.
Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. (1998), 3(3), 246-251
Pharmaceutical applications of in vivo EPR

Mader, Karsten
Phys. Med. Biol. (1998), 43(7), 1931-1935
Recent advances in biomedical polyurethane biostability and biodegradation

Anderson, James M.; Hiltner, Anne; Wiggins, Michael J.; Schubert, Mark A.; Collier, Terry O.; Kao, W.
John; Mathur, Anshu B.
Polym. Int. (1998), 46(3), 163-171
Biodegradable polymers for the controlled release of ocular drugs

Merkli, A.; Tabatabay, C.; Gurny, R.; Heller, J.
Prog. Polym. Sci. (1998), 23(3), 563-580
Controlled drug delivery by biodegradable polyester devices: different preparative approaches

Jain, Rajeev; Shah, Navnit H.; Malick, A. Waseem; Rhodes, Christopher T.
In vitro and in vivo models for the reconstruction of intercellular signaling

Bouhadir, Kamal H.; Mooney, David J.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1998), 842(Salivary Gland Biogenesis and Function), 188-194
Strategies for site specific, time and rate controlled delivery of drugs, genes, and antigens
Crommelin, D. J. A.; Hennink, W. E.; Storm, G.
Future Strategies Drug Delivery Part. Syst., Lect. Eur. Workshop Part. Syst., 1st (1998), Meeting Date
1997, 147-151. Editor(s): Diederichs, Julia E.; Mueller, Rainer H. Publisher: Medpharm Scientific
Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.
Nanoencapsulation of hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes based on nanotechnology and biodegradable
polymer
Blood Substitutes (1998), Volume 2, 216-231. Editor(s): Chang, Thomas Ming Swi. Publisher: Karger
Landes Systems, Basel, Switz.
47
Biodegradable polymer microspheres as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems
Gupta, R. K.; Chang, A. -C.; Siber, G. R.
Dev. Biol. Stand. (1998), 92(Modulation of the Immune Response to Vaccine Antigens), 63-78
Development of biocompatible synthetic extracellular matrixes for tissue

engineering
Kim, Byung-Soo; Mooney, David J.
Trends Biotechnol. (1998), 16(5), 224-230
Chemical routes to poly(.beta.-malic acid) and potential applications of this water-soluble bioresorbable
poly(.beta.-hydroxy alkanoate)
Vert, Michel
Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1998), 59(1-3), 169-175
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles for the development of single-dose controlled-release vaccines

O'Hagan, Derek; Singh, Manmohan; Gupta, Rajesh K.
Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. (1998), 32(3), 225-246
Protein release from polyphosphazene matrixes

Andrianov, Alexander K.; Payne, Lendon G.
Stability of proteins during manufacture and release from biodegradable polymers

Krishnamurthy, Rajesh; Lumpkin, Janice A.
Pharm. Technol. (1998), 22(2), 28, 30, 32, 34, 36
Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants for systemic and mucosal administration

O'hagan, Derek T.
Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, CA, 947608, USA
J. Pharm. Pharmacol. (1998), 50(1), 1-10
Improving protein therapeutics with sustained-release formulations

Putney, Scott D.; Burke, Paul A.
Nat. Biotechnol. (1998), 16(2), 153-157
Preparation and characterization of magnetic nanospheres for in vivo application

Gruttner, Cordula; Teller, Joachim; Schutt, Wolfgang; Westphal, Fritz; Schumichen, Carl; Paulke, Bernd-
R.
Sci. Clin. Appl. Magn. Carriers, Proc. Int. Conf., 1st (1997), Meeting Date 1996, 53-67. Editor(s): Haefeli,
Urs. Publisher: Plenum, New York, N. Y.
Solvent Evaporation Processes for the Production of Controlled Release Biodegradable Microsphere
Formulations for Therapeutics and Vaccines
Cleland, Jeffrey L.
Biotechnol. Prog. (1998), 14(1), 102-107
Synthesis of biodegradable polymers for controlled drug release

Ulbrich, Karel; Pechar, Michal; Strohalm, Jiri; Subr, Vladimir; Rihova, Blanka
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. (1997), 831(Bioartificial Organs), 47-56
Dosage and design of leuprorelin acetate microspheres for long-term sustained-release injection
Okada, Hiroaki
Pharm Tech Jpn. (1998), 14(1), 75-78, 81-88
Drug Microencapsulation by PLA/PLGA Coacervation in the Light of

Thermodynamics. 1. Overview and Theoretical Considerations
48
Thomasin, Claudio; Nam-Tran, Ho; Merkle, Hans P.; Gander, Bruno
J. Pharm. Sci. (1998), 87(3), 259-268
Stability of proteins during manufacture and release from biodegradable polymers

Krishnamurthy, Rajesh; Lumpkin, Janice A.
BioPharm (Eugene, Oreg.) (1998), 11(1), 32-36
Tissue engineered cartilage

Ashiku, S. K.; Randolph, M. A.; Vacanti, C. A.
Mater. Sci. Forum (1997), 250, 129-150
Biodegradable PLA-PGA polymers for tissue engineering in orthopedics

Agrawal, C. M.; Athanasiou, K. A.; Heckman, J. D.
Mater. Sci. Forum (1997), 250, 115-128
Synthetic extracellular matrixes for cell transplantation

Peters, M. C.; Mooney, D. J.
Mater. Sci. Forum (1997), 250, 43-52
Design of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds for cell transplantation

Maquet, V.; Jerome, R.
Mater. Sci. Forum (1997), 250, 15-42
Recombinant human growth hormone poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere formulation development

Cleland, Jeffrey L.; Johnson, OluFunmi L.; Putney, Scott; Jones, Andrew J. S.
One- and three-month release injectable microspheres of the LH-RH superagonist leuprorelin acetate
Okada, Hiroaki
Preparation of microspheres by the solvent evaporation technique

O'Donnell, Patrick B.; McGinity, James W.
Biodegradation and biocompatibility of PLA and PLGA microspheres

Anderson, James M.; Shive, Matthew S.
Biodegradable synthetic and semisynthetic polymers

Chiellini, Emo; D'Antone, Salvatore; Solaro, Roberto
Macromol. Symp. (1997), 123(37th Microsymposium on Macromolecules (Bio)degradable Polymers:
Chemical, Biological and Environmental Aspects, 1996), 25-44
Cell-polymer-bioreactor system for tissue engineering

Vunjak-Novakovic, Gordana; Freed, Lisa E.
J. Serb. Chem. Soc. (1997), 62(9), 787-799
Tailor-made synthesis of biomedical polymers

Kopecek, Jindrich; Kopeckova, Pavla
Chem. Listy (1997), 91(9), 600-603
Multifunctional polymeric materials for biomedical applications

Solaro, Roberto; Chiellini, Elisabetta E.; Giannasi, Donatella; Morganti, Fabrizio; Chiellini, Emo
Macromol. Symp. (1997), 118, 603-617
49
Polymeric carriers of drugs for site-specific therapy
Ulbrich, Karel; Pechar, Michal; Strohalm, Jiri; Subr, Vladimir; Rihova Blanka
Macromol. Symp. (1997), 118, 577-585
Degradable controlled release systems useful for protein delivery

Roskos, Kathleen V.; Maskiewicz, Richard
Pharm. Biotechnol. (1997), 10(Protein Delivery), 45-92
Protein delivery from biodegradable microspheres
Cleland, Jeffrey L.
Pharm. Biotechnol. (1997), 10(Protein Delivery), 1-43
Extended release of adenovirus from polymer microspheres: potential use in gene therapy for brain tumors
Beer, Steven J.; Hilfinger, John M.; Davidson, Beverly L.
Microencapsulation of antigens using biodegradable polyesters. Facts and Phantasies

Kissel, T.; Koneberg, R.; Hilbert, A. K.; Hungerer, K. D.
Development), 172-183
Biodegradable veterinary controlled release systems

Lewis, D. H.
Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater. (1997), 24th, 212-213
New biodegradable polymers for medical applications. Elastomeric poly(phosphoester urethane)s

Leong, Kam W.; Zhao, Zhong; Dahiyat, Basil I.
Controlled Drug Delivery (1997), 469-483. Editor(s): Park, Kinam. Publisher: American Chemical Society,
Washington, D. C.
Peptide, protein, and vaccine delivery from implantable polymeric systems. Progress and challenges
Schwendeman, Steven P.; Costantino, Henry R.; Gupta, Rajesh K.; Langer, Robert
Controlled Drug Delivery (1997), 229-267. Editor(s): Park, Kinam.
Publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.
Particle engineering of biodegradable colloids for site-specific drug delivery

Scholes, P. D.; Coombes, A. G. A.; Davies, M. C.; Illum, L.; Davis, S. S.
Controlled Drug Delivery (1997), 73-106. Editor(s): Park, Kinam.
Publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington, D. C.
The role of modeling studies in the development of future controlled-release devices

Narasimhan, Balaji; Peppas, Nicholas A.
Controlled Drug Delivery (1997), 529-557. Editor(s): Park, Kinam. Publisher: American Chemical Society,
Washington, D. C.
Production and novel applications of natural L(+)-lactic acid: food, pharmaceutics and biodegradable
polymers
Bogaert, J.C.
Cerevisia (1997), 22(1), 46-50
Injectable microcapsules prepared with biodegradable poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acids) for prolonged release of
drugs
Ogawa, Yasuaki
J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. (1997), 8(5), 391-409
Recent contributions of polymers to the design of biomaterials for clinical and surgical applications
Roman, Julio San
An. Quim. Int. Ed. (1997), 93(1, Suppl. 1), S22-S31
50
Drug delivery into the brain using implantable polymeric systems
Menei, P.; Venier-Julienne, M. C.; Benoit, J. P.
S.T.P. Pharma Sci. (1997), 7(1), 53-61
Biodegradable scaffolds for use in orthopedic tissue engineering

Athanasiou, Kyriacos
Proc. South. Biomed. Eng. Conf., 15th (1996), 541-544. Editor(s): Bajpai, Praphulla K. Publisher: Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, N. Y.
Tissue engineering with biodegradable polymer matrixes

Mooney, D.J.
Proc. South. Biomed. Eng. Conf., 15th (1996), 537-540. Editor(s): Bajpai, Praphulla K. Publisher: Institute
of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, N. Y.
Biomaterials in ophthalmic drug delivery

Sintzel, Martina B.; Bernatchez, Stephanie F.; Tabatabay, Cyrus; Gurny, Robert
Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. (1996), 42(6), 358-374
Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants: the development of MF59 emulsion and polymeric microparticles
O'Hagan, Derek T.; Ott, Gary S.; Van Nest, Gary
Mol. Med. Today (1997), 3(2), 69-75
Biodegradable microspheres as vehicles for antigens

Kersten, Gideon F.A.; Gander, Bruno
Concepts Vaccine Dev. (1996), 265-302. Editor(s): Kaufmann, Stefan H. E.
Publisher: de Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
The rationale for peptide drug delivery to the colon and the potential of polymeric carriers as effective tools
Rubinstein, Abraham; Tirosh, Boaz; Baluom, Muhammad; Nassar, Taher; David, Ayelet; Radai, Raphael;
Gliko-Kabir, Irit; Friedman, Michael
J. Controlled Release (1997), 46(1,2), 59-73
Gene-based therapies for restenosis

Labhasetwar, Vinod; Chen, Borong; Muller, David W. M.; Bonadio, Jeffrey; Ciftci, Kadriye; March, Keith;
Levy, Robert J.
Polymeric endoluminal gel paving: hydrogel systems for local barrier creation and site-specific drug
delivery
Slepian, Marvin J.; Hubbell, Jeffrey A.
Biodegradable implant strategies for inhibition of restenosis

Orloff, Lisa A.; Domb, Abraham J.; Teomim, Doron; Fishbein, Ilia; Golomb, Gershon
Biodegradable polymer research: an overview

Pradhan, Ram; Shivprakash; Shah, Yamini; Gohel, Mukesh; Shan, Dushyant
Indian Drugs (1996), 33(8), 374-383
Polymeric micelles as new drug carriers

Kwon, Glen S.; Okano, Teruo
Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated biodegradable nanospheres for intravenous drug administration

Gref, Ruxandra; Minamitakek, Yoshiharu; Peracchia, Maria Teresa; Langer, Robert
51
Drugs Pharm. Sci.(1996), 77(Microparticulate Systems for the Delivery of Proteins and Vaccines), 279-306
Nanoparticulate drug carrier technology

Alonso, Maria J.
Proteins and Vaccines), 203-242
Stability of proteins and their delivery from biodegradable polymer microspheres

Schwendeman, Steven P.;Cardamone, Michael; Klibanov, Alexander;Langer, Robert;Brandon, Malcolm R.
Drugs Pharm. Sci. (1996), 77(Microparticulate Systems for the Delivery of Proteins and Vaccines), 1-49
Biodegradable polyurethanes: Biodegradable low adherence films for the prevention of adhesions after
surgery
Rehman, Ihtesham Ur
J. Biomater. Appl. (1996), 11(2), 182-257
Multiphasic or "pulsatile" controlled release system for the delivery of vaccines

Akiti, Otute; Jimoh, A. Ganiyu; Wise, Donald L.; Barabino, Gilda A.;Trantolo, Debra J.;Gresser, Joseph D.
Hum. Biomater. Appl. (1996), 319-343. Editor(s): Wise, Donald L. Publisher: Humana, Totowa, N. J.
Biodegradable microspheres: Advances in production technology

Benoit, Jean-Pierre; Marchais, Herve; Rolland, Herve; Velde, Vincent Vande
Drugs Pharm. Sci. (1996), 73(Microencapsulation), 35-72
Synthetic biodegradable polymers for medical applications

Suggs, Laura J.; Mikos, Antonios G.
Phys. Prop. Polym. Handbook (1996), 615-624.Editor(s): Mark, James E. Publisher: AIP Press,
Woodbury, N. Y.
Biorecognizable biomedical polymers

Kopecek, Jindrich; Kopeckova, Pavla; Omelyanenko, Vladimir
Adv. Biomater. Biomed. Eng. Drug Delivery Syst., [Iketani Conf. Biomed. Polym.], 5th (1996), Meeting
Date 1995, 91-95. Editor(s): Ogata, Naoya. Publisher: Springer, Tokyo, Japan.
Functional synthetic and semisynthetic polymers in biomedical applications

Chiellini, E.; Solaro, R.
Adv. Biomater. Biomed. Eng. Drug Delivery Syst., [Iketani Conf. Biomed. Polym.], 5th (1996), Meeting
Date 1995, 28-31. Editor(s): Ogata, Naoya. Publisher: Springer, Tokyo, Japan.
Biodegradable polyurethanes
Pkhakadze, G.; Grigorieva, M.; Gladir, I.; Momot, V.
J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med. (1996), 7(5), 265-267
Toward development of an implantable tissue engineered liver

Davis, Matthew W.; Vacanti, Joseph P.
Biomaterials (1996), 17(3), 365-72
Properties and medical applications of biodegradable polymers

Lee, Jin-Ho; Choi, Sun-Woong; Khang, Gil-Son; Noh, Seung-Moo; Min, Byung-Moo; Kim, Young-Beak;
Kim, Hak-Yong
Processing and fabrication of bioresorbable implants and devices. State of the art and future perspectives.
Hutmacher, D.; Kirsch, A.; Ackermann, K. L.; Huerzeler, M. B.
Design of biodegradable polyrotaxane for tissue engineering

Watanabe, Junji; Ohtani, Akira; Yui, Nobuhko
52
Carrier for drug formulations and artificial living tissues
Schulz, Michaela; Blunk, Torsten; Gopferich, Achim
Polylactide (PLA)-a new way of production

Jacobsen, S.; Degee, Ph.; Fritz, H. G.; Dubois, Ph.; Jerome, R.
Laboratory and field evaluation of biodegradable polyesters for sustained release of isometamidium and
ethidium - Minireview
Geerts, S.; Brandt, J. R. A.; De Deken, R.
Application of polyphosphazenes in drug controlled release systems

Qiu, Liyan; Zhu, Kangjie
The use of natural metabolites in the design of new materials for tissue engineering
Kohn, Joachim
Polymeric biodegradable hemoglobin nanocapsule as a new red blood cell substitute

Development of novel technologies for the synthesis of biodegradable PEGylated nanoparticles

Peracchia, Maria Teresa; Desmaele, Didier; Vauthier, Christine; Labarre, Denis; Fattal, Elias; D'Angelo,
Jean; Couvreur, Patrick
Development and application of lactic acid-derived biodegradable plastics

Kamikura, Masao
Bioabsorbable polymers for implantable therapeutic systems

Sinha, Vivek R.; Khosla, Lara
Structure, morphology and degradation of poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acid)s microspheres in relation with

monolayers
Proust, J. E.; Boury, F.; Saulnier, P.; Benoit, J. P.; Panaiotov, I.; Ivanova, Tz.
Protein delivery from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) biodegradable microspheres: release kinetics and
stability issues
Crotts, G.; Park, Tae Gwan
Development of medical goods using bioabsorbable materials

Takazawa, Hiroaki
Encapsulation of proteins for improved delivery
Putney, Scott D.
Biodegradable materials. Opportunities and limits

Schroeter, Johannes
Biodegradable materials. Opportunities and limits

Schroeter, Johannes
Microencapsulation of antigens for parenteral vaccine delivery systems

Kissel, Thomas; Hilbert, Anne Katrin; Koneberg, Regina; Bittner, Beate
Synthetic for biodegradable polymers for tissue engineering and drug delivery
Hubbell, Jeffrey A.
Biodegradable polymers for the controlled release of ocular drugs
53
Merkli, A.; Tabatabay, C.; Gurny, R.; Heller, J.
Controlled drug delivery by biodegradable polyester devices: different preparative approaches

Jain, Rajeev; Shah, Navnit H.; Malick, A. Waseem; Rhodes, Christopher T.
Application of biodegradable polymeric materials for steroid delivery

Tang, Guping; Chen, Qiqi; Xu, Jiangtao
Nanoencapsulation of hemoglobin and red blood cell enzymes based on nanotechnology and biodegradable
polymer
Biodegradable polymer microspheres as vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems

Gupta, R. K.; Chang, A. -C.; Siber, G. R.
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles for the development of single-dose controlled-release vaccines

O'Hagan, Derek; Singh, Manmohan; Gupta, Rajesh K.
Protein release from polyphosphazene matrixes

Andrianov, Alexander K.; Payne, Lendon G.
Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants for systemic and mucosal administration

O'hagan, Derek T.
Solvent Evaporation Processes for the Production of Controlled Release

Biodegradable Microsphere Formulations for Therapeutics and Vaccines
Cleland, Jeffrey L.
Dosage and design of leuprorelin acetate microspheres for long-term sustained-release injection
Okada, Hiroaki
Drug Microencapsulation by PLA/PLGA Coacervation in the Light of Thermodynamics. 1. Overview and

Theoretical Considerations
Thomasin, Claudio; Nam-Tran, Ho; Merkle, Hans P.; Gander, Bruno
Biodegradable materials
Imai, Yoji
Tissue engineered cartilage

Ashiku, S. K.; Randolph, M. A.; Vacanti, C. A.
Biodegradable PLA-PGA polymers for tissue engineering in orthopedics
Agrawal, C. M.; Athanasiou, K. A.; Heckman, J. D.
Design of macroporous biodegradable polymer scaffolds for cell transplantation

Maquet, V.; Jerome, R.
Recombinant human growth hormone poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microsphere formulation development

Cleland, Jeffrey L.; Johnson, OluFunmi L.; Putney, Scott; Jones, Andrew J. S.
One- and three-month release injectable microspheres of the LH-RH superagonist leuprorelin acetate
Okada, Hiroaki
Preparation of microspheres by the solvent evaporation technique

O'Donnell, Patrick B.; McGinity, James W.
Biodegradable synthetic and semisynthetic polymers
54
Chiellini, Emo; D'Antone, Salvatore; Solaro, Roberto


Biodegradable polymers for medical applications

Lin, Jianping; Wu, Liguang; Cen, Peilin
Multifunctional polymeric materials for biomedical applications

Solaro, Roberto; Chiellini, Elisabetta E.; Giannasi, Donatella; Morganti, Fabrizio; Chiellini, Emo
Polymeric carriers of drugs for site-specific therapy

Ulbrich, Karel; Pechar, Michal; Strohalm, Jiri; Subr, Vladimir; Rihova,
Blanka


Microencapsulation of antigens using biodegradable polyesters. Facts and Phantasies

Kissel, T.; Koneberg, R.; Hilbert, A. K.; Hungerer, K. D.
Dep. Pharmaceutics Biopharmacy, Philipps-Univ., Marburg, D-35032, Germany
Peptide, protein, and vaccine delivery from implantable polymeric systems.

Progress and challenges
Schwendeman, Steven P.; Costantino, Henry R.; Gupta, Rajesh K.; Langer, Robert
Production and novel applications of natural L(+)-lactic acid: food, pharmaceutics and biodegradable
polymers
Bogaert, J.C.
Injectable microcapsules prepared with biodegradable poly(.alpha.-hydroxy acids) for prolonged release of
drugs
Ogawa, Yasuaki
Biodegradable scaffolds for use in orthopedic tissue engineerin

Athanasiou, Kyriacos
Recent advances in vaccine adjuvants: the development of MF59 emulsion and polymeric microparticles
O'Hagan, Derek T.; Ott, Gary S.; Van Nest, Gary
The rationale for peptide drug delivery to the colon and the potential of polymeric carriers as effective tools
Rubinstein, Abraham; Tirosh, Boaz; Baluom, Muhammad; Nassar, Taher; David,
Biodegradable implant strategies for inhibition of restenosis

Orloff, Lisa A.; Domb, Abraham J.; Teomim, Doron; Fishbein, Ilia; Golomb, Gershon
Recent development trend of biodegradable and bioabsorbable materials

Kim, H. Y.; Kim, G. W.
Biodegradable polymer research: an overview
55
Pradhan, Ram; Shivprakash; Shah, Yamini; Gohel, Mukesh; Shan, Dushyant
Poly(ethylene glycol)-coated biodegradable nanospheres for intravenous drug administration

Gref, Ruxandra; Minamitakek, Yoshiharu; Peracchia, Maria Teresa; Langer, Robert
Nanoparticulate drug carrier technology

Alonso, Maria J.
Multiphasic or "pulsatile" controlled release system for the delivery of vaccines

Akiti, Otute; Jimoh, A. Ganiyu; Wise, Donald L.; Barabino, Gilda A.;Trantolo, Debra J.;Gresser, Joseph D.
Biodegradable microspheres: Advances in production technology

Benoit, Jean-Pierre; Marchais, Herve; Rolland, Herve; Velde, Vincent Vande
Biorecognizable biomedical polymers

Kopecek, Jindrich; Kopeckova, Pavla; Omelyanenko, Vladimir
Functional synthetic and semisynthetic polymers in biomedical applications

Chiellini, E.; Solaro, R.
Biodegradable polymers for temporal drug delivery system

Ooya, Tooru; Yui, Nobuhiko
Injectable pharmaceuticals based on biodegradable polymers. 2 Characterization

Lill, Norbert; Tertsch, Katrin
56
4.9 Other Books on Degradable Polymers
Title Author/Editor Publisher ISBN year Material Application
Novel Biodegradable Microbial Polymers Dawes, E. A. Kluwer Academic Publishers 0-7923-0949-9 1990
Polymers from Agricultural Coproducts Fishman, M. L., Friedman, R. American Chemical Society, 0-8412-3041-2 1994 polysaccharides, polyamides,
B., Huang, S. J. Washington DC proteins, polyesters, rubbers
Polymer Biomaterials in Solution, as Interfaces and VSP, The Netherlands 90-6764-180-4 1995 Medical
as Solids
Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Griffin, G. J. L. Chapman & Hall 0-7514-0003-3 1994
Polymers
Degradability, Renewability and Recycling - Key Functions for Future Materials Wiley-VCH 3-527-29904-1 2000 Plastics Packaging
5th International Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers
Blockcopolymers/polyelectrolytes/biodegradation, Silvestre, F., etc. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg 3540631569 1997 Biopolymers Medical
Advances in Polymer Science Vol. 135 GmbH & Co. KG
Biopolymers/PVA Hydrogels/Anionic Polymerisation/ Hassan, C.M., etc. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg 3-540-67313-X 2000 Poly(vinyl
Nanocomposites GmbH & Co. KG alcohol), etc
Advances in Polymer Science Vol. 153
Biodegradation in Packaging Selke, S. Pira International 1858021413 1996 Packaging

Agricultural and Synthetic Polymers: Glass, J. E., Swift G. Oxford University Press 0-8412-1816-1
Biodegradability and Utilization
Advances in Biodegradable Polymers Rapra review Moore, G. F., Sauders, S. M. Rapra Technology 1-85957-118-2 1997
Report No.98
Degradable Materials: Perspectives, Issues and Barenberg, et al CRC Press 0-849342740 1990
Opportunities
Degradable Polymers Scott, G., Gilead, D. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995
57
Second International Symposium on Natural Capparelli Mattoso, L. H., Embrapa, Sao Carlos ISNaPol 98 1998 Natrural
Polymers and Composites Frollini, E., Leao, A. polymers
Polysaccharides Structural Disversity and Fundtional Chasin, M.; Langer, R. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 0-8247-8344-1 1998 Polysaccharides
Versatility
Polysaccharides in Medical Applications Dimitriu, S. Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1996 Polysaccharides Medical
Biodegradable Polymers and Packaging Ching, C., Kaplan, D. L., Technomoc Publishing 1-56676-008-9 1993 Packaging
Thomas, E. L.
Biodegradation and Bioremediation Martin, A. Academic Press 0-1204-9861-8 1999

Biodegradable: Detergents and the Environment McGucken, W. Texas A&M University Press 0-8909-6479-3 1991 Detergents
Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Cellulose Haigler, C., Weimer, R.J., Marcel Dekker 0-8247-8387-5 1990 Cellulose
Haigle, C. H., Weimer, P. J.
Poly(ethylene Glycol) Chemistry Biotechnical and Haigler, C., Weimer, R.J., Plenum Press 0-306-44078-4 1992 PEO
Biomedical Applications Haigle, C. H., Weimer, P. J.
Macromolecular Biomaterials Hastings G. W., Ducheyne P. CRC Press 0-8493-6263-6 1984 General
58
59
4.10 Literatures on polyhydroxyalkanoates
60
61
4.10 Literature on Polyhydroxyalkanoates.xls - page 62
Adress(es) /
ID Autor(s) / Inventor(s) Applicant(s) Title Source / Application Number Year Keyword(s) Abstract Objective Hardware Ablage
1. An investigation into the effects of novel DBM and PAM
effectors on
catecholamine metabolism and amidation in adrenal
chromaffin dopamine monooxygenase
Georgia Institute of cell culture. 2. Microbial production of poly-beta- 254 pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No.: PAM catecholamine adrenal
Technology, Atlanta, hydroxybutyric DA9526142 chromaffin
GA, acid from D-xylose and lactose using Pseudomonas From: Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1995, 56(4), 2006 poly hydroxybutyric acid xylose
1 Young, Frederick Kwai USA cepacia. (English) 1995 1995 lactose Pseudomonas Abstract Unavailable Strains
13C NMR Determination of the degree of cocrystallization
VanderHart; D.L.; Orts; W.J.; in random copolymers of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-
2 Marchessault; R.H. beta-hydroxyvalerate) Macromolecules 1995; 28:6394-6400 1995 595.
13C Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Pseudomonas
Huijberts; G.N.M.; DeRijk; C.; putida fatty acid metabolic routes involved in poly(3-
3 DeWaard; P.; Eggink; G. hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis Journal of Bacteriology 1994; 176(6):1661-1666 1994 546.
The metabolism of a, a-
trehalose in the bacterium
Alcaligenes eutrophus H
16 was studied by
Research Laboratory analysis of the 13C NMR
of Resources spectra of intact cells. A.
Utilization, Tokyo eutrophus accumulated
Institute of trehalose together with
Technology, 13C Nuclear magnetic resonance study of trehalose and Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) metabolism in Alcaligenes Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - (P(3(HB)) as intracellular
4 Kawaguchi; Y.; Nakamura; Y.; Doi; Y. Yokohama 227 Japan eutrophus Applied Environmental Microbiology 1990; 1030 1990 trehalose storage compou Strain - Metabolism 309.
Doi; Y.; Kunioka; M.; Nakmaura; Y.; 1H and 13C NMR analysis of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate)
5 Soga; K. isolated from Bacillus megaterium Macromolecules 1986; 19:1274-1276 1986 578.
1H NMR imaging has

been used to monitor the
enzymic degrdn. of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate), PHB,
and poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate-co-23%-3-
Sektion hydroxyvalerate), PHB/V,
Kernresonanzspektros 1H NMR Imaging Study of Enzymic Degradation in Poly(3- by PHB depolymerase B
kopie, Universitaet hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- from Pseudomonas
Spyros, A.; Kimmich, R.; Briese, B. H.; Ulm, Ulm, 89069, hydroxyvalerate). Evidence for Preferential Degradation of Pseudomonas lemoignei - 1 lemoignei. The samples
Jendrossek, D. Germany the Amorphous Phase by PHB Depolymerase B from HMR-imaging - enzymic examd. were thin films of
6 Pseudomonas lemoignei Macromolecules (1997), 30(26), 8218-8225 1997 degradation approx. 200 Degradation
Adress(es) /
Biodegradable patches
made of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) were recently
shown to limit
postoperative pericardial
adhesions when inserted
into the pericardium in
Department of sheep. The present study
Diagnostic Radiology, A biodegradable patch used as a pericardial substitute postoperative pericardial was carried out to
Duvernoy O, Malm T, Ramstrom J, University Hospital, after cardiac adhesions - Biodegradable evaluate the presence of
7 Bowald S Uppsala, Sweden. surgery: 6- and 24-month evaluation with CT. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995 Oct;43(5):271-4 1995 patches made of PHB post-operative retrosterna Applications
Koning, de; G.J.M.; Bilsen, van;

H.M.M.; Lemstra; P.J.; Hazenberg; W.;
Witholt; B.; Preusting; H.; Galien, van A biodegradable rubber by crosslinking
8 der; J.G.; Schirmer; A.; Jendrossek; D. poly(hydroxyalkanoate) from Pseudomonas oleovorans Polymer 1994; 35:2090-2097 1994 Pseudomonas oleovorans - 493.
A composite has been
developed, using a
completely degradable
phosphate glass for
reinforcement and a PHB
polymer matrix.
Alteration of the glass
compn. produces an
alteration in the glass
Queen Mary Westfield A completely degradable phosphate prosthetic composite soly.
Coll., glass/polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) Adv. Biomater., phosphate glass In vivo, this has been
Knowles, Jonathan C.; Hastings, Garth IRC Biomed. Mater., based composite with long term stability and 10(Biomaterial-Tissue Interfaces), 439-46 polyhydroxybutyrate used to control the overall
9 W. London E1 4NS, UK biocompatibility. (English) 1992 1992 degrdn. Applications
10 Ward AC, Dawes EA A disk assay for poly- -hydroxybutyrate. Anal Biochem 1973 Apr;52(2):607-13 1973 Abstract unavailable.
(1) Projektgruppe
Biosignale, Abteilung
Biotechnologie, The analysis of growing or
Fakultät für resting bacterial
Biowissenschaften, populations by flow
cytometry offers several
Pharmazie und advantages over
Psychologie, traditional methods for
Universität Leipzig, determining mean-value
Permoserstraße 15, D- parameters. This method
04318 Leipzig, has been applied here to
measure both the
S. Müller (1), A. Lösche (1), T. Bley (1), Germany A flow cytometric approach for characterization and Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract distribution of single-cell
11 T. Scheper (2) (2) differentiation of bacteria during microbial processes Volume 43 Issue 1 (1995) pp 93-101 1995 fluoresc
Adress(es) /
Using a 30-mer
oligonucleotide probe
highly specific for
polyhydroxyalkanoic acid
(PHA) synthase genes,
the respective genes
of Pseudomonas
citronellolis, P.
mendocina, Pseudomonas
Institut fur A general method for identification of polyhydroxyalkanoic sp. DSM 1650 and
Mikrobiologie, Georg- acid synthase Pseudomonas sp.
August-Universitat genes from pseudomonads belonging to the rRNA GP4BH1 were cloned from
12 Timm A, Wiese S, Steinbuchel A Gottingen, Germany. homology group I. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994 Jan;40(5):669-75 1994 genomic libraries
A structured model is
pesented giving a
mathematical description
of batch cultures of
Alcaligenes eutrophus
strain H 16 under
chemolithoautotrophic
growth conditions. A mass-
spectrometer with a
Institut für Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - membrane inlet system
Biotechnologie TU A kinetic model for growth and synthesis of poly-á- European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1980; Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - was used to measure and
13 Heinzle, E.; Lafferty, R. M. Graz hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 11:42583 1980 chemolithoautotrophic growth - control the con Stain - Kinetics 69.
Deletion studies on
Rhizobium meliloti mega-
plasmid pRmeSU47b
identified a region
required for poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Abstr.Gen.Meet.Am.Soc.Microbiol.; (1996) 96 degradation pathway
McGill University, Ste- Meet., 557 intermediates 3-
Anne-de-Bellevue, A megaplasmid-located methylmalonyl-CoA-mutase-like American Society for Microbiology, 96th General hydroxybutyric acid (3HB)
Quebec H9X 3V9, gene is required for operation of the PHB degradation Meeting, New and
Charles T C; Dumont R Canada. pathway in Rhizobium meliloti; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Orleans, LA, 19-23 May, 1996. acetoacetic acid (AA)
14 degradation (conference abstract) 1996 as sole C-source. Clo
The present invention

provides a method for
producing optically active
hydroxycarboxylic acid
monomers
LEE, Sang, Yup , #212-702, Expo by auto-
Apartment, 464-1, Chunmin-dong, degradation of
Yusong-ku, Taejon-si 30, Republic of polyhydroxyalkanoates
Korea LG CHEMICAL LTD., (PHAs). In particular, the
WANG, Fulai , 373-1, 20, Yoido-dong, present invention provides
Kusung-dong, Yusong-ku, Taejon-si Youngdeungpo-ku, A METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROXYCARBOXYLIC a
305-701, Republic of Korea Seoul 150-010, ACIDS BY AUTO-DEGRADATION OF method for
15 LEE, Young Republic of Korea POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES WO9929889A1 June 17, 1999 1999 prod
Adress(es) /
A method for the demonstration of extracellular hydrolysis Journal of Applied Bacteriology 1978; 45(1):143-
16 Malik, K.A.; Claus, D. of poly-á-hydroxybutyrate 146 1978 35.
A method for the isolation of microorgansims producing
Ramsay; B.A.; Saracovan; I.; Ramsay; extarcellular long-side-chain poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate) Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
17 J.A.; Marchessault; R.H. depolymerase 1994; 2(1):36708 1994 563.
Comamonas testosteroni
can grow on a variety of
steroid compounds as the
sole carbon and
energy
Departamento de source. In a previous
Bioquimica Clinica, study, we cloned and
Facultad de Ciencias sequenced the
Quimicas, Universidad testosterone-inducible
Nacional de A new Comamonas testosteroni steroid-inducible gene: betahsd
Cabrera JE, Panzetta-Dutari G, cloning and J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997 Sep-Oct;63(1- gene from
18 Pruneda JL, Genti-Raimondi S Cordoba, Argentina. sequence analysis. 3):91-8 1997 C. testosteroni
A protein which is
encoded by protein
sequence (I), or a protein
sequence in with one
amino acid either added,
deleted and/or
replaced, and has
polyhydroxyalkanoate
A new intracellular PHA decomposition enzyme; (PHA)-degrading activity
Chikyu-Kankyo-Sangyo; recombinant enzyme production via vector-mediated gene is
Univ.Kanagawa Japan. transfer and expression in host cell for improved JP 11113574 27 Apr 1999 new. Also claimed
19 polyhydroxyalkanoate production 1999 are: a protein encoded by
To investigate the
metabolic link between
fatty acid de novo
synthesis and
Institut fur polyhydroxyalkanoic
Mikrobiologie, acid (PHA)
Westfalische Wilhelms- synthesis, we isolated
Universitat Munster, mutants of Pseudomonas
Corrensstrabetae 3, A new metabolic link between fatty acid de novo synthesis putida KT2440 deficient in
D- and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis. The PHAG gene this
48149, Munster, from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encodes a 3- metabolic
20 Rehm BH, Kruger N, Steinbuchel A Germany. hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein-coenzyme a transferase. J Biol Chem 1998 Sep 11;273(37):24044-51 1998 route. The gene
Adress(es) /
A fragment of genomic
DNA from Sulfolobus
acidocaldarius DSM 639
encoding a lipolytic
enzyme
Lehrstuhl fur Biologie was cloned and
der Mikroorganismen, sequenced. The 314-
Ruhr-Universitat amino acid polypeptide
Bochum, Germany. displays a maximum
A novel heat-stable lipolytic enzyme from Sulfolobus sequence
jeanlouis.arpigny@ruh acidocaldarius DSM 639 displaying similarity to similarity (43%) to a
21 Arpigny JL, Jendrossek D, Jaeger KE r-uni-bochum.de polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998 Oct 1;167(1):69-73 1998 putative
Poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid
is separated from bacterial
cells by drying a finely
divided stream or spray of
an aqueous suspension
of the cells with a gas
HOLMES PAUL ARTHUR; WRIGHT heated to above 100 DEG
LEONARD FREDERICK; ALDERSON C and then extracting the
BARRY; SENIOR PETER A process for the extraction of poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid PHB, preferably after a
22 JAMES ICI PLC (GB) from microbial cells. EP0015123 1980-09-03 1980 lipid extraction step with
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
(PHAs) are bacterial
storage polyesters,
Institut für currently receiving
Biotechnologie, much
Eidgenössische attention because of their
Technische potential as biodegradable
Hochschule, ETH- and renewable plastics.
Hönggerberg, CH Well known
8093 A process for the recovery of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from Bioprocess Engineering Abstract Volume 17 are
23 G. J. M. de Koning, B. Witholt Zürich, Switzerland Pseudomonads Part 1: Solubilization Issue 1 (1997) pp 7-13 1997 poly(hydroxybutyrate) a
Medium-chain-length
poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
(mcl-PHAs) are storage
polyesters
Institut für accumulated by

Biotechnologie, fluorescent
Eidgenössische pseudomonads, which are
Technische currently receiving much
Hochschule, ETH- attention
Hönggerberg, CH A process for the recovery of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from because of
G. J. M. de Koning, M. Kellerhals, C. 8093 Pseudomonads Part 2: Process development and Bioprocess Engineering Abstract Volume 17 their potential as
24 van Meurs, B. Witholt Zürich, Switzerland economic evaluation Issue 1 (1997) pp 15-21 1997 biodegradable
Braunegg, G.; Sonnleitner, B.; Lafferty, A rapid gas chromatographic method for the determination European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1978;
25 R.M. of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in microbioal biomass 6:29-37 1978 21.
A rapid spectrophotometric assay of alpha, beta-
26 Slepecky, R. A.; Law, J. H. unsaturated acids and beta-hydroxy acids Ananlytical Chemistry 1960; 32(12):1697-1699 1960 8.
Adress(es) /
KOREA INST A recombinant Escherichia coli producing poly-3-
SCIENCE hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and a process for preparing PHB
27 LEE SANG-YUP TECHNOLOGY employing the same AU4835197 1998-06-18 1998 Abstract unavailable.
A new recombinant
plasmid vector contains a
gene cluster encoding
beta-ketothiolase
(acetyl-CoA-
acyltransferase, EC-
2.3.1.16) from
Agency- Alcaligenes eutrophus,
Ind.Sci.Technol.Japan; A recombinant plasmid, a transformed blue-green alga acetoacetyl-CoA-
Chikyu-Kankyo- containing it and preparation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric reductase (EC-1.1.1.36)
Sangyo acid; Alcaligenes eutrophus acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase, and
LO Japan. acetoacetyl-CoA-reductase and polyhydroxybutyrate- JP 09131186 20 May 1997 polyhydroxybutyrate-
28 polymerase expression in Synechococcu 1997 polymerase, downst
The oxazine dye Nile blue

A and its fluorescent
oxazone form, Nile red,
were used to develop a
Institut fur simple and
Mikrobiologie, highly sensitive staining
Westfalische Wilhelms- method to detect poly(3-
Universitat M unster, A sensitive, viable-colony staining method using Nile red hydroxybutyric acid) and
Corrensstrasse 3, for direct screening of bacteria that accumulate other
Spiekermann P, Rehm BH, Kalscheuer D-48149 polyhydroxyalkanoic acids and other lipid storage
29 R, Baumeister D, Steinbuchel A Munster, Germany. compounds. Arch Microbiol 1999 Jan;171(2):73-80 1999 polyhydroxyalkanoic ac
J ttner, R.-R.; Lafferty, R.M.; H.- A Simple Method for the Determination of Poly-beta-
30 J.Knackmuss Hydroxybutyric Acid in Microbial Biomass European J.Appl. Micribiol. 1975; 11:233-237 1975 12.
The bacterial endogenous

storage lipid poly-beta-
hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
can be recovered from
environmental samples by
Department of extraction with boiling
Biological Science, chloroform or after
Florida State treatment with sodium
University, A simplified mehod for bacterial nutritional status based on Bacterial nutritional status - hypochlorite. In this study
Tallahassee, FL 32306 the simultaneous determination of phospholipid and Phospholipid fatty acid - Lipid the determination of PHA
31 Findley, R.H.; White, D.C. (U.S.A.) endogenous storage lipid poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate J. of Microbiol. Methods 1987; 6:113-120 1987 extraction after extraction Extraction 676.
Adress(es) /
For the purpose of

optimizing poly-b-
prodn. from
Alcaligenes eutrophus, 2-
stage fed-batch culture
was adopted. The sp.
Biochem. Eng. growth rate was
Program, polyhydroxybutyrate fermn maximized during the 1st
Seoul Natl. Univ., A simulation study of two-stage fed-batch culture for Alcaligenes simulation stage and sp. prodn. rate
Lee, Jae Ho; Lee, Yong Woo; Yoo, Seoul 151-742, S. optimization and Sanop Misaengmul optimization was maximized during the
32 Young Je Korea control of PHB production. Hakhoechi, 20(6), 668-76 (Korean) 1992 1992 2nd stage. The optim
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
4-hydroxybutyrate)s
(P(3HB-co-4HB)s) with a
wide range of 4HB
contents were
Department of biosynthesized, and their
Biomolecular crystalline states were
Engineering, Tokyo studied by differential
Institute of scanning calorimetry
Technology, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), (DSC) and compared with
Nakamura; K.; Yoshie; N.; Sakurai; M.; Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, A structural study of the crystalline state of the bacterial hydroxyalkanoate copolyesters, those of the cold-stretched
33 Inoue; Y. Yokohama 227, Japan copolyester poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) Polymer 1994; 35:193-197 1994 molecular mechanics copoly 488.
Biodegradability in soil of
poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) films was
monitored using both light
microscopy and SEM.
PHA films were
buried in a forest soil for
fungi soil polyhydroxyalkanoate up to three months.
Dep. Cienc. film biodegrdn Colonization of the films
Ambientales Recur. A study of biodegradation of poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate microorganism soil by fungal hyphae and
Lopez-Llorca, L. V.; Colom Valiente, M. Nat., Univ. Alicante, (PHA) films in polyhydroxyalkanoate film other microorganizms,
34 F.; Gascon, A. Alicante 03080, Spain soil using scanning electron microscopy. Micron, 24(1), 23-9 (English) 1993 1993 biodegrdn probab
Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
35 Sipinen; A.J.; Rutherford; D.R. A study of the oxidative degradation of polyolefins 1993; 1:193 1993 588.
A summary of environmental legislation targeting Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
36 Crews; P.C.; Rich; W.; Niemeyer; S. disposable diapers and review of related literature 1994; 2:39 1994 572.
Haywood, G.W.; Anderson, A.J.; A survey of the accumulation of novel poly-beta-
37 Dawes, E.A. hydroxyalkanoates by bacteria Biotechnology Letters 1989; 11(7):471-476 1989 343.
A test method to determine rapidly if polymers are Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
38 Tilstra; L.; Johnsonbaugh; D. biodegradable 1993; 1:247 1993 570.
Adress(es) /
The addition of
poly(ethylene glycol) (Mn
University of = 200 g/mol) (PEG-200) to
Massachusetts-Lowell, the fermentation media of
Department of Alcaligenes eutrophus and
Chemistry, 1 University Alcaligenes latus at
Avenue, Lowell, various stages of
Massachusetts 01854 growth resulted in the
email: Richard A. synthesis of poly(3-
Gross Alcaligenes eutrophus and hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
(Grossr@woods.uml.e A tunable switch to regulate the synthesis of low and high Alcaligenes latus, molecular with bimodal molecular
39 Ashby; R.D.; Shi; F.; Gross; R.A. du) molecular weight microbial polyesters Biotechnol Bioeng 1999 Jan 5;62(1):106-13 1999 weight weight 680.
40 Winton, J.M. A versatile polymer's delayed debut Chemical week 1985; 28:55-57 1985 No abstract. Others 662.
Poly-beta-
hydroxybuttesäure (HBS)
ist weit verbreitetes
bakterielles Speicherlipid;
ihr Vorkommen ist mit
Ausnahme der Thio- und
Athiorhodaceen auf streng
aerobe Bakterien
beschränkt (Übersichten
Institut für Hydrogenomonas H 16 - bei Forsyth et al. 1958;
Mikrobiologie der Abbau und Wiederverwertung von Polyhydroxybuttersäure Organotrophic growth - Schlegel u. Gottschalk,
41 Hippe, H. Universität Göttingen durch Hydrogenomonas H 16 Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1976; 56:248-277 1967 Metabolism 1962; Dawe Strain - Metabolism 107.
42 Hartley, P. Abbaubare Polymere aus dem Fermenter BioEngineering 1987; 3:66-68 1987 633.
Studies have been carried

out in order to optimize
growth and culture
conditions for the
intracellular formation of
poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA)
Department of Ability of the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum in the phototrophic,
Biochemistry, rubrum to produce purple, non-sulphur
University of various poly (beta-hydroxyalkanoates): potential sources bacterium Rhodospirilum
Brandl H, Knee EJ Jr, Fuller RC, Gross Massachusetts, for rubrum. Its potential to
43 RA, Lenz RW Amherst 01003. biodegradable polyesters. Int J Biol Macromol 1989 Feb;11(1):49-55 1989 produce novel
Accumulation of a PHA Containing Primarily 3-HD from
Haywood, G. W.; Anderson, A J.; simple Carbohydrate Substrates by Pseudomonas sp.
44 Ewing, D. F.; Dawes, E. A. Strain NCIMB 40135 Apll. Env. Microbiol. 1990; 56:3354-3359 1990 358.
Adress(es) /
A number of taxonomically-
related bacteria have
been identified which
accumulate
poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
(PHA) copolymers
containing primarily 3-
hydroxyvalerate (3HV)
Accumulation of a poly(hydroxyalkanoate) copolymer monomer units from a
containing range of unrelated single
Department of Applied primarily 3-hydroxyvalerate from simple carbohydrate carbon sources. One of
Haywood GW, Anderson AJ, Williams Biology, University of substrates by these,
45 DR, Dawes EA, Ewing DF Hull, UK. Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 40126. Int J Biol Macromol 1991 Apr;13(2):83-8 1991 Rhodococcus
Biodegradable
copolyesters of 3-
hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
hydroxyvalerate (3HB-
3HV) were produced by
Alcaligenes
eutrophus in a two-staged
process, namely growth
stage and nitrogen-
Department of Civil deficient polyester-
and Structural accumulation stage. When
Engineering, Hong Accumulation of biodegradable copolyesters of 3-hydroxy- C5 was
Kong Polytechnic butyrate and Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998 Spring;70-72:929- used as the sole carbon
46 Chua H, Yu PH, Lo W University, Hung Hom. 3-hydroxyvalerate in Alcaligenes eutrophus. 35 1998 sou
An Alcaligenes sp. SH-69

strain capable of
Department of accumulating poly-beta-
Microbiology, hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Chungnam National from a range of carbon
University, Daejeon sources was isolated, This
305-764 and 1 Genetic organism accumulated
Engineering Research Alcaligenes sp. SH-69 - copolyesters consisting of
Institute, KIST, Accumulation of Copolyesters consisting of 3- Copolyesters - Unusual 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-
Kim, G. J.; Yun, K. Y.; Bae1, K. S.; Daejeon 305-335, Hydroxybutyrate and 3-Hydroxyvalerate by Alcaligenes sp. precursors for 3- hydroxyvalerate after 24 h Strain - Copolyesters
47 Rhee, Y. H. South Korea SH-69 in batch culture Biotechnol. Lett. 1992; 14:27-32 1992 hydroxyvalerate batch culture w - Substrates 409.
Methylobacterium sp.
KCTC 0048 isolated from
soil, synthesized a
variety of copolyesters
when secondary carbon
substrates were added
to nitrogen-limied cultures
Technol. Res. Inst., contg. methanol as a
Sun major carbon and
Hill Glucose Co., Ltd., Accumulation of PHA and its copolyesters by energy source. The
Kang, Choong K.; Lee, Hyun S.; Kim, Incheon 404-250, S. Methylobacterium sp. Biotechnol. Lett., Methylobacterium copolyester of 3-
48 Jung H. Korea KCTC 0048. 15(10), 1017-20 (English) 1993 1993 polyhydroalkanoate polyester hydroxybutyrate and 449.
Adress(es) /
In a limited-scale survey,
55 soil streptomycetes
were screened for the
accumulation of poly (3-
hydroxybutyrate)
[PHB]. Only 18% of
the isolates accumulated
PHB ranging between 1.9-
7.8% of the dry biomass.
Anupam Manna, Rebeca Banerjee, Accumulation of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyric Acid) by Some Soil Curr Microbiol 39:153-158 (1999) The promising
49 Amal K. Paul Streptomyces © 1999 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1999 isolate DBCC-719, i
Castillo, R.F.; Valera, F.R.; Ramos, Accumulation of Poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) by
50 J.G.; Berraquero, F.R. Halobacteria Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1986; 51:214-216 1986 293.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
has been identified in the
cyanobacterium Spirulina
platensis. The addition of
reduced carbon
compounds to the growth
medium was not required
for poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate
accumulation. Poly-beta-
Campbell, J.; Stevens Jr., S.E.; Balkwill, Accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina hydroxybutyrate
51 D.L. platensis. J. Bacteriol. 1982; 149:361-363 1982 accumulated durin 180.
The consumption of
phosphate, formation of
polyphosphate, and the
intracellular ATP level
were compared in the
exponential phase of
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
Accumulation of polyphosphate and substrate gas (PHB)-accumulating cells
utilization efficiency polyhydroxybutyrate formation of A. eutrophus.
Fac. Agric., Kyushu in PHB accumulation phase of autotrophic batch culture of Alcaligenes phosphate Phosphate consumption
Tanaka, Kenji; Ishizaki, Ayaaki; Univ., Fukuoka 812, Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC17697T. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 74(5), 288-91 hydrogen metab (mg/g dry cell wt.) by PHB-
52 Stanbury, Peter F. Japan (English) 1992 1992 accumula
Adress(es) /
Biochem. controls that

regulate the biosynthesis
of
poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) were investigated in
Rhizobium (Cicer)
sp. strain CC 1192.
Dep. of Agric. Chem. This species is of interest
and Soil Sci., Univ. of for studying PHB
Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase and Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1998), 64(8), 2859- synthesis because the
Chohan, Shahid N.; Copeland, Les Australia polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis in Rhizobium (Cicer) sp. 2863 polymer accumulates to a
53 strain CC 1192 1998 large e
Biochemical controls that

regulate the biosynthesis
of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) were investigated in
Rhizobium (Cicer)
sp. strain CC 1192. This
Department of species is of interest for
Agricultural Chemistry studying PHB synthesis
and Soil Science, because the polymer
University of Sydney, Acetoacetyl coenzyme A reductase and accumulates to a large
Sydney, New South polyhydroxybutyrate synthesis in extent in
54 Chohan SN, Copeland L Wales, Australia 2006. rhizobium (Cicer) sp. Strain CC 1192. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998 Aug;64(8):2859-63 1998 free
Fatty acid synthase,

purified from lactating
bovine mammary gland,
utilizes coenzyme A esters
of acetoacetic,
3-hydroxybutyric, and
crotonic acids as
substrates for its partial
reactions at micromolar
Acetoacetyl-CoA reductase activity of lactating bovine concentrations. The
Dodds PF, Guzman MG, Chalberg SC, mammary fatty NADPH:acetoacetyl-CoA
55 Anderson GJ, Kumar S acid synthase. J Biol Chem 1981 Jun 25;256(12):6282-90 1981 reductase ha
The effect of a low

phosphate concentration
on intracellular adenine
nucleotide content,
oxygen consumption and
poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Department of depositon was
Microbiology, Faculty investigated with N-free
of Pharmacy, and NH4+ batch cultures
la Rubia, R. de; Gonzales-Lopez, J.; University of Granada, Adenine nucleotide contents and energy charge of Azotobacter - Low-phosphate of Azotobacter vinelandii.
Moreno, J.; Martinez-Toledo, M.V.; E-18001 Granada, Azotobacter vinelandii grown at low phosphate medium - Adenine nucleotides - When the microorganisms
56 ramos-Cormenzana, A. Spain concentration Arch. microbiol. 1987; 147:354-357 1987 Energy-charge wer Strain - Metabolism 675.
Adress(es) /
A process of bonding two

or more articles together
using an adhesive
composition comprising at
least one
(PHA) wherein the PHA
is placed between the
articles to be bonded and
ZENECA LTD (GB); the articles are subjected
KEMMISH DAVID to pressure to set the
57 KEMMISH DAVID JOHN (GB) JOHN (GB) ADHESION PROCESS WO9502649 1995-01-26 1995 ad
PCT No.
PCT/GB94/01496 Sec.
371 Date Apr. 19, 1996
Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 19,
1996 PCT Filed Jul. 11,
1994 PCT Pub. No.
WO95/02649 PCT Pub.
Date Jan. 26, 1995A
process of bonding two or
more articles together
using an adhesive
composition
58 KEMMISH DAVID JOHN (GB) ZENECA LTD (GB) Adhesion process US5711842 1998-01-27 1998 comprising at
The kinetics of adsorption

and hydrolysis by an
extracellular PHB
depolymerase from
Alcaligenes faecalis were
Department of studied at 37
Bioengineering, degrees C on the surface
Faculty of Bioscience of five types of
and Biotechnology, polyhydroxyalkanoate
Tokyo Institute of (PHA) films. The films of
Technology, Adsorption kinetics of bacterial PHB depolymerase on the poly[(R)-3-
Yokohama, Japan. surface of hydroxybutyrate]
59 Kasuya K, Inoue Y, Doi Y polyhydroxyalkanoate films. Int J Biol Macromol 1996 Jul;19(1):35-40 1996 (P(3HP)), poly
The effect of alk.

hydrolysis on several
surface properties of
poly(hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate) (92/8)
(PHB/HV) and
Lab. Phys. Chim. poly(.epsilon.-
Hauts Polymeres, caprolactone) (PCL) films
Univ. Catholique de Adsorption of albumin, collagen, and fibronectin on the and of poly(ethylene
Louvain, surface of poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) ( terephthalate) (PET)
Rouxhet, Laurence; Duhoux, Florence; Louvain-la-Neuve, PHB/HV) and of poly(.epsilon.-caprolactone) (PCL) films J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. (1998), 9(12), 1279- track-etched membranes
Borecky, Olga; Legras, Roger; Belg. modified by an alkaline hydrolysis and of poly(ethylene 1304 have been
60 Schneider, Yves-Jacques terephthalate)(PET) track-etched me 1998
Adress(es) /
The effect of alkaline

hydrolysis on several
surface properties of
hydroxyvalerate) (92/8)
(PHB/HV) and
Adsorption of albumin, collagen, and fibronectin on the poly(epsilon-caprolactone)
Laboratoire de surface of (PCL) films and of
Physique et de Chimie poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/HV) and of poly(ethylene
des Hauts Polymeres, poly terephtalate) (PET) track-
Universite Catholique (epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) films modified by an alkaline etched membranes have
Rouxhet L, Duhoux F, Borecky O, de Louvain, Louvain-la- hydrolysis and been
61 Legras R, Schneider YJ Neuve, Belgium. of poly(ethylene terephtalate) (PET) track-etched membr J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1998;9(12):1279-304 1998 characterized, as
Advances in biopolymer engineering
62 conference Advances in Biopolymer 1994 1994 434.
A review with 23 refs.

introduced the principles
and processes for
extg. and purifying of
Environment and poly(.beta.-hydroxy
Biotechnology butyrate) (PHB),
Laboratory, College of including org. solvent
Bioengineering, method, NaOCl method,
Wuxi University of enzyme method,
Chen, Yinguang; Chen, Jian; Du, Light Industry, Wuxi, surfactant-NaOCl
Guocheng; Lun, Shiyi 214036, method, ammonia method
63 Peop. Rep. China Advances in extraction of biodegradable PHB Huagong Jinzhan (1998), 17(1), 41-45 Chinese 1998 and NaOH meth
deKoning; G.J.M.; Lemstra; P.J.; Hill;

64 D.J.T.; Carswell; T.G.; O`Donnell; J.H. Ageing phenomena in bacterial poly(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate Polymer 1992; 33(15):3295-3297 1992 554.
Two gene loci, which
hybridized with pdhA, the
structural gene of the E1
component of the
pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex
[Hein, S. & Steinbuchel, A.
Institut fur (1994) J. Bacteriol. 176,
Mikrobiologie, 4394-4408], were
Westfalischen identified on two
Wilhelms-Universitat Alcaligenes eutrophus possesses a second pyruvate nonrelated
65 Hein S, Steinbuchel A Munster, Germany. dehydrogenase (E1). Eur J Biochem 1996 May 1;237(3):674-84 1996 A. eutrophus
Adress(es) /
Novel Alcaligenes
eutrophus strains are
provided which synthesize
PHA polymer more rapidly
than typical
members of
NAYLOR, Linda, Anne , Chemin du MONSANTO the species. Further
Margot 20, B-1380 Ohain, United COMPANY, 800 North ALCALIGENES EUTROPHUS provided are methods of
Kingdom Lindbergh Boulevard, STRAINS WHICH SYNTHESIZE producing PHA polymer
BRIGGS, Helen, Louise , 56 St. Louis, MO 63167, POLYMERS OF by cultivating said
Victoria Embankment, Darlington, Co. United States of HYDROXY ALKANOIC ACIDS Alcaligenes
66 Durham DL1 5JS, United Kingdom America WO9735025 1997-09-25 1997 eutro
The gram-negative
bacteria that are capable
of autotrophic growth by
Department of the use of molecular
Chemical Research, hydrogen as an energy
Hoffmann-La Roche source are currently
Inc., Nutley, New- assigned to the genus
Jersey 07110, and Pseudomonas,
Department of Alcaligenes, Paracoccus,
Zoology, Universiy of Corynebacterium, of
California, Berkely, Alcaligenes latus, a new species of hydrogen-utilizing Alcaligenes latus strain H-4 (= Aquaspirillum. In this
67 Palleroni, N.J.; Palleroni, A.V. California 94720 bacteria Int. J. systematic Bacteriol. 1978; 28:416-424 1978 ATCC 29712) report, the isolati Strain Isolation 176.
The mechanisms of
biodegradation of poly (DL-
lactide), poly (epsilon-
caprolactone), and
copolymers of epsilon-
caprolactone
with DL-dilactide, delta-
valerolactone, and DL-
epsilon-decalactone in
rabbit were shown to be
Aliphatic polyesters II. The degradation of poly (DL- qualitatively similar.
Pitt CG, Gratzl MM, Kimmel GL, Surles lactide), poly However,
68 J, Schindler A (epsilon-caprolactone), and their copolymers in vivo. Biomaterials 1981 Oct;2(4):215-20 1981 the ra
Tanio; T.; Fukui; T.; Shirakura; Y.;
Saito; T.; Tomita; K.; Kaiho; T.; An extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase
69 Masamune; S. from Alcaligenes faecalis Eur.J.Biochem. 1982; 124:71-77 1982 233.
Shuto, H.; Fukui, T.; Saito, T.; An NAD-Linked Acetoacetyl-CoA Reductase from
70 Shirakura, Y.; Tomita, K. Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M Eur. J Biochem. 1981; 118:53-59 1981 402.
Adress(es) /
Zoogloea ramigera I-16 M

was found to contain two
stereospecific acetoacetyl
CoA reductases; one was
NADP+-linked and
D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyryl
CoA specific and the other
was NAD+-linked and L(+)-
isomer specific. The
NADP+-linked
T.Saito; Fukui, T.; F.Ikeda; Y.Tanaka; An NADP-linked acetoacetyl CoA reductase from Zoogloea enzyme, purified
71 Tomita, k. ramigera Arch Microbiol 1977 Sep 28;114(3):211-7 1977 approxima 30.
a Institut für A procedure is described

Mikrobiologie derr für the purification of a
Gesellschaft für soluble flavohemoprotein
Strahlen- und from the hydrogen
Umweltforschung mbH bacterium Alcaligenes
München, Göttingen eutrophus. The isolated
and b Institut für protein exists as a
Pflanzenkrankheiten Alcaligenes eutrophus - monomer with a molecular
und Pflanzenschutz Ralstonia eutropha - weith of approx. 43 000.
der Universität An oxygen-binding flavoheoprotein from Alcaligenes Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1979; 576:471- Flavohemoprotein - The molecule contains two
72 Probst; I.a; Wolf; G.b; Schlegel; H.G.a Göttingen, Göttingen eutrophus 478 1979 Hemoglobin - Oxygen binding prosthetic groups, 58.
The biochemical
mechanisms of the
wastewater treatment
process known as
Advanced Wastewater enhanced biological
Management Centre, phosphorus removal
Departments of (EBPR)
Chemical Engineering are presently described in
and Microbiology, The Anaerobic phosphate release from activated sludge with a metabolic model. We
University of enhanced investigated details of the
Queensland, Brisbane, biological phosphorus removal. A possible mechanism of EBPR model to determine
4072, Australia. intracellular pH the nature of the
73 Bond PL, Keller J, Blackall LL control. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999 Jun 5;63(5):507-15 1999 anaerobic phosphat
Laboratory of
Molecular The polyhydroxyalkanoic
Biotechnology, acid (PHA) granule-
Division of Molecular assocd. 16-kDa protein
Cell, (GA16 protein) of
Graduate School of Paracoccus denitrificans
Bio- and Agro- was identified, and its
Sciences, Nagoya corresponding gene
University, was cloned and analyzed
Maehara, Akira; Ueda, Shunsaku; Nagoya, 464-8601, Analyses of a polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule-associated at the mol. level. The
Nakano, Hideo; Yamane, Tsuneo Japan 16-kilodalton protein and its putative regulator in the pha J. Bacteriol. (1999), 181(9), 2914-2921 N-terminal amino acid
74 locus of Paracoccus denitrificans 1999 sequence of GA16 p
Adress(es) /
Laboratory of
Molecular
Biotechnology,
Division of Molecular
Cell Mechanisms, The polyhydroxyalkanoic
Department of acid (PHA) granule-
associated 16-kDa protein
Biological Mechanisms (GA16 protein) of
and Functions, Paracoccus
Graduate School of denitrificans was
Bio- and Agro- Analyses of a polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule-associated identified, and its
Sciences, Nagoya 16-kilodalton corresponding gene was
protein and its putative regulator in the pha cloned and analyzed at
Maehara A, Ueda S, Nakano H, University, Chikusa-ku, locus of Paracoccus the
75 Yamane T Nagoya denitrificans. J Bacteriol 1999 May;181(9):2914-21 1999 molecular level. The N-
The postulated
posttranslational
modification of the
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHA) synthase from
Ralstonia eutropha by
Institut fur 4-phosphopantetheine
Mikrobiologie der was investigated. Four
Westfalischen .beta.-alanine
Wilhelms-Universitat Analysis of 4-phosphopantetheinylation of auxotrophic Tn5-
Hoppensack, Astrid; Rehm, Bernd H. Munster, Munster, polyhydroxybutyrate synthase from Ralstonia eutropha: induced mutants of R.
A.; Steinbuchel, Alexander D-48149, Germany generation of .beta.-alanine auxotrophic Tn5 mutants and J. Bacteriol. (1999), 181(5), 1429-1435 eutropha HF39 were
76 cloning of the panD gene region 1999 isolated
A 5.0-kbp genomic EcoRI

restriction fragment which
complemented a third
subclass of
(PHA)-leaky mutants of A.
eutrophus that
Institut fur accumulated PHA at a
Mikrobiologie der lower rate than the wild
Georg-August- type was cloned from
Universitat zu Analysis of a 24-kilodalton protein associated with the Alcaligenes
Wieczorek R, Pries A, Steinbuchel A, Gottingen, Germany. polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. A 687-bp
77 Mayer F eutrophus. J Bacteriol 1995 May;177(9):2425-35 1995 ph
Adress(es) /
The beta-ketothiolase
gene (phaA) and
acetoacetyl-CoA
reductase gene (phaB)
were isolated from
Paracoccus denitrificans.
Nucleotide sequence
analysis showed that they
Department of Applied Analysis of beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA encoded proteins of 391
Biological Sciences, reductase genes of a amino acids with a
Faculty of Agriculture, methylotrophic bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans, and molecular mass of 40,744
Yabutani T, Maehara A, Ueda S, Nagoya University, their expression Da and
78 Yamane T Japan. in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995 Nov 1;133(1-2):85-90 1995 of 242 amino
In order to investigate the

in vivo substrate
specificity of the type I
(PHA) synthase from
Institut fur Ralstonia
Mikrobiologie der eutropha, we functionally
Westfalischen expressed the PHA
Wilhelms-Universitat Analysis of in vivo substrate specificity of the PHA synthase gene in various
Munster, Corrensstr. 3, synthase from ralstonia Escherichia coli mutants
D-48149, Munster, eutropha: formation of novel copolyesters in recombinant affected in fatty acid
79 Antonio RV, Steinbuchel A, Rehm BH Germany. escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2000 Jan 1;182(1):111-7 2000 beta-oxidation
Analysis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Rhizobium
japonicum bacteroids by ion-exclusion high-pressure liquid Applied and environmental microbiology 1983;
80 Karr; D.B.; Waters; J.K.; Emerich; D.W. chromatography and UV detection 46(6):1339-1344 1983 245.
Analysis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid-biosynthesis genes

Liebergesell; M.; Mayer; F.; of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria reveals synthesis of a
81 Steinb chel; A. polyester exhibiting an unusual composition Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993; 40:292-300 1993 544.
Compositions
providing increased
energy content of animal
PIONEER HI-BRED feed using plant crop
PEOPLES, Oliver, P. , 27 Radcliffe INTERNATIONAL, biomass which include a
Road, Arlington, MA 02174, United INC., 400 Locust
States of America Street, 800 Capital polyhydroxyalkanoate
SAUNDERS, Court , 13188 Square, Des Moines, have been developed. In
Pincrest Lane, Clive, IA 50325, United IA one embodiment, the
States of America 50309, compositions can be
NICHOLS, Scott , 6799 United States of ANIMAL NUTRITION prepared using
82 Ceres Circle, Johnston, IA America COMPOSITIONS WO9934687A1 July 15, 1999 1999
Adress(es) /
An anal. method for

detecting the presence
poly-beta-
which can be used as an
indicator of
atherosclerotic risk. A
novel antibody to PHB for
use in the
Board of Trustees preferred anal. method
Reusch, Rosetta N. Operating Michigan U.S., 19 pp., Division of U.S. Ser. No. 809,269. is described. Thus, rabbit
83 State University, USA Antibodies for PHB anti-PHB IgG w
An analytical method for

(PHB) which can be used
as an indicator of
atherosclerotic risk. A
novel antibody to PHB for
use in the preferred
REUSCH ROSETTA UNIV US5880269 analytical method is
84 N (US) MICHIGAN (US) Antibodies for PHB 1999-03-09 1999 described.
Hellmann; D.E.; Senior; B.; Goodman;
85 H.M. Anti-lipolytic effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate Meatabolism 1969; 18(11):906-915 1969 247.
To develop a system for

gene replacement in
Nocardia corallina, a
protocol for
electroporation was
optimized by systematic
Department of Biology, alterations of growth
James Madison conditions, field strength,
University, Application of an optimized electroporation procedure for time constant and the
Harrisonburg, VA replacement of electroporation buffer.
22807, USA. the polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase I gene in Nocardia Transformation
86 Valentin HE, Dennis D corallina. Can J Microbiol 1996 Jul;42(7):715-9 1996 efficiencies of 0.5 x
Various hydroxyacyl
coenzyme A (CoA)
thioesters were
synthesized from the
Institut für
Mikrobiologie der corresponding
Georg-August- Application of enzymatically synthesized hydroxyalkanoic acid
Universität Göttingen, short-chain-length hydroxy fatty acid (such as e.g. [3-14C]d-(-)-
Grisebachstrasse 8, coenzyme A hydroxybutyric acid,
D- thioesters for assay of polyhydroxyalkanoic [1-14C]d-
Henry E. Valentin, Alexander 37077 Göttingen, acid Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract lactic acid, [1-14C]l-lactic
87 Steinbüchel Germany synthases Volume 40 Issue 5 (1994) pp 699-709 1994 acid, etc.)
Application of recombinant gene technology for production

Steinb chel; A.; Valentin; H.E.; of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids: biosynthesis of poly(4- Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
88 Sch"nebaum; A. hydroxybutyric acid) homopolyester 1994; 2:67-74 1994 565.
Applications of PHB - a microbially produced
89 Holmes; P.A. biodegradable thermoplastic Phys.Technol. 1985; 16:32-36 1985 317.
Adress(es) /
A review with 11 refs. The

ability to synthesize
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) is widespread in
prokaryotes. It is
independent of the
carbon source and the
type of nutrition. PHB
has several interesting
properties. Although it is
Ackermann, Jorg-Uwe; Babel, University of Leipzig, Approaches to increase the economy of the PHB Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1998), 59(1-3), 183-186 com.
90 Wolfgang Leipzig, Germany production 1998
The poly-beta-
biosynthesis genes
(phaCAB
genes) of Ralstonia
Univ.Vienna- eutropha that (organized
Inst.Microbiol.Genet. in a single operon)
LO Institute of were cloned in
Microbiology and Escherichia coli using
Genetics, University of Aqueous release and purification of poly(beta- vector plasmid pTZ18U-
Vienna, Dr. hydroxybutyrate) from Escherichia coli; Ralstonia eutropha PHB,
Resch S; Gruber K; Wanner G; Slater Bohrgasse 9, A- recombinant biodegradable thermoplastic preparation by leading to the
S; Dennis D; *Lubtiz W 1030 Vienna, Austria. vector plasmid pTZ18U-PHB-mediated phaCAB gene J.Biotechnol.; (1998) 65, 2-3, 173-82 formation of 50-80%
91 transfer and expression in Escherichia coli 1998 PHB/cell kopiert
The poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
biosynthetic genes of
Ralstonia eutropha that
are organized in a single
operon
(phaCAB) have been
cloned in Escherichia coli,
Institute of where the expression of
Microbiology and Aqueous release and purification of poly(beta- the genes in the wild-type
Resch S, Gruber K, Wanner G, Slater Genetics, University of hydroxybutyrate) from pha operon from plasmid
92 S, Dennis D, Lubitz W Vienna, Austria. Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 1998 Oct 27;65(2-3):173-82 1998 pTZ18U-PHB leads
93 Bogensberger; B. Arbeitsbericht September 1984-März 1985 241.
Adress(es) /
A combined chem. and

enzymic procedure to
synthesize
poly-[(R)-3-
hydroxybutyrate] (PHB)
granules in vitro was
examd.
The granules form
Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), rapidly when purified
Meeting Date 1996, recombinant
28-35. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: polyhydroxyalkanoate
Metabolix, Inc., National Research synthase from Alcaligenes
Martin, David P.; Gerngross, Tillman U. Cambridge, MA, Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. eutrophus is
94 02142, USA Aspects of PHB granule formation in vitro 1997 incuba
A convenient
spectrophotometric assay
of bacterial poly-beta-
Department of hydroxybutyric acid has
Chemistry, Harvarrd been devised.
University, Cambridge, Quantitative conversion of
Massachusetts, and poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
Department of acid to crotonic acid by
Biological Sciences, heating in concentrated
Northwestern sulfuric acid and
University, Evanston, Bacillus megaterium KM - determination of the
95 J.H.Law; Slepecky, R.A. Ilinois Assay of poly-beta-hyroxybutyric acid J.Bacteriol. 1961; 82:33-36 1961 spectrophotometric assay ultraviolet abso Analytics 83.

Bacteria are able to
synthesize a large
variety of
polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
Institut fur (PHA); more than 100
Mikrobiologie, Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), different
Westfalische Wilhelms- Meeting Date 1996, hydroxyalkanoic acids
Universitat 36-47. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: have been already
Steinbuchel, Alexander; Wieczorek, Munster, Munster, National Research identified as constituents
Roman; Alvarez, Hector; Jossek, D-48149, Germany Assembly of bacterial PHA granules and other aspects of Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. of these polyesters. In
96 Ralf PHA biosynthesis 1997 most bacteria PH
276 pp. Avail. polyhydroxybutyrae
Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No. BRDX90145 polyhydroxyvalerate
From: Diss. Abstr. Int. B biocompatibility
97 Kennedy, Joanne Elizabeth Univ. Bath, Bath, UK Assessment of the biocompatibility of PHB and P(HB-HV). 1990, 51(6), 2836 (English) 1990 1990 Abstract unavailable.
Asymetric synthesis of (S)-methyl-3-hydroxyalkanoates
Ketelaar; P.E.F.; Staring; E.G.J.; from ketene and 2,2-dichloraldehyes via 4-(1,1-
98 Wynberg; H. dichloralkyl)-2-oxetanones Tetrahedron Letters 1985; 26(38):4665-5668 1985 318.
Adress(es) /
Autotrophic mutants of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha and H. facilis
requiring utilizable amino
acids were employed to
demonstrate the
Hydrogenomonas eutropha - simultaneous utilization of
Department of Biology, Ralstonia eutropha - Alcaligens H2 and an organic
The Catholic eutrophus - Hydrogenomonas substrate for growth. The
University of America, facilis - Hydrogen - ratio of the cell yields
Washington, D.C. Autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism of Heterotrophic growth - under dual substrate
99 DeCicco, B.T.; Stukus, P.E. 20017 Hydrogenomonas Journal of Bacteriology 1968; 95:1469-1475 1968 Autotrophic growth - condition Strain - Metabolism 101.
The effects of the number

of organic substrates on
the autotrophic
metabolism of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha were examine.
Hydrogenomonas eutropha - Dual substrate
Ralstonia eutropha - Alcaligens (mixotrophic) cultivation in
Department of Biology, eutrophus - Hydrogenomonas the presence of hydrogen
The Catholic facilis - Hydrogen - plus either fructose or
University of America, Autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism of Heterotrophic growth - alanine allowed
Washington, D.C. hydrogenomonas: Regulation of autotrophic growth by Autotrophic growth - autotrophic growth to
100 Stukus, P.E.; DeCicco, R.T. 20017 organic substrates Journal of Bacteriology 1970; 101:339-345 1970 Mixotrophic growth begin Strain - Metabolism 102.
Autotrophic CO2 assimilation and the evolution of ribulose
101 Mc Fadden, B. A. diphosphate carboxylase Bacteriological Reviews 1973; 39:289-319 1973 71.
Bacillus schlegelii, a new species of thermophilic,
facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium oxidizing Journal of General Microbiology 1979; 115:333-
102 Schenk, A.; Aragno, M. molecular hydrogen 341 1979 255.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyric
acid) and other structurally
related aliphatic
polyesters from bacteria,
referred to as
polyhydroxyalkanoic
Institut fur acids, form biodegradable
Mikrobiologie, thermoplastics and
Westfalische Wilhelms- elastomers that are
Universitat Munster, currently in use, or being
Germany. steinbu@uni- Bacterial and other biological systems for polyester considered for
103 Steinbuchel A, Fuchtenbusch B muenster.de production. Trends Biotechnol 1998 Oct;16(10):419-27 1998 use, in industry,
Adress(es) /
The physiol. response of a

strain of ground-water
bacteria to short-term
fluctuations in the quality
of percolating water was
followed in a
continuous-flow water-
Dep. Ecol. Chem. groundwater nutrient bacteria satd. soil column. The
Ecol. Ecotoxicol., Univ. Bacterial exopolymer and PHB production in fluctuating polyhydroxybutyrate cells reduced their prodn.
Lund, ground-water FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 86(1), 15-24 (English) exopolysaccharide of uronic acids-
104 Bengtsson, Goeran Lund S-223 62, Swed. habitats. 1991 1991 prodn characterized extracellula
Experiments with a
number of bacteria
isolated from activated
sludge have shown that
flocculation is
independent of the
presence of poly-beta-
Laboratory of hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in
Microbiology, the cells. Several strains
Agricultural University, gave flocculent growth
Wageningen, The Bacterial flocculation and production of poly-beta- without any PHB
105 Deinema, M.H. Netherlands hydroxybutyrate Appl Microbiol 1972 Dec;24(6):857-8 1972 floccultation - activated sludge detectable. Other stra Others 110. Korr.
106 Tomita, K.; Saito, T.; Fukui, T. Bacterial metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Biochemistry of Metabolic Processes 1983 1983 195.
Bacterial polyesters containing branched poly(beta-
107 Fritzsche, K.; Lenz, R. W.; Fuller, R. C. hydroxyalkanoate) units Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1990; 12:92-101 1990 350.
Department of
Chemical Engineering
and BioProcess Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Engineering Research (PHAs) are polyesters of
Center, Korea hydroxyalkanoates (HAs)
Advanced Institute of synthesized by numerous
Science and bacteria as intracellular
Technology, 373-1 carbon and energy
Kusong-dong, Yusong- storage compounds and
gu, Taejon 305-701, polyhydroxyalkanoate; poly(3- accumulated as granules
Korea. hydroxybutyrate); in the cytoplasm of cells.
email: Sang Yup Lee Biotechnology & Bioengineering biodegradable plastic; More than 80 HAs have
(leesy@sorak.kaist.ac. Volume 49, Issue 1, 1996. Pages: 1- biopolymer; fermentation been
108 Lee; S.Y. kr) Bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates 14 1996 detected as co 602.
Bacterial production of poly(á-hydroxyalkanoates)
Ulmer; H.W.; Gross; R.A.; Posada; M.; containing unsaturated repeating units by Rhodospirillum
109 Weisbach; P.; Fuller; R.C.; Lenz; R.W. rubrum Macromolecules 1994; 27:1676-1679 1994 492.
Organ der (tm)sterreichischen Gesellschaft f r
110 Lukschanderl; , L Bakterien produzieren Kunststoff Natur und Umweltschutz 1983; 3:23 1983 248.
111 Kleiner; D. Bakterien und Ammonium Forum Mikrobiologie 1984; 7:13-19 1984 281.
Batch cultivation of Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b: V.

Characterization of poly-á-hydroxybutyrate production Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1996; 49:161-
112 Shah; N.N.; Hanna; M.L.; Taylor; R.T. under methane-dependent growth conditions 171 1996 603.
Adress(es) /
Batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
113 Ishizaki; A.; Tanaka; K. using recycled gas closed circuit culture system 1990; 69(3):170-174 1990 591.
Mulchandani, A.; Luong, J. T. H.; Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1988; 32:639-
114 Leduy, A. Batch Kinetics of Microbial Polysaccharide Biosynthesis 646 1988 401.
An optically active
polymer, poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB), is
produced in cytoplasm of
various vacteria. The
bending
piezoelectric effect was
observed in oriented films
Institute of Physical of PHB. The coefficient
and Chemical between the electrical
Research, Saitama, Bending piezoelectricity in a microbially produced polarization and the stress
115 Fukada E, Ando Y Japan. poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. Biorheology 1988;25(1-2):297-302 1988 gradient
Beta-Ketothiolase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha H16
and its significance in the regulation of poly-beta-
116 Oeding; V.; Schlegel; G., H. hydroxybutyrate metabolism Biochem. J. 1973; 143:239-248 1973 630.
Carbon dioxide and

Laboratory of oxygen concentrations
Microbiology, National have a profound effect on
Institute of Allergy and the lag period of
Infectiuos Diseases, chemoautotrophically
Natinal Institute of grown Hydrogenomonas
Health, Behtesda, eutropha. Minimum lag
Maryland 20014, and periods and high growth
Department of Biology, Hydrogenomonas eutropha - rates were obtained in
Catholic University, Ralstonia eutropha - shaken flask cultures with
Repaske; R.; Ambrose; C.A.; Repaske; Washington D.C. Bicarbonate requirement for elimination of the lag period of Alcaligenes eutrophus - CO2 - a prepared gas mixture
117 A.C.; Lacy, De; M.L. 20017 Hydrogenomonas eutropha Journal of Bacteriology 1971; 107(3):712-717 1971 O2 containin Strain - Metabolism 161.
Binder-free delayed-
release granules for oral
or parenteral admin.
comprise an opt.
granulated drug coated
with 1-20 wt.%
poly-D(-)-3-
hydroxybutyric acid (PHB).
The PHB has a mol.wt. of
50,000-800,000, esp.
100,000-400,000. The
drug, esp.
118 Binder-free delayed-release pharmaceutical granules DE3871840 1992-07-16 1992 celiprolol.H
Adress(es) /
Process for biotechnical

production of poly- beta -
hydroxy-butyric acid
(PHB) or copolymers
WENDLANDT KARIN- comprises cultivating a
DAGMAR DR (DE); HELM JANA (DE); methanotrophic bacterial
ROGGE GERLIND (DE); strain in aqueous nutrient
JECHOREK MIRKO medium with a methane
(DE); KNAAK ELVIRA (DE); UFZ containing gas as sole
STOTTMEISTER ULLRICH PROF DR UMWELTFORSCHUN carbon source and a free
119 (DE) GSZENTRUM LE (DE) Bio:technical production of poly-beta-hydroxy-butyric acid DE19619084 1997-11-06 1997 oxygen-contai

Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
(PHA) represent a
complex class of
Institut fur storage polyesters that
Mikrobiologie, are synthesized by a wide
Westfalische Wilhelms- range of different Gram-
Universitat pos. and Gram-neg.
Munster, Munster, bacteria as well as by
Rehm, Bernd H. A.; Steinbuchel, D-48149, Germany Biochemical and genetic analysis of PHA synthases and Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 3-19 some Archaea and that
120 Alexander other proteins required for PHA synthesis 1999 are deposited as
(PHA) represent a
complex class of storage
polyesters that are
synthesized
by a wide range of
Institut fur different gram-positive
Mikrobiologie, and gram-negative
Westfalische Wilhelms- bacteria as well as by
Universitat Munster, Biochemical and genetic analysis of PHA synthases and some
121 Rehm BH, Steinbuchel A Germany. other proteins required for PHA synthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):3-19 1999 Archaea and that ar
Pseudomonas lemoignei
has five different
(PHA) depolymerase
genes (phaZ1 to phaZ5),
which encode
the extracellularly
localized poly(3-
Institut fur depolymerases C, B, and
D.Jendrossek; Frisse, A.; A.Behrends; Mikrobiologie, Georg- Biochemical and molecular characterisation of D, poly(3-hydroxyvalerate)
Andermann, M.; Kratzin, H.D.; August-Universitat zu Pseudomonas lemoignei polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHV)
122 T.Stanislawsky; H.G.Schlegel Gottingen, Germany. depolymerase system J Bacteriol 1995 Feb;177(3):596-607 1995 depolymerase, and PH 529.
Adress(es) /
Comamonas acidovorans
YM1609 secreted a
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB)
Department of depolymerase into the
Bioengineering, Tokyo culture supernatant when
Institute of it was cultivated on
Technology, poly(3-
Kasuya, Ken-Ichi; Inoue, Yoshio; Faculty of hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]
Tanaka, Takao; Akehata, Takeshi; Bioscience and or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
Iwata, Tadahisa; Fukui, Toshiaki; Biotechnology, Biochemical and molecular characterization of the co-3-
Doi, Yoshiharu Kanagawa, 227, Japan polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase of Comamonas Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1997), 63(12), 4844- hydroxyvalerate)
123 acidovorans YM1609, isolated from freshwater 4852 1997 [P(3HB-co-3HV)] as the s
YM1609, a freshwater
isolate from Lake Biwa,
Polymer Chemistry secreted a
Laboratory, Institute of polyhydroxybutyrate-
Physical and Chemical depolymerase into the
Research (RIKEN), culture
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako- supernatant when
shi, Saitama 351-01, grown on poly-beta-
Japan. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the hydroxybutyrate (P3HB) or
Email: polyhydroxybutyrate-depolymerase of Comamonas a
Kasuya K; Inoue Y; Tanaka T; Akehata ydoi@postman.riken.g acidovorans YM1609, isolated from fresh water; enzyme poly-beta-
T; Iwata T; Fukui T; *Doi Y o.jp purification and gene cloning in Escherichia coli, for poly- Appl.Environ.Microbiol.; (1997) 63, 12, 4844-52 hydroxybutyrate and poly-
124 beta-hydroxybutyrate degradation 1997 beta-hydro
Wheat starch granules
and poly-(beta-
hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-
hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB-co-
HV), (19.1 mol% HV)]
were
blended at 160 degrees C.
Increasing the starch
Departement de Genie content from 0 to 50%
Chimique, Ecole (wt/wt) decreased the
Polytechnique de Biodegradability and mechanical properties of tensile strength of
Ramsay BA, Langlade V, Carreau PJ, Montreal, Quebec, poly-(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate)- P(HB-co-HV) from 18 MPa
125 Ramsay JA Canada. starch blends. Appl Environ Microbiol 1993 Apr;59(4):1242-6 1993 to 8 M
Biodegradability of blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Gilmore; D.F.; Fuller; R.C.; Schneider; hydroxyvalerate) with cellulose acetate esters in activated Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
126 B.; Lenz; R.W.; Lotti; N.; Scandola; M. sludge. 1994; 2:49-57 1994 564.
Biodegradability of polymers in the environment:
complexities and significance of definitions and
127 Swift; G. measurements FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:339-346 1992 482.
Tanaka, H.; Tonomura, K.; Biodegradability of Synthetic Polyesters by Poly-beta-

128 Kamibayashi, A. hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-Decomposing Microorganisms Japanese Journal 1976 635.
Biodegradability: an assessment of commercial polymers Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation

129 Day; M.; Shaw; K.; Cooney; D. according to the canadian method for anaerobic conditions 1994; 2:121 1994 573.
Adress(es) /
A biodegradable and
hydrodegradable diblock
copolymer includes a
naturally-occurring
poly(.beta.-alkanoate)
component and
a chemically synthesized
polyester component
formed by ring-opening
Gross; Richard A. (Chelmsford, MA); polymerization. A method
McCarthy; Stephen P. (Tyngsboro, MA); University of of forming the
Reeve; Michael S. Massachusetts Lowell Biodegradable and hydrodegradable diblock copolymers biodegradable
130 (Lowell, MA). (Lowell, MA). composed of poly(.beta . US5439985 Aug. 8, 1995 1995 and hydrode
The present
invention relates to
biodegradable PHA
copolymers
comprising at
least two randomly
repeating monomer units.
The
present
The Procter & Gamble invention further relates to
Company, Cincinnati, a plastic article comprising
131 Noda; Isao OH Biodegradable copolymers USRE036548 Feb. 1, 2000 2000 a

relates to biodegradable
PHA copolymers
comprising at least two
randomly repeating
monomer units. The
present invention further
relates to a plastic article
comprising a
biodegradable copolymer,
wherein the biodegradable
PROCTER & GAMBLE copolymer
132 NODA ISAO (US) (US) Biodegradable copolymers US5602227 1997-02-11 1997
Adress(es) /

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units. The
comprising a
Biodegradable copolymers and plastic articles comprising wherein the biodegradable
PROCTER & GAMBLE biodegradable copolymer
133 NODA ISAO (US) (US) copolymers US5618855 1997-04-08 1997

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units. The
comprising a
Biodegradable copolymers and plastic articles comprising biodegradable copolymer,
PROCTER & GAMBLE biodegradable wherein the biodegradable
134 NODA ISAO (US) (US) copolymers US5498692 1996-03-12 1996 copolym

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units. The
comprising a
Biodegradable copolymers and plastic articles comprising wherein the biodegradable
PROCTER & GAMBLE biodegradable copolymer
135 NODA ISAO (US) (US) copolymers US5489470 1996-02-06 1996
Adress(es) /

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units
(RRMU) wherein the first
RRMU has the structure
wherein R1 is H or C2
Biodegradable copolymers and plastic articles comprising alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; the
PROCTER & GAMBLE biodegradable second RRMU has the
136 NODA ISAO (US) (US) copolymers of 3-hydroxyhexanoate US5536564 1996-07-16 1996 structure ;

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units
RRMU has the structure
wherein R1 is H or C2
Biodegradable copolymers and plastic articles comprising alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; the
PROCTER & GAMBLE biodegradable second RRMU has the
137 NODA ISAO (US) (US) copolymers of 3-hydroxyhexanoate US5502116 1996-03-26 1996 structure an

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units. The
comprising a
BIODEGRADABLE COPOLYMERS AND PLASTIC biodegradable copolymer,
PROCTER & GAMBLE ARTICLES COMPRISING WO9520614 wherein the biodegradable
138 NODA ISAO (US) BIODEGRADABLE COPOLYMERS 1995-08-03 1995 copolym
Adress(es) /

PHA copolymers
randomly repeating
monomer units
RRMU has structure (I)
wherein R<1> is H or C2
BIODEGRADABLE COPOLYMERS AND PLASTIC alkyl, and n is 1 or 2; the
ARTICLES COMPRISING second RRMU has
PROCTER & GAMBLE BIODEGRADABLE COPOLYMERS OF 3- structure
139 NODA ISAO (US) HYDROXYHEXANOATE WO9520615 1995-08-03 1995 (II);
The classes of polymer

which form the basis of
different types of drug
delivery systems are
discussed, and the
relationships
between the chemical
structure of the polymer
and its permeability,
morphology,
Biodegradable drug delivery systems based on aliphatic biodegradability, and
polyesters: mechanical properties
140 Pitt CG, Marks TA, Schindler A application to contraceptives and narcotic antagonists. NIDA Res Monogr 1981;28:232-53 1981 are co
Blends of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate)-poly(3-
hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-
Research Institute of HV)
Material Science and and polyalcs. have
Technology (INTEMA), been prepd. by solvent
Engineering casting. The polyalcs.
Faculty, Mar del Plata used were castor oil
University, Mar del (CO) and polypropylene
Plata, 7600, Biodegradable films from PHB-8HV copolymers and glycol (PPG400 and
Cyras, V. P.; Fernandez, N. Galego; Argent. polyalcohols blends: crystallinity, dynamic mechanical Polym. Int. (1999), 48(8), 705-712 PPG1000). Thermal
141 Vazquez, A. analysis and tensile properties 1999 behavior, crystallinity,
Adress(es) /
1Research Institute of
Material Science and
Technology (INTEMA),
Mar del Plata Blends of poly(3-
University, hydroxybutyrate)-poly(3-
Engineering Faculty, J. hydroxyvalerate) (PHB-
B. HV) and polyalcohols
Justo 4302, (7600) have been prepared by
Mar del Plata, solvent
Argentina casting. The polyalcohols
2Laboratory of used were castor oil (CO)
Polymers, Materials blends; polyhydroxyalcanoates; and polypropylene glycol
and Reagents Biodegradable films from PHB-8HV copolymers and castor oil; polypropylene glycol; (PPG400 and PPG1000).
Institute, Havana polyalcohols blends: dynamic mechanical analysis; Thermal
V P Cyras 1, N Galego Fernández 2, A University, Havana crystallinity, dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile Polymer International Volume 48, Issue 8, 1999. miscibility; membrane behaviour, crystallinity,
142 Vázquez 1 * City 1 properties Pages: 705-712 1999 morp
Artificial florist's creations

made of biodegradable
plastic are esp. Christmas
trees and florist's
accessories. These prods.
are
made by injection
SCHAFFER JUERGEN DR (DE); moulding synthetic block
ADLER BERNHARD PROF DR (DE); copolymers with the
VOIGT HANS-DIETER formula: -(A)n1-(B)n2-
DR (DE); Biodegradable floral creations for non-inflammable (A)n3- A)n1 = readily
143 KAKUSCHKE ROLF DR (DE) BUNA GMBH (DE) Christmas trees DE4433661 1996-03-28 1996 biodegradable bl
This article reports on the

synergistic effects obsd.
during the
processing of cellulose
with bacteria-produced
polyhydroxybutyrate (I).
Cellulose fibers processed
Dep. Polym. Technol., Biodegradable natural composites. II. Synergistic effects of processing cellulose with I-melt exhibited
Chalmers Univ. processing polyhydroxybutyrate biodegrdn defibrillation as shown
Technol., Goeteborg S- cellulose with PHB. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 51(7), synergism by SEM. Microscopic
144 Gatenholm, P.; Mathiasson, A. 412 96, Swed. 1231-7 (English) 1994 1994 studies of extd. fibers
Poly(ether ester) block

copolymers based on
polyethylene oxide (PEO)
and polylactic acid (PLA)
segments were
Casali Institute of synthesized
Applied Chemistry, and characterized, with
School of Applied the aim of developing a
Science and new family of
Technology, Hebrew bioadsorbable polymers.
University of The materials developed
Jerusalem, Israel. were tailored
145 Cohn D, Younes H Biodegradable PEO/PLA block copolymers. J Biomed Mater Res 1988 Nov;22(11):993-1009 1988 to meet va
Adress(es) /
Biodegradable plastic made from soybean products. II.
Effects of cross-linking and cellulose incorporation on Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
146 Paetau; I.; Chen; C.-Z.; Jane; J. mechanical properties and water absorption 1994; 2:211 1994 589.
Current Opinion in Biotechnology 1992; 3:291-
147 Steinb chel; A. Biodegradable plastics 297 1992 285.
(Pub.Address) China Poly-beta-

National Information hydroxyalkanoate,
Centre of Industrial especially poly-beta-
Microbiology, hydroxybutyrate
Shanghai Institute of (PHB), production was
Industrial studied with a view to
Microbiology, 353 using the products in
Guiping Road, biodegradable
Shanghai 200233, Biodegradable plastics - poly(hydroxyalkanoic acids) plastics. PHB is produced
People's Republic of (PHA) synthesized by microorganisms; poly-beta- by Alcaligenes eutrophus,
Su T; Zhou H; Liang J China. hydroxyalkanoate production by fermentation for use as Ind.Microbiol.; (1997) 27, 3, 37-44 Azotobacter and
148 biodegradable plastic 1997 Rhizobium meliloti. A
Biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
hydroxybutyrate) produced from gamma-butyrolactone and
149 Doi; Y.; Segawa; A.; Kunioka; M. butyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus Polymer communications 1989; 30:169-171 1989 437.

(PHAs) are insol. in
water. These polyesters
are synthesized by a
variety of
microorganisms. Polymer
accumulation in bacteria,
Zaklad Mikrobiologii metabolic
Farmaceutzcznej, Biodegradable polyesters [polyhydroxyalkanoic acids pathways of PHAs, and
Akademia (PHA)] review microorganism their significance for living
150 Szewczyk, Eligia M. Medyczna, Lodz, Pol. synthesized by microorganisms. Biotechnologia, (3), 97-115 (Polish) 1996 1996 polyhydroxyalkanoate cells are dis
A review with 11 refs., on

poly(3-hydroxybutyric
acid) (PHB)-type
polymers, including the
properties and prepn. of
optically active
review biodegradable polyester materials, i.e., 3-
polyhydroxybutyric acid hydroxybutyric acid
biosynthesis optical active acid derivs., by biosyntheses
review and
Nard Inst., Ltd., Biodegradable polymer (PHB) and synthesis of raw stereospecific hydration ester stereospecific hydration of
Amagasaki 650, materials for them. Kagaku to Kogyo (Tokyo), 44(10), 1740-3 review esters.
151 Kikukawa, Tadashi; Tai, Akira Japan (Japanese) 1991 1991
Adress(es) /
Studies were conducted

on the miscibility, crystn.
and phase structure
of poly(b-
biodegradable polyester blend hydroxybutyrate)/poly(e-
miscibility crystn caprolactone) (PHB/PCL)
phase structure polyester blend and
polyhydroxybutyrate blend poly(b-hydroxybutyrate)/e-
miscibility crystn caprolactone-polyethylene
polycaprolactone blend glycol block
Chengdu Inst. Org. miscibility crystn copolymer (PHB/PECL)
Chem., Acad. Sin., Biodegradable polymer blends containing PHB and PCL or caprolactone polyethylene blends. The PHB/PCL
Chengdu, Peop. Rep. PECL. Gaofenzi Cailiao Kexue Yu Gongcheng, glycol block copolymer blends were
152 Zhang, Lianlai; Deng, Xianmo China 10(1), 64-8 (Chinese) 1994 1994 imm
Biomaterials are used in

prostheses and medical
devices for different
purposes. Polymers are
the most diverse class of
biomaterials. All
biomaterials must meet
certain criteria and
Chemical Engineering regulatory requirements
Department, before they can be
Hacettepe University, qualified for use in
153 Piskin E Ankara, Turkey. Biodegradable polymers as biomaterials. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1995;6(9):775-95 1995 medical ap
Cyclic oligo(3-
hydroxybutyrate), oligo(3-
HB), was synthesized and
purified, resulting in
oligolides that contained
three to seven
(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate
units (triolides up to
heptolides). In addition,
Brandl H, Aeberli B, Bachofen R, Universitat Zurich, linear 3-HB octamers
Schwegler I, Muller HM, Burger MH, Institut fur obtained as either tert-
Hoffmann T, Lengweiler UD, Seebach Pflanzenbiologie, Biodegradation of cyclic and substituted linear oligomers of butyl or
154 D Switzerland. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:180-6 1995
Biodegradation of Microbial Copolyesters: Poly(3-HB-co-3-
155 Doi, Y.; Kanesawa, Y.; Kunioka, M. HV) and Poly(3-HB-co-4-HB) Macromolecules 1990; 23:26-31 1990 356.
Adress(es) /
The aerobic biodegrdn. of

PHB, a biodegradable
plastic, by the
sewage bacteria was
followed by the prodn. of
CO2 at 5-10 mg C/L.
The degrdn. started after
Kanagawa Prefectural biodegrdn polyhydroxybutyric 2-3 days of lag phase and
Public Health Biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) (PHB) and acid wastewater it was 71-79%
Itoh, Shin-ichi; Watanuki, Tomohiko; Laboratories, its chlorinated polyhydroxybutyric complete in 30 days. PHB
Naito, Syoji; Unemoto, Tsutomu Yokohama 241, chlorinated biodegradation intermediates. acid intermediate biodegrdn is metabolized via
156 Japan Yukagaku, 43(8), 639-43 (Japanese) 1994 1994 acetoacetic ac
Degradeable Materials: Perspectives, Issues and
157 Gilmore, D. F.; Fuller, R. C.; Lenz, R. Biodegradation of Poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates) Opportunities. 1990; 481-514 1990 353.
The biodegradability of
soln.-cast films of poly(D-(-
)-3-hydroxybutyrate)
(I) blended with the melt-
compatible component
atactic
polyepichlorohydrin (II)
biodegrdn polyhydroxybutyrate was investigated. A
Stn. Sper. Cell. Carta polyepichlorohydrin blend bacterium which produced
Sadocco, Patrizia; Bulli, Chiara; Elegir, Fibre Tess. Veg. Artif., Biodegradation of poly(D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate)/atactic Aureobacterium saperdae extracellular enzymes that
Graziano; Seves, Alberto; Milan polyepichlorohydrin blends by Aureobacterium saperdae. Makromol. Chem., 194(10), 2675-86 (English) biodegrdn polyhydroxybutyrate degraded I even when
158 Martuscelli, Ezio 20133, Italy 1993 1993 polyepichlorohydrin blended
Urmeneta; J.; Mas-Castella; J.; Biodegradation of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates in a lake Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995;
159 Guerrero; R. sediment sample increases bacterial sulfate reduction 61:2046-2048 1995 514.
Degradation of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) and
copolymers with 3-
hydroxyvaleric acid was
investigated in natural
environments,
and the microorganisms
Laboratorium voor involved were isolated and
Microbiologie, identified. The influence of
Universiteit Gent, abiotic and biotic factors
Mergaert J, Anderson C, Wouters A, Belgium. on the degradation is
160 Swings J, Kersters K Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):317-21 1992 disc
Adress(es) /
Institut Stimulated by the

für Mikrobiologie, commercial availability of
Georg-August- bacteriologically produced
Universität Göttingen, polyesters
Grisebachstraße 8, such as
37077 poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
acid], and encouraged by
Göttingen, Germany. the discovery of new
Fax: +49 551 393793 constituents
e-mail: of
D. Jendrossek, A. Schirmer, H. G. DJENDRO@GWDG.D Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
161 Schlegel E Biodegradation of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids Volume 46 Issue 5/6 (1996) pp 451-463 1996 (P
Bhalakia, S. N.; Batel, T.; Gross, R. A.; Biodegradeable Blends of Bacterial Polyesters with
162 McCarthy, S. P. Polyethylene and Polystyrene ??? 1990 388.
The formation of poly(beta-

hydroxybutyrate), PHB, by
Rhodobacter sphaeroides
and Alcaligenes eutrophus
was studied using
the following carbon
Department of Polymer sources and solvents: (1),
Science and acetate in H2O; (2), D3-
Engineering, acetate in H2O; (3),
Gross RA, Ulmer HW, Lenz RW, University of acetate in 90 to 92% D2O;
Tshudy DJ, Uden PC, Brandt H, Fuller Massachusetts, and
163 RC Amherst 01003. Biodeuteration of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate). Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Feb;14(1):33-40 1992 (4), D3-ace
164 Hartman, J.J. Biodgradable Polymers Carbohydrates in the Netherlands 1991; 6 1991 PHB 655 652.
165 Lein; M. Bio-Kunststoff bald aus Raps Energie 1992; 44(7):14-17 1992 651.
Biodegradable polyesters
such as biol. produced
poly[(R)-3-
hydroxybutyric acid],
(PHB) other
polyhydroxyalkanoic
acids and related
Institut Mikrobiologie chemosynthetic polyesters
Genetik, Georg-August- have attracted
Universitaet, Biological basis of enzyme-catalyzed polyester industrial interest, and
Briese, Bernd Holger; Jendrossek, Goettingen, D- degradation. 59-C-terminal amino acids of poly(3- bacterial produced PHB is
Dieter 37077, Germany hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerase A from Macromol. Symp. (1998), 130, 205-216 com. available
166 Pseudomonas lemoignei are sufficient for PHB binding 1998
Adress(es) /
Short-chain complexed
poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate,
130-170 monomer units, is
a ubiquitous constituent of
cells, wherein it is
usually associated with
other macromolecules by
Department of multiple coordinate bonds,
Microbiology, Michigan or by hydrogen bonding
State University, East and hydrophobic
167 Reusch RN Lansing 48824. Biological complexes of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):119-29 1992 interactions. Thi 470.
The gene encoding a 4-

hydroxybutyryl-Co A
transferase has been
isolated from bacteria and
HUISMAN, Gjalt, W. , Apartment 1F, 52 integrated into the
Salem Street, Boston, MA 02113, genome of
United States of America bacteria also expressing
SKRALY, Frank, A. , a polyhydroxyalkanoate
Apartment 5, 39 Bay State Road, METABOLIX, INC., synthase, to yield an
Boston, MA 02215, United States of 303 Third Street, BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FOR improved production
America Cambridge, MA 02142, MANUFACTURE OF process for 4HB-
MARTIN, David, P. , 33 United States of POLYHYDROXYLALKANOATE POLYMERS WO9914313 containing
168 Heml America CONTAINING 4-HYDROXYACIDS 1999-03-25 1999 polyhydroxyalk
169 Seeliger Biologisch abbaubare Polymerwerkstoffe (tm)ChemZ 1996; 1:13-15 1996 615.
Bichler; C.; Drittler; R.; Langowski; H.- Biologisch abbaubare Verpackungsmaterialien - Die
170 C.; Starnecker; A.; Utz; H. Lösung des Müllproblems BioEngineering 1993; 6:42979 1993 436.
171 Menner; M.; Luck; T. Biologische Vielfalt bakterieller Kunststoffe Bio World 1997; 1 1997 645.
172 Biopol The unique biodegradable thermoplastic 204.
173 Uttley; N. Biopol-one of nature's polymers 321.
The halobacterium H.
mediterranei is an
organism of biotechnol.
potential due to its
capacity as polymer
producer. This
microorganism
accumulates poly-b-
Dep. Genet. Mol. poly beta hydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrate (PHB) as
Rodriguez-Valera, F.; Garcia Lillo, J. A.; Microbiol., Univ. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. A, 201(Gen. Appl. Aspects prodn Haloferax intracellular granules in
Anton, Josefa; Meseguer, Alicante, Alicante, Biopolymer production by Haloferax mediterranei. Halophilic biopolymer prodn Haloferax very large amts. PHB is
174 Inmaculada Spain Microorg.), 373-80 (English) 1991 1991 an interesting biopolymer
175 Braunegg, G. Biopolymers - Poly(beta-Hydroxyalkanoates) ??? 399.
Adress(es) /
Biopolymers from marine

prokaryotes, both Bacteria
and Archaea, offer a
number of novel material
properties and commercial
opportunities. The
Department of characteristics of marine
Microbiology, exopolysaccharides and
University of Maryland, melanins that enhance the
College Park 20742, survival ability of the
USA. organisms
176 Weiner RM rw19@umail.umd.edu Biopolymers from marine prokaryotes. Trends Biotechnol 1997 Oct;15(10):390-4 1997 prod
Environmental Science and Technology 1972;
177 Wallen; L.L.; Davis; E.N. Biopolymers of activated sludge 6(2):161-164 1972 312.
Workshop abstract, Pseudomonas 1995- Fifth

international symposium on pseudomonas:
Biosynthesis and characterisation of biodegredable Biotechnology and molecular biology, August 21-
178 Y.Doi; Kato, M.; Kang, C.K.; T.Fikui polyesters by Pseudomonas sp. 25, 1995, Tsubuka, Japan 1995 534.
Biosynthesis and characterization of a new bacterial
copolyester of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-hydroxy-omega-
179 Doi; Y.; Abe; C. chloroalkanoates Macromolecules 1990; 23:3705-3707 1990 551.
Biosynthesis and characterization of bacterial poly(3-
180 Nakamura, S.; Kunioca, M.; Doi, Y. hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate) Macromolecular reports 1991; 28:15-24 Suppl.1 1991 533.
Most
polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) reported to date
fall into one of two broad
classes: either
hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymers (typified by
the PHA produced by
Department of Alcaligenes eutrophus), or
Chemical Engineering, Biosynthesis and characterization of hydroxybutyrate- hydroxyoctanoate-rich
Princeton University, hydroxycaproate heteropolymers (typified
181 Caballero KP, Karel SF, Register RA NJ 08544, USA. copolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 1995 Apr;17(2):86-92 1995 by the PHA
Copolyesters of 3-
hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
and 3-hydroxyvalerate
(3HV) were produced by
Burkholderia cepacia D1
at 30
degrees C in nitrogen-free
Department of culture solutions
Biological and containing n-butyric acid
Chemical Engineering, Biosynthesis and characterization of and/or n-valeric acid.
Faculty of Engineering, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) produced by When n-valeric acid was
Gunma University, Burkholderia used as the
182 Mitomo H, Takahashi T, Ito H, Saito T Kiryu, Japan. cepacia D1. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 May;24(4):311-8 1999 sole carbo
Adress(es) /
Copolyesters of 3-
hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
and 4-hydroxybutyrate
(4HB) were produced by
Alcaligenes eutrophus at
30
degrees C in nitrogen-free
Research Laboratory culture solutions
of Resources containing gamma-
Utilization, Tokyo butyrolactone alone or
Institute of Biosynthesis and characterization of with fructose or butyric
Technology, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in acid as the
183 Doi Y, Segawa A, Kunioka M Yokohama, Japan. Alcaligenes eutrophus. Int J Biol Macromol 1990 Apr;12(2):106-11 1990 carbon sources. When
It is well established that

Alcaligenes eutrophus can
accumulate a copolymer
containing 3-
hydroxybutyrate and
3-hydroxyvalerate, but
longer 3-hydroxyacid
monomers have not been
reported to occur in this
Department of Applied organism. The properties
Anderson, A. J.; Haywood, G. W.; Biology, University of Biosynthesis and composition of bacterial of
184 Dawes, E. A. Hull, UK. poly(hydroxyalkanoates) Int J Biol Macromol 1990 Apr;12(2):102-5 1990 the enzymes of poly(hydr 352.
H16 was grown on
mixtures of 1H- and 2H-
acetate as carbon
sources. The
accumulation of
deuterated
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
(P(3HB)) was observed.
Department of The deuterium
Biomolecular distributions in the
Engineering, Tokyo Biosynthesis and n.m.r. studies of deuterated poly(3- isolated P(3HB)s were
Yoshie N, Goto Y, Sakurai M, Inoue Y, Institute of hydroxybutyrate) determined from
185 Chujo R, Doi Y Technology, Japan. produced by Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Apr;14(2):81-6 1992 1H and 2H-n.m.r
Biosynthesis and production of poly-D-(-)-3-
186 Braunegg, G. hydroxybutyrate (PHB) 287.
Adress(es) /
Pseudomonas sp. 61-3

isolated from soil was
found to produce a
polyester consisting of 3-
hydroxyalkanoic acids of
even
Polymer Chemistry carbon numbers C4, C6,
Laboratory, Institute of Biosynthesis from gluconate of a random copolyester C8, C10 and C12 when
Physical and Chemical consisting of sodium gluconate was fed
Research (RIKEN), 3-hydroxybutyrate and medium-chain-length 3- as the sole carbon source.
Saitama, Japan. hydroxyalkanoates by The polyester
187 Abe H, Doi Y, Fukushima T, Eya H Pseudomonas sp. 61-3. Int J Biol Macromol 1994 Jun;16(3):115-9 1994 produced was fractionated
Biosynthesis of an Unusual Copolyester (10 mol % 3-HB
Doi, Y.; Tamaki, A.; Kunioka, M.; Soga, and 90 mol % 3-HV Units) in Alcaligenes eutrophus from
188 K. Pentanoic Acid J Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987; 1635-1636 1987 389.
(1) Department of
Chemical Technology,
College of Pseudomonas sp. A33
Engineering, Seoul and other isolates of
National University, Polyhydroxyalkanoates 3- aerobic bacteria
Seoul hydroxybutyrate · medium- accumulated a complex
151-742, Korea chain-length copolyester
(2) 3- containing 3-
Institut für hydroxyalkanoates · 1 · 3- hydroxybutyric acid (3HB)
Mikrobiologie der butanediol · Pseudomonas sp. and various medium-chain-
Georg-August- Biosynthesis of copolyesters consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric A33 · polyhydroxyalkanoate length
E. Y. Lee (1), D. Jendrossek (2), A. Universität Göttingen, acid and medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract synthase · 3-
Schirmer (2), C. Y. Choi (1), A. Grisebachstrasse 8, from 1,3-butanediol or from 3-hydroxybutyrate by Volume 42 Issue 6 (1995) pp 901-909 polyhydroxyalkanoate hydroxyalkanoic acids
189 Steinbüchel (3) Pseudomonas sp. A33 1995 depolymerase · biodegradable (3HAMCL) from 3-hyd 500.
Doi; Y.; Kunioka; M.; Nakamura; Y.; Biosynthesis of copolyesters in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16
190 Soga; K. from 13C-labeled acetate and propionate Macromolecules 1987; 20:2988-2991 1987 324.
Biosynthesis of methyl-branched poly(beta-
191 Hazer; B.; Lenz; R.W.; Fuller; R.C. hydroxyalkanoate)s by Pseudomonas oleovorans Macromolecules 1994; 27:45-49 1994 491.
Crude extracts from

Hydrogenomonas
eutropha strain H 16
catalyze the biosynthesis
of phosphoenolpyruvate
from pyruvate and
Institut für adenosine triphosphate.
Mikrobiologie der Under identical conditions
Gesellschft für Biosynthesis of Phosphoenolpyruvate from Pyruvate by Hydrogenomonas H 16 - extracts from Escherichia
Strahlen- und Extracts from Hydrogenomonas eutropha Strain H 16 / Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - coli synthesized
Umweltforschung mbH Synthese von Phosphoenolpyruvat aus Pyruvat durch Arch Mikrobiol. 1971; 79:220-230 (Article in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - phosphoenolpyyruvate
192 Frings, W.; Schlegel, H.G. München in Göttingen Extrakte aus Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 German) 1971 pyruvate - PEP from pyruvate als Strains - Metabolism 164.
Adress(es) /
It was found that an

optically active
copolyester, poly(3-
hydroxyvalerate), denoted
as
P(3HB-co-3HV), is
Department of synthesized by
Biomolecular Alcaligenes eutrophus
Engineering, Tokyo H16 from several amino
Institute of acids under various
Nakamura K, Goto Y, Yoshie N, Inoue Technology, Japan. Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) from amino fermentation conditions.
193 Y acids. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Dec;14(6):321-5 1992 The optimum condition fo
A series of copolyesters of
3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
(3HV) was biosynthesized
Department of by Alcaligenes
Biomolecular eutrophus from an amino
Engineering, Tokyo acid, threonine. The 3HV
Institute of content of these
Nakamura K, Goto Y, Yoshie N, Inoue Technology, Japan. polyesters ranged from
194 Y, Chujo R Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) from threonine. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Apr;14(2):117-8 1992 less than 0.1% to 30%.
Culture conditions for the

optimum growth and
biosynthesis of PHB
in Alcaligenes latus
DSM 1123 were
investigated. Optimum
carbon
Dep. Chem. Eng., Coll. and nitrogen sources
Eng., Bioproducts Res. and their concns. for
Cho, Geun-Do; Yoon, Jeong-Yeol; Oh, Cent., Yonsei Univ., growth were detd., and
Joon Taek; Kim, Woo-Sik Seoul, 120-749, S. Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with batch and fed-batch
195 Korea Alcaligenes latus Hwahak Konghak (1997), 35(3), 412-418 Korean 1997 fermns. were performed
Takeda; M.; Matsuoka; H.; Ban; H.; Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
196 Ohashi; Y.; Hikuma; M.; Koizumi; J. hydroxyvalerate) by a mutant of Sphaerotilus natans Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995; 44:37-42 1995 598.
Adress(es) /
(1) Division of
Bioengineering, The
National University of The copolyester of 3-
Yokahama, Hodogaya, hydroxybutyrate and 3-
Kanagawa hydroxyvalerate was
240, synthesized from
Japan. Fax: +81 45 the
331 1704 combined carbon sources
(2) of glucose and sodium
Department of propionate by a
Bioscience, Nishi- filamentaion-defective
M. Takeda (1), H. Matsuoka (2), H. Ban Tokyo University, mutant of
(2), Y. Ohashi (2), M. Hikuma (2), J.-i. Uenohara, Yamanashi Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-Co-3- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract Sphaerotilus natans,
197 Koizumi (1) 409-01, Japa hydroxyvalerate) by a mutant of Sphaerotilus natans Volume 44 Issue 1/2 (1995) pp 37-42 1995 which i 502.
Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
hydroxyvalerate) by newly isolated Agrobacterium sp. SH-1
and GW-014 from structurally unrelated single carbon Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
198 Lee; E.; Kang; S.H.; Choi; C.Y. substrates 1995; 79:328-334 1995 505.
Keywords: Alcaligenes
eutrophus
Institut fur ; The aim of this study was
Mikrobiologie der Escherichia coli the production of the
Westfalischen ; homopolyester poly(4-
Wilhelms-Universitat Clostridium kluyveri hydroxybutyric acid)
Munster, Germany. ; Biodegradable polyester; (poly(4HB))
* Corresponding Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid; with recombinant strains
author. Tel.: +49 (251) Poly(4-hydrox- of Escherichia coli. Wild-
83-39821; Fax: +49 ybutyric acid); 4-Hydroxybutyric type strains and other
(251) 83-38388; E- Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinant acid metabolism; PHA widely used
Hein S, Sohling B, Gottschalk G, mail: steinbu@uni- strains of synthase; 4-Hydroxybutyric non-
199 Steinbuchel A muenster.de Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997 Aug 15;153(2):411-8 1997 acid-CoA transferase recombinant strai ganze Artikel
Biosynthesis of poly-(R)-3-hydroxyalkanoate: an emulsion Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
200 Koning, de; F.J.M.; Maxwell; I.A. polymerization 1993; 1:223-226 1993 581.
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB), a biopolymer of
important commercial
applications, is found in a
wide range of Gram-
negative
and Gram-positive
bacteria and
cyanobacteria. The
Department of Biosynthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate in the luminescent present study has resulted
Biochemistry, McGill bacterium, in the identification of PHB
University, Montreal, Vibrio harveyi, and regulation by the lux autoinducer, in the luminescent
201 Sun W, Cao JG, Teng K, Meighen EA Quebec, Canada. N-(3-hydroxybutanoyl)homoserine lactone. J Biol Chem 1994 Aug 12;269(32):20785-90 1994 marine
Bertrand, J.-L.; Ramsay, B. A.; Ramsay, Biosynthesis of Poly-beta-Hydroxyalkanoates from
202 J. A.; Chavarie, C. Pentoses by Pseudomonas pseudoflava Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1990; 56:3133-3138 1990 355.
Adress(es) /
Synthesis and
accumulation of poly-b-
in
Bacillus thuringiensis R-
510 isolated from soil
were investigated. This
organism was resistant to
Department of poly beta hydroxyalkanoate relatively high concn. of
Microbiology, Biosynthesis of poly-b-hydroxyalkanoates by Bacillus manuf Bacillus propionate and had
Lee, Kang Tae; Kim, Jeong Yoon; Chungnam National thuringiensis beta hydroxyalkanoate polymer the capability of
Rhee, Young Ha; Bae, Kyung Sook; University, Daejeon R-510. J. Microbiol. (Seoul), 33(1), manuf Bacillus accumulating copolymers
203 Kim, Young Baek 305-764, S. Korea 59-65 (English) 1995 1995 consis
Biosynthesis of poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) by
Alcaligenes
eutrophus H16 (NCIB 11599): an experimental study to
enhance
the synthesis rate of poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid by 302 pp. Avail. Univ.
Alcaligenes Microfilms Int., Order No. BRD-93846 From: polyhydroxybutyrate fermn
Univ. Bradford, eutrophus H16 (NCIB 11599) using ammonium Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1992, Alcaligenes
204 Bitar, Ahed Bradford, UK chloride-supplemented e 52(7), 3749 (English) 1990 1990 Abstract unavailable.
The cyclic process of

biosynthesis and
degradation of poly(3-
hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA)
was studied in Alcaligenes
eutrophus
under conditions of
Department of nitrogen-limitation of
Biomolecular growth. A. eutrophus cells,
Engineering, Tokyo which had accumulated
Institute of Biosynthesis of polyesters from various amino acids by poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Fujita M, Nakamura K, Kuroki H, Yoshie Technology, Alcaligenes (PHB) of
205 N, Inoue Y Yokohama, Japan. eutrophus. Int J Biol Macromol 1993 Aug;15(4):253-5 1993 55 wt%
Recombinant strains of
Ralstonia eutropha PHB-
4, which harbored
Aeromonas caviae
Faculty of Engineering, polyhydroxyalkanoates
Department of Applied (PHA) biosynthesis genes
Chemistry, Toyo under the control of a
Kichise, Tomoyasu; Fukui, Toshiaki; University, promoter for R. eutropha
Yoshida, Yasuhiko; Doi, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by phb operon, were
Yoshiharu Japan recombinant Ralstonia eutropha and effects of PHA Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 69-77 examd. for PHA prodn.
206 synthase activity on in vivo PHA biosynthesis 1999 from various alkanoic aci
Adress(es) /
Ralstonia eutropha PHB 4,
which harbored
Aeromonas caviae
(PHA) biosynthesis genes
Department of Applied Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by under the control of a
Chemistry, Faculty of recombinant Ralstonia promoter for R.
Engineering, Toyo eutropha and effects of PHA synthase eutropha
University, Saitama, activity on in vivo PHA phb operon, were
207 Kichise T, Fukui T, Yoshida Y, Doi Y Japan. biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):69-77 1999 examined for PHA
Institut für
Mikrobiologie der
Westfälischen A screening identified
Wilhelms-Universität several bacteria that were
Münster, able to use chemically
Corrensstraße 3, D- heterogeneous low-rank
48149 coal
liquefaction products as
Münster, Germany e- complex carbon sources
mail: steinbu@uni- Biosynthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates from low-rank coal for growth. Pseudomonas
muenster.de Tel.: +49- liquefaction products by Pseudomonas oleovorans and
251-8339821 Fax: +49- oleovorans and Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract
208 Fuchtenbusch B, Steinbuchel A 251-8338388 Rhodococcus ruber Volume 52 Issue 1 (1999) pp 91-95 1999 Rhodococcus ruber a
This study attempted to

det. the ability of Bacillus
cereus to synthesize
poly-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB). B. cereus was
grown for 48 h at 30°C in
a
nutrient broth medium with
Department of Biosynthesis of poly-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by some glucose (1%) as an addnl.
Biochemistry, strains of Bull. Pol. polyhydroxybutyrate formation carbon source.
Labuzek, Sylwia; Radecka, Izabella; University of Silesia, bacteria. Acad. Sci.: Biol. Sci., 42(2), 121-3 (English) Bacillus The biosynthesis of PHB
209 Kowalczuk, Marek Katowice 40-032, Pol. 1994 1994 started after 6 h
Biosynthesis of terpolyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate, 3-

Doi; Y.; Tamaki; A.; Kunioka; M.; Soga; hydroxyvalerate, and 5-hydroxyvalerate in Alcaligenes Makromol.Chem.,Rapid Commun. 1987; 8:631-
210 K. eutrophus from 5-chloropentanoic and pentanoic acids 635 1987 325.
Adress(es) /
Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory and the
RIKEN Group of Japan
Science and Pseudomonas sp. 61-3
Technology accumulated a blend of
Corporation, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
RIKEN [P(3HB)] homopolymer
Institute, 2-1 and a
Hirosawa,Wako-shi, random copolymer
Saitama 351-0198, Biosynthesis of consisting of 3-
Japan e-mail: poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyalkanoate (3HA)
ydoi@postman.riken.g hydroxyalkanoates) by units of 4-12 carbon
o.jp recombinant bacteria expressing the PHA atoms. The genes
H. Matsusaki, H. Abe, K. Taguchi, T. Tel.: synthase gene phaC1 Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract encoding
211 Fukui, Y. Doi +81-48-467 from Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 Volume 53 Issue 4 (2000) pp 401-409 2000 <beta>-k
Rodrigues; M.F.A.; Silva, da; L.F.; Biosynthesis og poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid co-3-hydroxy-4-
Gomez; J.G.C.; Valentin; H.E.; pentenoic acid) from unrelated substrates by Burkholderia
212 Steinb chel; A. sp. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1995; 43:880-886 1995 593.
(PHB) is a widely found
intracellular energy and
carbon reserve polymer in
procaryotic organisms. It
has also been found in
yeast. The biosynthetic
Alcaligenes eutrophus - pathway and regulatory
Lafferty; R.M.; Heinzle; E.; Institute for Ralstonia eutropha - continous mechanisms involved in
Jungschaffer; G.; Sonnleitner; B.; Biotechnology TU Biosynthesis, Extraction and Characterization of Poly-beta- Vienna Symposium of the Federation of culture - extracttion - the synthesis and Strain - Fermentation
213 srienc; F. Graz, Austia hydroxybutyrate in microbial Biomass European Microbiological Societies 1977 chemolithoautotrophic growth reutilization of - Extraction - Kinetics 56.
(1) Lehrstuhl Biologie

der Mikroorganismen,
Ruhr-Universität, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Universitätstrasse 150, secretes an extracellular
D-44780 lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), which
has
Bochum, Germany. been
Fax: (49) 234 709 isolated from culture
4425 E-mail: karl- media of either industrial
erich.jaeger@rz.ruhr- fermentation of wild-type
K.-E. Jaeger (1), K. Liebeton (1), A. uni-bochum.de Biotechnological application of Pseudomonas aeruginosa P. aeruginosa
Zonta (2), K. Schimossek (2), M. T. (2) Max- lipase: efficient kinetic resolution of amines Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract PAC1R or
214 Reetz (2) Planck-Institut f and alcohols Volume 46 Issue 2 (1996) pp 99-105 1996 an overexpressing P. aer
Adress(es) /
The extremely halophilic

archaebacteria
(halobacteria) became an
early focus of scientific
interest owing to their role
Departmento de in salted
Genetica Molecular y food deterioration. In more
Microbiologia, recent times their peculiar
Universidad de physiology involving
Alicante, Spain. extreme adaptation to the
215 Rodriguez-Valera F Biotechnological potential of halobacteria. Biochem Soc Symp 1992;58:135-47 1992 salt environment and o
Biotechnologische Gewinnung von Poly-D(-)-3-
216 Braunegg; G.; Korneti; L.; Strempfl; F hydroxybuttersäure (PHB) und deren Anwendung 242.
Braunegg; G.; Lafferty; R.M.; Korneti; Biotechnologische Gewinnung von Poly-D(-)-3- 2. Österreichische Wissenschaftsmesse Wien
217 L.; Strempfl; F. hydroxybuttersäure und D(-)-3-Hydroxybuttersäure (Article in German.) Review No abstract. Review 136. Korr.
218 King, P.P. Biotechnology. An industrial view J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1982; 32:36740 1982 186.
Ketone body tolerance

has been studied in 26
diagnosed diabetics and 9
normal control persons
after rapid i.v. infusions of
From Medical DL-3-hydroxybutyrate. In
Department III and the juvenile diabetics with
Department of Clinical high initial fasting
Chemistry, Arhus concentrations of ketone
Amtssygehus, Arhus, Blood ketone body disappearance rate in diabetics and Ketone bodies - Blood - bodies, disappearance
219 Wildenhoff, K.E. Denmark normals after rapid infusion of DL-3-hydroxyburyrate Acta Med Scand 1976; 200: 79-86 1976 Diabetics rates of aceto Others 103.
Compositions and method

for providing a solid
conductive electrolyte
composition containing a
poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
Branched poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) and a salt of a
Board of Trustees polymer salt electrolytic compositions and conductive metal are
Reusch; Rosetta N. , of Okemos, MI operating Michigan method of described.
Reusch; William H. , of State University, East preparation The PHA is a
220 Okemos, MI Lansing, MI USRE035257 May 28, 1996 1996 biodegrada
Adress(es) /
Compositions and
method for providing a
solid conductive
electrolyte composition
containing a
(PHA) and
a salt of a conductive
metal are described. The
PHA is biodegradable and
Branched polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer salt electrolytic biocompatible and
REUSCH ROSETTA N (US); REUSCH compositions and method provides a basis for
221 WILLIAM H (US) UNIV MICHIGAN (US) of preparation US5266422 1993-11-30 1993 batteries whi
The Phaffia rhodozyma

lytic enzyme gene was
cloned and expressed
General Research in Streptomyces rochei
Laboratory, Ozeki PHA-34 on induction by
Corp., 4-9 Imazu adding Phaffia sp.
Dezaike-cho, cell wall fragments into
Nishinomiya, Breeding of a constitutive-producing strain of Streptomyces the fermentation broth. A
Nishi A; Ohbuchi K; Hamachi M; Hyogo 663-8227, rochei PHA-34 that produces the lytic enzyme for Phaffia constitutive-producing
Kumagai C Japan. rhodozyma and extraction of astaxanthin using the Seibutsu Kogaku Kaishi; (1999) 77, 2, 60-65 strain was formed with the
222 enzyme; recombinant enzyme production English 1999 aim o
The broader usage of poly-

beta-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB), for instance as
bulk plastics, calls for
Umweltforschungszent cheap raw
rum Leipzig Halle materials and greater
GmbH, Sektion overall process efficiency.
Umweltmikrobiologie, Calorimetrically recognized maximum yield of poly-3- The bacterial synthesis is
Germany. hydroxybutyrate generally
(PHB) continuously synthesized from toxic induced
223 Maskow T, Babel W maskow@umb.ufz.de substrates. J Biotechnol 2000 Feb 17;77(2-3):247-53 2000 and promo
Carbon-13 Nuclear magnetic relaxation measurements of
poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
224 Spyros; A.; Marchessault; R.H. hydroxybutyrate) in the bulk Macromolecules 1995; 28:6108-6111 1995 597.
1. In Hydrogenomonas H
16 molecular hydrogen
suppresses the adaptation
to fructose; the synthesis
of the enzymes of the
Entner-Doudoroff
degradative pathway is
Hydrogenonmonas H 16 - repressed. A similar
Catabolite Repression and Enzyme Inhibition by Molecular Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - response to molecular
Institut für Hydrogen in Hydrogenomonas / Katabolische Repression Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - hydrogen has been
Mikrobiologie der und Enzymhemmung durch molekularen Wasserstoff bei Entner-Doudoroff-Pathway - observed in all (58) strains
225 Blackkolb, F.; Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen Hydrogenomonas Arch. Mikrobiol. 1968; 129-143 (German) 1968 molecular hydrogen of hy Strain - Metabolism 167.
Adress(es) /
polyhydroxybutyrate degrdn
Majid, M.; Pouton, C.W.; Notarianni, Catalytic degradation of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) J. Pharm. hydroxybutyrate polymer
226 L.J. USA in non-aqueous solution Pharmacol., 39(Suppl.), 34P (English) 1987 1987 degrdn 294.
Synthesis of acidic
exopolysaccharides,
neutral dellular
polysaccharides and poly-
beta-hydroxybutyric acid
(PHB) by Rhizobium is
storngly dependent on
cultural conditions and the
strain s used.
Exopolysaccharide
Cellular glycogen, beta-1,2-glucan, poly-beta- production by R.
hydroxybutyric acid and extracellular polysaccharides in leguminosarum, R.
227 Zevenhuizen, L.P.T.M. fast growing species of Rhizobium Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1981; 47:418-497 1981 PHaseoli 183.
Under growth-limiting
conditions or conditions
which mediate genetic
transformation,
Escherichia coli and
Azotobacter
vinelandii incorporate poly-
Cellular incorporation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate into beta-hydroxybutyrate into
plasma their plasma membranes.
membranes of Escherichia coli and Azotobacter vinelandii Genetic transformation
Reusch R, Hiske T, Sadoff H, Harris R, alters native competence of both
228 Beveridge T membrane structure. Can J Microbiol 1987 May;33(5):435-44 1987 bacteria increase
Cellular lipids of a Nocardia grown on propane and n-
229 Davis; J.B. butane Applied Microbiology 1964; 12(4):301-304 1964 310.
We have identified a
range of compounds
which, when present
during poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate)
[P(3HB)]
accumulation by Ralstonia
eutropha (reclassified
Department of Chain termination in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis: chain transfer in poly(3- from Alcaligenes
Biological Sciences, involvement of hydroxybutyrate) synthesis - eutrophus), can act
Madden LA, Anderson AJ, Shah DT, The University of Hull, exogenous hydroxy-compounds as chain Ralstonia eutropha as chain
230 Asrar J UK. transfer agents. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):43-53 1999 (Alcaligenes eutrophus) transfer agent kopiert
The appearance and size

of polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) granules during
Cell Biol. Lab., Changes in PHB granules during bacteroid development in the development of O.
Sichuan Norm. Univ., Onobrychis Onobryosis bacteroid viciaefolia bacteroids were
Chengdu 610066, viciaefolia nodules. Weishengwu Xuebao, 35(2), polyhydroxybutyrate studied.
231 Han, Shanhua; Zheng, Guochang Peop. Rep. China 136-40 (Chinese) 1995 1995
Adress(es) /
When the nitrogen supply

to the facultative
methylotroph
Methylobacterium
Institute of extorquens 15 grown in a
Biochemistry and methanol-containing
Physiology of medium was turned
Microorganisms, off, the activities of certain
Pushchino, enzymes involved
Belova L L; Sokolov A P; Trotsenko Yu Moscow oblast, Changes in the metabolism of the polyhydroxybutyrate- in the primary and
A 142292, Russia. synthesizing facultative methylotroph Methylobacterium Prikl.Biokhim.Mikrobiol.; (1997) 33, 1, 80-83 intermediate metabolic
232 extorquens; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis Russian 1997 pathways f
transformants AER3,
AER4 and AER5
harboring
cloned phbCAB,
phbAB and phbC genes
Department of Genetic (from A. eutrophus
Engineering, College encoding
of Natural Sciences, acetyl-CoA-
Kyungpook acetyltransferase (EC-
National University, Characteristics of cell growth and poly-beta- 2.3.1.16), aceto-acetyl-
Taegu 702-701, South hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis of Alcaligenes eutrophus CoA-
Park J S; Huh T L; *Lee Y H Korea. transformants harboring cloned phb CAB genes; polymer Enzyme Microb.Technol.; (1997) 21, 2, 85-90 reductase and poly-
233 production by fermentation 1997 hydroxybutyrate-synthase)
A brief review of the

development of our
knowledge about
hydrogen bacteria is
U.S. Department of presented, with emphasis
Health, Education, and on the characteristics and
Welfare, Public Health physiological differences
Service, National of various
Institutes of Health, Hydrogenomonas species.
National Institute of Hydrogenomonas eutropha - One species,
Allergy and Infectious Alcaligenes eutrophus - Hydrogenomonas
Diseases, Bethesda, Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1966; 8:217- Ralstonia eutropha - eutropha, is discussed in
234 Repaske, R. Maryland Characteristics of hydrogen bacteria 235 1966 cytochromes greater de Strain - Metabolism 90.
Department of
Chemical Engineering,
Korea Advanced
Institute of Science
and Technology, Characteristics of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) synthesis by
Yusong-gu Taejon, recombinant
235 Lee SY, Chang HN Korea. Escherichia coli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996 May 15;782:133-42 1996 Abstract unavailable.
Characterization and enzymatic degradation of a cross- Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
236 Scherer; T.M.; Fuller; C.; Lenz; R.W. linked bacterial polyester 1994; 2:263-269 1994 566.
Adress(es) /
A pronase-sensitive, 14
kDa component of
bacteroids of
Bradyrhizobium japonicum
I-110ARS was identified
and characterized
using monoclonal
antibodies. This
component was weakly
synthesized
Characterization of a 14 kDa component with low or was missing in
Sikora, Lawrence J.; Kuykendall, David; United State Dep. of expression in a Bradyrhizobium PHB limiting bacteroids of a unique
Dwivedi, Radhey S.; Herman, Agriculture, Beltsville, unique Nod+ Fix- Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Microbiology (Reading, U. K.), 140(10), membrane protein Nod+ Fix- mutant,
237 Eliot M.; Enkiri, Nancy K. MD 20705-2350, USA 2761-7 (English) 1994 1994 ARS252
A 4 kb SalI fragment from

Azospirillum brasilense
Sp7 that shares homology
with a 6.8 kb EcoRI
fragment carrying
nodGEFH
and part of nodP of
Rhizobium meliloti 41 was
Departement des Characterization of an Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 gene cloned in pUC18 to yield
Biotechnologies, homologous to pAB503. The nucleotide
Institut Pasteur, Paris, Alcaligenes eutrophus phbB and to Rhizobium meliloti sequence of a 2 kb
238 Vieille C, Elmerich C France. nodG. Mol Gen Genet 1992 Feb;231(3):375-84 1992 SalI-SmaI fragment of
A bacterium, JS02,
capable of degrading an
aromatic medium-chain-
Department of length
Agricultural Chemistry, polyhydroxyalkanoate
Sunchon National (PHAMCL),
University, Sunchon poly(3-hydroxy-5-
540-742, Korea e-mail: phenylvalerate) (PHPV),
was isolated from
hoon@sunchon.sunch Characterization of an extracellular wastewater-treatment
on.ac.kr Tel.: +82-661- poly(3-hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract sludge (Ju
7503294 Fax: +82-661- depolymerase from Volume 53 Issue 3 (2000) pp 323-327 et al.
239 H. Kim, H.-S. Ju, J. Kim 7528011 Xanthomonas sp. JS02 2000 1998),
Characterization of intracellular accumulation of poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in individual cells of Alcaligenes Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symp. 1984;
240 Srienc; F.; Arnold; B.; Bailey; J.E. eutrophus H16 by flow cytometry 26:982-987 1984 232.
Adress(es) /
The growth of
Pseudomonas oleovorans
on n-octane was
characterized by the
formation of
intracellular
structures. These
Department of inclusions were isolated
Chemistry, Universiy of Pseudomonas oleovorans - n- and characterized.
Groningen, 9747 AG Characterization of intracellular inclusions formed by octane - poly-beta- Morphologically, they
de Smet MJ, Eggink G, Witholt B, Groningen, The Pseudomonas hydroxyoctanoate - resembled
241 Kingma J, Wynberg H Netherlands oleovorans during growth on octane. J Bacteriol 1983 May;154(2):870-8 1983 characterization the poly-beta- Strain kopiert
Characterization of Intracytoplasmic Hydrocarbon
Inclusions from the Hydrocarbon-Oxidizing Acetinobacter
242 Scott, C. C. L.; Finnerty, W. R. Species HO1-N J Bacteriol. 1976; 127:481-489 1976 374.
(PHB) from different
bacterial genera was
Department of studied with regard to its
Bacteriology and crystal structure, infrared
Botany, Biological absorption, intrinsic
Research characterization of PHB - X-ray viscosity, and electron
Laboratories, and diffractometry - crystal microscopy. All PHB
College of Forestry at morphology of PHB - samples precipitated from
Lundgren, D.G.; Alper, R.; Schnaitman, Syracuse University, Characterization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate extracted viscosimetry - molecular dilute chloroform solution
243 C.; Marchessault, R.H. Syracuse, New York from different bacteria J. Bacteriol. 1965; 89:245-251 1965 weights gave identica Morphology 80.
The poly(3-
depolymerase structural
gene of Comamonas sp.
(phaZCsp) was cloned in
Escherichia
Institut fur coli and identified by halo
Mikrobiologie der formation on PHB-
Georg-August- Characterization of the extracellular poly(3- containing solid medium.
Universitat Gottingen, hydroxybutyrate) The nucleotide sequence
Jendrossek D, Backhaus M, Germany. depolymerase of Comamonas sp. and of its structural of a 1719 base pair MboI
244 Andermann M gene. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:160-9 1995 fragment was determi
Characterization of the Protoplasmic Constituents of
245 Weibull, C. Bacillus megaterium J Bacteriol. 1953; 66:696-702 1953 367.
Characterization of two 3-ketothiolases posessing differing

Haywood; G.W.; Anderson; A.J.; Chu; substrate specifities in the polyhydroxyalkanoate
246 L.; Dawes; E.A. synthesizing organism Alcaligenes eutrophus Fems Microbiology Letters 1988; 52:91-96 1988 335.
Adress(es) /
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
[P(3HB)] and its
copolymers with
hydroxyalkanoates are
Department of naturally occurring
Biomolecular thermoplastic materials
Engineering, Tokyo produced by bacteria.
Institute of There are many potential
Technology, uses for these
Yokohama, Japan. copolyesters owing to
nyoshie@bio.titech.ac. Chemical composition distribution of bacterial Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):193- their biodegradability and
247 Yoshie N, Inoue Y jp copolyesters. 200 1999 biocompatibility. The
248 Plastics 1990; 1989; Dec 20/27:18-53 Chemicalweek 1989 385.
A chemostat for growing

Knallgasbacteria with
limiting concentrations of
hydrogen of oxygen is
described. Both faseous
components were
Chemolithotrophic Growth of Hydrogenomonas H 16 Using produced by electrolysis
Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen and Oxygen in a chemostat Hydrogenomonas of the mineral medium. By
Institut für Chemostat / Chemolithotrophes Wachstum von H16 Ralstonia eutropha H16 using two anodes, one of
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas H 16 im Chemostaten mit Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 which was located outside
249 Schuster, E.; Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen elektrolytischer Knallgaserzeugung Arch. Mikrobiol. 1967; 58:380-409 (German) 1967 Hydrogen the culture vessel Strain Fermentation 171.
Department of
and BioProcess A novel and efficient
Engineering Research method for the production
Center, Korea of enantiomerically pure
Advanced Institute of (R)-(-)-hydroxycarboxylic
Science and acids by in vivo
Technology, 373-1 chirality; chiral compound; depolymerization of
Kusong-dong, Yusong- polyester; (R)-(-)- microbial polyester
gu, Taejon 305-701, hydroxycarboxylic acid; polyhydroxyalkanoates
Korea email: Sang Yup polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA); in (PHAs) was developed.
Lee Chiral compounds from bacterial polyesters: Sugars to Biotechnology & Bioengineering vivo Using this method, several
(leesy@sorak.kaist.ac. plastics to fine Volume 65, Issue 3, 1999. Pages: 363- depolymerization; Alcaligenes model
250 Lee SY, Lee Y, Wang F kr) chemicals 368 1999 latus compounds, (R)-(-)-3 Copolyesters kopiert
Marchessault, R. H.; Monasterios, C. J.; Chiral poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates): an adaptable helix
251 Morin, F. G. influenced by the alkane side-chain Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1990; 12:158-165 1990 346.
Adress(es) /
A cigarette filter comprises

a section of a fibre strand,
compressed on the lateral
axis, of irregularly oriented
single fibres of spun
polyhydroxybutyric acid
WIETHAUP (PHB) or a copolymer of
WOLFGANG DIPL PHYS DR (DE); PHB and
MOELLER KNUT DIPL ING (DE); polyhydroxyvalerianic
HAUSER BAT Cigarette filter contg. irregularly oriented fibres - comprises acid.
BERNHARD DIPL CIGARETTENFAB spun poly:hydroxybutyric acid or copolymer of Pref. the single fibres
252 CHEM DR (DE) GMBH (DE) hydroxybutyric acid and poly:hydroxy:valeric acid DE4013293 1991-11-07 1991 have d
Weathering of films from

LDPE/poly(hydroxybutyrat
e) blends was
studied. PHB affects
LDPE matrix initiating
degrdn. at the
interface and leading to
MITKhT im. M. V. accelerated aging of the
Ol'khov, A. A.; Ivanov, V. B.; Vlasov, S. Lomonosova, Moscow, Climatic aging of composite films based on LDPE and Plast. Massy (1998), (6), 19-21 film.
253 V.; Iordanskii, A. L. Russia poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) 1998
The polyhydroxyalkanoic
acid (PHA) synthase gene
(phaCAc) of a species of
Acinetobacter isolated
from an activated sludge
treatment plant was
Department of Cloning and analysis of the polyhydroxyalkanoic acid cloned by heterologous
Microbiology, Monash synthase gene from complementation in a poly-
University, Clayton, an Acinetobacter sp.: evidence that the gene is both beta-hydroxybutyrate
Victoria, Australia. plasmid and FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994 May 1;118(1-2):145- (PHB) negative mutant of
254 Schembri MA, Bayly RC, Davies JK chromosomally located. 52 1994 Alcaligenes eutrop
A cosmid gene bank of

partially EcoRI-digested
genomic DNA from
Methylobacterium
extorquens IBT no. 6 was
screened
for DNA fragments
restoring
polyhydroxyalkanoic-acid
(PHA) accumulation in the
Institut fur PHA-negative mutant
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Cloning and characterization of the Methylobacterium Alkaligenes
August-Universitat extorquens polyhydroxyalkanoic-acid-synthase structural eutrophus H16 PHB-4.
255 Valentin HE, Steinbüchel A Gottingen, Germany. gene Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993 Jun;39(3):309-17 1993 The M. e 605.
Adress(es) /
The extracellular
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) depolymerase gene
(phaZPst) of
Pseudomonas stutzeri
was cloned and
sequenced.
Graduate School of PhaZPst was
Science and composed of 1728 bp
Engineering, Saitama encoding a protein of 576
University, amino
Urawa, 338-8570, Cloning and characterization of the polyhydroxybutyrate acids. Analyses of the
Ohura, Takeshi; Kasuya, Ken-Ichi; Doi, Japan depolymerase gene of Pseudomonas stutzeri and analysis Appl. Environ. Microbiol. (1999), 65(1), 189-197 N-terminal amino acid
256 Yoshiharu of the function of substrate-binding domains 1999 sequence
Genes coding for poly-

beta-hydroxybutyrate were
removed from Alcaligenes
eutrophus H16 and cloned
into Escherichia coli.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the Some of the clones
DENNIS DOUGLAS E INNOVATIVE TECH Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 US5518907 produced PHB to 90% of
257 (US) CENTER (US) poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway 1996-05-21 1996 the cell weight.
The poly-beta-
biosynthetic pathway from
H16 has been cloned and
expressed
in Escherichia coli.
Initially, an A. eutrophus
Department of Biology, H16 genomic library was
James Madison constructed by using
University, Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the cosmid pVK102, and
Harrisonburg, Virginia Alcaligenes eutrophus cosmid
258 Slater, S.C.; Voige, W.H.; Dennis, D.E. 22807. H16 poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway. J Bacteriol 1988 Oct;170(10):4431-6 1988 clones that encode 540.
From genomic libraries,

the polyhydroxyalkanoate
gene locus of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 was cloned and
characterised at the
molecular level. Two
genes coding for
Institut fur polyhydroxyalkanoate
Mikrobiologie, Georg- synthases, phaC1Pa and
August-Universitat Cloning and molecular analysis of the poly(3- phaC2Pa, a
Gottingen, Federal hydroxyalkanoic acid) gene polyhydroxyalkanoate
259 Timm A, Steinbuchel A Republic of Germany. locus of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Eur J Biochem 1992 Oct 1;209(1):15-30 1992 depolymerase g
Adress(es) /
Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory and the
RIKEN Group of Japan Two types of
Science and polyhydroxyalkanoate
Technology (PHA) biosynthesis gene
loci (phb and pha) of
Corporation, The
Institute of Physical Pseudomonas sp. strain
and Chemical 61-3, which produces a
Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Cloning and molecular analysis of the Poly(3- blend of poly(3-
Hirosawa, hydroxybutyrate) and hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]
Wako- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Matsusaki H, Manji S, Taguchi K, Kato shi, Saitama 351-0198, hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis genes in homopolymer and a
260 M, Fukui T, Doi Y Japan. Pseudomonas sp. strain 61-3. J Bacteriol 1998 Dec;180(24):6459-67 1998 random copolymer poly(3
From a genomic library of

Thiocystis violaceae strain
2311 in lambda L47, two
adjacent EcoRI restriction
fragments of 5361
base pairs (bp) and of
Institut fur 1978 bp were cloned. The
Mikrobiologie, Georg- 5361-bp EcoRI restriction
August-Universitat Cloning and molecular analysis of the poly(3- fragment hybridized with a
Gottingen, Federal hydroxybutyric acid) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1993 Jan;38(4):493- DNA fragment
261 Liebergesell M, Steinbuchel A Republic of Germany. biosynthetic genes of Thiocystis violacea. 501 1993 harbouring the Alc

C. vinosum strain D in
lL47, a 16.5-kbp
EcoRI-restriction fragment
Chromatium was identified by
polyhydroxybutyrate hybridization with a DNA
biosynthesis gene sequence fragment harboring the
Institut fur ketothiolase acetoacetylCoA operon for Alcaligenes
Mikrobiologie, Georg- reductase gene sequence eutrophus
August-Universitat Cloning and nucleotide sequences of genes relevant for Chromatium poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)
Gottingen, Federal biosynthesis of PHA synthase gene sequence (PHA) synthase. This
Liebergesell, Matthias; Steinbuechel, Republic of Germany. poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) in Chromatium vinosum strain Eur. J. Chromatium fragment and
262 Alexander D. Biochem., 209(1), 135-50 (English) 1992 1992 sub
Adress(es) /
An extracellular poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate)
depolymerase (PHB
depolymerase) producing
bacterium, strain K1, was
isolated from soil
samples and identified as
Tsukuba sequence PHB depolymerase Pseudomonas pickettii.
Research Center, gene Pseudomonas The PHB
Mitsubishi Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the poly(3- polyhydroxybutyrate depolymerase gene was
Petrochemical Co., hydroxybutyrate) Stud. Polym. Sci., 12(Biodegradable Plastics depolymerase gene cloned from the genomic
Kurusu, Y.; Kohama, K.; Uchida, Y.; Ltd, Inashiki 300-03, depolymerase gene from Pseudomonas pickettii. and Polymers), Pseudomonas DNA of strain K1
263 Saito, T.; Yukawa, H. Japan 357-61 (English) 1994 1994 and th
Pseudomonas acidophila
can grow with CO2 as a
sole carbon source by the
possession of a
recombinant plasmid that
clones
genes that confer
chemolithoautotrophic
growth ability derived from
Faculty of the H2-oxidizing bacterium
Pharmaceutical Cloning and sequence analysis of the poly (3- Alcaligenes
Umeda F, Kitano Y, Murakami Y, Yagi Sciences, Osaka hydroxyalkanoic Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1998 Spring;70-72:341- hydrogenophilus.
264 K, Miura Y, Mizoguchi T University, Japan. acid)-synthesis genes of Pseudomonas acidophila. 52 1998 H2-oxidizin
Triacylglycerols are the

most important storage
lipids in most plants and
animals. Acyl- retained their
CoA:diacylglycerol catalytic
acyltransferase (EC activity, and
2.3.1.20) catalyzes the reacted with
final step of the pathway peroxisomally
of triacylglycerol synthesis available
John Innes Centre, Cloning of a cDNA encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase Triacylglycerol acyltransferase and is the only precursors
Norwich Research from (EC 2.3.1.20), Arabidopsis step which is unique to because PHB
265 Hobbs DH, Lu C, Hills MJ Park, UK. Arabidopsis thaliana and its functional expression. FEBS Lett 1999 Jun 11;452(3):145-9 1999 thaliana, this proc synthesis in
From genomic libraries of

the purple non-sulfur
bacteria Rhodospirillum
rubrum Ha and
ATCC
17023 in the broad-host
Cloning of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) synthase genes of range cosmid pVK100, we
Rhodobacter cloned a 15- and a 14-kbp
Georg-August- sphaeroides and Rhodospirillum rubrum and heterologous HindIII restriction
Universitat Gottingen, expression in fragment, respectively.
266 Hustede E, Steinbuchel A, Schlegel HG FRG. Alcaligenes eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Jun 15;72(3):285-90 1992 Each of these fragment
Adress(es) /
The biodegradable and

thermoplastic
polyalkanoate (I) is
manufd. at
low coat by expression of
the genes for synthesis of
I in a bacterial host
polyalkanoate synthesis gene such as Escherichia coli,
Cloning of polyalkanoate synthesis genes of Chromatium Chromatium sequence or in plants. The genes
and Escherichia polyalkanoate for I comprise
Liebergesell, Matthias; Steinbuechel, Imperial Chemical manufacture of polyalkanoates with transgenic cells. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9302194 A1 4 Feb 1993 manuf polyhydroxyalkanoate
267 Alexander Industries PLC, UK 1993 synthetase, acetoacetyl C
Eight mutants of A.
eutrophus defective in the
intracellular accumulation
of poly-b-hydroxybutyric
acid (PHB) were isolated
after transposon Tn5
mutagenesis with the
Institut fur suicide vector pSUP5011.
Mikrobiologie, Cloning of the Alcaligenes eutrophus genes for synthesis EcoRI fragments
Universitat Gottingen, of Alcaligenes which harbor Tn5-mob
Schubert, Peter; Steinbuechel, Federal Republic of poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) and synthesis of PHB in Journal of Bacteriology 1988; 170(12):5837- polyhydroxybutyrate gene were isolated from pHC79
268 Alexander; Schlegel, Hans G. Germany. Escherichia coli. 5847 1988 cloning c 541.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) are microbial
polyesters that can be
Department of used as completely
Korea Advanced biodegradable polymers,
Institute of Science but the high production
and Technology, Cloning of the Alcaligenes latus polyhydroxyalkanoate cost prevents their use in
373-1 biosynthesis genes a wide range of
Kusong-dong, Yusong- and use of these genes for enhanced
gu, Taejon 305-701, production of Appl Environ Microbiol 1998 Dec;64(12):4897- applications. Recombinant
269 Choi JI, Lee SY, Han K Korea. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Escherichia coli. 903 1998 Escheri kopiert
The polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) synthase gene
(phaCNc) from Nocardia
corallina was
identified in
Cloning of the Nocardia corallina polyhydroxyalkanoate a lambda library on a 6-kb
Department of Biology, synthase gene BamHI fragment. A 2.8-kb
James Madison and production of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate- XhoII subfragment was
University, co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) and found to
Harrisonburg, VA poly-(3-hydroxyvalerate-co-3- contain the intact PHA
270 Hall B, Baldwin J, Rhie HG, Dennis D 22807, USA. hydroxyheptanoate). Can J Microbiol 1998 Jul;44(7):687-91 1998 synthas
Adress(es) /
acid synthase gene from
Chromobacterium
violaceum (phaC(Cv)) was
cloned and bacterial
characterized. A 6.3-kb genes. An
BamHI fragment was equilibrium
Biology Department, found to contain both effect is
James Madison Cloning, molecular analysis, and expression of the phaC(Cv) and proposed to
University, polyhydroxyalkanoic the explain the
Harrisonburg, Virginia acid synthase (phaC) gene from polyhydroxyalkanoic acid unexpected
271 Kolibachuk D, Miller A, Dennis D 22807, USA. Chromobacterium violaceum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Aug;65(8):3561-5 1999 (P existence of
Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in

Escherichia coli of the gene for poly(3.hydroxybutyrate)
272 Saito, T.; Suzuki, K.; J.Yamamoto depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis Journal of Bacteriology 1989; 171[1):184-189 1989 542.
Institute of
Biotechnology, ETH
Hönggerberg, CH-
8093 Zürich,
Switzerland Pseudomonas putida
email: Bernard Witholt KT2442 is able to
(bw@biotech.biol.ethz. accumulate medium-chain-
ch) length poly(3-
hydroxyalkanoates) (mcl-
PHAs) as
*Correspondence to intracellular inclusions on
Bernard Witholt, a variety of fatty acids and
Institute of Closed-loop control of bacterial high-cell-density fed-batch many other carbon
Biotechnology, ETH cultures: polyhydroxyalkanoates; poly(3- sources. Some of these
Hönggerberg, CH- Production of mcl-PHAs by Pseudomonas putida KT2442 Biotechnology & Bioengineering hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA); substrates, such as
Michele B. Kellerhals, Birgit Kessler, 8093 Zürich, under Volume 65, Issue 3, 1999. Pages: 306- LABVIEW; closed-loop control; octanoic
273 Bernard Witholt * Switzerland single-substrate and cofeeding conditions 315 1999 remote control; acid, alkenoic aci
The Escherichia coli 3-

The Institute of ketoacyl-ACP reductase
Physical and Chemical gene (fabGEc) was
Research (RIKEN), cloned using a PCR
Polymer technique to investigate
Chemistry the metabolic link
Laboratory and the between fatty acid
RIKEN Group of Japan metab. and
Science and polyhydroxyalkanoate
Technology (PHA) prodn.
Taguchi, Kazunori; Aoyagi, Yoshihiro; Corporation, Wako, Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and Three plasmids resp.
Matsusaki, Hiromi; Fukui, 351-0198, Japan polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase genes induces PHA FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1999), 176(1), 183-190 harboring fabGEc and the
274 Toshiaki; Doi, Yoshiharu production in Escherichia coli HB101 strain 1999 pol
Adress(es) /
The Escherichia coli 3-

ketoacyl-ACP reductase
gene (fabGEc) was cloned
using a PCR
technique
to investigate the
Polymer Chemistry metabolic link between
Laboratory, Institute of fatty acid metabolism and
Physical and Chemical Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP reductase and
Research (RIKEN), polyhydroxyalkanoate polyhydroxyalkanoate
Taguchi K, Aoyagi Y, Matsusaki H, Saitama, synthase genes induces PHA production in (PHA) production. Three
275 Fukui T, Doi Y Japan. Escherichia coli HB101 strain. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999 Jul 1;176(1):183-90 1999 pla
Inst.Phys.Chem.Res.S
aitama
LO RIKEN Group of
Japan Science and
Technology Escherichia coli 3-ketoacyl-
Corporation, The ACP-reductase,
Institute of designated fabGEc (I),
Physical and Chemical was cloned using a
Research (RIKEN), 2-1 polymerase chain reaction
Hirosawa, technique to study
Wako-shi, Saitama the metabolic link
351-0198, Japan. Co-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP-reductase and between fatty acid
Email: polyhydroxyalkanoate- synthase genes induces PHA metabolism and
Taguchi K; Aoyagi Y; Matsusaki H; ydoi@postman.riken.g production in Escherichia coli HB101 strain; useful for the polyhydroxyalkanoate
Fukui T; *Doi Y o.jp production of polyhydroxyalkanoate by accumulation in FEMS Microbiol.Lett.; (1999) 176, 1, 183-90 (PHA) production. 3
276 bacterium 1999 Plasmids, pl
Polyhydroxyalkanoate
biosynthesis genes of
Aeromonas caviae were
expressed in Escherichia
coli LS5218
Polymer Chemistry (fadR atoC(Con)), and the
Laboratory, Institute of Co-expression of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase and (R)- polyhydroxyalkanoate-
Physical and Chemical enoyl-CoA producing ability of the
Research (RIKEN), hydratase genes of Aeromonas caviae
Fukui T, Yokomizo S, Kobayashi G, Doi Saitama, establishes copolyester biosynthesis recombinants was
277 Y Japan. pathway in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1999 Jan 1;170(1):69-75 1999 investigated. A LS
Combined determination of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoic and

cellular fatty acids in starved marine bacteria and sewage
Odham; G.; Tunlid; A.; Westerdahl; G.; sludge by gas chromatography with flame ionization or Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1986;
278 Marden; P. mass spectrometry detection 52(4):1986 1986 320.
Combined procedure for assays of poly-beta- Journal of Microbiological Methods 1983;
279 Poindexter; J.S.; Eley; L.F. hydroxybutyric acid and inorganic polyphosphate 1:42736 1983 250.
Adress(es) /
Summary. Polyhydroxamic
acid (PHA) was prepared
from polyacrylamide (PAA)
and from
polymethacrylamide
(1) Petroleum Polyhydroxamic acid; (PMAA). It was found that
Research Institute, Comparison Between the Electric Conductivity of Polyacrylamide; PHA from PAA has the
Nasr City, Cairo Polyhydroxamic Acids of Different Origin Polymethacrylamide; Electrical properties of a
Wafaa M. Sayed (1) (*), Yahia M. Abed (2) Vergleich der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit von properties; semiconductor when
(1), El-Shafie A. M. Gad (1), Tousson A. National Research Polyhydroxamsäuren verschiedenen Monatshefte fuer Chemie/Chemical Monthly it reacts
280 Salem (2) Center, El-Dokki, Cairo Ursprungs Abstract Volume 129 Issue 3 (1998) pp 245-252 1998 Semiconductors. with some met
PHB-depolymerase
degraded poly[(3-
hydroxybutyric
acid)-co-(3-
hydroxyvaleric acid)]
(PHB/V) significantly. No
other
Department of enzyme used in this
Chemistry, University study showed activity
of Puerto Rico, Comparison of the catalytic activity of PHB-depolymerase, toward PHB/V. Wt. loss
Batista, Adalgisa; Aponte, Maria A.; Mayaguez, yeast lipase, and papain on poly(ethylene adipate), and gel permeation
Diaz, Emilio; Reyes, Hector R. 00681-9019, P. R. poly(ethylenesuccinate), and poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)- J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. (1999), chromatog. studies
281 co-(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) 37(14), 2581-2585 1999 suggested that enzym
In order to increase the
miscibility in the blend of
poly(<beta>-
hydroxybutyrate) [PHB]
Department of and
Korea Advanced poly(<epsilon>-
Institute of Science Compatibilizing capability of caprolactone) [PCL],
and Technology, 373-1 poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyrate-,co-<epsilon>- PHB/PCL copolyesters
Kusong caprolactone) in were used as
Dong, the blend of poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyrate) compatibilizers. These
Yusong Gu, Taejon, and Polymer Bulletin Abstract Volume 41 Issue 6 PHB/PCL
282 Bong Oh Kim, Seong Ihl Woo (*) Korea poly(<epsilon>-caprolactone) (1998) pp 707-712 1998 copolyesters w
In order to increase the

miscibility in the blend of
poly(-hydroxybutyrate)
[PHB] and poly(-
Department of caprolactone)
Chemical Engineering, [PCL], PHB/PCL
Korea Advanced copolyesters were used as
Institute of Science compatibilizers. These
and Technology, 373-1 Compatibilizing capability of PHB/PCL copolyesters
Kusong Dong, poly(-hydroxybutyrate-,co--caprolactone) in the blend were synthesized by
Yusong Gu, of Polymer Bulletin Abstract Volume 41 Issue 6 transesterification in
283 Bong Oh Kim, Seong Ihl Woo (*) Taejon, Korea poly(-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(-caprolactone) (1998) pp 707-712 1998 soluti
Adress(es) /
(1) Abteilung
Biotechnologie,
Fakultät für The enzymes beta-
Biowissenschaften, ketothiolase and citrate
Pharmazie und synthase from the
Psychologie, facultatively
methylotrophic
Universität Leipzig, Methylobacterium
Permoserstrasse 15, D- rhodesianum MB
04318 Leipzig, Poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyrate) · 126, which uses the serine
Germany Tel. +49-341- Citrate synthase · <beta>- pathway, were purified
235 2438; Competition between <beta>-ketothiolase and citrate Ketothiolase · and characterized. The
Fax synthase during poly(<beta>- Metabolite beta-ketothiolase had a
+49-341-235 2073 hydroxybutyrate) concentrations · Methylotroph · relatively high Km for
284 Mothes G, Rivera IS, Babel W synthesis in Methylobacterium rhodesianum Arch Microbiol 1996 Dec;166(6):405-10 1996 Methylobacterium rhodesianum acetyl-CoA (0.
Poly-beta-
from crotonate-grown
cutures of
Syntrophominas wolfei
contained only the D-
isomer of beta-
Department of Botany hydroxybutyrate. The PHA
and Microbiology, from cultures grown with
University of trans-2-pentenoate of one
Oklahoma, 770 Van Composition of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate from Anaerobic syntrophic bacteria - of several hexenoates as
Vleet Oval, Norman, Syntrophomonas wolfei grown on unsaturated fatty acid Syntrophomonas - Unsaturated the substrate also Strain - Precursor -
285 Amos; D.A.; McInerney; M.J. OK 73019-02450 USA substrates Arch.Microbiol. 1991; 155:103-106 1991 fatty acids contained sm Copolyester 420.
A poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
metabolic pathway
essential for Helicobacter
pylori survival in a host is
provided. A novel
Helicobacter
pylori Coenzyme A
transferase (Hp CoA-t),
thiolase and PHB
CORTHESY COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS RELATING TO DRUG synthase as well as
THEULAZ IRENE DISCOVERY AND DETECTION methods for their
CORTHESY-THEULAZ (CH); KIETA AND TREATMENT OF GASTROINTESTINAL WO9738110 preparation and use are
286 IRENE (CH) HOLDINGS S A (CH) DISEASES 1997-10-16 1997
Conformational analysis of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) in
Doi, Y.; Kunioka, M.; Nakamura, Y.; Alcaligenes eutrophus by solid-state 13C NMR Makromol. Chem.,Rapid Commmun. 1986; 7:661-
287 Soga, K. spectroscopy 664 1986 258.
Conformational isimorphism. A general 21 helical
288 Cornibert; J.; Marchessault; R.H. conformation for poly(beta-alkanoates) Macromolecules 1975; 8:296- 1975 209.
Adress(es) /
Some mathematical
calculations were done
that provided information
about the structure and
biochemistry of
(PHA) granules and about
Institut fur the amounts of the
Steinbuchel A, Aerts K, Babel W, Mikrobiologie der different constituents that
Follner C, Liebergesell M, Madkour MH, Westfalischen Considerations on the structure and biochemistry of contribute to the PHA
Mayer F, Pieper-Furst U, Pries A, Wilhelms-Universitat bacterial granules. The data
289 Valentin HE, et al Munster, Germany. polyhydroxyalkanoic acid inclusions. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:94-105 1995 obtained f
Plasmids containing the

acid) (PHB) biosynthetic
genes were constructed
for the
BioProcess production of PHB in
Engineering Research Escherichia coli and
Center, Korea Construction of plasmids, estimation of plasmid stability, plasmid stability was
Advanced Institute of and use of stable investigated by repeated
Science and plasmids for the production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) subculturing without
Technology, Yusung- by antibiotic
290 Lee SY, Yim KS, Chang HN, Chang YK gu, Taejon. recombinant Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 1994 Feb 14;32(2):203-11 1994 pressure. kopiert
Polarographic oxygen
electrodes, a mass
spectrometer with a
membrane inlet system,
and a redox electrode
were used to measure
Polarographic oxygen dissolved H2, O2, and
electrodes- mass spectrometry - CO2 continuously during
redox electrode - chemolithoautotrophic
Institut für Continuous mass spectrometric measurement of dissolved chemolithoautotrophic growth - cultivation of Alcaligenes
Biotechnologie, TU H2, O2, and CO2 during chemolithoautotrophic growth of European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1980; Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - eutrophus H 16. A mass
291 Heinzle, E.; Lafferty, R. M. Graz Alcaligenes eutrophus strain H 16 11:17-22 1980 Ralstonia eutropha H 16 spectromete Analytics 68.
Continuous
biotechnology process for
the preparation of poly
beta -hydroxybutyric acid
(PHB), comprises reacting
methylobacterium or
paracoccus species of
bacteria with heterotropic
substrates selected from
UFZ glucose, fructose,
ACKERMANN JOERG-UWE DR (DE); UMWELTFORSCHUN DE19633858 glycerol,
292 BABEL WOLFGANG PROF DR (DE) GSZENTRUM LE (DE) Continuous preparation of poly:hydroxy:butyric acid 1998-02-19 1998 ethanol and/
Adress(es) /
A new continuous method

for the preparation of
poly-beta-
involves reacting
Methylobacterium
Umwelt- sp. or Paracoccus sp.
Forsch.Zent.Leipzig- with heterotrophic
Halle Continuous preparation of polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB), substrates consisting of
LO Leipzig, used to make biodegradable polymers; by reacting glucose, fructose,
Germany. Methylobacterium rhodesianum or Paracoccus DE 19633858 19 Feb 1998 glycerol, ethanol, acetic
293 Babel W; Ackermann J denitrificans with e.g. glucose 1998 acid or a m
Ramsay, B. A.; Saracovan, I.; Ramsay, Continuous Production of Long-Side-Chain Poly-beta-
294 J. A.; Marchessault, R. H. Hydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas oleovorans Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1991; 57:625-629 1991 400.
Continuous production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
295 Koyama; N.; Doi; Y. hydroxyvalerate) by Alcaligenes eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17:281-284 1995 503.
The mixed culture system

was considered in the
present research
where sugars such as
Department of glucose were converted to
Biochemical lactate by
Engineering, Kyushu Lactobacillus
Institute of delbrueckii and the lactate
Technology, was converted to
Fukuoka, 820-8502, Control of a mixed culture of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and poly-.beta.-
Tohyama, Masayuki; Shimizu, Kazuyuki Japan Ralstonia eutropha for the production of PHB from glucose Biochem. Eng. J. (1999), 4(1), 45-53 hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by
296 via lactate 1999 Ralstonia eutropha in
A-two stage culture

method of hydrogen-
oxidizing bacterium,
Alcaligenes eutrophus, is
used to produce
Department of Food Control of acetic acid concentration by pH-stat continuous poly-d-3-hydroxybutyrate,
Science and substrate feeding P(3HB) from CO2, O2,
Technology, Faculty of in heterotrophic culture phase of two-stage cultivation of and H2 without using a
Agriculture, Kyushu Alcaligenes very high oxygen transfer
University, 6-10-1 eutrophus for production of P(3HB) from CO2, H2, and O2 Biotechnology & Bioengineering Alcaligenes eutrophus; PHB; rate while maintaining the
Toshikazu Sugimoto, Takeharu Tsuge, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, under Volume 62, Issue 6, 1999. Pages: 625- feed control; substrate O2 concentration in gas
297 Kenji Tanaka, Ayaaki Ishizaki * Fukuoka 812, Japan non-explosive conditions 631 1999 inhibition; acetic acid phas
Adress(es) /
A method was developed

to estimate the glucose
concentration in
culture broth using
CO2 evolution rate (CER)
Department of data from a mass
Chemical Engineering, spectrometer.
Konyang University, Alcaligenes eutrophus
San 30, NCIMB 11599 was
Naedong-ri, Control of glucose feeding using exit gas data and its cultivated to
Nonsam, Chungnam, application to the production of PHB from tapioca produce poly-beta-
Kim B S; Chang H N 320-800, Korea. hydrolyzate by Alcaligenes eutrophus; poly-beta- Biotechnol.Tech.; (1995) 9, 5, 311-14 hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
298 hydroxybutyrate production from cassava 1995 from
A method to est. the

glucose concn. in the
culture broth using CO2
evolution rate (CER) data
from a mass spectrometer
was developed.
Control of glucose feeding using exit gas data and its polyhydroxybutyrate fermn was cultivated to produce
Dep. Chem. Eng., application to the Alcaligenes glucose feeding poly(3-hydroxybutyric
Konyang Univ., production of PHB from tapioca hydrolyzate by Alcaligenes tapioca hydrolyzate PHB fermn acid) (HB) from tapioca
Chungnam 320-800, eutrophus. Biotechnol. Tech., 9(5), 311-14 Alcaligenes feeding hydrolyzate using this
299 Kim, Beom Soo; Chang, Ho Nam S. Korea (English) 1995 1995 meth
Kinetics of poly(-D(-)-3-
prodn. were studied in
H16 (ATCC 17699) fed-
batch culture using
butyric acid and valeric
acid as carbon sources.
Control of molecular weight distribution and mole fraction In
in Stud. poly(-D(-)-3-
Shimizu, Hiroshi; Tamura, Shinji; Fac. Eng., Osaka poly(-D(-)-3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) production by Polym. Sci., 12(Biodegradable Plastics and hydroxybutyric acid)
Ishihara, Yoshiyuki; Shioya, Suteaki; University, Suita 565, Alcaligenes Polymers), 365-72 polyhydroxyalkanoate fermn (PHB) prodn., at the
300 Suga, Ken-ichi Japan eutrophus. (English) 1994 1994 Alcaligenes mol wt distribution conditions o
To control molecular
weight of poly-beta-
Laboratory of hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
Bioreaction produced in a fed-batch
Engineering, culture of Protomonas
Department of Food extorquens, the effects of
Science and cultural temperature, pH,
Technology, Faculty of molar ratio of methanol
Agriculture, Nagoya Control of molecular weight of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric and ammonia, and
Suzuki, R.; Deguchi, H.; Yamane, T.; University, Chikusa-ku, acid produced in fed-batch culture of Protomanas Protomonas exoterquens - concentration of methanol Strain - Polymer
301 Shimizu, S.; Gekko, K. Nagoya 464, Japan extorquens Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1988; 27:487-491 1988 molecular weight in the medium on polym "Eigenschaften" 297.
Adress(es) /
(PHB) synthesis in a
cyanobacterium,
Synechococcus sp. strain
MA19, is controlled at the
enzyme
National Institute of level and is dependent on
Bioscience and Human- the C/N balance in the
Technology, Agency of culture medium. The
Industrial Science and control involves at least
Technology, Tsukuba, Control of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate synthase mediated by two enzymes. The first
Miyake M, Kataoka K, Shirai M, Asada Ibaraki, acetyl enzyme is
302 Y Japan. phosphate in cyanobacteria. J Bacteriol 1997 Aug;179(16):5009-13 1997 PHB s
To better understand the

reasons for the hyper-
accumulation of
Department of poyhydroxyalkanoate
Microbiology, (PHA) in mutant
University of Alberta, Azotobacter vinelandii
Edmonton, Alberta UWS, the kinetic
T6G 2E9, Canada; properties of 3-
Author for ketothiolase, acetoacetyl-
correspondence: Azotobacter vinelandii - 3- CoA reductase, and beta-
William J. Page. Tel: ketothiolase - acetoacetyl-CoA hydroxybutyrate
+1 403 492 4782. Fax: Control of polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in Azotobacter reductase, 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase were
303 Manchak; J.; Page; W.J. +1 403 492 2216 vinelandii strain UWD Microbiology 1994; 140:953-963 1994 dehydrogenase examined. The r 546 korr
Control of pyruvate and beta-hydroxybutyrate utilization in
rat brain mitochondria and its relevance to phenylketonuria
304 Land; J.M.; Mowbray; J.; Clark; J.B. and maple syrup urine desease Journal of Neurochemistry 1976; 26:823-830 1976 235.
There has been extensive

research on drug delivery
by biodegradable
polymeric devices since
bioresorbable surgical
Department of Applied sutures
Pharmaceutical entered the market two
Sciences, The decades ago. Among the
University of Rhode different classes of
Island, Kingston Controlled drug delivery by biodegradable poly(ester) biodegradable polymers,
Jain R, Shah NH, Malick AW, Rhodes 02881, USA. devices: different the thermoplastic aliphatic
305 CT jainr@nanosys.com preparative approaches. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 1998 Aug;24(8):703-27 1998 poly(esters)
Adress(es) /
Copolymers of poly( beta

-hydroxybutyric acid) and
poly( beta -hydroxyvaleric
acid) are produced by
culturing alcohol-utilising
strains of Alcaligenes
eutrophus on a carbon
source including primary
SENIOR PETER JAMES; COLLINS alcohols having an odd
STEPHN HUGH; RICHARDSON number of carbon atoms
306 KENNETH RAYMOND ICI PLC (GB) Copolymer production. EP0204442 1986-12-10 1986 such a
Départment de
Durocher; J.; Reyburn, Gougeon; R.; Biochemie Hôpital Corps cetoniques urinaires:Methode de dosage
307 Bigras; C. Notre-Dame colorimetrique et utilite clinique Bull.Ass.Biochem.Hop.Que. 1977; 16(3):532-? 1977 ketone bodies - colorimetry No abstract. others - analytics 62.
The possible role of

increased vascular
reactivity in the
mechanism of
experimental hypertension
was studied by
measurements
of the critical opening
pressure (COP) of tail
vessels in conscious rats.
Critical opening pressure and reactivity of tail vessels in In hypertension induced
conscious by administration of
308 Darke AC, Nair PG, Gaskell P hypertensive rats. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1976 Jun;54(3):314-21 1976 desoxycorti
Two types of bacterial

copolyesters, poly(3-
hydroxyvalerat) (P(3HB-co-
3HV)) and poly(3-
Research Laboratory hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-
of Resources Copolyesters - P(3HB-co-3HV) - co-4HB)) were analyzed
Utilization, Tokyo Crystalline and thermal properties of bacterial P(3HB-co-4HB) - X-ray by X-ray diffraction and
Institute of copolyesters: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- diffraction - differential differential scanning
Technology, hydroxyvalerate) and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- scanning calorimetry - calorimetry. X-ray Crystallinity -
309 M.Kunioka; Tamaki, A.; Doi, Y. Yokohama, 227 Japan. hydroxybutyrate) Macromolecules 1989; 22:694-697 1989 crystallinity - thermal properties diffraction p Copolyesters 678.
The compatibility of a
cryst./cryst. polymer
blend, poly(vinyl alc.)
(PVA)/
polyvinyl alc poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
polyhydroxybutyrate blend (PHB), was studied by
compatibility high-resoln. solid-state
hydrogen bonding tacticity PVA 13C-NMR and 1H NMR
Dep. Crystallization and compatibility of poly(vinyl blend NMR spectroscopy. The 1H
Biomol. Eng., Tokyo alcohol)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blends: influence of blend crystallinity PVA blend domain spin relaxation time (T1)
Yoshie, Naoko; Azuma, Yoichiro; Inst. Technol., composition and tacticity of poly(vinyl alcohol). J. Appl. size measurements indicate
310 Sakurai, Minoru; Inoue, Yoshio Yokohama 226, Japan Polym. Sci., 56(1), 17-24 (English) 1995 1995 that both the compa
Adress(es) /
The crystn. and melting

behavior of bacterially
produced
3-hydroxybutyrate (I)
homopolymer and I/3-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymer
were investigated by
crystn melting hydroxybutyrate optical microscopy, wide-
Inst. Phys. II, Univ. Crystallization and melting behavior of hydroxyvalerate copolymer angle x-ray scattering,
Regensburg, poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polyester hydroxybutyrate and calorimetric
Owen, A. J.; Heinzel, J.; Skrbic, Z.; Regensburg 8400, PHB/hydroxyvalerate copolymer. Polymer, 33(7), 1563-7 crystn melting measurements. The
311 Divjakovic, V. Germany (English) 1992 1992 spherulitic growth-rate
This paper presents a

number of interesting
results on the physical
1 H. H. Wills Physics properties of poly-3-
Laboratory, University hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
of Bristol, Tyndall Data are presented on
Avenue, Bristol UK; 2 crystallization kinetics,
ICI Agricultural morphology of melt-and
Division, PO Box 1, solution-crystallized PHB,
Barham, P-J.1; Keller, A.1; Otun, E.L.1; Billingham, Cleveland, Crystallization and morphology of a bacterial the varialtion of lamellar crystallisation -
312 Holmes, P.A.2 UK thermoplastic: poly-3-hydroxybutyrate J. of Materials Science 1984; 19:2781-2794 1984 crystallisation - morphology thickness with cry morphology 668.korr
The morphology and

structure of the bacterical
plastics of poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate-beta-
College of Technology, hydroxyvalerate) P(HB-
Gumma University, Copolyesters - P(3HB-co-3HV) - HV) were studied as well
Kiryu, Gumma 376, P(3HB-co-4HB) - Solution as the reference
Japan; * H. H. Wills Grown Single Crystal - homopolymer, poly(beta-
Physics Laboratory, Propylene Carbonate - Melting hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
Universiy of Bristol, Points - Long Spacings - Lath- Because of bacterial
Royal Fort, Tyndall Crystallization and morphology of poly(beta- Like Crystal - Lateral origins they are Crystallinity -
313 Mitomo, H.; Barham, P.J.*; Keller, A.* Avenue, Bristol, UK hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymer Polymer journal 1987; 19(11):1241-1253 1987 Expansion exceptionally pur Copolyesters 677.
The melting and

crystallization behavior of
poly(<beta>-
and poly(ethylene
succinate)
blends has
Polymer Science and been studied by
Technology Research differential scanning
Laboratory, Chemistry calorimetry and optical
Department, Mu'tah Crystallization and morphology of poly(ethylene succinate) microscopy. The results
University, Mu'tah, and Polymer Bulletin Abstract Volume 41 Issue 5 indicate that
314 Hasan A. Al-Salah Jordan poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyrate) blends (1998) pp 593-600 1998
Adress(es) /
Atactic
polyhydroxybutyrate poly(epichlorohydrin) (I)
polyepichlorohydrin rubber rubber was blended in a
blend crystn wide range of
thermal polyhydroxybutyrate ratios with poly[D(-)3-
polyepichlorohydrin rubber hydroxybutyrate)] (II)
blend isolated from Alcaligenes
morphol polyhydroxybutyrate eutrophus cultures. The
polyepichlorohydrin rubber crystn. and thermal
Dip. Chim. Fis. blend behavior of II/I blends
Dubini Paglia, E.; Beltrame, P. L.; Elettrochim., Univ. Crystallization and thermal behavior of poly(D(-) polyester polyepichlorohydrin were
Canette, M.; Seves, A.; Marcandalli, Milano, Milan, 3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(epichlorohydrin) blends. rubber blend analyzed by DSC and
315 B.; Martuscelli, E. Italy Polymer, 34(5), 996-1001 (English) 1993 1993 microscopy. All
The influence of molecular

structure and
characteristics of an
uncrystallized rubbery
second component
(ethylene-propylene
Isttituto di Ricerche su rubber (EPR) and
Tecnologia die poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc)
Polimeri e Reologia, on the melt miscibility,
CNR, Via Toiano 6, Ethylene-propylene copolymer - phase structure,
80072 Arco Felice, Crystallization and thermal behaviour of poly(D(-)-3- Poly(vinyl acetate) - Blend - morphology, thermal and
316 Greco, P.; Martuscelli, E. Napoli, Italy hydroxybutyrate)-based blends Polymer 1989; 30:1475-1483 1989 Crystallization - Miscibility crystallization behavi Crystallization 300.
Crystallization behavior and its influence on the
Lenz, K.D. Gagnon. R.W.; Farris, R.J.; mechanical properties of a thermoplastic elastomer
317 Fuller, R.C. produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans Macromolecules 1992; 25:3723-3728 1992 543.
Kemnitzer; J.E.; Gross; R.A.; McCarthy; Crystallization behavior of predominantly syndiotactic Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
318 S.P.; Liggat; J.; Blundell; D.J.; Cox; M. poly(á-hydroxybutyrate) 1995; 3:37-47 1995 568.
Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly(R)-3-
319 deKoning; G.J.M.; Lemstra; P.J. hydroxybutyrate Polymer 1993; 34(19):4089-4094 1993 555.
deKoning; G.J.M.; Scheeren; A.H.C.;
Lemstra; P.J.; Peeters; M.; Reynaers; Crystallization phenomena in bacterial poly(R)-3-
320 H. hydroxybutyrate Polymer 1994; 35(21):4598-4605 1994 556.
321 Yamane; T. Cultivation engineering of microbial bioplastics production FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:257-264 1992 483.
Cybernetic model for synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994;
322 Yoo; S.; Kim; W-S. acid in Alcaligenes eutrophus 43:1043-1051 1994 458.
The cyclic process of

biosynthesis and
degradation of poly(3-
was studied in Alcaligenes
eutrophus
under conditions of
Research Laboratory nitrogen-limitation of
of Resources growth. A. eutrophus cells,
Utilization, Tokyo which had accumulated
Institute of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Doi, Y.; Segawa, A.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Technology, Cyclic nature of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) metabolism in (PHB) of
323 Kunioka, M. Yokohama, Japan. Alcaligenes eutrophus FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990 Jan 15;55(1-2):165-9 1990 55 wt% 357.
Adress(es) /
Cyst formation and poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid
accumulation in
324 Stevenson LH, Socolofsky MD Azotobacter. J Bacteriol 1966 Jan;91(1):304-10 1966 Abstract unavailable.
D-(-)-3-Hydroxybutyrat
findet sich im Blut und in
den meisten Organen des
Körpers. Es wird bei
unbehandeltem Diabetes
bei der Acidose in großen
Mengen im Harn
ausgeschieden.
Chemische
analytics of beta-hydroxybutyric Bestimmungsmethoden
acid - beta-hydroxybutyrate beruhen auf der Oxydation
325 Williamson, Dermot H.; Mellanby, Jane D-(-)-3-Hydroxybutyrat dehydrogenase zu Aceton und colorimetri Analytics 52.
A soluble D-(-)-beta-
hydroxybutyric-
dehydrogenase was
isolated from cell-free
extracts of
Hydrogenomonas strain H
16. Maximum enzyme
activity was observed in
the presence of cysteine,
Aus dem Institut für versene and MgCl2. The
Mikrobiologie der D-(-)-beta-Hydroxybuttersäure-Dehydrogenase aus PHB-dehydrogenase - enzyme is stable at low
326 Schindler; J.; Schlegel; H.G. Universität Göttingen Hydrogenomonas H 16 Biochem.Z. 1963; 339:154-161 1963 Hydrogenomonas H 16 temperatures and under w Strain - Enzyme 133. Korr.
D-(-)-Poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate is a
constituent of the
membranes and the
cytoplasms of genetically
competent Azotobacter
vinelandii, Bacillus
subtilis, and Haemophilus
influenzae cells. Within
each species the
D-(-)-poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in membranes of concentration of
genetically competent D-(-)-poly-beta-
327 Reusch; R.N.; Sadoff; H.L. bacteria. J Bacteriol 1983 Nov;156(2):778-88 1983 hydroxybuty 271.
328 Thun, E. Das Ende des Plastikzeitalters Wochenpresse ? 189.
Vivo, De; D.C.; Leckie; M.P.; Agrawal; D-beta-Hydroxybutyrate: A major precursor of amino acids
329 H.C. in developing rat brain Journal of Neurochemistry 1975; 161-170 1975 221.
Adress(es) /
A number of aerobic
pseudomonads capable of
using poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate as sole
source of carbon have
been partially
characterized. One was
Department of selected for special study
Bacteriology, and described as a new
University of Pseudomonas lemoignei - poly- species. Pseudomonas
Delafield, F.P.; Doudoroff, M; Palleroni, California, Berkeley, Decomposition of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by beta-hydroxybutyrate lemoignei Delafield. This
330 N.J.; Lusty, C.J.; Contopoulos, R. California pseudomonads. J Bacteriol 1965 Nov;90(5):1455-66 1965 depolymerisation - hydrolases bacterium cons Strain - Metabolism 122. Korr.
Degradation du lipide poly-beta-hydroxybutyrique par un
Garvard, R.; Dahinger, A.; Hauttecoeur, extrait enzymatique de Bacillus Megatherium I. C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris 1966; 1273-1275 (Article in Isolation and purification of a
331 B.; Reynaud, C. depolymerase A French) 1966 bacterial depolymerase No abstract. Depolymerization 120.
Bacteria capable of
growing on poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate), PHB, as
the
sole source of carbon and
energy were isolated from
various soils, lake
water, activated sludge,
Jendrossek, Dieter; Knoke, Ingrid; Inst. Mikrobiol., and air. Although all
Habibian, Rahim Bahodjb; Georg-August-Univ., Degradation of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), PHB, by bacteria polyhydroxybutyrate bacteria utilized a wide
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Schlegel, Goettingen 3400, and purification of novel PHB depolymerase from J. Environ. Polym. depolymerase Comamonas variety of monomeric
332 Hans Guenter Germany Comamonas sp. Degrad., 1(1), 53-63 (English) 1993 1993 substrates for growth 523.
The degradation of sheets

of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
(BIOPOL) by aerobic
sewage sludge was
analyzed. Degradation of
the polymer was highly
dependent on the pH of
Institut fur FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994 Mar 15;117(1):107-11 the culture medium and
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- was maximal between pH
August Universitat hydroxyvalerate) by aerobic Published erratum appears in FEMS Microbiol 7
333 Briese BH, Jendrossek D, Schlegel HG Gottingen, FRG. sewage sludge. Lett 1994 Jun 15;119(3):396 1994 and pH 8.5. Below pH 6 a
Degradation of poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates) and
Gilmore; D.F.; Antoun; S.; Lenz; R.W.; polyolefin blends in a municipal wastewater treatment Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
334 Fuller; R.C. facility 1993; 1(4):296-274 1993 562.
Adress(es) /
Biodegradable polymeric
microspheres have been
prepared by spray drying,
precipitation, rotary
evaporation and press
grinding methods. Erosion
of microspheres of
Division of Medicinal poly(lactide), poly(3-
and Natural Products hydroxybutyrate),
Chemistry, University copolymers of lactide and
Wang HT, Palmer H, Linhardt RJ, of Iowa, Iowa City glycolide, and
335 Flanagan DR, Schmitt E 52242. Degradation of poly(ester) microspheres. Biomaterials 1990 Nov;11(9):679-85 1990 copolymers o
Extruded bioplastic was

prepared from cornstarch
or poly(beta-
Biopolymer Research hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-
Unit, National Center hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)
for Agricultural or blends
Utilization Research, of cornstarch and PHBV.
Agricultural Research The blended formulations
Service, U.S. Degradation of contained 30 or 50%
Department of starch-poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate) starch in the presence or
Imam SH, Gordon SH, Shogren RL, Agriculture, Peoria, bioplastic in absence of polyethylene
336 Tosteson TR, Govind NS, Greene RV Illinois 61604, USA. tropical coastal waters. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Feb;65(2):431-7 1999 oxide (PEO), whi
Briese, B.H.; D.Jendrossek; Schlegel, Degredation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
337 H.G. hydroxyvalerate) by aerobic sewage sludge FEMS mikrobiology letters 1994; 117:107-112 1994 527.
Degredation of Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoic acid) [P(3HO)] by

A.Schirmer; D.Jendrossek; bacteria: purification and properties of P(3HO) Applied and environmental Microbiology 1993;
338 H.G.Schlegel depolymerase from Pseudomonas fluorescens GK13 59(4):1220-1227 1993 524.
The hydrogen bacterium

Hydrogenomonas
eutropha (syn. Alcaligenes
eutrophus) strain H 16 is
albe to grow
autotrophically with
Institut für fructose and nitrate or
Mikrobiologie der nitrite, respectivela.
Gesellschaft für Hydrogenomonas eutropha H Autotrophic anaerobic
Strahlen- und 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - growth under a gas
Umweltforschung mbH Denitrification in Hydrogenomonas eutropha Strain H 16 / Arch.Mikrobiol. 1973; 90:199-211 (Article in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - atmosphere of hydrogen
339 Pfitzner; J.; Schlegel; H.G. München in Göttingen Denitrifikation bei Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 German) 1973 Denitrification and carbon dioxide Strain - Metabolism 149.
Applied and Enviromental Microbiology 1976;
340 R.Repaske; Mayer, R. Dense autotrophic cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus 32:592-597 1976 28.
Adress(es) /
Par dépolymérisation
chimique partielle du PHB,
on obtient simultanément
des polymères
homologues du PHB mais
à chaine carbonée plus
courte et des oligomères
constituant le spemiers
élèments de la
macromolécule. La
Depolymerisation par voie chimique menagee, du lipide structure chimique de ces
341 Michel, Jolivet; Raymond, Gavard beta-hydroxybutyrique (ou PHB) de Bacillus megaterium. C.R.Acad. Sc. Paris 1975; 2801-2804 1975 Depolymerisation oligomères, al Analytics 55.
Certaines propriétés des

Polymères provenant de
la dépolymérisation
partielle du PHB de
Bacillus megaterium ont
été étudiées par
chromatographie sur
papier fractionnement
dans des solvants
Depolymerisation par voie chimique menagee, du lipide organiques et
beta-hydroxybutyrique (ou PHB) de Bacillus megaterium. chromtographie sur
Obtention et structure d'oligomeres de l'acide D(-)beta- colonne de DEAE-
342 Hauttecoeur, B.; Jolivet, M.; Gavard, R. hydroxybutyrique. C.R.Acad.Sc. Paris 1975; 2801-2902 1975 Bacillus megaterium cellulose. Ils so 637.
Par dépolymérisation
chimique partielle du PHB,
on obtient simultanément
des polymères
homologues du PHB mais
à chaine carbonée plus
courte et des oligomères
constituant les premiers
Dépolymérisation par voie chimique ménagée, du lipide éléments de la
beta-hydroxybutyrique (ou PHB) de Bacillus megaterium. macromolécule. La
Obtention et structure d'oligomères de l'acide D(-)bety- structure chimique de ces
343 Hauttecoeur; B.; Jolivet; M.; Gavard; R. hydroxybutyrique. C.R.Acad.Sc.Paris 1975; 280:2899-2902 SerieD 1975 oligomères, a 145.
Le PHB de Bacillus
megaterium a été
dépolymérisé par voie
chimique dans le but
d'obtenir des produits
homologues du polymère
naturel mais susceptible
d'étre métabolisés par une
enzyme isolée de la
bactèrie. L'utilisation de
Depolymerisation, par voie chimique menagee, du lipide á très basses températures
344 Hauttecoeur; B.; Jolivet; M.; Gavard; R. hydroxybutyrique (ou PHB) de Bacillus megaterium C.R.Acad.Sc.Paris 1972; 274:2729-2732 SerieD 1972 Bacillus megaterium et du 146.
Adress(es) /
L'action du mélange BF3-
CH3OH sur des
polymères issus de la
saponification ménagée
du PHB conduit
directement à la
préparation de tous les
esters méthyliques des
oligemères. Soumis au
seul BF3, ces mêmes
polymères permettent
Depolymerisation, par voie chimique menagee, du lipide d'isoler en grandes
345 Hauttecoeur; B.; Jolivet; M.; Gavard; R. beta-hydroxybutyrique (ou PHB) de Bacillus megaterium C.R.Acad.Sc.Paris 1972; 274:1975-1960 SerieC 1972 quantités 144.
Depolymerization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by an
346 Merrick, J.M.; Doudoroff, M. intracellular enzyme system Journal of Bacteriology 1964; 88:60-71 1964 34.
Two types of the biological

macromolecules poly(R-3-
Laboratorium fur hydroxyalkanoates) have
Organische Chemie been identified: the high-
der Eidgenossischen molecular-weight
Technischen microbial storage material
Hochschule Zurich, (sPHA) and a short-chain
ETH-Zentrum, variety, consisting of
Switzerland. butyrate and valerate
seebach@org.chem.et Detection, synthesis, structure, and function of residues, complexed with
Seebach D, Fritz MGSeebach D, Fritz hz.ch oligo(3-hydroxyalkanoates): contributions by synthetic other
347 MG organic chemists. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):217-36 1999 biomacro
Dissolved hydrogen
concentration in the
culture medium was
determined by the tubing
method during the
Department of cultivation of hydrogen
Biochemical bacteria. Dissolved
Engineering, Faculty of hydrogen gas which
Pharmaceutical diffused through the
Sciences, Osaka membrane of the tube was
University, Yamada Determination of dissolved hydrogen concentration during determined by gas
Ohi; K.; Nishimura; T.; Okazaki; M.; Kami, Suita-shi, Osaka cultivation and assimilation of gaseous substartes by Journal of Fermentation Technology 1979; hydrogen bacteria - gas chromatography. The rate
348 Yoshiharu; M. 565 Alcaligenes hydrogenophilus 57(3):203-209 1979 chromatography o Analytics 63.
Determination of PHB in activated sludge by a gas Eoropean J. Appl. microbiol. Biotechnol 1981;
349 Apostolides, Z.; Potgieter, D. J. J. chromatographic method 13(13):62-63 1981 192.
Adress(es) /
Two new detection

methods for the
determination of poly-beta-
and -valerate (PHV) are
described.
Both methods are based
on depolymerization of
Swiss Federal Institute PHB/PHV to 3-
for Environmental hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
Science and and 3-hydroxyvalerate
Technology (EAWAG), Determination of polyhydroxyalkanoates in activated (3HV).
Hesselmann RP, Fleischmann T, Hany Dubendorf, sludge by ion Depolymerization was
350 R, Zehnder AJ Switzerland. chromatographic and enzymatic methods. J Microbiol Methods 1999 Mar;35(2):111-9 1999 achiev
The three dimensional

solubility parameters
defined by Hansen are
based on dispersion
forces between structural
units,
interaction between polar
groups and hydrogen
McGill University, bonding. For polar
Chemistry Department polymers such as poly(3-
and Pulp and Paper hydroxyalkanoates),
Centre, Montreal, Determination of solubility parameters for poly(3- P(3HA), this
351 Terada M, Marchessault RH Quebec, Canada. hydroxyalkanoates). Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):207-15 1999 approach was u
Cerebral cortex slices

Department of from 1-day old rats
Medicine and incorporated actively 3-
Biochemistry, General hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate
Clinical Research into lipids. The rate of
Center and Fels synthesis icreased
Research Institute, moderately during the first
Temple University postnatal week and then
School of Medicine, decreased rapidly
Philadelphia, PA Development and regulation of lipid synthesis from ketone reaching negligible rates
352 Patel; M.S.; Owen; O.E. 19140, U.S.A. bodies by rat brain Journal of Neurochemistry 1977; 28:109-114 1977 ketone bodies by the end of the fourth Others 138. Korr.
IRC Biomedical
Materials, Queen Mary Composites -
and Westfield College, Development of a natural degradable polymer for Polyhydroxybutyrate - Bone-
353 Knowles JC London, UK. orthopaedic use. J Med Eng Technol 1993 Jul-Aug;17(4):129-37 1993 Bonding Application
Mayer, J. M.; Greenberger, M.; Kaplan, Development of Standard Methods for Accelerated
354 D. L.; Gross, R.; McCarthy, S. Degradation Studies of Polymer Films ??? 1990 387.
Adress(es) /
Nach Untersuchungen von

SCHLEGEL u. BARTHA
(1961) wird die H2-
Oxidation junger, in Puffer
beta-Hydroxybuttersäure - suspendierter Zellen von
Milchsäure - Hydrogenomonas H 1 und
Brenztraubensäure - H 16 (BARTHA 1962:
Bernsteinsäure - Buttersäure - WILDE 1962) durch
Crotonsäure - Essigsäure - Kohlendioxyd auf das
Hydrogenomonas H 16 - Vierfache erhöht. Dabei
Die Biosynthese der Poly-beta-hydroxybutttersäure durch Archiv für Mikrobiologie 1964; 47:230-235 Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - wird CO2 fixiert und in Strain - Special
355 Gottschalk; G. Knallgasbakterien II. Verwertung organischer Säuren (Article in German) 1964 Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 Form von Po carbon sources 140.
downstream
VÖCH - Chemietage 1979, Graz, 18.-19. biopolymers - downstream processing -
356 Lafferty, R.M.; Steiner, W.; Die Gewinnung und Anwendung von Biopolymeren Oktober (Article in German) 1979 processing - applications No abstract. applications kopiert
Die Rolle der Polyphosphate im Phosphatstoffwechsel

357 Kaltwasser, H. eines Knallgasbakteriums (Hydrogenomonas Stamm 20) Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1962; 41:281-302 1962 253.
Obwohl sich die großen

Schwefelpurpurbakterien
vom Typ des Chromatium
okenii und Thiospirillum
jenense durch ihre Größe
von der Masse der
Bakterien abheben, sind
sie durch
Übergangsformen mit den
Aus dem Institut für kleinen Purpurbakterien
Mikrobiologie der Archiv für Mikrobiologie 1962; 42:110-116 Chromatium okenii - verbunden und dem
358 Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen Die Speicherstoffe von Chromatium okenii (Article in German) 1962 Thiospirillum jenense Bakterienreich zw Strain 117. Korr.
Knallgasbakterien
vermögen unter
Ausnutzung der
Knallgasreaktion Poly-ß-
hydroxybuttersäure
(PHBS) aus Kohlendioxyd
zu synthetisieren. Acetat
wird ebenfalls in PHBS
eingebaut, und zwar auf
Aus dem Institut für Die Synthese von Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure durch direktem Wege. Lactat
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas H 16: Die zu beta-Hydroxybutyryl- Hydrogen Bacteria - Calvin und Pyruvat werden nach
359 Schindler, J. Universität Göttingen coenzym A führenden Reaktionsschritte Arch. Mikrobiol. 1964; 49:236-255 1964 cycle - Acetate - Metabolism einmaliger und Succin Metabolism 126. Korr.
Adress(es) /
1. Chemolithotrophically
(with H2 + O2 + CO2)
grown Hydrogenomonas H
16 can adapt itself to
fructose, acetic acid,
glutamic acid and aspartic
acid in air but not under
knallgas. 2. The strain H
Institut für Die Verwertung organischer Substrate durch 16, grown previously on
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas in Gegenwart von molekularem Biochemische Zeitschriften 1965; 341:260-270 Hydrogenomonas H 16 - fructose (in air), grown
360 Gottschalk, G. Universität Göttingen Wasserstoff (Article in German.) 1965 chemolithotrophic growth arithmetical Strain - Metabolism 49.
Medium chain length
polyhydroxyalkanoates,
MCL-PHAs, produced by
Biomacromolecules bacteria as inclusion
Research Laboratory, bodies or
Department of granules were analyzed in
Microbiology, situ by differential
Gyeongsang National scanning calorimetry
Differential scanning calorimetric study of poly(3- (DSC) without
University, Chinju, hydroxyoctanoate) isolation
361 Song JJ, Yoon SC, Yu SM, Lenz RW South Korea. inclusions in bacterial cells. Int J Biol Macromol 1998 Oct;23(3):165-73 1998 from the cells. The
Four narrow lines are

observed in the high-
resolution cross-
polarization magic-angle
spinning 13C NMR
spectra of intact,
lyophilized samples of
Pseudomonas sp. LBr, in
addition to the broader
Direct measurement of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) in a lines normally associated
pseudomonad by with bacterial cellular
362 Jacob GS, Garbow JR, Schaefer J solid-state 13C NMR. J Biol Chem 1986 Dec 25;261(36):16785-7 1986 material. The
Direct pyrolysis mass

spectrometry (DPMS) was
applied to
poly(p-xylylene) (PPX)
and poly(hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB) samples. The
validity of a math. model
for pyrolytic behavior was
pyrolysis mass spectra tested using PPX
Cook, Peter D.; Gao, Yaping; Smith, Dep. Chem., Univ. Direct pyrolysis mass spectra of poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) polyxylylene and then applied to PHB.
Ray; Toube, Trevor P.; Utley, London, London E1 and J. polyhydroxybutyrate Simple cleavage at an
363 James H. P. 4NS, UK poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). Mater. Chem., 5(3), 413-15 (English) 1995 1995 ester bond
Adress(es) /
This invention relates to

a dispersion of
(PHA) particles that
improves the stability of
the PHA and
simplifies the process of
making the dispersions.
MONSANTO CO (US); DISPERSIONS OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES IN WO9721762 The invention relates to a
364 GEORGE NEIL (GB) GEORGE NEIL (GB) WATER 1997-06-19 1997 composition
Alcaligenes latus, a
producer of the
intracellular bioplastic
poly(beta-hydroxybutyric
acid), was disrupted by
chemical and mechanical
means. Chemical lysis
Department of employed sequential
Chemical engineering, treatment with sodium
University of Waterloo, Disruption of Alcaligenes latus for recovery of Poly(beta- dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and
Ontario, Canada N2L hydroxybutyric acid): Comparison of high-pressure sodium hypochlorite. The
365 Tamer; I.M.; Moo-Young; M.; Chisti; Y. 3G1 homogenization, bead milling and chemically induced lysis Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1998; 37:1807-1814 1998 SDS t 645 korr
Distribution of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(gamma-
caprolactone) aerobic degrading microorganisms in Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
366 Nishida; H.; Tokiwa; Y. different environments 1993; 1:227-233 1993 583.
367 Steinb chel; A.; Valentin; H.E. Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acid FEMS Microbiology Letters 1995; 128:219-228 1995 648.
A genomic fragment
harboring the gene phaG
was cloned by phenotypic
complementation of
Pseudomonas putida
KT2440
mutants, defective in the
(PHA) synthesis via de
novo fatty acid
biosynthesis but not
KRUEGER NIELS (DE); DNA sequence useful for the production of affected in PHA
368 STEINBUECHEL ALEXAND (DE) MONSANTO CO (US) polyhydroxyalkanoates US5750848 1998-05-12 1998 biosynthesi
Adress(es) /
A genomic fragment
harboring the gene phaG
was cloned by phenotypic
complementation of
Pseudomonas
MONSANTO putida KT2440 mutants,
KRÜGER, Niels , Esking 4a, D-48727 COMPANY, 800 North defective in the
Billerbeck, Germany Lindbergh Boulevard, polyhydroxyalkanoic acid
STEINBÜCHEL, Alexander , St. Louis, MO 63167, (PHA) synthesis via de
Rönnenthal 27, D-48341 Altenberge, United States of DNA SEQUENCE USEFUL FOR THE PRODUCTION OF novo fatty acid
369 Germany America POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES WO9806854A1 Feb. 19, 1998 1998 biosynthesis but
Preprint of the 6th int. conference on computer
Dynamics and control of the fed-batch production of poly- applications in biotech. Garmisch-Partenkirchen
370 Pomerleau; Y.; Perrier; M.; Bourque; D. beta-hydroxybutyrate 1995; 107-112 1995 646.
The mixed culture system

Department of was considered in the
Biochemical present research where
Engineering, Kyushu sugars such as glucose
Institute of were converted to
Technology, Iizuka, lactate by Lactobacillus
Fukuoka 820- 0067, Alcaligenes eutrophus - delbrueckii and the lactate
Japan * Corresponding Ralstonia eutropha - was converted to poly b-
author: Tel.: ?81 948 Dynamics and modeling on fermentative production of poly Lactobacillus delbrueckii - hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by
Tomoji Katoh, Daisuke Yuguchi, Haruki 29 7801; e- (beta-hydroxybutyric acid) from sugars via lactate by a lactate - Mixed culture - PHB Alcaligenes
Yoshii, Huidong Shi, Kazuyuki Shimizu mail:shimi@bse.kyutec mixed culture of fermentation - Dynamics - eutrophus in one Strain - Fermentation 683.
371 * h.ac.jp Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Biotechnol 1999 Jan 22;67(2-3):113-34 1999 Modeling - Metabolic pathways fermentor. - Kintetics Ganze Artikel
Centro de
Investigaciones
Biotecnológicas en
Microorganismos
(CIBEM), The bacterial polyester
Microbiología, poly-<beta>-
Facultad de was quantified and
Agronomía,
Universidad de characterized on an
Buenos Aires, Av. San Effect of aeration and carbon/nitrogen ratio on the isolate of the nitrogen-
Martín 4453,(1417) molecular mass of the biodegradable fixing bacteria Azotobacter
Buenos polymer chroococcum 6B on the
Aires, poly-<beta>-hydroxybutyrate obtained from Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract basis of its
372 J. C. Quagliano, Silvia S. Miyazaki Argentina Azotobacter chroococcum 6B Volume 48 Issue 5 (1997) pp 662-664 1997 average molecular mass,
Effect of Ammonium supplementation on production of poly-
beta-hydroxybutyric acid by Alcaligenes eutrophus in batch
373 Bitar; A.; Underhill; S culture Biotechnology Letters 1990; 12(8).563-568 1990 592.
Adress(es) /
(1) Department of In shake-flask culture,

Applied Biology, Methylobacterium
School of Life extorquens accumulated
Sciences, University of poly(3-
Hull, Hull, HU6 hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
7RX, possessing a substantially
UK higher weight-average
(2) molecular
Zeneca Bio Products, Effect of carbon source and concentration on the molecular mass (Mw)
Taidi; B.; Anderson; Dawes, A.J.; E.A.; PO Box 2, Billingham, mass of poly(3-hydroxyburyrate) produced by Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract than previously reported
374 Byrom; D. TS23 1YN, UK Methylobacterium extorquens and Alcaligenes eutrophus Volume 40 Issue 6 (1994) pp 786-790 1994 for this organism. 488 korr
In the present work,
attention was devoted to
understand how
different carbon
substrates and their
Departamento de concn. can influence the
Quimica, Faculdade prodn. of PHA by
de Ciencias e polyphosphate-
Tecnologia, accumulating bacteria.
Lemos, P. C.; Viana, C.; Salgueiro, E. Universidade Nova Acetate,
N.; Ramos, A. M.; Crespo, J. de Lisboa, Monte de Effect of carbon source on the formation of Enzyme Microb. Technol. (1998), 22(8), 662- propionate, and
P. S. G.; Reis, M. A. M. Caparica, 2825, Port. polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by a phosphate- 671 butyrate were tested
375 accumulating mixed culture 1998 independently.
In the present study,

attention was devoted to
understanding how
Departamento de different carbon
Quimica, Faculdade substrates and their
de Ciencais e concentration can
Tecnologia, influence
Universidade Nova the production of poly-
de Lisbon, 2825 Monte Effect of carbon source on the formation of beta-hydroxyalkanoates
de Caparica, Portugal. polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) by a phosphate- (PHA) by
Lemos P C; Viana C; Salgueiro E N; Email: accumulating mixed culture; effect of acetate, propionate phosphate-
Ramos A M; Crespo J P S G; amv@dq.fct.unl.pt and butyrate on poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate production Enzyme Microb.Technol.; (1998) 22, 8, 662-71 accumulating bacteria.
376 *Reis M A M and application in waste-water treatment 1998 Activated sludge
Effect of complex nitrogen source on the synthesis and
accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by
recombinant Escherichia coli in flask and fed-batch Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
377 Lee; S.Y.; Chang; H.N. cultures 1994; 2:169-176 1994 584.
Gu; J.-D.; Yang; S.; Welton; R.; Eberiel; Effect of environmental parameters on the degradability of Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
378 D.; McCarthy; S.P. polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors 1994; 2:129 1994 574.
Adress(es) /
Pseudomonas
resinovorans produced
poly-beta-
hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
when grown on
hydrocarbons but not on
glucose.
In a chemostat culture, the
PHA composition was
Department de Genie beta-hydroxybutyrate (C4)-
Chimique, Ecole beta-hydroxyhexanoate
Polytechnique de Effect of nitrogen limitation on long-side-chain (C6)-beta-
Ramsay BA, Saracovan I, Ramsay JA, Montreal, Quebec, poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate synthesis by Pseudomonas hydroxyoctanoate (C8)-
379 Marchessault RH Canada. resinovorans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 Feb;58(2):744-6 1992 beta-hydrox 441.
Effect of nutrient deficiency on accumulation and relative
Daniel; M.; Choi; J.H.; Kim; J.H.; molecular weight of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by
380 Lebeault; J.M. methylotrophic bacterium, Pseudomonas 135 Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 37:702-706 1992 608.
Effect of oxygen and nitrogen limitation on poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in ammonium-grown
381 Ward, A. C.; Rowley, B. I.; Dawes, E. A. Azotobacter beijerinckii Journal of general microbiology 1977; 102:61-68 1977 3.
The effect of dissolved

oxygen concentration on
glucose metabolism, poly-
(PHB) synthesis and
respiration of nitrogen-
fixing Azotobacter
Azotobacter beijerinckii - beijerinckii was
Department of Entnter-Doudoroff enzymes - investigated over a range
Biochemistry, Effect of oxygen concentration and growth rate on glucose nitrogenase - oxygen limitation - of values spanning oxygen
University of Hull, Hull metabolism, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis and Journal of General Microbiology 1979; 110:393- beta-ketothiolase - acetoacety- limitation and sufficiency
382 Carter; I.S.; Dawes; E.A. HU67RX respiration of Azotobacter beijerinckii 400 1979 CoA reductase - (n Strain - Metabolism 61.
Kahimoto; K.; Tsuboi; H.; Iwasaki; S.; Effect of pH on the production of poly-beta-hydroxybutylate Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 1993;
383 Shirai; Y. by photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodospirillum rubrum. 26:56-58 1993 487.
60 PHB/PET thermotropic
liq. crystal copolyester
was prepd. by melt
copolymn. of a mixt. of 60
parts p-acetoxybenzoic
acid (PHB) and 40
parts poly(ethylene glycol
phase transition flow liq crystal terephthalate) (PET) at
Effect of phase transition and heat treatment on flow polyester 290° and the
Textile Univ. China, characteristics of heat treatment acetoxybenzoic flowability was measured
Wang, Huaping; Guan, Guihe; Zhang, Shanghai 200051, 60 PHB/PET thermotropic liquid crystal copolyester. Hecheng Xianwei Gongye, acid polyester by a capillary rheometer at
384 Yueting Peop. Rep. China 19(2), 18-22 (Chinese) 1996 1996 25
Adress(es) /
The effect of PHB content

on the survival of wild-type
strains and
PHB-neg. mutants of
Departamento de Bacillus megaterium and
Quimica Biologica, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Facultad de Ciencias in natural waters was
Exactas y Naturales, studied. The survival
Universidad de strategy of B. megaterium
Lopez, Nancy I.; Floccari, Mirtha E.; Buenos Effect of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) content on the polyhydroxybutyrate bacteria was dominated by the
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Garcia, Aires 1428-Buenos starvation-survival of bacteria in natural waters. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 16(2), survival starvation river development of resistant
385 Augusto F.; Mendez, Beatriz S. Aires, Argent. 95-102 (English) 1995 1995 forms
Effect of propionic acid on poly (beta-hydroxybutyric-co-
beta-hydroxyvaleric) acid production by Alcaligenes
386 Kim; J.H.; Kim; B.G.; Choi; C.Y. eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1992; 14:903-906 1992 455.
Effect of single nutrient limitation on poly-á-
Asenjo; J.A.; Schmidt; A.S.; Andersen; hydroxybutyrate molecular weight distribution in Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1995; 46:497-
387 P.R.; Andrews; B.A. Alcaligenes eutrophus 502 1995 504.
Effect of the feeding made biosynthesis of poly(3- Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994;
388 C.H.Park; V.K.Damodaran hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) 44:1306-1314 1994 518.
Effects of amino acid addition on polar fraction of 3-

hydroxyvalerate in copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3- Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
389 Yoon; J.S.; Kim; J.Y.; Rhee; Y.H. hydroxyvalerate synthesized by Alcaligenes sp. SH-69 1995; 80(4):350-354 1995 601.
Effects of culture conditions on molecular weights of poly(3-
hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Pseudomonas putida
390 Hori; K.; Soga; K.; Doi; Y. from octanoate Biotechnology Letters 1994; 16:709-714 1994 496.
Effects of culture conditions on poly(beta-hydroxybutyric Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1990;

391 Lillo; J.G.; Rodriguez-Valera; F. acid) production by Haloferax mediterranei 56(8):2517-2521 1990 308.
The mol. wt. of
polyhydroxybutyric acid
(PHB) produced by
Alcaligenes
sp. K-912 is an important
parameter characterizing
the phys.
properties of the polymer.
Department of Alcaligenes polyhydroxybutyric The effects of temp. and
Chemical Engineering, Effects of culture conditions on the molecular weight of acid mol wt the levels of
Seoul National polyhydroxybutyric acid (PHB) produced by Alcaligenes sp. PHB mol wt Alcaligenes culture glucose, ammonium,
University, Seoul 151- K-912. ). J. Microbiol. condition phosphate and amino
392 Yeom, Sung Ho; Yoo, Young Je 742, S. Korea Biotechnol., 4(3), 210-14 (English) 1994 1994 acids on the mol.
Adress(es) /
Effects of diln. rate, inlet

glucose and ammonium
chloride concns. on
the performance of
continuous culture of
Alcaligenes eutrophus for
Alcaligenes poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
polyhydroxybutyrate fermn (PHB) prodn. were
Dep. Chem. Eng., Effects of glucose and ammonium concentrations in glucose ammonium investigated. When inlet
Seoul Natl. Univ., continuous culture computer simulation PHB fermn substrate concns. were
Seoul 151-742, S. for poly-b-hydroxybutyrate production. Sanop Misaengmul Hakhoechi, 20(5), Alcaligenes maintained const. (inlet
393 Lee, Yong Woo; Yoo, Young Je Korea 597-606 (Korean) 1992 1992 glu
1 Tsukuba Research
Laboratory, Tokuyama As one of a series of
Soda Co. Ltd., 40 studies concerning the
Wadai Tsukuba, realtionship between the
Ibaraki 300-42, Japan; higher-order structure and
2 Fermentation the biodegradability of a
Research Institute, biodegradable plastsic,
Agency of Industrial the effects of the crystal
Science and Biodegradable plastic - structure of the plastic on
Technology, 1-1-3 Effects of higher-order structure of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) microbial degradation - crystal microbial degradation
Higashi Tsukuba, on its biodegradation. II. Effects of crystal structure on Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation sturcture - physiological were investigated. Crystallinity -
394 Nishida; H.1; Tokiwa; Y.2 Ibaraki 305, Japan. microbial dgeradation 1993; 1(1):56-80 1993 behavior Bacterial po Degradation 558.
Effects of propionate on accumulation of poly(beta-
Lee; I.Y.; Kim; M.K.; Chang; H.N.; Park; hydroxybutrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate) and excretion of
395 Y.H. pyruvate in Alcaligenes eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1994; 16:611-616 1994 460.
Biological Process
Technology Institute,
Uni6ersity of
Minnesota, 240
Gortner Laboratories, We have increased the
1479 Gortner A6enue, gene dosage of the poly(3-
St. Paul, hydroxybutyrate)
MN 55108, USA biosynthesis operon in
b Department of Ralstonia eutropha
Chemical Engineering (formerly Alcaligenes
and Materials Science, eutrophus) to test
Uni6ersity of whether PHB synthesis
Minnesota, 240 PHB synthesis rates; Poly(3- rates may be increased by
J. Kurt Jackson a , Friedrich Srienc a,b, Gortner Laboratories, Effects of recombinant modulation of the phbCAB operon J. Biotechnol. (1999), 68(1), 49-60 hydroxybutyrate); Ralstonia recombinant methods.
396 * 1479 copy number on PHB synthesis rates in Ralstonia eutropha 1999 eutropha The native R. eutropha ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
a Biological Process The gene dosage of the

Technology Institute, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Uni6ersity of (PHB)
Minnesota, 240 biosynthesis operon
Gortner Laboratories, was increased in
1479 Gortner A6enue, Ralstonia eutropha H16
St. Paul,MN 55108, (ATCC
USAb Department of 17699) to test whether
Chemical Engineering PHB synthesis rates may
and Materials Science, Effects of recombinant modulation of the phbCAB operon be increased by
Uni6ersity of copy number on PHB synthesis rates in Ralstonia PHB synthesis rates; Poly(3- recombinant methods.
Minnesota, 240 eutropha; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production following J.Biotechnol.; (1999) 68, 1, 49-60 hydroxybutyrate); Ralstonia The native phbCAB
397 Jackson J K; *Srienc F Gortner Laboratories, plasmid pKT230 expression in bacterium 1999 eutropha operon was in ganze Artikel
The effects of rheol.

changes in the culture
medium, caused by the
addn. of sodium CM-
cellulose (CMC), on the
autotrophic prodn. of
poly-(D-3-hydroxybutyric
acid) [P(3HB)] by
Faculty Agriculture, Effects of rheologic conditions in the culture medium on the was
Kyushu University, autotrophic investigated in an air-lift
Taga, Naohiko; Tanaka, Kenji; Ishizaki, Fukuoka 812-81, production of poly-(D-3-hydroxybutyric acid) in an air-lift J. Fac. Agric., Kyushu rheol polyhydroxybutyrate fermentor. Addn. of
398 Ayaaki Japan fermentor. Univ., 40(1-2), 197-207 (English) 1995 1995 manuf Alcaligenes 0.05%
The effects of rheological

change by addition of
sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
Department of Food (CMC) to culture medium
Science and Effects of rheological change by addition of in an air-lift-type
Technology, Faculty of carboxymethylcellulose in fermentor on autotrophic
Agriculture, Kyushu culture media of an air-lift fermentor on poly-D-3- polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA); production of poly-(D-3-
University, 46-09 hydroxybutyric acid Alcaligenes eutrophus; hydroxybutyric acid)
Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, productivity in autotrophic culture of hydrogen-oxidizing Biotechnology & Bioengineering autotrophic culture; air-lift [P(3HB)] by two-stage
Naohiko Taga, Kenji Tanaka, Ayaaki Fukuoka 812-81, bacterium, Volume 53, Issue 5, 1997. Pages: 529- fermentor; carboxy- culture of Alcaligenes
399 Ishizaki * Japan Alcaligenes eutrophus 533 1997 methylcellulose (CMC) eutrophus is in
Adress(es) /
A simple method for the

recovery of microbial
Department of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Chemical Engineering [P(3HB)] from recombinant
and BioProcess Escherichia coli
Engineering Research harboring the Ralstonia
Center, Korea eutropha PHA
Advanced Institute of biosynthesis genes was
Science and developed. Various acids
Technology, 373-1 Efficient and economical recovery of poly(3- (HCl, H2SO4), alkalies
Kusong-dong, Yusong- hydroxybutyrate) from poly(3-hydroxybutyrate); (NaOH,
gu, Taejon 305-701, recombinant Escherichia coli by simple digestion with Biotechnology & Bioengineering Volume 62, recovery; recombinant KOH, and NH4OH), and
400 Jong-il Choi, Sang Yup Lee * Korea chemicals Issue 5, 1999. Pages: 546-553 1999 Escherichia coli; alkali surf
Institute of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates)
Biotechnology, ETH (PHA) have the potential
Hönggerberg, CH- to become a
8093 Zürich, biodegradable
Switzerland Tel.: ++41 alternative
1 for conventional plastics.
In order to produce PHA
6333402 Fax: ++41 1 Efficient production of medium-chain-length at competitive costs in
6331051 e-mail: poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) from octane by comparison
hzu@biotech.biol.ethz. Pseudomonas Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract with commonly used
401 W. Hazenberg, B. Witholt ch oleovorans: economic considerations Volume 48 Issue 5 (1997) pp 588-596 1997 plastics, eff
The ability of Alcaligenes
eutrophus to grow and
produce
(PHA) on plant
oils was
Polymer Chemistry evaluated. When olive oil,
Laboratory, Institute of corn oil, or palm oil was
Physical and Chemical Efficient production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from plant fed as a sole carbon
Research (RIKEN), oils by source, the
Saitama, Alcaligenes eutrophus and its recombinant wild-type
402 Fukui T, Doi Y Japan. strain. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 Mar;49(3):333-6 1998 strain of
Electrospray 'soft'
ionisation (ESI) and
multistep mass
spectrometry (MS(n))
techniques enable
characterisation of a
bioactive polymer,
Electrospray multistep ion trap mass spectrometry for the poly[(R,S)-3-
Polish Academy of structural hydroxybutanoic acid] (a-
Sciences, Centre for characterisation of poly[(R,S)-3- PHB), containing
Polymer Chemistry, 41- hydroxybutanoic acid] containing a Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2000;14(4):195- covalently
403 Adamus G, Kowalczuk M 800 Zabrze, Poland. beta-lactam end group. 202 2000 bonded
Adress(es) /
Encystment and polymer production by Azotobacter
vinelandii in the
404 Lin LP, Sadoff HL presence of beta-hydroxybutyrate. J Bacteriol 1968 Jun;95(6):2336-43 1968 Abstract unavailable.
Engineering and biochemical analysis of the bioconversion 169 pp.
of methane Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No. methane fermn
Columbia Univ., New into an intracellular polymer: poly-b-hydroxybutyrate DA8710227 From: Diss. Abstr. polyhydroxybutyrate
405 Suk, Julie Suehyun York, NY, USA (PHB). Int. B 1987, 48(1), 204 (English) 1987 1987 Methylcystis Abstract Unavailable
In order to scale up
medium-chain-length
polyhydroxyalkanoate (mcl-
PHA) production in
recombinant
microorganisms, we
Institute of generated and
Biotechnology, ETH Engineering of stable recombinant bacteria for production investigated different (R)-3-
Honggerberg, CH- of chiral recombinant bacteria hydroxybutyryl-
Prieto MA, Kellerhals MB, Bozzato GB, 8093 Zurich, medium-chain-length poly-3- containing a CoA in plant
406 Radnovic D, Witholt B, Kessler B Switzerland. hydroxyalkanoates. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Aug;65(8):3265-71 1999 stable regulated expr peroxisomes.
Univ. of Minnesota,
Leaf, Timothy Anders Minneapolis, MN, USA Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1999, 59(8), 4287
407 Engineering yeast for polyhydroxybutyrate production 1999 Abstract unavailable.
Univ.Kyungpook-Nat.; Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Korea- (PHB) and poly-beta-
Res.Inst.Biosci.Biotech hydroxyvalerate or
nol. PHB and poly-gamma-
LO Department of hydroxybutyrate
Genetic Engineering, copolymers were
College of Natural produced using
Sciences, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Kyungpook Enhanced biosynthesis of P(3HB-3HV) and P(3HB-4HB) H16 (ATCC 17699)
National University, by amplification of the cloned PHB biosynthesis genes in transformants AER3,
Taegu 702-701, Alcaligenes eutrophus; metabolic engineering for poly-beta- AER4
Korea. hydroxybutyrate and poly-beta-hydroxyvalerate or poly- and AER5, harboring
408 Lee Y H; Park J S; Huh T L gamma-hydroxybutyrate copolymer pr Biotechnol.Lett.; (1997) 19, 8, 771-74 1997 recombinant plasmids c
1. Using cells of
Hydrogenomonas H 16
after mutagenesis by
nitrous acid about 0.4
percent and by 1-nitoso-3-
nitro-1-methylguanidine
1.5 percent auxotrophic
mutants were found
Hydrogenomonas H 16 - among the survivors. In
Institut für Enrichment and Isolation of Auxotrophic Mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - order to increase the
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas H 16 / Anreicherung und Isolierung Arch. Mikrobiol. 1969; 67:99-109 (Article in Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - mutant yield an
409 Reh; M.; Schlegel; H.G. Universität Göttingen auxotropher Mutanten von Hydrogenomonas H 16 German) 1969 mutants - colistine enrichment method Strain 94.
Adress(es) /
Centrifugation through
sucrose gradients was
adapted to separate spore-
forming cells of B.
Departamento de megaterium deficient in
Quimica Biologica, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Facultad de Ciencias synthesis from wild type
Exactas y Naturales, cells. The conditions
Universidad de Enrichment for mutants of Bacillus megaterium deficient in described allowed the
Floccari ME, Tiscornia G, Palmada F, Buenos Aires, the synthesis Rev Argent Microbiol 1991 Jan-Feb;23(1):26-9 detection of mutant clones
410 Mendez BS Argentina. of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. [Article in Spanish] 1991 Bacillus megaterium screening a low pe strain
Bacteriology
Department, University
of Edinburgh, Teviot
411 Duguid, J.P.; Wilkinson, J.F. Place, Edinburgh 8 Environmentally induced changes in bacterial morphology 11th Symp. Soc. Gen. Micr. 1961; 64-99 1961 Bacterial morphology No abstract. Others 113. Corr.
A novel method for

monitoring the
degradation of poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate) based on
the enzymatic assay of
(HBA) monomers has
Department of been developed. The
Chemical Engineering method is particularly
and Applied applicable to forms of the
Chemistry, Aston Enzymatic assay of hydroxybutyric acid monomer polymer,
University, formation in such as fibre and
412 Foster LJ, Tighe BJ Birmingham, UK. poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) degradation studies. Biomaterials 1995 Mar;16(4):341-3 1995 microcapsu
A bacterium capable of
degrading poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]
was isolated from
laboratory media and
identified as
Pseudomonas pickettii.
The strain P. pickettii
Polymer Chemistry excreted an extracellular
Laboratory, Institute of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
Physical and Chemical Enzymatic degradation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) by (PHA) depolymerase and
Research (RIKEN), Pseudomonas grew
413 Yamada K, Mukai K, Doi Y Saitama, Japan. pickettii. Int J Biol Macromol 1993 Aug;15(4):215-20 1993 on P(3HB) as
Jesudason; J.J.; Marchessault; R.H.; Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
414 Saito; T. Enzymatic degradation of poly(R,S)-beta-hydroxybutyrate 1993; 1(2):89-98 1993 560.
Adress(es) /
The enzyme activity
synthesizing poly-beta-
was mainly localized in
the PHB-containing
particulate
fraction of Zoogloea
ramigera I-16-M, when it
grew flocculatedly in a
medium supplemented
Fukui, T.; Yoshimoto, A.; Matsumoto, with glucose. On the other
M.; Hosokawa, S.; Saito, T.; Nishikawa, Enzymatic synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in hand,
415 H.; Tomito, K. Zoogloea ramigera. Arch Microbiol 1976 Nov 2;110(23):149-56 1976 the enzyme a 10.
Department of
Bacteriology,
University of Enzymatic synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in
416 Doudoroff, J.M. Merrick M. California, Berkeley bacteria Nature 1961; 189:890-892 1961 No abstract. 74.
Enzymatischer Abbau von Poly-D-3-hydroxybuttersäure

417 Korneti; L.; Braunegg; G. durch Exodepolymerasebildenede Pseudomonaden 206.
A combined chem. and
enzymic procedure has
been developed to
synthesize macroscopic
poly[(R)-(-)-3-
granules
in vitro. The granules
form in a matter of minutes
when purified
Metabolix, Inc., Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of poly[(R)-(-)-3- polyhydroxyalkanoate
Cambridge, MA 02142, hydroxybutyrate]: formation Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92(14), 6279-83 polyhydroxybutyrate granule (PHA) synthase from
418 Gerngross, T. U.; Martin, D. P. USA of macroscopic granules in vitro. (English) 1995 1995 semisynthesis Alcaligenes eutro
enzymic degrdn
hydroxybutyrate
hydroxyvalerate copolymer
mechanism hydroxybutyrate
Univ. of Enzymic degradation of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta- Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1995, 56(3), 1458 (English) hydroxyvalerate copolymer
Massachusetts, hydroxyvalerate): physicochemical mechanistic aspects. 1995. DOCUMENT biodegrdn Abstract Unavailable
419 Timmins, Mark Robert Amherst, MA, USA TYPE: Dissertation 1995
The secretion mechanism

and properties of an
extracellular
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) depolymerase of
Polymer Chemistry Pseudomonas stutzeri
Laboratory, The YM1006, which had
Institute of Physical Enzymic degradation of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]: been isolated from sea
and secretion and water, were studied in the
Chemical Research properties of ***PHB*** depolymerase from culture contg. poly[(R)-
Uefuji, Megumi; Kasuya, Ken-Ichi; Doi, (RIKEN), Wako, 351- pseudomonas stutzeri 3-hydroxybutyrate]
420 Yoshiharu 01, Japan Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1997), 58(3), 275-281 1997 [P(3HB)
Adress(es) /
A bench-scale fermn.
system with several safety
devices, control
systems, and a specially
designed agitation system
was built for the
safety polyhydroxybutyrate prodn. by Alcaligenes
prodn fermentor Alcaligenes eutrophus of poly-b-
Ishizaki, Ayaaki; Tanaka, Kenji; Dep. Food Sci. polyhydroxybutyrate prodn hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
Takeshita, Toshihiro; Kanemaru, Technol., Kyushu Equipment and operation for fermentative PHB production fermentor Alcaligenes oxygen from H2, O2, and CO2.
Toshihisa; Shimoji, Takashi; Kawano, Univ., Fukuoka 812, using gaseous substrate to guarantee safety from J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., regulation The new fermentor allows
421 Takeharu Japan explosion 26(2), 225-7 (English) 1993 1993 use o 486.
Estimation of fermentation biomass concentration by Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1978;
422 Zabriskie; D.W.; Humphrey; A.E. measuring culture fluorescence 35(2):337-343 1978 270.
Etudes sur l'autolyse microbienne acidification par
423 Lemoigne; M. formation d'acide á-oxybutyrique Annales de l'institut Pasteur 1925; 39:145-173 1925 216.
Etudes sur l'autolyse microbienne origine de l'acide beta-
424 Lemoigne; M. oxobutyrique forme par autolyse Annales de l'institut Pasteur 1927; 41:149-165 1927 217.
(1) Instituto de
Pesquisas
Tecnológicas do A screening programme
Estado de S. Paulo was developed leading to
S/A-IPT, Caixa Postal the isolation of 75 strains
7141, of soil
CEP gram-
01064-970, São Paulo, negative bacteria which
Brazil. Fax: 55 011 are able to produce
J. G. C. Gomez (1), M. F. A. Rodrigues 869 3566 polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
(1), R. C. P. Alli (1), B. B. Torres (2), C. (2) Evaluation of soil gram-negative bacteria yielding (PHA) from
L. Bueno Departamento de polyhydroxyalkanoic acids from Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract sugar-cane
Netto (1), M. S. Oliveira Bioquímica, Instituto carbohydrates and Volume 45 Issue 6 (1996) pp 785-791 derivatives. The
425 (1), L. F. da Silva (1) de Química, Universi propionic acid 1996 evaluation
The inhibition of fructose

utilization by whole cells
Hydrogenomonas eutropha H of Hydrogenomonas
16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - eutrophus H 16, following
Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - the addition of hydrogen
Institut für Intracellular concentrations - to the gas phase, has
Mikrobiologie der Poolsize (PEP, ATP, ADP, been explained as an
Gesellschaft für Evidence for the in vivo regulation of 6-phosphate AMP, NAD, NADH, G-6-P, 6- inhibition of glucose 6-
Strahlen- und dehydrogenase activity in Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 PG, F-6-P) - Glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase
Umweltforschung mbH from measurements of the intracellular concentrations of phosphat dehydrogenase - (Blackkolb and Schlegel,
426 Bowien, B.; Cook, A.M.; Schlegel, H.G. München, in Göttingen metabolic intermediates Arch. Microbiol. 1974; 97:273-281 1974 Enzyme regulation 1968). The intra Strain - Metabolism 114. Korr.
Adress(es) /
Department of
Microbiology,
University of Sheffield
S10 2TN, England,
and Universität
Konstanz, Fachbereich
Biologie, D-775
Konstanz, Postfach
427 Quayle, J.Rodney; Ferenci, Thomas 7733, West Germany Evolutionary Aspects of Autotrophy Microbiological Reviews 1978; 42(2):251-273 1978 autotrophy No abstract. others 51.
Excretion of metabolites by hydrogen bacteria IV.
Vollbrecht, D.; Schlegel, H.G.; Respiration rate-dependent formation of primary European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1979;
428 Stoschek, G.; Janczikowski, A. metabolites and of poly-3-hydroxybutanoate 7:267-276 1979 25.
Excretion of metabolites by hydrogen bacteria. III. D(-)- European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1979;
429 Vollbrecht, D.; Schlegel, H.G. 3hydroxybutanoate 7:259-266 1979 26.
Vollbrecht, D.; El Nawawy, M.A.; Excretion of Metabolites by hydrogen bacteriaI. Autotrophic European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1978;
430 Schlegel, H.G. and heterotrophic fermentations 6:145-155 1978 184.
Excretion of metabolites by hydrogen bacteriaII. Influences European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1978;
431 Vollbrecht; D.; Schlegel; H.G. of Aeration, pH,Temperature, and Age of Cells 6:157-166 1978 239.
Mutants of A. eutrophus,
which are defective in the
intracellular
accumulation of poly(b-
hydroxybutyric acid)
(PHB) were cultivated in
the
presence of excess
Excretion of pyruvate by mutants of Alcaligenes eutrophus, carbon source after
Inst. Mikrobiol., which are growth had ceased due to
Georg-August Univ., impaired in the accumulation of poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid) Appl. depletion of ammonium,
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Schlegel, Goettingen D-3400, (PHB), Microbiol. Biotechnol., 31(2), 168-75 (English) Alcaligenes pyruvate excretion sulfate, phosphate,
432 Hans G. Fed. Rep. Ger. under conditions permitting synthesis of PHB. 1989 1989 polyhydroxybutyrate potassium 397.
1 Laboratoire
dÁutomatique,
Dynamique et Analyse
des Systèmes
University of Louvain, An experimental
Bâtiment Maxwell B- validation, on a pilot
1348 Louvain-la- bioreactor, of an
neuve, Belgium; 2 asymptotic observer for on
Sovay and Cie, line estimation of biomass
Direction Centrale des Fourth international congress on computer Alcaligenes eutrophus - and product
Recherches, Rue de applications in fermentation technology: Ralstonia eutropha - Kinetic concentrations from CO2
Ransbeek, 310 B-1120 Experimental validation of a methodology for on line state SCI/IFAC symposium on modelling and control of model - Pilot plant reactor - On- measurements is
433 Dochain, D.1;de Buyl, E.2; Bastin, G.1 Bruxelles estimation in bioreactors biotechnological processes 1988 1988 line biomass estimation - presented. Kinetics 295.
Adress(es) /
Complementation analysis
of a polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA)-negative mutant of
Aeromonas
caviae
Polymer Chemistry proved that ORF3 in the
Laboratory, The pha locus (a 402-bp gene
Institute of Physical Expression and characterization of (R)-specific enoyl located downstream of the
and Chemical coenzyme A PHA
Research (RIKEN), hydratase involved in polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase
biosynthesis by Aeromonas gene) participates in PHA
434 Fukui T, Shiomi N, Doi Y Saitama, Japan. caviae. J Bacteriol 1998 Feb;180(3):667-73 1998 bi
The 12.5-kb EcoRI

restriction fragment PP1 of
A. eutrophus strain
H16, which encodes for b-
ketothiolase, NADP-
dependent
acetoacetyl-CoA
Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - reductase and poly(b-
Ralstonia eutropha H 16- hydroxybutyric acid)
polyhydroxybutyrate formation synthase
Inst. Mikrobiol., gene - cloning Pseudomonas was mobilized to six
Georg-August-Univ., Expression of the Alcaligenes eutrophus poly(b- PHB synthase gene - different species of the
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Schubert, Goettingen D-3400, hydroxybutyric Arch. Alcaligenes cloning genus Pseudomonas
435 Peter Fed. Rep. Ger. acid)-synthetic pathway in Pseudomonas sp. Microbiol., 153(1), 101-4 (English) 1989 1989 Pseudomonas belo Strain - Metabolism 301.
The PHA-degrading
isolate, strain P37C, was
enriched from residential
compost for its ability to
hydrolyze the medium
chain
Department of length PHA, poly(beta-
Microbiology, hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO).
University of It was subsequently found
Massachusetts to grow on a wide range of
Quinteros R, Goodwin S, Lenz RW, Amherst, 01003, USA. Extracellular degradation of medium chain length PHAs, including both
436 Park WH poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates) by Comamonas sp. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):135-43 1999 short chai
The ability of succinate to

repress the secretion of
depolymerase was a
Department of function of pH. Repression
Microbiology, School only occured when the pH
of Medicine, State of the medium was 7.0 or
University of New York less. At a higher pH, lack
at Buffalo, Buffalo, Pseudomonas lemoignei - PHB of sensitivity to succinate
437 Stinson, M.W.; Merrick, J.M. New York 14214 Extracellular enzyme secretion by Pseudomonas lemoignei J.Bacteriol. 1974; 119:152-161 1974 depolymerase con Strain - Metabolism 86.
Adress(es) /
Enzymatic degradation
processes of microbial
copolyesters, poly(3-
hydroxyvalerate): P(3HB-
co-3HV)
and poly(3-
Research Laboratory hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
of Resources hydroxybutyrate): P(3HB-
Utilization, Tokyo co-4HB), were studied by
Institute of Extracellular poly(hydroxyalkanoate) depolymerases and the weight loss (erosion)
Technology, their inhibitor of
438 Mukai K, Yamada K, Doi Y Yokohama, Japan. from Pseudomonas lemoignei. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Aug;14(4):235-9 1992 copolyester films. These s
Previous investigations on
the role of the polymerase
in the synthesis of poly-3-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) are
Polymer Science and reviewed, and the
Engineering results from earlier in vitro
Department, University studies on the activity and
of Massachusetts, selectivity of the
Amherst 01003, USA. Extracellular polymerization of 3-hydroxyalkanoate polymerase of Alcaligenes
Lenz RW, Farcet C, Dijkstra PJ, rwlenz@polysci.umass monomers with the eutrophus are discussed.
439 Goodwin S, Zhang S .edu polymerase of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):55-60 1999 In
(PHB) or poly-beta-
hydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) co-polymers are
extracted from Alcaligenes
eutrophus ATCC
17699 (KCTC 1006)
using alkali and protease,
Extraction method of PHB or PHA copolymer using alkali in a method that
Kohap and protease; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate or poly-beta- involves: (1) washing
Im K B; Kim K J LO Korea. hydroxyalkanoate co-polymer purification from Alcaligenes KR 9502866 27 Mar 1995 strain KCTC 1006 in water
440 eutrophus 1995 a
Poly-(b-hydroxybutyric
acid) (PHB) was produced
by fermn. with S.
natans. The culture
medium contained 0.1%
glucose and 0.1%
peptone, pH 8. After the
cells were isolated by
Shenyang Inst. polyhydroxybutyrate prodn centrifugation, the cells
Appl. Ecol., Acad. Sin., Sphaerotilus were ruptured by freeze-
Zhang, Lixin; Wang, Jinping; Guo, Shenyang 110015, Extraction of PHB from Sphaerotilus natans. Weishengwuxue Zazhi, 13(1), 30-3 (Chinese) PHB extn Sphaerotilus thawing. After
441 Xiujun; Kuai, Jun Peop. Rep. China 1993 1993 centrifugation
Adress(es) /
Poly ( beta -hydroxy

butyric acid), PHB, is
extracted from a
suspension of bacterial
cells by causing the cells
to flocculate, by
pH modification,
optionally with heating,
and then extracting the
PHB from the flocculated
WALKER JOHN; WHITTON US4358583 cells with a suitable
442 JONATHAN R ICI PLC Extraction of poly( beta -hydroxy butyric acid) 1982-11-09 1982 extract
Poly( beta -hydroxybutyric

acid), PHB, extraction by
agglomeration of spray
dried bacterial cells
containing PHB with
flocculated
cells, or with some cell
GB2089823 suspension, followed by
443 ICI PLC Extraction of poly( beta -hydroxybutyric acid) 1982-06-30 1982 contact with a solvent.
The title ester is extd. from

the predried biomass with
a non-chlorinated
org. solvent such as
acetone or THF. The
biomass may be dried by
suspension in acetone or
iPrOH and agitation until a
Extraction of poly-(beta)-hydroxy-octanoate from microbial polyhydroxyoctanoate extn uniform mixt. is
biomass. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9311656 A1 microorganism org solvent obtained, sepn. of the
444 Ohleyer, Eric Firmenich S. A., Switz. 10 Jun 1993, 1993 cells, and air-drying.
Poly( beta -hydroxy

butyric acid), PHB, is
extracted from a
suspension of bacterial
cells by causing the cells
to flocculate, by pH
modification, optionally
with heating, and then
WALKER JOHN; WHITTON extracting the PHB from
JONATHAN RICHARD; ALDERSON ICI EP0046017 the flocculated cells with a
445 BARRY PLC (GB) Extraction of poly(beta-hydroxy butyric acid). 1982-02-17 1982 suitable extracti
Adress(es) /
Poly( beta -hydroxybutyric

acid), PHB, extraction
from a bacterial cell
suspension by heating to
above 100 DEG C under
pressure, releasing the
pressure, and separating
HOLMES PAUL ARTHUR; JONES ICI PLC PHB granules from the
446 ERIC (GB) Extraction of poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid). EP0046335 1982-02-24 1982 cell debris.
Poly( beta -
hydroxybutyric acid) is
separated from bacterial
cells by drying a finely
divided stream or spray of
an aqueous
suspension of the cells
with a gas heated to
above 100 DEG C. and
then extracting the PHB,
SENIOR PETER J; WRIGHT preferably after a lipid
447 LEONARD F; ALDERSON BARRY ICI LTD Extraction process US4324907 1982-04-13 1982 extraction
ETH Zürich, Arbeitstagung "Aufarbeitung in der
448 Lafferty, R. M.; Heinzle, E. Extraktion eines Thermoplasten aus Bakterien Biotechnologie" 1977 1977 193.
A marine photosynthetic
bacterium,
Rhodopseudomonas sp.
strain
W-1S, accumulated
Faculty of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Pharmaceutical (PHB) to 56% of the
Sciences, Osaka dry cell weight under
University, 1-6 microaerobic and
Chowdhury W Q; Idehara K; Maeda I; Yamada-oka, Factors affecting polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in the photoheterotrophic
Umeda F; *Yagi K; Miura Y; Suita, Osaka 565, marine photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas sp. conditions. The
Mizoguchi T Japan. strain W-1S; poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid production Appl.Biochem.Biotechnol.; (1996) 57-58, 361-66 addition of NaCl and
450 (conference paper) 1996 phosphate was
Following Hartman, who
first suggested the use of
Sudan black B, in the
place of red Sudans, as a
bacterial fat stain
(Hartman, 1910) Burdon,
Department of Stokes, and Kimbrough
Bacteriology and (1942) confirmed the
Immunology, Baylor greater value of this dye
University College of and modified the
Medicine, Houston, Fatty material in bacterial and fungi revealed by staining procedure for
452 Burdon, K.L. Texas dried, fixed slide preparations J. Bacteriol. 1946; 52:665-678 1946 Sudan black - fatty material demonstrating Others 116. Korr.
Adress(es) /
Rubber latex effluent is a

polluting source that has a
high biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD). It is
estimated that about 100
Department of million liters of effluent are
Chemical and discharged daily from
Environmental rubber processing
Engineering, Faculty of Feasibility study on the utilization of rubber latex effluent factories. Utilization of this
Tang SN, Fakhru'l-Razi A, Hassan MA, Engineering, Universiti for producing Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 1999 effluent such as the use of
453 Karim MI Putra Malaysia. bacterial biopolymers. Sep-Nov;27(5-6):411-6 1999 a
Expt. was successfully
carried out to produce
poly-.beta.-
hydroxybutyric acid
(PHB) by fed-batch culture
of recombinant
Erwinia carotovora.
Chinese Academi Sci., Fermn. was performed for
Sheng, Qing; Mo, Haitao; Chen, Inst. Chem. Metall., 25 h in a 300 L
Bingyu; Xia, Linpei; Tian, Jiesheng; Beijing, 100080, Peop. air-lift bioreactor using
Wu, Baihe; Li, Jilun Rep. China Fed-batch culture of Erwinia carotovora for PHB production Huagong Yejin (1997), 18(4), 358-362 industrial sucrose as
454 in a 300L air-lift bioreactor 1997 carbon s
Continuous fermentation
of Alcaligenes micro-
organisms capable of
accumulating PHB under
limitation of a nutrient
required for
growth, but not PHB
accumulation, so that the
PHB content is above
25% by weight. By means
of this the carbon in the
HUGHES LORENZO (GB); ICI PLC Fermentation process for the production of poly( beta - carbon
455 RICHARDSON KENNETH R (GB) (GB) hydroxy butyric acid) US4433053 1984-02-21 1984
Lafferty; R.M.; Oeding; V.; Robra; K.H.;
456 Schlegel; H.G. Fermentationstechnik mit Knallgasbakterien Dechema-Monographien 1972; 71:37-52 1972 93.
Fermentative production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid

from xylose by a two-stage culture method employing
457 Tanaka; K.; Katamune; K.; Ishizaki; A. Lactococcus lactis IO-1 and Alcaligenes eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1993; 15:1217-1222 1993 454.

certain compositions
useful in making films and
their preparation, which
compositions comprise
polyhydroxy acid (PHA)
and a compatibilizer. It
also relates to films
comprising such
BELLIS HAROLD DU FILMS CONTAINING POLYHYDROXY ACIDS AND A compositions and other
458 EDWARD (US); LIN KANG (US) PONT (US) COMPATIBILIZER WO9204410 1992-03-19 1992 polymers.
Adress(es) /
A series of expression
plasmids containing either
the complete insert from
plasmid pUCDBK1
(Peoples et al., 1987) or
sub-fragments thereof
were constructed in a tac
Department of Biology, Fine structural analysis of the Zoogloea ramigera phbA- promoter vector. Analysis
Massachusetts phbB locus of protein lysates of
Institute of encoding beta-ketothiolase and acetoacetyl-CoA induced cultures of these
Technology, reductase: nucleotide clones
459 Peoples OP, Sinskey AJ Cambridge 02139. sequence of phbB. Mol Microbiol 1989 Mar;3(3):349-57 1989 identifie
Fine structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate inclusions in Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, National

460 Lin, L.-P.; Fong, J.-C. the cells and cysts of Azotobacter vinelandii Taiwan University 1976; 17(1):60-65 1976 7.
Fine stucture of poly-beta-hyroxybutyric acid granules in a
461 T.E.Jensen; Sicko, L.M. blue-green alga, Chlorogloea fritschii Journal of Bacteriology 1971; 2:683-686 1971 82.
Azospirillum lipoferum
RG6xx was grown under
1 Department of conditions similar to those
Agronomy, 2 resulting in encystment of
Department of Soil Azotobacter spp.. A.
Science, 3 Department lipoferum produced cells
of Microbiology and of uniform shape when
Cell Science, grown on nitrogen-free
University of Florida, Azospirillum lipoferum RG6xx - beta-hydroxybutyrate
Bleakley, B.H.1; Gaskins, M.H.1; Gainesville, Florida Floc formation by Azospirillum lipoferum grown on Poly- Appl. and environm. Microbiol. 1988; Azotobacter - microflocs - agar. Cells accumulated
462 Hubbell, D.H.2; Zam, S.G.3 32611 beta-hydroxybutyrate 54(12):2986-2995 1988 Encapsulation poly-beta-hydroxybu Strain - Morphology 674.
(1) Institut für
Biochemie, Wilhelm-
Klemm-Straße 2, D-
48149 Münster,
Germany Two fluorometric assays
(2) for the determination of
Institut für poly-<beta>-
Biotechnologie, ETH- hydroxybutyrate
Zürich Hönggerberg, (PHB)
CH-8093 Zürich, inside intact cells are
Switzerland presented in this paper, a
(3) Fluorometric measurement of poly-<beta> spectrofluorometric
Kelco, 2025 A E. hydroxybutyrate in Alcaligenes eutrophus fluorometric measurement - method and one
A. Degelau (1), T. Scheper (1), J. E. Harbor Drive, San by flow Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract spectrofluorometric method - based on a
463 Bailey (2), C. Guske (3) Diego, cytometry and spectrofluorometry Volume 42 Issue 5 (1995) pp 653-657 1995 laser flow cytometer laser flow cytometer. The Analytics 428.
Formal kinetics of poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
production in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 and Mycoplana
Sonnleitner, B.; Heinzle, E.; Braunegg, rubra R 14 with respect to the dissolved oxygen tension in European J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1979;
464 G.; Lafferty, R.M. ammonium-limited batch cultures 7:36800 1979 20.
Schlegel, H.G.; Gottschalk, G.; von Formation and utilization of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid
465 Bartha, R. by Knallgas bacteria (Hydrogenomonas) Nature 1961; 191:463-465 1961 22.
Adress(es) /
1 Institut für Pseudomonas oleovorans,
Mikrobiologie der which harbour the poly(3-
Georg-August- hydroxybutyrate)-
Universität Göttingen, biosynthetic genes of
Grisebachstrasse 8, W- Alcaligenes eutrophus,
3400 Göttingen, accumulated
Germany; 2 Imperial poly(hydroxyalkanoates),
chemical Industries, P. Pseudomonas oleovorans - composed of 3-
O. Box 1, Billingham, Formation of blends of various poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic Alcaligenes eutrophus - hydroxyoctanoate (3HO),
Timm, A.1; Byrom, D.2; Steinbüchel, Cleveland TS23 1LB, acids) by a recombinant strain of Pseudomonas Ralstonia eutropha - 3- up to 70 % of the cell dry
466 A.1 UK oleovorans Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1990; 33:296-301 1990 Hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) - weight if the cells Strain - Copolyesters 414.
Parental strains and

asporogenous mutants of
Bacillus thuringiensiss
subsp. kurstaki ans
aizawai produced high
yields of delta-endotoxin
on M medium which
Shionogi Research contained 330 µg of
Laboratories, Shionogi potassium per ml. On ST
& Company, Ltd., Formation of crystalline delta-endotoxin or poly-beta- and ST-a media, refractile
Fukushima-ku, Osaka hydroxybutyric acid granules by Asporoenous mautants of Bacillus thuringiensis delta- granules were formed
467 Wakisaka, Y.; Masaki, E.; Nishimoto, Y. 553, Japan Bacillus thuringiensis Appl. environ. Mikrobiol. 1982; 43:1473-1480 1982 entotoxin sporulation instead. Strain 174.
1 Institut für
Mikrobiologie der
Georg-August-
Universität Göttingen, The formation of poly(3-
Grisebachstrasse 8, W- hydroxyalkanoic acid),
3400 Göttingen, PHA, by various strains of
Germany; 2 chemolithotrophic and
Department of phototrophic bacteria has
Biochemistry, been examined,
University of Copolyester - Phototrophic Chemolithotrophic
Massachusetts, bacteria - Chromatiaceae - bacteria were grown
Amherstr, MA 01003, Rhodospirillaceae - Sulfur aerobically under nitrogen-
Liebergesell; M.1; Hustede; E.1; Timm; USA; 3 Department of purple bacteria - Non-sulfur limiting conditions on
A.1; Steinbüchel; A.1; Fuller; R.C.2; Polymer Science and Formation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by phototrophic purple bacteria - various aliphatic organic
468 Lenz; R.W.3; Schlegel; H.G.1 Engineering, Univer and chemolithotrophic bacteria Arch. Microbiol. 1991; 155:415-421 1991 Chemolithotrophic bacteria acid Strains 422.
Adress(es) /
The acetoacetyl-CoA-
reductase (EC-1.1.1.36)
Univ.Harrisonburg- and the
James-Madison; polyhydroxyalkanoate
Monsanto (PHA)-synthase from
LO Department of Rlastonia eutropha were
Biology, James expressed in
Madison University, Formation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- Escherichia coli,
Harrisonburg, VA hydroxyhexanoate) by PHA-synthase from Ralstonia Klebsiella aerogenes and
22807, USA. eutropha; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 3- PHA-negative mutants
Dennis D; McCoy M; Stangl A; Valentin Email: hydroxyhexanoate copolymer production following of R. eutropha and
H E; Wu Z dennisde@jmu.edu acetoacetyl-CoA-reductase and PHA-synthase gene J.Biotechnol.; (1998) 64, 2-3, 177-86 Pseudomonas putida.
471 expression 1998 Whi
Azotobacter vinelandii
UWD formed
(PHA) copolymers
containing beta-
hydroxybutyrate and
beta-hydroxyvalerate (HV)
Department of when grown in a medium
Microbiology, containing glucose as the
University of Alberta, primary C source and
Edmonton, Canada. Formation of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) by valerate (pentanoate) as a
472 Page WJ, Manchak J, Rudy B Azotobacter vinelandii UWD Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 Sep;58(9):2866-73 1992 precursor. Copolymer was 442.
Formation of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate by soil microbial

473 Hanzlikova, A.; Jandera, A.; Kunc, F. community during batch and heterocontiuous cultivation Folia Microbiol. 1984; 29 1984 261.
474 Kannan, L.V. Formation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Actinomycetes Indian Journal of Biochemistry 1970; 7:126-129 1970 223.
Formation of polyester blends by a recombinant strain of
Preusting; H.; Kingma; J.; Huisman; G.; Pseudomonas oleovorans: different poly(3- Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
475 Steinb chel; A.; Witholt; B. hydroxyalkanoates) are stored in seperate granules 1993; 1(1):44501 1993 557.
Formation of polyesters by Pseudomonas oleovorans:
Lageveen, R.E.; Huisman, G.W.; Effect of substrates on formation and composition of poly-
Preusting, H.; Ketelaar, P.; Eggink, G.; (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoates and poly-(R)-3- Applied and Environmental Microbiol. 1988;
476 B.Witholt hydroxyalkenoates 54(12):2924-2932 1988 338.
accumulates poly(3-
hydroxyalkanoates)
(PHAs) after growth on
medium chain length
hydrocarbons.
Large amounts of this
Institut fur polyester are synthesized
Mikrobiologie der when cells are grown
Georg-August- Formation of polyesters consisting of medium-chain-length under nitrogen-limiting
Universitat Gottingen, 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids from gluconate by Pseudomonas conditions. When nitrogen
Federal Republic of aeruginosa and is
477 Timm A, Steinbuchel A Germany. other fluorescent pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990 Nov;56(11):3360-7 1990 resupplied in t 360.
Adress(es) /
Formation of polymers of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in

Ballard; D.G.H.; Holmes; P.A.; Senior; bacterial cells and a comparison of the morphology of NATO ASI Series C, MATH. and PHYS.SCI.
478 P.J. growth with the formation of polyethylene in the solid state 1987; 215:293-314 1987 322.
Lactate, ethanol and

butanediol were excreted
when Alcaligenes
eutrophus was exposed to
severely restricted
aeration. This indicaated
the presence of
dehydrogenases which
are not normally present
Formation of the Dehydrogenases for lactate, ethanol and in aerobically grown
butanediol in the strictly aerobic bacterium Alcaligenes cultures of this strictly
479 Schlegel, H.G.; Vollbrecht, D. eutrophus J. gen. Microbiol. 1980; 117:475-481 1980 aerobic bact 185.
The fine structures of

three thermophilic and
one mesophilic strain of
Bacillus sphaericus have
been compared by means
of freeze etching. With the
exception of one
Institut für thermophilic strain, all
Lebensmitteltechnologi Freeze Etching of Different Strains of Bacillus sphaericus - strains had a rectangular
e, Hochschule für Gefrierätzung verschiedener Stämme von Bacillus Freeze etching - Bacillus cell wall surface structure
480 Sleytr, U. Bodenkultur, Wien sphaericus Arch. Mikrobiol. 1970; 72:238-251 1970 sphaericus consisting o Others 119.
The potential of the

production of
(PHA), consisting of
medium-chain-length
(MCL) hydroxyfatty acids
(C5-C14), in recombinant
Escherichia coli was
Institut fur Functional expression of the PHA synthase gene phaC1 investigated. E. coli
Mikrobiologie, from Pseudomonas mutants affected in fatty
Westfalische aeruginosa in Escherichia coli results in poly(3- acid degradation and fatty
Langenbach S, Rehm BH, Steinbuchel Wilhelmus-Universitt hydroxyalkanoate) acid de
482 A Munster, Germany. synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1997 May 15;150(2):303-9 1997 nov
Adress(es) /
The current problems with

decreasing fossile
resources and increasing
environmental pollution by
petrochemical-based
plastics
have stimulated
investigations to find
biosynthetic materials
which are also
Institute of Biology, Fungal degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates and a biodegradable. Bacterial
University of Novi Sad, semiquantitative reserve materials such as
483 Matavulj M, Molitoris HP Yugoslavia. assay for screening their degradation by terrestrial fungi. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):323-31 1992 p
Blends of atactic
poly[(R,S)-3-
Department of hydroxybutyrate], a-PHB,
Chemistry G. with
Ciamician and Centro poly(.epsilon.-
di Studio per la caprolactone), PCL, and
Fisica delle with poly(L-lactic acid),
Macromolecole del PLLA, were obtained in
CNR, University of Further Evidence of Crystallinity-Induced Biodegradation the form of compression
Focarete, Maria Letizia; Ceccorulli, Bologna, Bologna, of Synthetic Atactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by PHB- molded films. The
Giuseppina; Scandola, 40126, Italy Depolymerase A from Pseudomonas lemoignei. Blends of phase behavior of the
484 Mariastella; Kowalczuk, Marek Atactic Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with Crystalline Polyesters Macromolecules (1998), 31(24), 8485-8492 1998 blends was different: a-PH kopiert
485 K"szegi; B. Gärtank oder Retorte ? Risk kontroll 1982; 4:22-24 1982 275.
Gas chromatographic determination of poly-beta-
hydroxybutyric acid in microbial biomass after hydrochloric
486 Riis, V.; Mai, W. acid propanolysis J of Chromatography 1988; 445:285-289 1988 396.
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis and its
application to a screening procedure for novel bacterial
polyhydroxyalkanoic acids containing long chain saturated Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
487 Lee; E.Y.; Choi; C.Y. and unsaturated monomers 1995; 80(4):408-414 1995 600.
Gaschromatographische Bestimmung der H2-, O2- and
CO2-Konsumptionsraten von Hydrogenomonas eutropha
488 Robra, K. H. Stamm H 16 ? 70.
Nonproteinaceous calcium
channel complexes from
Escherichia coli,
composed of poly-(R)-3-
hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and inorganic
polyphosphate (polyP),
exhibit two distinct gating
modes (modes 1 and 2) in
Gating Kinetics of E. coli Poly-3- planar lipid
Hydroxybutyrate/Polyphosphate Channels in Planar J. Membrane Biol. 170:135-145 (1999) bilayers. Here we
489 S. Das, R.N. Reusch Bilayer Membranes © 1999 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1999 report
Adress(es) /
1Laboratory of
Molecular
Biotechnology, Putative promoters of
Division of Molecular polyhydroxyalkanoate
Cell Mechanisms, (PHA)-synthetic genes of
Department of Paracoccus denitrificans
Biological Mechanisms were identified. Gene
and dosage effects for PHA
Functions, Graduate synthesis were
School of Bio- & Agro- investigated in
Sciences, Nagoya recombinants of P.
University, Chikusa-ku, polyhydroxyalkanoate; denitrificans with
Nagoya 464-01, Japan Gene dosage effects on polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis methylotroph; biodegradable increased expression
2Laboratory of from n-alcohols in plastics; fed-batch culture; levels of each PHA
490 Maehara A, Ikai K, Ueda S, Yamane T Applied Microbi Paracoccus denitrificans Biotechnol Bioeng 1998 Oct 5;60(1):61-9 1998 molecular weight syntheti
The present invention is a

method for controlling
biopolymer synthesis by
determining the genetics
and enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) biosynthesis at the
molecular level. The
purified enzymes and
MASSACHUSETTS genes provide the means
SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US); PEOPLES INST TECHNOLOGY for developing
491 OLIVER P (US) (US) Gene encoding bacterial acetoacetylco a reductase US5798235 1998-08-25 1998 new PHB

method for controlling
and enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY for developing
492 ANTHONY J (US) (US) Gene encoding bacterial acetoacetyl-COA reductase US5512669 1996-04-30 1996 new PHB
Adress(es) /
The present invention is

a method for controlling
and enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY for developing
493 ANTHONY J (US) (US) Gene encoding bacterial beta-ketothiolase US5661026 1997-08-26 1997 new
The polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) synthase gene of
DS-17 (phaCCa) was
cloned by using the
synthase gene of
Department of Alcaligenes eutrophus as
Biological and a heterologous
Environmental Genetic analysis of Comamonas acidovorans hybridization probe.
Sciences, Saitama polyhydroxyalkanoate Complete sequencing of a
University, Urawa, synthase and factors affecting the incorporation of 4- 4.0-kbp
Saitama 338-0825, hydroxybutyrate SmaI-HindIII (SH40)
494 Sudesh K, Fukui T, Doi Y Japan. monomer. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998 Sep;64(9):3437-43 1998 subfragment rev
Mol. methods were
applied to analyze the A.
eutrophus PHB
biosynthetic pathway. The
genes for b-ketothiolase
(phbA),
NADPH-dependent
acetoacetyl-CoA
reductase (phbB), and
Inst. Mikrobiol., Georg- Genetic and molecular analysis of the Alcaligenes PHB
August-Univ., eutrophus synthase (phbC) are
Goettingen D-3400, poly(hydroxyalkanoate)-biosynthetic genes and NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, 186(Novel Biodegrad. Alcaligenes presumably organized in 1
Steinbuchel, Alexander; Schubert, Fed. Rep. accumulation of Microb. Polym.), polyhydroxyalkanoate gene operon with phbC
495 Peter; Timm, Arnulf; Pries, Andreas Ger. PHA in recombinant bacteria. 143-59 (English) 1990 1990 cloning Pseudomonas being the 1st ge
Adress(es) /
Rhizobium etli
accumulates poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in
symbiosis and in free life.
PHB is a reserve material
that serves
as a carbon and/or
electron sink when optimal
Departamento de growth conditions are not
Ecologia Molecular, met. It has been
Universidad Nacional Genetic and physiological characterization of a Rhizobium suggested that in
Cevallos MA, Encarnacion S, Leija A, Autonoma de Mexico, etli mutant symbiosis PHB can
496 Mora Y, Mora J Morelos, Mexico. strain unable to synthesize poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. J Bacteriol 1996 Mar;178(6):1646-54 1996 pr
The hypothesis, that

accumulation of poly-
bacteroids of soybean root
nodules and utilization of
this polymer
Growth and N2-fixation of soybeans inoculated with strains soybean growth nitrogen during pod-filling, are
of fixation Bradyrhizobium strain factors in N2 fixation
CSIRO Div. Plant Bradyrhizobium japonicum differing in energetic efficiency polyhydroxybutyrate utilization during seed development,
Industry, and Bradyrhizobium strain soybean was tested in a
Canberra ACT 2601, PHB utilization. Soil Biol. Biochem., 27(4/5), 611-16 glasshouse expt. Lincoln
498 Bergersen, F. J.; Gibson, A. H.; Licis, I. Australia (English) 1995 1995 soybean
Growth and Phage Production of Lysogenic B.
499 Northrop, J. H. megatherium Journal of General Physiology 1951; 34:715-735 1951 366.
Aragao, G.M.F.; Uribelarrea, J.L.; Growth and production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by

500 Goma, G.; Pareilleux, A. Alcaligenes eutrophus DSM 545 on glucose 7th European congress on biotechnology 1995 1995 522.
Morinaga, Y.; Yamanaka, S.; Ishizaki, Growth characteristics and cell composition of Alcaligenes
501 A. eutrophus in chemostat culture Agric. Biol. Chem. 1978; 42(2):439-444 1978 2.
Transgenic suspension
cultures of Black Mexican
Sweet maize (Zea mays
L.) expressing the
genes
encoding enzymes of the
Department of pathway for biosynthesis
Chemical Engineering Growth kinetics, nutrient uptake, and expression of the of the biodegradable
and Material Science, Alcaligenes polymer poly(beta-
University of eutrophus poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis pathway in hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
Hahn JJ, Eschenlauer AC, Narrol MH, Minnesota, St. Paul transgenic were
503 Somers DA, Srienc F 55108, USA. maize cell suspension cultures. Biotechnol Prog 1997 Jul-Aug;13(4):347-54 1997 established as a tool
Growth of Azotobacter vinelandii UWD in fish peptone
medium and simplified extraction of poly-beta- Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1993; 59(12):4236-
504 Page; W.J.; Cornish; A. hydroxybutyrate 4244 1993 440.
Adress(es) /
Poly(hydroxybutyric acid)
(PHB) was produced by a
selectant of Azotobacter
beijerinckii
in media containing only
organic nitrogen sources
Innovent e.V. such as N substrates. The
Arbeitsgruppe Growth-associated production of poly(hydroxybutyric chosen
Biotechnologie, acid) by Azotobacter beijerinckii from compounds
Göschwitzer Str. 22, D- organic nitrogen Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract were casein peptone,
505 E. J. Bormann, M. Leißner, B. Beer 07747 Jena, Germany substrates Volume 49 Issue 1 (1998) pp 84-88 1998 yeast
(1) Universität Leipzig,

Fakultät für
Biowissenschaften, Methylobacterium
Pharmazie und rhodesianum MB126
Psychologie, Abteilung growing on fructose
accumulates
Biotechnologie,
Permoserstraße 15, D- poly(hydroxybutyric acid)
04318 Leipzig, (PHB) during exponential
Germany growth in contrast to
(2) UFZ- Growth-associated synthesis of poly(hydroxybutyric growth on methanol,
Umweltforschungszent acid) in Methylobacterium rhodesianum as Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract where the
rum Leipzig-Halle an expression Volume 47 Issue 2 (1997) pp 144-149 strain accumulates the
506 J.-U. Ackermann (1), W. Babel (2) GmbH, S of an internal bottleneck 1997 polyester in r
507 Rodriguez-Valera; F.; Lillo; J.A.G. Halobacteria as producers of polyhydroxyalkanoates FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:181-186 1992 474.
Strohl, W. R.; Cannon, G. C.; Shively,
J. M.; G de, H.; Hook, L. A.; Lane, C.
508 M.; Larkin, J. M. Heterotrophic Carbon Metabolism by Beggiatoa alba J Bacteriol. 1981; 148:572-583 1981 404.
E. coli W was cultivated in

the pH-stat fed-batch
mode in a chem.
defined medium contg.
sucrose as sole C source.
A final cell concn. of
105 g/L could be obtained
BioProcess Eng. Res. in a defined medium in 36
Cent., Korea High cell density cultivation of Escherichia coli W using h by feeding 20 g
Adv. Inst. Sci. sucrose as a PHB Escherichia dense sucrose + 0.57 g
Technol., Taejon 305- carbon source. Biotechnol. Lett., cultivation sucrose MgSO4.7H2O whenever
509 Lee, Sang Yup; Chang, Ho Nam 701, S. Korea 15(9), 971-4 (English) 1993 1993 the pH ros
Preusting; H.; Houten, van; R.; Hoefs; High Cell density Cultivation of Pseudomonas oleovorans:
A.; Langenberghe, van; E.K.; Favre- Growth and Production of Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1993; 41:550- 1993(
510 Bulle; O.; Witholt; B. Two-Liquid Phase Batch and Fed-Batch Systems 556 4?) 451.
Adress(es) /
Department of
and BioProcess A recombinant
Engineering Research Escherichia coli strain XL1-
Center, Korea Blue harboring a stable
Advanced Institute of high-copy-number plasmid
Science and pSYL107
Technology, 373-1 containing the Alcaligenes
Kusong-dong, Yusong- eutrophus
gu, Taejon 305-701, polyhydroxyalkanoate
Korea biosynthesis genes and
email: Sang Yup Lee High cell density culture of metabolically engineered E. coli the
(leesy@sorak.kaist.ac. for the production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in a defined Biotechnol Bioeng 1998 Apr 20-May 5;58(2- Escherichia
511 Wang; F.; Lee; S.Y. kr) medium 3):325-8 1998 coli ftsZ gen 681.
Good process control was

instrumental in the
development of high cell
d. fed-batch fermn.
process for PHB prodn.
from methanol. This
success was achieved
Biotechnol. Res. Inst., mainly by using an
Natl. High cell density production of poly(b-hydroxybutyric acid) Spec. Publ. - R. adaptive nonlinear control
Res. Counc. Canada, (PHB) using Soc. Chem., 109(Biodegradable Polymers and polyhydroxybutyrate fermn algorithm and using a
Bourque, D.; Pomerleau, Y.; Groleau, Montreal, PQ H4P methanol in a fed-batch system. Plastics), 229-32 methanol Methylobacterium dissolved gas membrane
512 D. 2R2, Can. (English) 1992 1992 probe cou
(PHB) mass production
from
Methylobacterium
Department of organophillum NCIB
Biotechnology, Korea 11278 was carried out
Advanced Institute of under
Science potassium-limited
and Technology, conditions using a
373-1 Kusong-Dong microcomputer-aided
Yusong-Gu, Taejon High production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from automatic
305-701, Methylobacterium organophilum under potassium fed-batch culture
Kim S W; Kim P; Lee H S; *Kim J H Korea. limitation; biodegradation plastic production in a system. Cells were
514 microcomputer-aided fed-batch culture Biotechnol.Lett.; (1996) 18, 1, 25-30 1996 cultured in a 2
Adress(es) /
(PHA) polyester is
extracted from biomass by
dissolving the PHA in a
KURDIKAR, Devdatt, L. , non-
12220 Country Place Drive, Maryland MONSANTO halogenated solvent which
Heights, MO 63043, United States of COMPANY, 800 N. comprises a PHA-poor
America Lindbergh Boulevard, solvent that dissolves less
STRAUSER, Fred, E. , 3006 Saint Louis, MO HIGH TEMPERATURE PHA than 1 % of the PHA at
St. Camella Street, Saint Charles, MO 63167, United States EXTRACTION USING PHA-POOR WO9846783 temperatures
516 63301-0356, United States of Am of America SOLVENTS 1998-10-22 1998 less than the
Methylobacterium
extorquens ATCC 55366
Bioprocess R&D was successfully
Group, Biotechnology cultivated
Research Institute at very high cell densities
(BRI), National in a fed-batch fermn.
Research Council of system using MeOH as
High-cell-density production of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate a sole C and energy
Canada, 6100 (PHB) from source and a completely
Royalmount Avenue, methanol by Methylobacterium extorquens. Production of polyhydroxybutyrate manuf minimal culture medium
Bourque, D.; Pomerleau, Y.; Groleau, Montreal (Quebec), high-molecular-mass PHB. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 44(3-4), 367-76 methanol Methylobacterium for the prodn. of poly-b-
518 D. Canada H4P 2R2 (English) 1995 1995 hydroxybutyrate (PHB). C 604.
The poly(beta-
biosynthetic genes of
Alcaligenes eutrophus that
are organized in a single
operon
(phbCAB) have been
Institute of cloned in Escherichia coli,
Microbiology and where the expression of
Genetics, University of High-level poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) production in the genes in the wild-type
Vienna, Austria. recombinant phb operon from plasmid
519 Kalousek S, Lubitz W Escherichia coli in sugar-free, complex medium. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:216-21 1995 p4A leads to t
Department of Fermentation strategies

Chemical Engineering for production of high
and BioProcess concentrations of poly(3-
Engineering Research hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Center, Korea hydroxyvalerate)
Advanced Institute of [P(3HB-co-3HV)] with
Science and different 3-
Technology, 373-1, hydroxyvalerate (3HV)
Kusong-dong, Yusong- fractions by recombinant
gu, Taejon 305-701, High-level production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- Escherichia coli harboring
Korea. hydroxyvalerate) the Alcaligenes
520 Choi JI, Lee SY by fed-batch culture of recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Oct;65(10):4363-8 1999 latus polyhydroxyalkan kopiert
Adress(es) /
Examn. of high-resoln.
electron micrographs of
single crystals of
poly(b-hydroxybutyric
acid) (I) grown from PEG
polyester crystal structure TEM soln. by optical
polyhydroxybutyrate crystal diffraction yielded a
structure TEM diffractogram showing 8
Deslandes, Yves; Orts, William; Polym. hydroxybutyric acid copolymer spots organized in a
Sundararajan, Pudupadi R.; Xerox Res. Cent. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem.), crystal TEM fashion similar to the
Marchessault, Robert H.; Revol, Jean Canada, Mississauga, High-resolution electron microscopy of single crystals of 29(1), 607-8 (English) hydroxyvaleric acid copolymer electron diffraction
521 Francois; Chanzy, Henri D. ON L5K 2L1, Can. poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and copolymers. 1988 1988 crystal TEM pattern. Latt

processes for producing a
shaped object of
MONTADOR, James, Henry , 14 polyhydroxyalkanoate
Northpark, Owington Farm, Billingham (PHA) that
on Tees TS23 3SU, United makes it
Kingdom MONSANTO possible to omit the
GEORGE, Neil , 10 COMPANY, 800 North preliminary
Westward Lane, Ingleby Barwick, Lindbergh Boulevard, extrusion-compounding
Stockton on Tees, Cleveland TS17 St. Louis, MO 63167, step, thus saving expense
0UY, United United States of HOT SHAPING POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE and limiting
522 Kingdom America POLYMERS WO9723549 1997-07-03 1997 loss of molecul
Poly-beta-
hydroxybuttesäure (HBS)
ist Speicherlipid vieler
aerober Bakterien sowie
der Thio- und
Athiorhodaceen. Es liegt
in allen bisher bekannten
Fällen in Form von
intracellulären Granula
Hydrogenomonas H 16 - vor. PHBS wird als
Institut für Rhodospirillum rubrum - hochmolekulare
Mikrobiologie der Hydrolyse von PHBS durch intracelluläre Depolymerase Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1967; 56:278-299 Bacillus megaterium - wasserunlösliche
523 Hippe, H.; Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen von Hydrogenomonas H 16 (Article in German 1967 Depolymerization Verbindung er Metabolism 106.
Native
poly(hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB) granules, purified
PHB and
artificial amorphous
School of Medicine PHB granules were
and Biomedical examd. as putative
Sciences, Department substrates for
of hydrolysis by the
Microbiology, State intracellular depolymerase
University of New York Hydrolysis of native poly(hydroxybutyrate) granules (PHB), system
at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, crystalline PHB, and artificial amorphous PHB granules of Rhodospirillum
Merrick, Joseph M.; Steger, Robert; USA by intracellular and extracellular depolymerases Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 129-134 rubrum and the
524 Dombroski, Darlene 1999 extracellular depoly
Adress(es) /
There is provided a highly

biodegradable resin
composition comprising a
hydroxyalkanoate polymer
and a
crystallization nucleating
agent. The resin
composition may typically
comprise a
Terumo Kabushiki hydroxybutyrate

526 Matsumoto; Atsushi , Kanagawa, Japan Kaisha, Tokyo, Japan Hydroxyalkanoate polymer composition US5516565 May 14, 1996 1996 homopolymer or
Hydroxy-terminated PHA
is produced by cultivating
a PHA-producing
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook microorganism in the
Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United presence of an
States of America MONSANTO aliphatic diol or
SHAH, Devang, T. , 719 G. COMPANY, 800 N. an aliphatic polyol. High
Treeside Court, Chesterfield, MO Lindbergh Boulevard, molecular weight hydroxy-
63017, United States of America St. Louis, MO 63189, terminated PHA is
TRAN, Minhtien , 459 Holly United States of HYDROXY-TERMINATED obtainable by the
528 Terrace Co America POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES WO9964617A1 Dec. 16, 1999 1999 disclosed pr
Hydroxyterminated PHA is
produced by cultivating a
PHA-producing
microorganism in the
presence of an aliphatic
diol or an aliphatic
Asrar; Jawed , Chesterfield, MO polyol. High
Shah; Devang T. , molecular weight hydroxy-
Chesterfield, MO Hydroxy-terminated terminated PHA is
Tran; Minhtien , Ballwin, Monsanto Company, polyhydroxyalkanoates obtainable
530 MO St. Louis, MO US5994478 Nov. 30, 1999 1999
The transformation of
Azotobacter vinelandii UW
with A. vinelandii 113 DNA
resulted in the formation
of rifampin-resitant
colonies, 13 % of which
Department of also inherited a previously
Microbiology, unrecognized mutation in
University of Alberta, the respiratoy NADH
Emonton, Alberty, Hyperproduction of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate during Azotobacter vinelandii UW - oxidase. These
531 Page, W.J.; Knosp, O. Canada T6G 2E9 exponential growth of Azotobacter vinelandii UWD Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989; 55:1134-1339 1989 Azotobacter vinelandii UWD transformants produce Strain - Metabolism 323 korr
Adress(es) /
From genomic libraries of

H16 in lambda L47 and in
pVK100, we cloned DNA
fragments which
restored the wild-type
phenotype to poly(beta-
Identification and characterization of two Alcaligenes (PHB)-leaky mutants
Institut fur eutrophus gene loci derived from strains H16
Mikrobiologie Georg- relevant to the poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid)-leaky and
Pries A, Priefert H, Kruger N, August-Universitat phenotype which JMP222. The nucleotide
532 Steinbuchel A Gottingen, Germany. exhibit homology to ptsH and ptsI of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1991 Sep;173(18):5843-53 1991 seque
The gene locus acoE,
which is involved in the
utilization of acetoin in
Alcaligenes eutrophus,
was identified as the
structural gene
of an acetyl coenzyme A
synthetase
Institut fur (acetate:coenzyme A
Mikrobiologie Georg- ligase [AMP forming]; EC
August-Universitat zu Identification and molecular characterization of the acetyl 6.2.1.1). This gene was
Gottingen, Germany. coenzyme A localized on a
533 Priefert H, Steinbuchel A synthetase gene (acoE) of Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Bacteriol 1992 Oct;174(20):6590-9 1992 3.8
The coryneform hydrogen

bacterium strain GZ 29,
Institut für assigned to
Mikrobiologie der Corynebacterium
Universität Göttingen autotrophicum fixed
und der Gesellschaft molecular nitrogen under
für Strahlen- und Nitrogen fixation - Aerobic autotrophic (H2, CO2) as
Umweltforschung mbH hydrogen bacteria - Oxygen well as under
in Göttingen, sensitivity - Efficiency - Aerobic heterotrophic (sucrose)
Berndt; H.; Ostwal; K.-P.; Lalucat; J.; Grisebachstraße 8, D- Identification and physiological characterization of the and anaerobic acetylene conditions. Physiological
Schumann; C.; Mayer; F.; Schlegel; 3400 Göttingen, nitrogen fixing bacterium Corynebacterium autotrophicum reduction - Corynebacterium parameters of nitrogen
534 H.G. Germany GZ 29 Arch. Mikrobiol. 1976; 108:17-26 1976 autotrophicum fixation were measured Strain - Metabolism 95.
(1) Institut für

Mikrobiologie der
Georg-August- Various aerobic Gram-
Universität Göttingen, negative bacteria were
Grisebachstrasse 8, analysed for utilizing
09:41 4-
07.01.1994D-37077 hydroxyhexanoic acid
Göttingen, Germany (4HHx) as a carbon
(2) source for growth and for
Department of synthesis of
Chemical Technology, Identification of 4-hydroxyhexanoic acid as a new
Henry E. Valentin (1), Eun Yeol Lee (2), College of constituent of biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
Cha Yong Choi (2), Alexander Engineering, Seoul polyhydroxyalkanoic acids Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract (PHA). Although many
535 Steinbüchel (1) Nati from bacteria Volume 40 Issue 5 (1994) pp 710-716 1994 wild types g
Adress(es) /
1 Institut für
Mikrobiologie der Geor-
August-Universität Twenty-four different
Göttingen, strains of aerobic Gram-
Grisebachtsrasse 8, W- negative bacteria, mainly
3400 Göttingen, Alcaligenes - Paracoccus - belonging to the genera
Germany; 2 Institut für Methylobacterium - Alcaligenes, Paracoccus,
Organische Chemie Pseudomonas - Alcaligenes Pseudomonas and
der Georg-August- eutrophus NCIB 11599 - Methylobacterium, were
Universität Göttingen, Pseudomonas oxalaticus Ox1 - examined with respect to
Tammannstrasse 2, W- terpolyesters - 4-hydroxyvaleric their ability to utilize 4- Strains -
Valentin; E., H1; Schönebaum; A.2; 3400 Göttingen, Identification of 4-hydroxyvaleric acid as a constituent of acid - 4-valerolactone - 3- hydroxybaleric acid (4HV), Copolyesters -
536 Steinbüchel; A.1 Germany biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoic acids from bacteria Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 36:507-514 1992 hydroxypropionic acid 4-valerolactone Substrates 416.
(1) Department of
Biology, James
Madison University,
Harrisonburg, VA A recombinant strain of
22807, USA Pseudomonas putida
(2) GPp104
Institut für Organische (pHP1014::E146), which
Chemie der Georg- expressed
August-Universität the polyhydroxyalkanoic
Göttingen, acid (PHA) synthase of
Tammannstraße 2, Identification of 5-hydroxyhexanoic acid, Thiocapsa pfennigii
D- 4-hydroxyheptanoic acid and 4- exhibiting an
37077 Göttingen, hydroxyoctanoic acid as Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract unusual
H. E. Valentin (1), A. Schönebaum (2), Germany new constituents of bacterial Volume 46 Issue 3 (1996) pp 261-267 substrate specificity at a
537 A. Steinbüchel (3) polyhydroxyalkanoic acids 1996 high lev
Proteins associated with

(PHB) granules were
purified from four
Acinetobacter strains
isolated from
modified activated sludge
treatment plants. Four
Department of predominant proteins of
Microbiology, Monash Identification of a 13-kDa protein associated with the 64 kDa, 41 kDa, 38 kDa
Schembri MA, Woods AA, Bayly RC, University, Clayton, polyhydroxyalkanoic and 13 kDa were
538 Davies JK Victoria, Australia. acid granules from Acinetobacter spp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1995 Nov 15;133(3):277-83 1995 identified. N-ter
Adress(es) /

strain H16 in the broad-
host range cosmid
pVK100 a 6300-bp
EcoRI-fragment was
cloned, which restored the
Institut fur Identification of a lipoamide dehydrogenase gene as wild-type phenotype in
Mikrobiologie, Georg- second locus affected transposon-induced poly(3-
August-Universitat in poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-leaky mutants of Alcaligenes hydroxybutyric acid)-leaky
539 Pries A, Hein S, Steinbuchel A Gottingen, FRG. eutrophus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Oct 15;76(3):227-33 1992 mutants, derived from A. e
The microbial diversity of

a deteriorated biological
phosphorus removal
reactor was investigated
by methods not requiring
direct cultivation. The
Department of reactor was fed with media
Microbiology, containing acetate and
Technical University of high levels of phosphate
Denmark, Lyngby, Identification of a novel group of bacteria in sludge from a (P/C weight ratio, 8:100)
Nielsen AT, Liu WT, Filipe C, Grady L Denmark. deteriorated but
540 Jr, Molin S, Stahl DA biological phosphorus removal reactor. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Mar;65(3):1251-8 1999 fail
The function of the

(PHA) granule-associated
GA14 protein of
Rhodococcus ruber was
investigated
in Escherichia coli XL1-
Blue, which coexpressed
this protein with the
Institut fur Identification of the region of a 14-kilodalton protein of polyhydroxybutyric acid
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Rhodococcus (PHB) biosynthesis
Pieper-Furst U, Madkour MH, Mayer F, August-Universitat ruber that is responsible for the binding of this phasin to operon of
541 Steinbuchel A Gottingen, Germany. polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules. J Bacteriol 1995 May;177(9):2513-23 1995 Alcaligenes
The first
(PHA) synthase gene
(phbCRr) of a Gram-
positive bacterium was
cloned from a genomic
library of Rhodococcus
ruber in the broad-host-
Institut fur range plasmid vector
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Identification, cloning and sequence analysis of the pRK404. The hybrid
August-Universitat poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase gene of the gram- plasmid harboring phbCRr
Gottingen, FRG. positive allowed
542 Pieper U, Steinbuchel A bacterium Rhodococcus ruber. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Sep 1;75(1):73-9 1992 the expression o
Adress(es) /
Enrichments from an
estuarine sediment with
crotonate as substrate
resulted in the isolation of
a motile, gram-neg.,
obligately anaerobic rod
with pointed ends,
designated strain 10cr1.
The organism was
Dep. Biol. Sci., Univ. Ilyobacter delafieldii sp. nov., a metabolically restricted polyhydroxybutyrate metab asporogenous, did not
Waikato, anaerobic Ilyobacter reduce S0, S2O32-, NO3-,
543 Janssen, Peter H.; Harfoot, C. G. Hamilton, N. Z. bacterium fermenting PHB. Arch. Microbiol., 154(3), 253-9 (English) 1990 1990 O2, Strain 423.
The purpose of this study

was to evaluate the use of
a biodegradable
membrane of
polyhydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymer reinforced with
School of Dentistry, Immediate implant placement using a biodegradable polyglactin 910 fibers, as
Faculty of Health barrier, an occlusive barrier over
Sciences, University of polyhydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate reinforced with implants placed into fresh
Gotfredsen K, Nimb L, Hjorting-Hansen Copenhagen, polyglactin 910. An extraction sockets. Ten
544 E Denmark. experimental study in dogs. Clin Oral Implants Res 1994 Jun;5(2):83-91 1994 dogs had
Antibodies raised against

the Alcaligenes eutrophus
poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) synthase
polypeptide were used for
immunocytochem.
localization of the
Alcaligenes synthase enzyme in whole
Immunocytochemical analysis of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate polyhydroxybutyrate granule cells
Dep. Biol., (PHB) assembly and purified PHB
Massachusetts Inst. synthase in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16: localization of the polyhydroxybutyrate synthase granules. The data
Gerngross, Tillman U.; Reilly, Pat; Technol., synthase granule surface localization presented demonstrate for
Stubbe, Joanne; Sinskey, Anthony J.; Cambridge, MA 02139, enzyme at the surface of PHB granules. J. Bacteriol., 175(16), 5289-93 Alcaligenes the
546 Peoples, Oliver P. USA (English) 1993 1993 first
Production of poly(4-
hydroxybutyrate) [P(4HB)]
by Comamonas
acidovorans JCM10181
was
studied by
Department of introducing additional
Biological and copies of its PHA
Environmental Improved production of poly(4-hydroxybutyrate) by synthase gene and the
Sciences, Saitama Comamonas beta-ketothiolase gene.
Sudesh K, Fukui T, Taguchi K, Iwata T, University, Urawa, acidovorans and its freeze-fracture A multi-
547 Doi Y Japan. morphology. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):79-85 1999 copy-number broad-
Adress(es) /
Vector construct providing

for inducible overprodn. of
poly-b-hydroxyalkanoate
("PHA"), including poly-b-
hydroxybutyrate
fermn poly beta (PHB), in prokaryotes,
hydroxyalkanoate overprodn including Escherichia coli
Improved production of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates in operon in particular. The
Center for Innovative transformed prokaryote fermn poly beta vector constructs provide
Technology, prokaryotic hosts. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9521257 A1 10 Aug 1995, 76 hydroxyalkanoate for one or more of (a)
548 Kidwell, John P.; Dennis, Douglas E. USA pp. 1995 regulated trans
The biodegradation of
samples of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate)(P(3HB)),
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
10%-3-
hydroxyvalerate)(P(3HB-
co-10 %-3HV)), and poly
3-hydroxybutyrate-co-20%-
Laboratorium voor 3-hydroxyvalerate)(P(3HB-
Microbiologie, In situ biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and co-20%- 3HV)) was
Mergaert J, Wouters A, Anderson C, Universiteit Gent, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in natural investigated in situ in
549 Swings J Belgium. waters. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:154-9 1995 natural waters. Th
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) is a polyester made
by many microorganisms
under conditions of
nitrogen deficiency, and is
produced commercially in
bulk by biotechnology. It
has been suggested that
Department of PHB-based materials
Materials, Queen Mary In vitro and in vivo evaluation of polyhydroxybutyrate and (copolymers and
and Westfield College, of composites) could be
550 Doyle C, Tanner ET, Bonfield W London, UK. polyhydroxybutyrate reinforced with hydroxyapatite. Biomaterials 1991 Nov;12(9):841-7 1991 suitab
Kwong, A. K.; Chou, S.; Sefton, A. M.; In vitro and in vivo release of insulin from poly(lactic acid)
551 Goosen, F. A. microbeads and pellets Journal of controlled release 1986; 4 1986 288.
Adress(es) /
Spherical microporous
reservoir-type
microcapsules, fabricated
using a W/O/W double
emulsion technique with
solvent
evaporation and
composed of 330 kD
Department of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-
Pharmaceutical and In vitro biodegradation of polyhydroxybutyrate- hydroxyvalerate (P(HB-
Biological Sciences, hydroxyvalerate HV)) (10.8% HV)/20%
Aston University, microcapsules exposed to Hank's buffer, newborn calf PCL II
Birmingham, UK. serum, pancreatin containing a range of
552 Atkins TW, Peacock SJ and synthetic gastric juice. J Microencapsul 1997 Jan-Feb;14(1):35-49 1997 bovine
Purified recombinant
poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)
(PHA) synthase from
Chromatium vinosum
(PhaECCv) was used to
examine
in vitro the specific
Institut fur synthase activity, turnover
Mikrobiologie der In vitro biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using of R-(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl
Westfalischen purified coenzyme A (3HB-CoA)
Wilhelms-Universitat poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) synthase of Chromatium Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 Mar;49(3):258- and poly(3-hydroxybutyric
553 Jossek R, Reichelt R, Steinbuchel A Munster, Germany. vinosum. 66 1998 acid) formation
The use of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and its copolymers
(with
hydroxyvalerate) as
degradable materials for
surgical use is showing
increasing promise due to
Med. Inst., their long degrdn. profile.
Staffordshire Of considerable
Polytech., In vitro degradation of a PHB/PHV copolymer and a new hydroxybutyrate interest were the
Stoke-on-Trent ST4 technique for Biomaterials, 12(2), 210-14 (English) hydroxyvalerate polymer interfacial changes and
554 Knowles, J. C.; Hastings, G. W. 7NY, UK monitoring early surface changes. 1991 1991 degrdn their role
Adress(es) /
Injection-molded PHB/7%
PHV (mol. mass 580,000)
samples were
placed in buffered saline
at varying pH for long-term
in vitro studies.
Anomalies between
sample mass loss and
Biomed. Eng. Unit, In vitro degradation of a polyhydroxybutyrate valerate Young's modulus were
Med. Inst., poly(hydroxybutyrate)[PHB]/poly(hydroxyvalerate)[PHV] biomaterial degrdn found for the different
Stoke-on-Trent ST4 copolymer. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Med., 3(5), 352-8 polyester biomaterial degrdn pHs. The Young's
555 Knowles, J. C.; Hastings, G. W. 7NY, UK (English) 1992 1992 modulus anomaly was
The inflammatory activity

and biodegradation of
were examined. Poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) sheet did
not cause any
Department of Health inflammation in the
Chemistry, Faculty of chorioallantoic membrane
Pharmaceutical of the developing egg.
Sciences, Kyoto The i.v. injection of 14C-
University, Japan. In vivo and in vitro degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) labelled
556 Saito T, Tomita K, Juni K, Ooba K in rat. Biomaterials 1991 Apr;12(3):309-12 1991 poly(3-hydroxybut
This review summarizes

our current knowledge of
prokaryotic inclusion
bodies. The inclusions
habe been divided into
two major groups based
on the presence or
absence of a surrounding
Department of membrane. A third group
Biochemistry, Clemson (see section: Other
University, Clemson, Inclusions) includes those
557 Shively; J.M. South Carolina 29631 Inclusion bodies of prokaryotes Am.Rev.Microbiol. 1974; 28:167-187 1974 prokaryotic inclusion bodies w Review 151.
PURPOSE:To increase
the share of PHB
producing microorganisms
in an active sludge to
efficiently recover PHB
from the active
sludge by continuing the
aeration thereof for a
specific number of days
without the supply of a
SAITO YUJI; others: INCREASE OF SHARE OF PHB PRODUCING substrate.
558 04 TAISEI CORP MICROORGANISMS IN ACTIVE SLUDGE JP4131196 1992-05-01 1992 CONSTITUTION:An ac
Adress(es) /
Synthesis of
(PHAs) from intermediates
of fatty acid beta-oxidation
was used as a tool to
study fatty
Institut d'Ecologie- acid degradation in
Biologie et Physiologie developing seeds of
Vegetales, Batiment Increased flow of fatty acids toward beta-oxidation in Arabidopsis. Transgenic
de Biologie, Universite developing seeds of plants expressing a
de Lausanne, CH- arabidopsis deficient in diacylglycerol acyltransferase peroxisomal PHA
1015 Lausanne, activity or synthase under the
559 Poirier Y, Ventre G, Caldelari D Switzerland. synthesizing medium-chain-length fatty acids. Plant Physiol 1999 Dec;121(4):1359-66 1999 control of a
The serum concentration

of ketones increases in
both fasting and diabetic
ketoacidosis. Wheterh
ketones alter, independent
of changes in pH, the
Department of number and affinity of
Medicine, University of insulin receptors is not
Florida Scholl of serum concentration of ketones known. The binding of
Merimee; T.J.; Pulkkinen; A.J.; Lofton; Medicine, Gainesville, Increased insulin binding by lymphocyte receptors induced Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism - insulin receptor affinity - beta- insulin 125I by 24 x 106
560 S. Florida 32610 by beta-OH butyrate 1976; 43(5):1190-2 1976 hydroxybutyrate IM-9 lymphocyte Others 137. Korr.
Laboratory of Alcaligenes latus DSM

Molecular 1122, DSM 1123 and
Biotechnology, DSM 1124,
Department of Applied growth-associated
Biological poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Sciences, School of (PHB) producers, was
Agricultural Sciences, grown in a pH-stat
Nagoya model fed-batch culture
University, Chikusa- Increased PHB productivity by high-cell-density fed-batch for comparison of their
ku, Nagoya 464, culture of Alcaligenes latus, a growth-associated PHB PHB productivity. A.
Yamane T; Fukunaga M; Lee Y W Japan. producer; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production by high latus DSM 1123 gave the
561 cell density culture with optimized inoculum size Biotechnol.Bioeng.; (1996) 50, 2, 197-202 1996 highest
Azotobacter chroococcum
MAL-201, when grown
under nitrogen-free
conditions with excess
glucose,
accumulated poly-
amounting to 75% of cell
dry weight at the late
Induction of Encystment and Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric exponential phase. This
Soma Pal, Anupam Manna, Amal K. Acid Production by Azotobacter Curr Microbiol 35:327-330 (1997) led to induction of
563 Paul chroococcum MAL-201 © Springer-Verlag New York Inc. 1997 1997 encystmen
564 Kumar; C.; Patel; N. Industrial ecology Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89:798-799 1992 507.
Adress(es) /
565 Hrabak; O. Industrial production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:251-256 1992 481.
566 Leaversuch, R. Industry weighs need to make polymer degradable Modern Plastics 1987; 52-55 1987 378.
Influence of ammonium salts and cane molasses on growth
Beaulieu; M.; Beaulieu; Y.; Melinard; J.; of Alcaligenes eutrophus and production of Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995;
567 Pandian; S.; Goulet; J. polyhydroxybutyrate 61:165-169 1995 498.
Production of poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by
Univ.Laval Alcaligenes
LO Centre STELA, eutrophus DSM 545
Departement de was studied in synthetic
Sciences et culture medium (0.79
Technologie des g/l MgSO4.7H2O, 2.98
Aliments, g/l Na2HPO4, 1.5 g/l
Universite Laval, Influence of ammonium salts and cane molasses on growth KH2PO4, 15 mg/l
Beaulieu M; Beaulieu Y; Melinard J; Cite Universitaire, of Alcaligenes eutrophus and production of FeSO4.7H2O and 24
Pandian S; *Goulet J Quebec, G1K 7P4, polyhydroxybutyrate; culture medium optimization for poly- Appl.Environ.Microbiol.; (1995) 61, 1, 165-69 ml trace element solution)
568 Canada. beta-hydroxybutyrate production 1995 with 3% g
The influence of diln. rate

on polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) formation
Environ, Biotechnol. was investigated with
Lab, School A. eutrophus in a two-
Biotechnol, Wuxi Univ. stage continuous
Light culture system. A
Industry, Wuxi, maximal cell dry wt. of
214036, Peop. Rep. Influence of dilution rate on PHB formation with Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao (1998), 14(2), 187- 27.1 g/L could be
Du, Guocheng; Chen, Jian; Chen, China Alcaligenes eutrophus in a two-stage continuous culture 192 obtained at 0.2 h-1
569 Yinguang; Gao, Haijun; Lun, Shiyi system Chinese 1998 diln. rate in the first stage,
The influence of
phenylacetic acid on the
polymerization of beta-
Istituto di Microbiologia hydroxybutyrate and cell
agraria dell' Università elongation in Azotobacter
di Pisa, Centro di chroococcum has been
Studio per la investigated. The polymer
Microbiologia del Influence of phenylacetic acid on poly- -hydroxybutyrate was extracted by a new
Suolo del Consiglio (PHB) Azotobacter chroococcum - method. Ist molecular
Nazionale delle polymerization and cell elongation in Azotobacter phenylacetic acid - cell weight, calculated by
570 Nuti; M.P.; DeBertholdi; M.; Lepidi; A.A. Ricerche, Pisa, Italy chroococcum Beij. Can.J.Microbiol. 1972; 18:1275-1261 1972 elongation intrinsic viscosity and l Strain - Metabolism 150.
Influence of the endogenous storage lipid poly-á-
hydroxybutyrate on the reducing power availability during
cometabolism of trichloroethylene and naphthalene by Applied an dEnvironmental Microbiology 1993;
571 Henrysson; T.; McCarthx; P.L. resting methanotrophic mixed cultures 59(5):1602-1606 1993 609.
Insulin delivery systems and encapsulation of cells for CRC Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility 1987;
572 Goosen, M. F. A.; Langer, R. medical and industrial use 3:45292 1987 290.
Adress(es) /
In a laboratory-scale
system, dentrification
activity of a heterotrophic
microbial starter culture
changed when different
lots of
Universitat poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
Hohenheim, Institut fur 3-hydroxyvalerate (P(HB-
Mikrobiologie, co-HV)) were used as the
Stuttgart, Germany. Interaction between poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- solid carbon source in the
Biedermann J, Owen AJ, Schloe KT, biederma@uni- hydroxyvalerate and a heterotrophic
573 Gassner F, Sussmuth R hohenheim.de denitrifying Pseudomonas strain. Can J Microbiol 1997 Jun;43(6):561-8 1997 denitrifi
Interrelations between glycogen, poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
acid and lipids during accumulation and subsequent
574 Zevenhuizen; L.P.T.M.; Ebbink; A.G. utilization in a Pseudomonas Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1974; 40:103-120 1974 222.
Intracellular degradation
of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB) in bacteria is not
yet clear. The properties
of the autodigestion of
native PHB granules from
Department of Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M
Biological Sciences, were examined. The
Faculty of Science, release of D(-)-3-
Kanagawa University, Intracellular degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) hydroxybutyrate was
Japan. granules of Zoogloea observed
575 Saito T, Saegusa H, Miyata Y, Fukui T ramigera I-16-M. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):333-8 1992 only at pH
The in vitro degradation of

isolated Pseudomonas
oleovorans inclusion
bodies containing either
poly-3-hydroxynonanoate
(PHN), or poly(-3-hydroxy-
5-phenylvalerate) (PHPV),
Department of Intracellular depolymerase activity in isolated inclusion or a mixture of these two
Biotechnology, bodies containing polymers was
University of New polyhydroxyalkanoates with long alkyl and functional investigated. When
South Wales, Sydney, substituents in the incubated
576 Foster LJ, Lenz RW, Fuller RC Australia. side chain. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Nov;26(2-3):187-92 1999 at 30 degrees C
Adress(es) /
So far, it is known that

various poly(3-
hydroxybutanoate), PHB,
depolymerases are
able to degrade all-(R)
Laboratorium fuer chains, cyclic (R)
Organische Chemie oligomers, oligolides,
Eidgenoessische and polymers composed
Technische of
Hochschule, ETH- Investigation of the Enzymic Cleavage of Diastereomeric rac-hydroxybutanoate,
Zentrum, Zurich, CH- Oligo(3-hydroxybutanoates) Containing Two to Eight HB HB, but not all-(S) or
8092, Switz. Units. A Model for the Stereoselectivity of ***PHB*** Macromolecules (1999), 32(6), 1777-1784 syndiotactic (R,S)
577 Bachmann, Beat M.; Seebach, Dieter Depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1 1999
(PHA) granule associated
proteins from
Department of Biology, were
James Madison purified and
University, the N-terminal sequences
Harrisonburg, VA, of two major proteins
USA. migrating in sodium
Investigation of the function of proteins associated to dodecyl sulfate
Valentin HE, Stuart ES, Fuller RC, Lenz henry.e.valentin@mon polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusions in
578 RW, Dennis D santo.com Pseudomonas putida BMO1. J Biotechnol 1998 Oct 8;64(2-3):145-57 1998 polyacrylamide gels with
Blends of poly(D-(-)-3-
and atactic PMMA were
isothermally cold-crystd.
from homogeneous
amorphous samples
Stazione polyhydroxybutyrate PMMA obtained by quenching. X-
Sperimentale Investigation of the phase structure of blend phase structure ray techniques were
Cellulosa, Carta Fibre poly(D(-)3-hydroxybutyrate)/atactic poly(methyl crystal morphol employed to investigate
Vegetali Artificiali, methacrylate) polyhydroxybutyrate PMMA the phase structure of the
Canetti, M.; Sadocco, P.; Siciliano, A.; Milan 20133, blends by small-angle x-ray scattering. blend cold-crystd. blends. The
579 Seves, A. Italy Polymer, 35(13), 2884-7 (English) 1994 1994 lon
580 Widma... Ionenstr"me und Substratfl sse Biologie in unserer Zeit 1985; 15(1):41852 1985 279.
Bluhm; T.L.; Hamer; G.K.;
Marchessault; R.H; C.A., Fyfe; Veregin; Isodimorphism in bacterial poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-
581 R.P. beta-hydroxyvalerate) Macremolecules 1986; 19:2871 1986 210.
Isolation and 1H-NMR spectroscopic identification of

poly(3-hydroxybutanoate) from prokaryotic and eukaryotic
organismsDetermination of the absolute configuration (R)
Seebach; D.; Brunner; A.; B rger; of the monomeric unit 3-hydroxybutanoic acid from
582 H.M.; Schneider; J.; Reusch; R.N. Escherichia coli and spinach Eur. J. Biochem. 1994; 224:317-328 1994 466.
Adress(es) /
A microorganism
(Azotobacter sp.) was
isolated from soil samples
from the Agronomy
Faculty campus and its
ability to
Catedra de accumulate poly-beta-
Microbiologia, hydroxyalkanoate (PHAs)
Facultad de polymers was analyzed.
Agronomia, The isolated strain
Universidad de Isolation and characterization of Azotobacter sp. for the (named No 8)
Buenos Aires, production of Rev Argent Microbiol 1994 Jan-Mar;26(1):21-7 accumulated 8
583 Quagliano JC, Alegre P, Miyazaki SS Argentina. poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates. [Article in Spanish] 1994 micrograms PHA/m of cul
1. Employing mutagenic
agents (nitrite, 1-nitroso-3-
Institut für nitro-1-methylguanidine,
Mikrobiologie der ethylmethanesulfonate),
Universität Göttingen the colistine
und Institut für counterselection
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas eutropha H technique and the „pin
Gesellschaft für Isolation and Characterization on Mutants of 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - point“ colony isolation
Strahlen- und Hydrogeneomonas eutropha Strain H 16 Defective in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - method, mutants of
Umweltforschung Catabolism / Isolierung und Charakterisierung Mutants - Entner-Doudoroff Hydrogenomonas
mbH, München in katabolischer Defektmutanten von Hydrogenomonas pathway - Fructose - Glucose - eutropha strain H 16
584 Bowien, B.; Schlegel, H.G. Göttingen eutropha Stamm H 16 Arch. Mikrobiol. 1972; 87:203-210 1972 Gluconate (ATCC 17 699) and of Strain - Metabolism 97. Korr.
Isolation and culture conditions of a bacterium grown on
585 Kodama, T.; Igarashi, Y.; Minoda, Y. hydrogen and carbon dioxide Agr. Biol. Chem. 1975; 39(1):77-82 1975 47.
acid) granules, which
harbored only four major
granule-associated
proteins as revealed by
SDS
polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, were
isolated from crude
Institut fur Isolation and identification of granule-associated proteins cellular extracts of
Mikrobiologie, Georg- relevant for Chromatium vinosum D by
Liebergesell M, Schmidt B, Steinbuchel August-Universitat poly(3-hydroxyalkanoic acid) biosynthesis in Chromatium centrifugation in a
586 A Gottingen, FRG. vinosum D. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Dec 1;78(2-3):227-32 1992 linear sucros
Takahashi, J.; Ichikawa, Y.; Sagae, H.; Isolation and Identification of n-Butane-assimilating
587 Komura, I.; Kanou, H.; Yamada, K. Bacterium Agric. Biol. Chem. 1980; 44:1835-1840 1980 375.
Adress(es) /
By using selective
enrichment of
polyhydroxyalkanoate-
degrading bacteria and
Laboratorium voor poly(3-hydroxyvalerate)-
Microbiologie, containing granules
Vakgroep Biochemie, from Chromobacterium
Fysiologie en violaceum as the carbon
Microbiologie, source, 10 new
Universiteit Gent, Pseudomonas lemoignei
Mergaert J, Schirmer A, Hauben L, Mau Belgium. Isolation and identification of poly(3-hydroxyvalerate)- strains were isolated;
M, Hoste B, Kersters K, Jendrossek D, Joris.Mergaert@rug.ac degrading strains these strains
588 Swings J .be of Pseudomonas lemoignei. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1996 Jul;46(3):769-73 1996 were able to de
Isolation and metabolism og glycogen and poly-
betahydroxybutyrate in Nocardia asteroides at different
589 Emeruwa; A.C. developmental stages Ann. Microbiol. (Inst Pasteur) 1981; 132B:13-21 1981 238.
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB), a biodegradable
polymer of com.
importance is produced as
storage granules in many
bacteria grown
under high C:N ratio.
Following enrichment and
Department of Botany, Isolation and screening of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) diln. plating on specific
University of Calcutta, producing polyhydroxybutyrate formation media, free-living N2-
Calcutta 700 019, bacteria from soil. Proc. Acad. Environ. Biol., 5(1), 43-48 bacteria soil fixers, pseudomonads,
590 Pal, Soma; Paul, A.K. India (English) 1996 1996 spore-for
Isolation of intracellular
polyhydroxyalkanoate (I)
from a fermentation broth
is effected by (a) removing
at least part of the liq.
BLAUHUT WILFRIED phase, (b) adding a
DIPL ING (AT); GIERLINGER water-immiscible solvent
WOLFGANG (AT); STREMPFL DANUBIA Isolation of poly:hydroxy:alkanoate from fermentation broth with a b.pt. below 100
FRIEDRICH DIPL ING PETROCHEM - by concn., solvent deg. C, (c) stirring at a
591 DR (AT) DEUTSCHLAND (DE) extn. and spraying extract into hot water DE4036067 1992-05-14 1992 temp. between room temp.
Adress(es) /
Organism isolated from
activated sludge and
identified as Zoogloea
ramigera accumulated
large amounts of
sudanophilic granules as
Wisconsin Agricultural the cultrues
Experiment Station flocculated.The granules
and Engineering were extracted by
Experiment Station, chloroform and
University of precipitated with ether
Crabtree; K.; McCoy; E.; Boyle; W.C.; Wisconsin, Madison, Isolation, identification, and metabolic role of the from acid-hydrolyzed
592 Rohlich; G.A. Wisconsin sudanophilic granules of Zoogloea ramigera Applied Microbiology 1965; 13:218-226 1965 Zoogloea ramigera cells. Id Strain 132. Korr.
study was conducted to
isolate, screen and
identify bacteria for
National Institute of the prodn. of a
Molecular Biology and biodegradable plastic
Biotechnology material called
(BIOTECH), poly-.beta.-
University of the hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
Philippines Los Banos Stud. Environ. Sci. (1997), 66(Global The results of isolating
(UPLB) College, Environmental Biotechnology), bacteria from soils
Laguna, 4031, Isolation, screening and identification of bacteria for poly- 737-748 showed that 78 isolates
593 Reyes, Gloria D.; So, R. S.; Ulep, M. M. Philippines .beta.-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production 1997 possessed cellu
The kinetics of poly-D(-)-3-

hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
prodn. was
studied in Alcaligenes
eutrophus H16 (ATCC
17699) fed-batch culture
Kinetic study of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) using butyric acid as a
production and its sole carbon source. In
molecular weight distribution control in a fed-batch culture order to control the
Fac. of polyhydroxybutyrate fermn butyric acid concn. at a
Shimizu, Hiroshi; Tamura, Shinji; Eng., Osaka Univ., Alcaligenes eutrophus. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 76(6), butyrate Alcaligenes steady value, a const.
594 Shioya, Suteaki; Suga, Ken Ichi Suita 565, Japan 465-9 (English) 1993 1993 butyr
Kinetics and effect of nitrogen source feeding on
production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by fed-batch
595 Suzuki; T.; Yamane; T.; Shimizu; S. culture Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1986; 24:366-369 1986 607.
poly hydroxyalkanoate
depolymerase kinetics
mechanism The kinetics and
Alcaligenes poly mechanism of enzymic
hydroxyalkanoate degrdn. on the surface of
depolymerase kinetics poly[(R)-3-
mechanism hydroxybutyrate] (P[(R)-
Pseudomonas poly 3HB]) film have been
hydroxyalkanoate studied using
depolymerase kinetics three types of extracellular
Polymer Chemistry mechanism poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
Laboratory, Institute of Comamonas poly (PHA)
Physical and Chemical hydroxyalkanoate depolymerases from
Mukai, Katsuyuki; Yamada, Kenji; Doi, Research (RIKEN), Kinetics and mechanism of heterogeneous hydrolysis of Int. J. Biol. depolymerase kinetics Alcaligenes faecalis,
596 Yoshiharu Saitama, Japan. poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] film by PHA depolymerases. Macromol., 15(6), 361-6 (English) 1993 1993 mechanism Pseudomonas pickettii
Adress(es) /
Kinetics and mechanism of synthesis and degradation of
597 Kawaguchi; Y.; Doi; Y. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Alcaligenes eutrophus Macromolecules 1992; 25:2324-2329 1992 580.
Kinetics and models for the bioconversion of methane into Biotechnology and Bioengineering Symp. 1985;
598 Asenjo; J.A.; Suk; J.S. an intracellular polymer, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate 15:225-234 1985 240.
1. Beta-Ketothiolase of
Clostridium pasteurianum
Institut für was purified 130-fold by
Mikrobiologie der ammonium sulphate
Universität Göttingen fractionation and by
und Institut für column
Mikrobiologie der chromatography using
Gesellschaft für DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and
Strahlen- und hydroxylapatite. Subjected
Umweltforschung Kinetics and properties of beta-ketothiolase from Beta-Ketothiolase - Clostridium to gel electrophoresis beta-
mbH, München in Clostridium pasteurianum - Activation by ketothiolase
599 Berndt H, Schlegel HG Göttingen pasteurianum. Arch Microbiol 1975 Mar 12;103(1):21-30 1975 Coenzyme A revealed two distinct b Strain - Enzymology 111. Korr.
Braunegg; G.; Lefebvre; G.; Renner; G.;
Zeiser; A.; Haage; G.; Loidl-Lanthaler; Kinetics as a tool for polyhydroxyalkanoate production
600 K. optimization Can. J. Microbiol. 1995; 41:239-248 1995 517.
The kinetics and

mechanism of surface
hydrolysis of
poly[(R)-3-
hydroxybutyrate] [P(3HB)]
film were studied at 25-37°
and pH
6.0-8.0. with an
extracellular
Dep. polyhydroxybutyrate
of Bioengineering, Kinetics of surface hydrolysis of poly[(R)-3- depolymerase (PHB) depolymerase
Tokyo Inst. of hydroxybutyrate] film by polyhydroxybutyrate surface purified from Alcaligenes
Kasuya, Ken-ichi; Inoue, Yoshio; Technology, PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 48(1), 167-74 (English) hydrolysis kinetics faecalis T1. The primary
601 Yamada, Kenji; Doi, Yoshiharu Yokohama 227, Japan 1995 1995 product o
Lafferty; R.M.; Braunegg; G.;
Katzojannos; E.; Heinzle; E.; Kinetics of the biotechnological production of poly-beta-
602 Sonnleitner; B.; Srienc; F., hydroxybutyric acid Abstract 207.
Konstitutive Glucose-6-phosphat-Dehydrogenase bei
K"nig, C.; Sammler, I.; Wilde, E.; Glucose verwertenden Mutanten von einem kryptischen
603 Schlegel, H.G. Wildstamm Arch. Mikrobiol. 1969; ?7:51-57 1969 166.
604 Bakterien als Kunststoffproduzenten Kosmos Kosmos 1983; 8:48-49 1983 246.
Kulturgefäße zur Aufzucht von Hydrogenomonas H16 mit
605 Rudolph, V. elektrolytischer Knallgaserzeugung Dissertation, Göttingen 1968 1968 46.
Adress(es) /
Lamellar thickening
behavior of microbial
polyesters, poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)],
3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HB-
Department of co-3HV)] and poly(3-
Biological and hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
Chemical Engineering, hydroxybutyrate)
Faculty of Engineering, Lamellar thickening and cocrystallization of [P(3HB-co-4HB)]
Gunma University, poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s on annealed at various
606 Mitomo H, Doi Y Kiryu, Gunma, Japan. annealing. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):201-5 1999 temperatures was inve
PCT No.
PCT/GB96/00284 Sec.
371 Date Nov. 24, 1997
Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 24,
SATGURUNATHAN 1997 PCT Filed Feb. 9,
RAJASINGHAM (GB); 1996 PCT Pub. No.
GEORGE NEIL (GB); WO96/24682 PCT Pub.
SATGURUNATHAN HAMMOND TIMOTHY Date Aug. 15, 1996A
RAJASINGHAM (GB); GEORGE NEIL (GB); chiral (R) stereospecific
(GB); HAMMOND TIMOTHY (GB); LIDDELL polyhydroxyalkanoate
LIDDELL JOHN JOHN MACDONALD (PHA) in aqueous latex
MACDONALD (GB); TURNER PETER (GB); TURNER form having
607 DERYK (IE) PETER DERYK (IE) Latex of polyhydroxyalkanoate US5977250 1999-11-02 1999 virgin disp
A rapid and inexpensive
test has been developed
to investigate the
Universität Zürich, influence of elevated
Institut für heavy
Pflanzenbiologie, metal
Abteilung concentrations on the
Mikrobiologie, degradation of
Zollikerstrasse 107, lecture: A rapid method for the determination of metal biodegradable plastics.
CH-8008 toxicity Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry Using an overlay agar
Zürich, to the biodegradation of water insoluble Abstract Volume 354 Issue 5/6 (1996) pp 760- technique it could
608 Linda Birch, H. Brandl Switzerland polymers 762 1996 be d
Ramsay, J.; Ramsay, B.; Normandin,
609 D.; Chavarie, C.; Braunegg, G. Les Plastiques Biodegradables Interface 1991; Jan/Fev 42309 1991 380.
Department of Polyhydroxybutyrate
Chemistry, (PHB) synthases catalyze
Massachusetts the conversion of beta-
Institute of hydroxybutyryl coenzyme
Technology, 77 A (HBCoA)
Massachusetts to PHB. These enzymes
Avenue, Lipases provide a new mechanistic model for require an active site
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) cysteine nucleophile for
Cambridge, synthases: characterization of the functional covalent
Jia Y, Kappock TJ, Frick T, Sinskey AJ, Massachusetts 02139, residues in Chromatium catalysis. A
610 Stubbe J USA. vinosum PHB synthase. Biochemistry 2000 Apr 11;39(14):3927-36 2000 protein BLASTp
Adress(es) /
The formation of cysts by

involves the synthesis of
lipids as major metabolic
products. Cells which
encyst at low levels in
aging glucose cultures
undergo the same pattern
of lipid synthesis as cells
Lipid metabolism during encystment of Azotobacter which undergo reasonably
611 Reusch RN, Sadoff HL vinelandii. J Bacteriol 1981 Feb;145(2):889-95 1981 synchro
(1) CEIMA-
Universidad Nacional
de la Patagonia San
Juan Bosco, Km 4,
9000 Comodoro Forty psychrophile or
psychrotrophic crude-oil-
Rivadavia, Argentina utilizing marine bacteria
(2) were
Institut für
Mikrobiologie der investigated for their
Westfälischen ability to accumulate lipid
Wilhelms-Universität storage compounds in the
Münster, cytoplasm during
H. M. Alvarez (1)(2), O. H. Pucci (1), A. Corrensstraße 3, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract cultivation
612 Steinbüchel (2) Lipid storage compounds in marine bacteria Volume 47 Issue 2 (1997) pp 132-139 1997 under nitrogen-limiting
The first order intracellular

degradation of various
(PHA) inclusions in
Hydrogenophaga
pseudoflava
Biomaterials Science cells was investigated by
Laboratory, Division of analyzing the
Life Science, compositional and
Gyeongsang National microstructural changes of
University, Chinju 660- Local sequence dependence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid the PHA using gas
701, Korea. degradation in chromatography, (13)C
613 Yoon SC, Choi MH Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava. J Biol Chem 1999 Dec 31;274(53):37800-8 1999 NMR s
It is increasingly clear that

(PHB) is not just an inert
storage polymer, confined
to certain bacteria, but
a ubiquitous, interactive,
solvating biopolymer
Department of involved in important
Microbiology, Michigan physiological functions.
State University, East Low molecular weight complexed poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): Low molecular weight
Lansing 48824, USA. a dynamic PHB,
614 Reusch RN and versatile molecule in vivo. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:50-4 1995 co
Adress(es) /
Maintaining a controlled residual growth capacity
Aragao; G.M.F.; Lindley; N.D.; increases the production of polyhydroxyalkanoate
615 Uribelarrea; J.L.; Pareilleux; A. copolymers by Alcaligenes eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1996; 18(8):937-942 1996 623.
Metabolic pathway
engineering in cotton has
been accomplished by
introducing modified
genes encoding the
enzymes acetoacetyl-
CoA reductase and
Agracetus, Monsanto, Portland Press Proc. (1998), 14(Engineeering (PHA)
Middleton, WI, 53562, Crop Plants for synthase. These two
USA Manipulating metabolic pathways in cotton fiber: synthesis Industrial End Uses), 133-147 enzymes, when produced
616 John, Maliyakal E. of polyhydroxybutyrate 1998 in f
Park; H.C.; Park; J.S.; Lee; Y.H.; Huh; Manipulation of the genes for poly-á-hydroxybutyric acid
617 T.L. synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17(7):729-734 1995 619.
Mass production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by fed-

618 Suzuki, T.; Yamane, T.; Shimizu, S. batch culture with controlled carbon/nitrogen feeding Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1986; 24:370-373 1986 394.
Mass production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid by fully
619 Suzuki, T.; Yamane, T.; Shimizu, S. automatic fed-batch culture of methylotroph Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1986; 23:322-329 1986 393.
Methylocystis sp. GB25

Cent.Environ.Res.Leip formed poly-beta-
zig hydroxybutyrate (PHB),
LO UFZ- particularly under N-
Umweltforschungszent and P-deficiency
rum Leipzig-Halle Meded.Fac.Landbouwwet.Rijksuniv.Gent; (1994) conditions, up to 60% of
GmbH, 59, 4b, 2369-70 biomass. In a
Permoserstrasse Mass spectrometric on-line monitoring of PHB 8th Forum for Applied Biotechnology, Bruges, continuous culture system
Jechorek M; Wendlandt K D; 15, D-04318 accumulation by methanotrophic bacteria; Methylocystis Belgium, 28-30 under moderate pressure,
Stottmeister U Leipzig, Germany. sp. poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production systems control September, 1994. a PHB formation rate
620 (conference abstract) English 1994 of 0.7 g/l.hr was achie
Interest in biodegradable
plastics made from
renewable resources has
increased significantly in
recent years. PHBV
(polyhydroxybutyrate-
polyhydroxyvalerate)
copolymers are good
ICI BioProducts and examples of this type of
Fine Chemicals, ICI materials. This paper
Americas, Inc., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992 Feb 1;89(3):839- provides an
621 Luzier WD Wilmington, DE 19897. Materials derived from biomass/biodegradable materials. 42 1992 overview of the man 509.
Mathematical model for determining the effects of
intracytoplasmic inclusions on volume and density of
622 Mas; J.; Pedros-Alio; C.; Guerrero; R. mocroorganisms Journal of Bacteriology 1985; 164(2):749-756 1985 550.
Adress(es) /
A novel strategy for the

maximum production of a
Department of biodegradable copolymer,
Biotechnology, poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-
Graduate School of hydroxyvaleric) acid,
Engineering, Osaka P(HB-co-HV), was
University, 2-1 developed, based on the
Yamadaoka, Suita kinetic parameters
565, Japan obtained from fed-batch
email: Suteaki Shioya Maximum production strategy for biodegradable copolymer culture experiments of
Shimizu H, Kozaki Y, Kodama H, (shioya@bio.eng.osak P(HB-co-HV) optimization; P(HB-co-HV); Alcaligenes
623 Shioya S a-u.ac.jp) in fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus. Biotechnol Bioeng 1999 Mar 5;62(5):518-25 1999 mole fraction control eutrophus. The kopiert
Univ.Latvian-
Inst.Microbiol.Biotechn
ol.; Univ.Latvian; The effect of plasticizers
Univ.Riga-Tech. on physical properties and
LO Institute of degradation
Microbiology and characteristics of poly-
Biotechnology, Latvian beta-hydroxybutyrate
University, 4 (PHB)-based films was
Kronvalda investigated. Laprol
Boulevard, Riga LV- was a good plasticizer for
Savenkova L; *Gercberga Z; Nikolaeva 1586, Latvia. Mechanical properties and biodegradation characteristics PHB and for
V; Dzene A; Bibers I; Kalnin Email: of PHB-based films; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate PHB-containing
M azot@com.latnet.lv degradation by bacteria and fungi for soil decontamination biomass (BM) of
624 Process Biochem.; (1999) 35, 6, 573-79 1999 Azotobacter
1CRBA-URA CNRS
1465, Faculté de
pharmacie, Université The present study
de Montpellier I, investigated the in vitro
Montpellier, France mechanism and
2Laboratory of degradation rate of
Experimental Surgery, polyhydroxyoctanoate
Department of (PHO). Solution-cast
Surgery, Laval PHO films were incubated
University, Quebec in either water or
Biomaterial Institute, isoosmotic phosphate-
Pavillon polyhydroxyalkanoates; buffered saline (PBS) for
Yves Marois 1 2, Ze Zhang 2, Michel St-François d'Assise, Mechanism and rate of degradation of Journal of Biomedical Materials Research polyhydroxyoctanoate; periods ranging from 1 to
Vert 1, Xiaoyan Deng 2, Robert Lenz 3, CHUQ, Quebec, polyhydroxyoctanoate films in aqueous Volume 49, Issue 2, 2000. Pages: 216- bacterial polyesters; in vitro 24
625 Robert Guidoin 2 * Quebec, media: A long-term in vitro study 224 2000 study; degradation; hydrolysis months. Physi
Department of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
Pharmacy, Kunamoto acid (PHB) microspheres
University Hospital, 1 1- containing aclarubicin
1-1 Honjo, Kunamoto hydrochloride were
860, Japan Faculty of prepared by a solvent-
Pharmaceutical evaporation process. The
Sciences, Josai release rates of the drug
Universiy, 2 1-1 from the microspheres
Keyakidai, Sakado, Mechanism of Enhancement of the release rate of were significantly
Saitama 350-02, aclarubicin from poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid increased by incorporating
626 Kubota, M.1; Nakano, M.1; Juni, K.2 Japan microspheres by fatty acid esters Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1988; 36:333-337 1988 Microsphere - Aclarubicin ethyl or n-butyl esters Application 672.
Adress(es) /
Mechanism of protein excretion by gram-negative bacteria:
627 Lory; S.; Phang; C.T.; Davis; B.D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A Journal of Bacteriology 1983; 156(2):695-702 1983 274.
Pseudomonas
saccharophila NRRL B-
628 is capable of utilizing
agricultural lipids for
growth. The organism
exhibited good
growth with triacylglycerol
substrates that contained
saturated fatty acyl
Medium-Chain-Length Poly(beta-Hydroxyalkanoate) moieties such as coconut
Daniel K. Y. Solaiman, Richard D. Synthesis from Triacylglycerols by Curr Microbiol 38:151-154 (1999) © 1999 by oil
628 Ashby, Thomas A. Foglia Pseudomonas saccharophila Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1999 (CO; C10-12 fa
271 pp.
Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No.
McGill Univ., Montreal, Melting and crystallization in poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate) DANN99997 From: Diss. Abstr. melting crystn
629 Pearce, Robert Patrick PQ, Can. blends. Int., B 1996, 56(10), 5521 (English) 1996 1996 polyhydroxyalkanoate blend Abstract Unavailable
The isocitrate
dehydrogenase leaky
mutant Alcaligenes
eutrophus RM-1 was
isolatet after mutagenesis,
and ist metabolic
Department of Genetic Alcaligenes eutrophus - characteristics were
Engineering, College Ralstonia eutropha - isocitrate investigated. The PHB
of Natural Sciences, dehydrogenase leaky mutant - accumulation was
Kyungpook National Metabolic characteristics of isocitrate dehydrogenase leaky metabolic characteristics - significantly increased due
University, Taegu 702- mutant of alcaligenes eutrophus and its utilization for poly- Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering Vol poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-3- to the icreased forw of Strain - Metabolism -
630 Park, Jin-Seo; Lee Yong-Hyun 701, Korea beta-hydroxybutyrate production 81, No. 3, 197-205, 1996 1996 hydroxyvalerate) - production carbon to the PHB biosyn Copolyesters kopiert
a Department of
Genetic Engineering, The regulatory
College of Natural mechanisms of the
Sciences, Kyungpook biosynthesis of in vivo
National University, poly- b-hydroxybutyrate
Taegu 702-701, Korea Keywords: Alcaligenes [PHB] and poly(3-
b Technology eutrophus; Metabolic hydroxybutyrate-3-
Appraisal Centers, engineering; Regulation hydroxyval-erate)
Korea Technology Metabolic engineering of Alcaligenes eutrophus through mechanism of PHB and P(3HB- [P(3HB-3HV)] of
Credit Guarantee the 3HV) biosynthesis; phbCAB Alcaligenes eutrophus
Fund, Youido, Seoul transformation of cloned phbCAB genes for genes; b-Ketothiolase; were investigated by using
150-010, Korea * the investigation of the Acetoacetyl-CoA reductase; various transformants with
Young-Mi Jung a , Jin-Seo Park b , Corresponding regulatory mechanism of Enzyme Microb Technol 2000 Feb 1;26(2-4):201- PHB synthase; Granular enzyme activities that
631 Yong-Hyun Lee a, * author.E-mail addre polyhydroxyalkanoate biosynthesis. 208 2000 structure were ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
Poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
are natural polymers with
thermoplastic properties.
One polymer of this class
with commercial
applicability, poly(3-
hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)
Slater S, Mitsky TA, Houmiel KL, Hao can be produced by
M, Reiser SE, Taylor NB, Tran M, Cereon Genomics, 45 Metabolic engineering of Arabidopsis and Brassica for bacterial fermentation, but
Valentin HE, Rodriguez DJ, Stone DA, Sidney St., Cambridge, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) copolymer the
632 Padgette SR, Kishore G, Gruys KJ MA 02139, USA. production. Nat Biotechnol 1999 Oct;17(10):1011-6 1999 process is not econ
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates)
(PHAs) are a class of
microbially produced
polyesters that have
potential applications as
conventional plastics,
specifically thermoplastic
Metabolix, Inc., elastomers. A wealth of
Cambridge, biological diversity in PHA
Massachusetts 02142, Metabolic engineering of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates): from formation exists, with at
633 Madison LL, Huisman GW USA. DNA to plastic. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1999 Mar;63(1):21-53 1999 least 100 d
California Inst. Metabolic modeling of growth and poly(beta- 375 pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No.
Technol., Pasadena, hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) DA9137235 polyhydroxybutyrate fermn
CA, production in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. From: Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1992, 52(10), 5398 Alcaligenes model
634 Guske, Christopher James USA (English) 1990 1992 Abstract unavailable.
A math. model describing
intracellular
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB)
Department of synthesis in
Chemical Engineering Alcaligenes eutrophus has
and Materials Science, been constructed. The
Biological Process model
Technology Institute, allows investigation of
University of issues such as the
Minnesota, existence of
St. Paul, MN, rate-limiting enzymic
Leaf, Timothy A.; Srienc, Friedrich 55108, USA Biotechnol. Bioeng. (1998), 57(5), 557-570 steps, possible regulatory
635 Metabolic modeling of polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis 1998 m
Adress(es) /
Various aerobic Gram-

negative bacteria have
been examined for their
ability to use 4-
hydroxybutyrate and 1,4-
butanediol as
carbon source for growth.
strains H16, HF39, PHB-4
Institut fur and Pseudomonas
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Metabolic pathway for biosynthesis of poly(3- denitrificans 'Morris' were
Valentin HE, Zwingmann G, August-Universitat zu hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) from 4- not
639 Schonebaum A, Steinbuchel A Gottingen, Germany. hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes eutrophus Eur J Biochem 1995 Jan 15;227(1-2):43-60 1995 able to gro 613.
Heterologous expression
of the phaC1 gene from
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, which
encodes one
of the
Institut fur Metabolic routing towards polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthases, in Escherichia
Mikrobiologie, synthesis in coli impaired in fatty acid
Westfalische Wilhelms- recombinant Escherichia coli (fadR): beta-
Universitat, Munster, inhibition of fatty acid beta-oxidation oxidation results in
640 Qi Q, Steinbuchel A, Rehm BH Germany. by acrylic acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998 Oct 1;167(1):89-94 1998 polyhydr
P oleovorans Accumulates
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates)
(PHAs) after
growth on medium-chain-
length hydrocarbons.
Large amts. of this
Metabolism of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) (PHAs) by polyester are synthesized
Pseudomonas when cells are grown
Groningen Biotechnol. oleovorans. Identification and sequences of genes and polyhydroxyalkanoate under N-limiting
Huisman, Gjalt W.; Wonink, Eric; Cent., Univ. function of polymerase depolymerase conditions. When N is
Meima, Rob; Kazemier, Bert; Groningen, Groningen the encoded proteins in the synthesis and degradation of J. Biol. Chem., 266(4), 2191-8 gene sequence resupplied in the medium,
641 Terpstra, Peter; Witholt, Bernard 9747 AG, Neth. PHA. (English) 1991 1991 Pseudomonas the accumulat
Metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. 1 Purification,

composition, and properities of native poly-beta-
642 Griebel, R.; Smith, Z.; Merick, J.M. hydrobutyrate granules from Bacillus megaterium Biochemistry 1968 Oct;7(10):3676-81 1968 36.
Metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate: effect of mild
alkaline extraction on native poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
643 Griebel; R.J.; Merrick; J.M. granules J. Bacteriol. 1971; 108(2):782-789 1971 631.
Metabolism of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate: effect of mild
alkaline extraction
644 Griebel RJ, Merrick JM on native poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules. J Bacteriol 1971 Nov;108(2):782-9 1971 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
The synthesis of poly-beta-

Bacillus cereus strain T
begins after the cessation
of logarithmic growth. Its
accumulation is preceded
by the formation of
Department of acetoacetyl coenzyme A
Microbiology, reductase, an enzyme
University of Illinois, Metabolism of poly-beta-hyroxybutyrate and acetoin in Bacillus cereus strain T - used for its biosynthesis.
645 Kominek, L.A.; Halvorson, H.O. Urbana, Illinois Bacillus cereus J. Bacteriol. 1965; 90:1251-1259 1965 sporulation Exogenou Strain - Metabolism 84.
Metabolite concentrations in Alcaligenes eutrophus H16
and a mutant defective in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
646 Cook, A. M.; Schlegel, H. G. synthesis Arch. Microbiol. 1978; 119:231-235 1978 42.
Institut für
Mikrobiologie der
Gesellschaft für
Strahlen- und Umwelt-
forschung mbH,
München, in 3400
Göttingen, Metabolite concentrations in bacteria: the identification of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 -
Grisebachstraße 8, controlled enzymes from anomalous metabolite Ralstonia eutropha H 16 -
647 Cook, A.m.; Urban, D.; Schlegel, H.G. West Germany concentrations in a mutant 558th meeting, Edinburgh ? metabolite excretion Abstract unavailable. Strain - Metabolism 165.
648 Budwill, K.; Fedorak, P. M.; Page, W. J. Methanogenic Degradation of Poly(3-Hydroxyalkanoates) Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1992; 58:1398-1401 1992 408.
So far, the
commercialisation on a
large scale of the
environmentally harmless
PHB and PHA
biopolymers has failed
because of
the very high production
costs involved in the
production of these
Method for combining intracellular polyhydroxyalkanoate substances by
KOSMANN JENS DR (DE); INST synthesis in biotechnological
BUETTCHER VOLKER DR (DE); GENBIOLOGISCHE microorganisms with an extracellular polysaccharide fermentation processes.
649 WELSH THOMAS (DE) FORSCHUNG (DE) synthesis DE4420223 1995-05-04 1995 The
Adress(es) /
A method has been

developed for control of
molecular weight and
molecular weight
dispersity during
production of
polyhydroxyalkanoates in
genetically engineered
organism by control of the
SIM SANG JUN (KR); SINSKEY level and time of
ANTHONY J (US); HOGAN SCOTT A MASSACHUSETTS expression of one or more
(US); RHA CHOKYUN (US); INST TECHNOLOGY Method for controlling molecular weight of PHA
650 SNELL KRISTI D (US) (US) polyhydroxyalkanoates US5811272 1998-09-22 1998 synthases in
A method has been

SNELL, Kristi, D. , 8 Walnut Street, molecular weight and
Belmont, MA 02178, United States of MASSACHUSETTS molecular weight
America INSTITUTE OF dispersity during
HOGAN, Scott, A. , TECHNOLOGY, 77 production of
Apartment 106, 2354 Golfview Drive, Massachusetts polyhydroxyalkanoates in
Troy, MI 48084, United States of Avenue, Cambridge, geneticallyengineered
America MA 02139, METHOD FOR CONTROLLING organism by control of the
SIM, Sang, Jun , Kunyoung United MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF level and time of
651 Apartment 102- States of America POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES WO9804713A1 Feb. 5, 1998 1998 expression of
PURPOSE:To easily
monitor the PHB storage
change in activated
sludge by culturing the
activated sludge contg.
many kinds of
microorganisms under
the conditions of limiting
nitrogen sources and
measuring the turbidity of
the culture solution at
METHOD FOR MONITORING PHB STORAGE CHANGE JP4156998 660(nm)
652 SAITO YUJI; others: 04 TAISEI CORP OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE 1992-05-29 1992
ALEXANDER KOREA INST METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH DENSITY PHB USING
STEINBUCHER (DE); JANG HO-NAM SCIENCE FED-BATCH CULTURE OF
653 (KR); LEE SANG-YEUP (KR) TECHNOLOGY (KR) RECOMBINANT E. COLI KR122437 1997-11-24 1997 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
A method for controlling

and modifying biopolymer
synthesis by manipulation
of the genetics and
enzymology of synthesis
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
(PHA) polyesters at the
molecular level in
MASSACHUSETTS procaryotic and eukaryotic
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY METHOD FOR PRODUCING NOVEL POLYESTER WO9100917 cells,
654 ANTHONY J (US) (US) BIOPOLYMERS 1991-01-24 1991
The present invention is

a method for controlling
and enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY METHOD FOR PRODUCING NOVEL POLYESTER WO8900202 for developing
655 ANTHONY J (US) (US) BIOPOLYMERS 1989-01-12 1989 new

of the genetics and
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
molecular level in
PEOPLES OLIVER P INST TECHNOLOGY US5245023 cells,
656 (US); SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US) (US) Method for producing novel polyester biopolymers 1993-09-14 1993
Adress(es) /

invention is a method for
controlling biopolymer
synthesis by determining
the genetics and
enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
MASSACHUSETTS purified enzymes and
PEOPLES OLIVER P INST TECHNOLOGY genes provide the means
657 (US); SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US) (US) Method for producing novel polyester biopolymers US5229279 1993-07-20 1993 for develop

of the genetics and
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
MASSACHUSETTS molecular level in
SINSKEY ANTHONY INST TECHNOLOGY EP0870837 procaryotic and eukaryotic
658 J (US); PEOPLES OLIVER P (US) (US) Method for producing novel polyester biopolymers 1998-10-14 1998 cells,

of the genetics and
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY procaryotic and eukaryotic
659 ANTHONY J (US) (US) Method for producing polyester biopolymers US5663063 1997-09-02 1997 cells,
Adress(es) /
The invention relates to

the microbial synthesis of
polyhydroxy alcanoic
acids [PHA(B)] from
UFZ- substrates
UMWELTFORSCHUN which are
GSZENTRUM potentially ecotoxic and
BABEL, Wolfgang , Fritz-Siemon- LEIPZIG-HALLE must therefore be
Strasse 23, D-04347 Leipzig, Germany GMBH, detoxified and which
MASKOW, Thomas , Permoserstrasse 15, D- METHOD FOR THE CONTINUOUS present the phenomenon
Bahnhofstrasse 9, D-06688 04318 Leipzig, MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF of
660 Großkorbetha, Germany Germany POLYHYDROXY BUTYRIC ACID WO9957298A1 Nov. 11, 1999 1999 substrate inhib
Poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate is
produced by providing a
culture of
Escherichia
coli bacterial host cells
transformed by a DNA
sequence
coding for
Method for the improved production and the biosynthetic pathway
James Madison recovery of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate from of poly-ß-hydroxybutyrate
Dennis; Douglas E. , University, transformed US5512456 and a
661 Weyers Cave, VA Harrisonburg, VA Escherichia coli April 30, 1996 1996
An analytical method for

(PHB), which can be used
as an indicator of
atherosclerotic risk is
disclosed. In the method,
REUSCH ROSETTA US5891642 antibodies to PHB are
662 N (US) UNIV MICHIGAN (US) Method of detecting PHB in human blood serum 1999-04-06 1999 used to detect the PHB.
663 KIM KAP-JIN (KR); IM KON-BIN (KR) KOHAP LTD (KR) METHOD OF PRODUCING OF PHB/PHV KR9405653 1994-06-22 1994 Abstract unavailable.
recombinant
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) technology and,
more particularly, to a
process whereby
polybetahydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) copolymers can be
synthesized in a
recombinant host strain
containing the
DENNIS DOUGLAS E (US); SLATER INNOVATIVE TECH METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF POLY-BETA- WO9306225 poly-beta-
664 STEVEN C (US) CENTER (US) HYDROXYALKANOATE COPOLYMERS 1993-04-01 1993 hydroxybutyrate
Adress(es) /

recombinant DNA technol.
and, more
particularly, to a process
whereby poly-b-
hydroxyalkanoate
copolymers
can be synthesized in a
recombinant Escherichia
polyhydroxyalkanoate coli strain contg. the
James Madison Method of production of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate copolymer prodn recombinant poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
University, copolymers. Escherichia biosynthetic genes of
665 Dennis, Douglas E.; Slater, Steven C. USA U.S. US 5371002 A 6 Dec 1994 1994 Alcaligen

provides methods for the
production of
poly-ß-
hydroxyalkanoate
copolymer comprising the
Dennis; Douglas E. , Weyers Cave, VA steps of (a)
Slater; Steven C. , introducing
Cambridge, MA Center for Innovative into a prokaryotic host cell
Rhie; Ho Gun , Seoul, Technology, Method of production of a vector construct which
666 Republic of Korea Harrisonburg, VA poly-ß-hydroxyalkanoate copolymers US5891686 April 6, 1999 1999 dir
Methods and apparati

have been developed for
producing a suspension of
predominantely
HOROWITZ, Daniel , Apartment 206, amorphous
435 Washington Street, Somerville, MA polymer
02143, United States of METABOLIX, INC., particles, wherein the
America 2nd floor, 303 Third METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR method includes thermally
GERNGROSS, Tillman, U. , Street, Cambridge, MA THE PRODUCTION OF AMORPHOUS treating a suspension that
6 Dorrance Place, Hanover, NH 03755, 02142-1196, United POLYMER includes crystalline or
667 United States of America States of America SUSPENSIONS WO9964498A1 Dec. 16, 1999 1999 semi-crystallin
Methods are provided for
separating
("PHAs") from plants, such
as transgenic oil
MARTIN, David, P. , 82 Hibbert Street, crop plants.
Arlington, MA 02174, United States of The methods
America advantageously
PEOPLES, Oliver, P. , 27 METABOLIX, INC., permitboth the oil and the
Radcliffe Road, Arlington, MA 02174, 2nd floor, 303 Third PHAs to be recovered
United States of America Street, Cambridge, MA METHODS FOR ISOLATING from the
WILLIAMS, Simon, F. , 28 02142-1196, United POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES FROM plant biomass.
668 Deerfield Road, Sh States of America PLANTS WO9715681A1 May 1, 1997 1997 To
Adress(es) /
Methods for the recovery

and purification of
HOROWITZ, Daniel, M. , Apartment (PHAs) from biomass
206, 435 Washington Street, containing PHAs,
Somerville, MA 02143, United States of wherein the
America METABOLIX, INC., methods include treating
BRENNAN, Elaine, M. , 113 303 Third Street, the biomass or partially
Josephine Avenue, Somerville, MA Cambridge, MA 02142, purified PHA with ozone,
02144, United States of America United States of METHODS FOR SEPARATION in at least one step
669 America AND PURIFICATION OF BIOPOLYMERS WO9951760A1 Oct. 14, 1999 1999 of a pu
The addition of PEG to

culture media of
Alcaligenes eutrophus and
A. latus resulted in the
GROSS, Richard, A. , 11 Ruthellen following: (1) the
Road, Chelmsford, MA 01824, United UNIVERSITY OF controlled
States of America MASSACHUSETTS decrease in
SHI, Fengying , 830 Skyline MEDICAL CENTER, polyhydroxyalkanoate
Drive #22, Dracut, MA 01826, China 55 Lake Avenue North, (PHA) molecular weight,
ASHBY, Richard, D. , 58 Worcester, MA 01655, which decreases the melt
London Court, Merrimack, NH 03054, United METHODS OF CONTROLLING WO9707153A1 viscosity
670 United S States of America MICROBIAL POLYESTER STRUCTURE Feb. 27, 1997 1997 and bi
The PHA biosynthetic

pathway is combined with
a succinic semialdeyde
metabolic pathway that
metabolizes
DENNIS, Douglas, E. , Route 2, Box succinic semialdhyde via
92A, Weyers Cave, VA 24486, United JAMES MADISON a 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA
States of America UNIVERSITY, 800 S. METHODS OF MAKING intermediate in order to
VALENTIN, Henry, E. , 873 Main, Harrisonburg, POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES produce high levels
M Foxsprings Drive, Chesterfield, MO VA 22807, United COMPRISING WO9836078 of PHA
671 63017, Germany States of America 4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE MONOMER UNITS 1998-08-20 1998 comprising 4HB
Genes and methods for

optimizing levels of
substrates employed in
the biosynthesis of
copolymers of 3-
GRUYS KENNETH JAMES (US); hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
KISHORE GANESH MURTHY (US); and 3-hydroxyvalerate
MITSKY TIMOTHY (3HV) in plants and
ALBERT (US); bacteria via manipulation
PADGETTE STEPHEN ROGERS (US); Methods of optimizing substrate pools and biosynthesis of of normal metabolic
SLATER STEVEN CHARLES (US); poly- beta pathways using
STARK DAVID -hydroxybutyrate-co-poly- beta -hydroxyvalerate in US5942660 recombinant DNA
672 MARTIN (US) MONSANTO CO (US) bacteria and plants 1999-08-24 1999 techn
Adress(es) /

the biosynthesis of
copolymers of 3-
GRUYS KENNETH JAMES (US); hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
KISHORE GANESH MURTHY (US); and 3-hydroxyvalerate
MITSKY TIMOTHY (3HV) in plants and
ALBERT (US); bacteria via manipulation
PADGETTE STEPHEN ROGERS (US); Methods of optimizing substrate pools and biosynthesis of of normal metabolic
SLATER STEVEN CHARLES (US); poly- beta pathways using
STARK DAVID -hydroxybutyrate-co-poly- beta -hydroxyvalerate in recombinant DNA
673 MARTIN (US) MONSANTO CO (US) bacteria and plants US5958745 1999-09-28 1999 techn

the biosynthesis of
copolymers of
GRUYS, Kenneth, James , 16534 3-hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
Baxter Forest Ridge Drive, Chesterfield, and
MO 63005, United States of America MONSANTO METHODS OF OPTIMIZING SUBSTRATE POOLS AND
MITSKY, Timothy, Albert , COMPANY, 800 North BIOSYNTHESIS OF 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV)
2262-A Rule Avenue, Maryland Lindbergh Boulevard, in plants and bacteria via
Heights, MO 63043, United States of St. Louis, MO 63167, POLY-ß-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-POLY-ß-HYDROXYV manipulation of normal
America United States of ALERATE IN metabolic pathways using
674 KISHORE, Gan America BACTERIA AND PLANTS WO9800557A2 Jan. 8, 1998 1998 recombinan
(PHA) polyester is
extracted from biomass by
dissolving the PHA in a
KURDIKAR, Devdatt, L. , 12220 non-
Country Place Drive, Maryland Heights, halogenated solvent which
MO 63043, United States of MONSANTO comprises a PHA-good
America COMPANY, 800 N. solvent or a mixture
STRAUSER, Fred, E. , 3006 Lindbergh Boulevard, METHODS OF PHA EXTRACTION thereof. Suitable PHA-
St. Camella Street, St. Charles, MO St. Louis, MO 63167, AND RECOVERY USING NON- good
63301-0356, United States of America United States of HALOGENATED solvents can
675 America SOLVENTS WO9846782 1998-10-22 1998 be selected from
A cluster of genes on
megaplasmid
pRmeSU47b, bhbA-D, is
required for growth on the
Department of Natural polyhydroxyalkanoate

Resource Sciences, degradation pathway
McGill University, Ste- intermediates 3-
Anne-de-Bellevue, hydroxybutyrate and
Que. H9X acetoacetate
3V9, as sole
Canada. Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase encoding gene of carbon source. DNA
676 Charles TC, Aneja P tcharles@uwaterloo.ca Sinorhizobium meliloti. Gene 1999 Jan 8;226(1):121-7 1999 sequence
Adress(es) /
Russian-Acad.Sci.; Methylobacterium
Polish-Acad.Sci.; extorquens strain P14,
Inst.Catal.Surface.Che which synthesized
m. poly-beta-
Cracow hydroxybutyrate (PHB),
LO Institute of Methylobacterium extorquens strain P14, a new was isolated from
Catalysis and Surface methylotrophic Kaneda's
Chemistry, Polish bacteria producing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate ( culture medium. The
Academy of ***PHB*** ); cells were Gram-neg.
Sciences, ul. polymer production by a bacterium fed-batch culture motile rods, had polar
Ostafin M; Haber J; Doronina N V; Niezapominajek 1, 30- for use in flagellum and a
Sokolov A P; Trotsenko Y A 239 Cracow, Poland. biodegradable plastic production Acta Microbiol.Pol.; (1999) 48, 1, 39-51 carotenoid pigment, but
678 1999 they did not f

relates to a type of
polymer comprising
repeating
units of formula [Figure]
and in particular to a
Groleau; Denis , Quebec, Canada poly-ß-
Bourque; Denis , Quebec, National hydroxybutyrate polyester
Canada Research Council of Methylobacterium extorquens type polymer. The present
Pomerieau; Yves , Canada, Ontario, microorganism useful for the preparation of invention
679 Quebec, Canada Canada poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid polymers US5302525 April 12, 1994 1994 al
Universitaet Leipzig, Methylobacterium

Fakultaet fuer rhodesianum MB126 was
Biowissenschaften, cultured in a BRAUN
Pharmazie fermentor with a 1.5 l
und Psychologie, working volume, on a
Abteilung medium composed of 310
Biotechnologie, mg/l P (from equimolar
Permoserstr. 15, Methylobacterium rhodesianum cells tend to double the concentrations of KH2PO4
Ackermann J U; Mueller S; Loesche A; 04318 DNA content under growth limitations and accumulate and K2HPO4), 0.76
*Bley T; Babel W Leipzig, Germany. PHB; ammonium, phosphate and carbon limitation and J.Biotechnol.; (1995) 39, 1, 9-20 g/l NH4Cl and various
680 their effect on poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production 1995 salts in mg/l concentra
The investigation of
microbial population
Universitaet Leipzig, dynamics gains more and
Fakultaet fuer more importance for
Biowissenschaften, biotechnol. processes
Pharmazie und insofar as people may
Psychologie, Abteilung assume that the individual
Biotechnologie, Methylobacterium rhodesianum cells tend to double the Methylobacterium cells of a population
Ackermann, Joerg-Uwe; Mueller, Permoserstr. 15, DNA content polyhydroxybutyrate fermn contribute differently to
Susann; Loesche, Andreas; Bley, 04318, Leipzig, under growth limitations and accumulate PHB. J. DNA formation the overall productivity.
681 Thomas; Babel, Wolfgang Germany Biotechnol., 39(1), 9-20 (English) 1995 1995 Flow cytometry is known
Adress(es) /
Microbial Conversion of methane into poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB): Growth and intracellular product
682 Asenjo, J.A.; Suk, J.S. accumulation in a type II methanotroph J. Ferment. Technol. 1986; 64(4):271-278 1986 256.
Microbial degradation of an aliphatic polyester with a high Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995;
683 Pranamuda; H.; Tokiwa; Y.; Tanaka; H. melting point, poly(tetramethylene succinate) 61:1828-1832 1995 513.
In landfills, deposited
waste material is usually
faced with strictly anoxic
conditions. This means
that the design of new
biodegradable polymers
must take into
consideration that
degradation should be
Fakultat fur Biologie, possible especially in the
Universitat Konstanz, Microbial degradation of natural and of new synthetic absence of molecular
684 Schink B, Janssen PH, Frings J FRG. polymers. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):311-6 1992 oxyge
Mergaert; J.; Anderson; C.; Wouters; Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxy<butyrate) and Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
685 A.; Swings; J. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in compost 1994; 2:177-183 1994 585.
The microbial degradation

of tensile test pieces made
of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
[P(3HB)] or a copolymer of
90%
3-hydroxybutyric acid and
10% 3-hydroxyvaleric acid
Laboratorium voor Appl Environ Microbiol 1993 Oct;59(10):3233-8 was studied in soils
Microbiologie, incubated at a constant
Mergaert J, Webb A, Anderson C, Universiteit Gent, Microbial degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Published erratum appears in Appl Environ 1993 temperature of 15, 28, or
686 Wouters A, Swings J Belgium. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils. Microbiol 1994 Jan;60(1):385 1994 40 degrees C for up
The search for new

materials that are not
hazardous to the
environment has become
a major issue in our
society, engaged as it
is in the attainment of
sustainable development.
Poly-beta-
Departament de hydroxyalkanoates (PHA),
Microbiologia, produced exclusively by
Mas-Castella J, Lafuente R, Urmeneta Universitat de prokaryotes,
687 J, Goodwin S, Guerrero R Barcelona. Microbial degradation of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates. Microbiologia 1994 Mar-Jun;10(1-2):131-44 1994 can be u
Adress(es) /
1 Microbiology and
Genetics Division
Industrial
Technology The population of poly-b-
Development Institute hydroxybutyrate-
Department of degrading microorganisms
Science and and the biodegradation of
Technology PHB in
Bicutan, Tagig local landfill soils were
Metro Manila, examined in vitro and in
1604 Philippines vivo. Forty-two PHB-
degraders consisting of 12
2 University of bacteria, 25
TANSENGCO1, M., DOGMA2, I. Jr. Santo Tomas Microbial Degradation of Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate Using Acta Biotechnologica Vol. 19 (1999) No. 3, pp. actinomycetes and 5
688 Graduate School Landfill Soils 191–203 1999 moulds were iso
689 Sutherland, I.W. Microbial exopolysaccharides TIPS 1979; 55-59 1979 257.
Traditionally, micro-
organisms are grown in
media where a single
Swiss Federal Institute nutrient is limiting growth.
for Environmental However,
Science and recently also the
Technology Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), existence of clearly
(EAWAG), Meeting Date 1996, defined double-nutrient-
Dubendorf, CH-8600, Microbial growth under multiple-nutrient-limited cultivation 171-177. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: limited growth regimes
Egli, Thomas; Durner, Roland; Zinn, Switz. conditions, with special reference to the accumulation of National Research has been demonstrated
690 Manfred; Witholt, Bernard PHA Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. 1996 un
(PHAs), in the form
of metabolic storage
reserves, are assembled
in intracellular
Department of cytoplasmic inclusions,
Biochemistry and often called granules.
Molecular Biology, This review
University of discusses both the
Fuller, R. Clinton Massachusetts, Microbial inclusions with special reference to PHA structure and function of
691 Amherst, MA, USA inclusions and intracellular boundary envelopes Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 21-29 1999 this as
Novel thermoplastic
copolymers of
hydroxycarboxylic acids
with useful
properties are manufd.
using microorganisms
expressing the phaC
and phaE genes of the
polyhydroxycarboxylic acid purple bacterium
manuf transgenic bacteria Thiocapsa pfennigii. The
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Liebergesell, phaC phaE gene Thiocapsa compn. of the copolymers
Matthias; Valentin, Henry; Pries, Buck WErke Gmbh Microbial manufacture of polyhydroxycarboxylic acids with Ger. Offen. DE polyester manuf is a function of the
693 Andreas und Co, Germany microorganisms expressing Pha genes of Thiocapsa. 4433134 A1 21 Mar 1996, 25 pp. (Germany) 1996 monomers s
Adress(es) /
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
acid (PHB) was produced
from xylose and lactose by
using Pseudomonas
cepacia. Approximately 50
% PHB (grams of PHB
School of Chemistry total/grams of biomass
and Biochemistry, total) was produced. With
Georgia Institute of a laser-based fluorescent
Young, Frederick K.; Kastner James R.; Technology, Atlanta, Microbial Production of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid form Applied and Environmental Microbiology Nov Pseudomonas cepacia - Xylose probe, beta-galactosidase
694 May Sheldon W. Georgia 30332 D-Xylose and Lactose by Pseudomonas cepacia 1994, 4195-4198 1994 - Lactose activity was s Strain - Substrates kopiert
Microbial synthesis and characterization of poly(3-
695 Hiramitsu; M.; Doi; Y. hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate) Polymer 1993; 34:4782-4786 1993 489.
Microbial synthesis and characterization of poly(3-
696 Nakamura; S.; Doi; Y.; Scandola; M. hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) Macromolecules 1992; 25:4237-4241 1992 485.
DS-17 was isolated from
activated sludge and
found to produce
copolymers of 3-
hydroxybutyrate
(3HB) and 4-
hydroxybutyrate (4HB) at
30 degrees C under
Research Institute of growth-limited conditions.
Innovative Technology Microbial synthesis and properties of poly(3- When 1,4-butanediol or
for the Earth (RITE), hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) in Comamonas 4-hydroxybutyric acid was
697 Saito; Y.; Doi; Y. Saitama, Japan. acidovorans Int J Biol Macromol 1994 Apr;16(2):99-104 1994 used as 616.
Microbial synthesis of poly(beta-hydroxy alkanoates)
containing novel microbial prepn
functional side chain units for advanced material 164 pp. Avail. Univ. polyhydroxyalkanoate
applications Microfilms Int., Order No. DA9618619 From: functional side chainmicrobial
Univ. of Lowell, Lowell, (pseudomonas oleovorans, pseudomonas putida, Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1996, prepn polyhydroxyalkanoate
698 Kim, Ohyoung MA, USA biocatalysts). 57(2), 1119 (English) 1995 1995 functional side chain Abstract Unavailable
358
Microbial synthesis of polymers: Alcaligenes eutrophus pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No.
Counc. Natl. Acad. and the BRDX88759 From: Diss. Alcaligenes
699 Hardwicke, Philip Ian Awards, London, UK production of poly-b-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB). Abstr. Int. B 1990, 51(1), 319 (English) 1989 1989 polyhydroxybutyrate fermn Abstract unavailable.
acid), PHB, is produced by
the aerobic culture of
Methylobacterium
organophilum strains
NCIB 11482 to
11488 inclusive on a
carbon source such as
methanol. Accumulation of
POWELL KEITH ADRIAN; COLLINSON Microbiological process for the production of poly (beta- PHB is favoured by
BARBARA ANN; RICHARDSON hydroxybutyric acid) and EP0015669 culturing in two stages;
700 KENNETH RAYMOND ICI PLC (GB) micro-organisms for use therein. 1980-09-17 1980 the first sta
Adress(es) /
Microfiltration porous
membranes (flux JH2O =
15,800 L/m2×atm×J, pore
radius = 0.25 mm) and
pervaporation dense
Laboratoire de Chimie membranes for EtOH
Macromoleculaire, hydroxybutyrate polymer dehydration (Jtotal =
Universite des microfiltration pervaporation 0.008 kg/J×m2, selectivity
Sciences et Microfiltration and pervaporation membranes of PHB, P(HB- membrane = 12.6) were prepd. from
Techniques du co-9% ethanol drying polyhydroxybutyrate and
Languedoc, HV), P(HB-co-22% HV). Filtration and surface properties. Eur. Polym. J., 32(4), 435-50 polyhydroxybutyrate membrane poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-
701 Mas, A.; Jaaba, H.; Sledz, J.; Schue, F. Montpellier 34095, Fr. (French) 1996 1996 hy
Institut für The fine structure of the

Mikrobiologie der Alcaligenes eutrophus, cell envelope, of
Gesellschaft für A.oparadoxus, A. ruhlandii, membrane systems and of
Strahlen- und Pseudomonas facilis, P. flava, cytoplysmic inclusions of
Umweltforschung mbH P. pseudoflava, P. palleronii, gram-negative aerobic
und der Universität Aquaspirillum hydrogen bacteria has
Göttingen, autotrophicumCorynebacterium been studied. The results
Grisebachstr. 8, D- autotrophicum and strains MA have been tbulated, and
3400 Göttingen, 2 and SA 35, Paracoccus three main groups could
Walther-Mauruschat; A.; Aragno; M.; Federal Republic of Micromorphology of gram-negative hydrogen bacteria II. denitrificans - Ultrastructure - be recognized: Group 1:
702 Mayer; F.; Schlegel; H.G. Germany Cell Envelope, Membranes, and Cytoplasmic Inclusions Arch.Microbiol. 1977; 114:101-110 1977 Micromorpholo Alcaligenes eutroph Stains - Morphology 135. Korr.
As a complement to
previous studies of the
enzymic degrdn. of
folded chain lamellar
single crystals of
Department of single crystals of a no.
Chemistry, McGill of polyhydroxyalkanoates
University, Montreal, were partially
Nobes, G. A. R.; Marchessault, R. H.; PQ, H3A 2A7, Microscopic visualization of the enzymic degradation of degraded with
Briese, B. H.; Jendrossek, D. Can. poly(3HB-co-3HV) and poly(3HV) single crystals by PHA J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. (1998), 6(2), 99-107 depolymerases from
703 depolymerases from Pseudomonas lemoignei 1998 Pseudomonas lemo
Microstructure and 13C nuclear magnetic relaxation of
bacterial Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1993, 53(12, Pt. carbon NMR bacterial poly beta
McGill Univ., Montreal, poly(b-hydroxyalkanoates). 1), 6324 (English) 1991. DOCUMENT TYPE: hydroxyalkanoate Abstract Unavailable
704 Nedea, Maria Elena PQ, Can. Dissertation 1993
Adress(es) /
Bacterially synthesized
Department of Polymer copolyersters of 3-
Chemistry, Tokyo hydroxybutyrate (HB) and
Institute of 3-hydroxyvalerate (HV) of
Technology, Meguro- HV mole fraction ranging
ku, Tokyo 152, Japan; from 0 to 93 % were
*Research Laboratory analyzed by NMR
of Resources spectroscopy and
Utilization, Tokyo copolyersters PHB/HV - NMR differential scanning
Institute of spectroscopy - differential calorimetry (DSC). The
Kamiya; N.; Yamamoto; Y.; Inoue; Y.; Technology, Midori-ku, Microstructure of bacterially synthesized poly(3- scanning calorimetry (DSC) - sequence distributions of
705 Chujo; R.; Doi; Y.* Yokohama 227, Japan. hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Macromolecules 1989; 22:1676-1682 1989 melting behaviour some PHB-HV´ copolyesters 431.
High-resolution 13C NMR

spectra were obtained for
a wide range of racemic
poly-(R,S-beta-
hydroxybutyrate) samples
Department of and interpreted with
Chemistry, Mc Gill regard to several
University, 3420 statistical models. None of
University Street, the samples followed
Montreal, Quebec, Microstructure of poly(R,S)-beta-hydroxybutyrate by 13C Bernoullian statistics, but
706 Hocking; P.J.; Marchessault; R.H. Canada H2A 3A7 NMR Macromolecules 1995; 28:6401-6409 1995 the syndiotactic and atac 596.
Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Tokyo
Institute of
Technology, Meguro-
ku, Tokyo 152, Japan
Research Laboratory
of Ressources
Utilization, Tokyo
Institute of
Inoue, Y.; Kamiya, N.; Yamamoto, Y.; Technology, Midori-ku, Microstructures of Comercially available poly(3-
707 Chujo, R. Yokohama 227, Japan hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)s Macromolecules 1989; 22:3800-3802 1989 no abstract 658.
Adress(es) /
Department of
and BioProcess
Engineering Research Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Center, Korea (PHA) have been
Advanced attracting considerable
Institute attention as biodegradable
of Science and substitutes
Technology, 373-1 for conventional polymers.
Kusong-dong, Yusong- To reduce their production
gu, Taejon 305-701, cost, a great deal of effort
Korea e-mail: mini-review: Factors affecting the economics of has been
polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract devoted to
708 J. Choi, S. Y. Lee leesy@sorak.kais bacterial fermentation Volume 51 Issue 1 (1999) pp 13-21 1999 dev
Institute of Applied
Biochemistry, Polyurethane (PUR) is a
University of Tsukuba, polymer derived from the
Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305- condensation of
8572, Japan e-mail: polyisocyanate and polyol
and
toshi@sakura.cc.tsuku it is widely
ba.ac.jp. (c/o Toshiaki used as a base material in
Nakajima-Kambe) Tel.: various industries. PUR, in
T. Nakajima-Kambe, Y. Shigeno- +81-298-53-6626 Fax: mini-review: Microbial degradation of polyurethane, particular, polyester PUR,
Akutsu, N. Nomura, F. Onuma, T. +81- polyester Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract is known to be
709 Nakahara 298-53-4605 polyurethanes and polyether polyurethanes Volume 51 Issue 2 (1999) pp 134-140 1999 vu
The miscibility of poly(b-

blends with
poly(D,L-lactide)-co-
poly(ethylene glycol)
(PELA) was investigated.
The
Miscibility and crystallization behavior of biodegradable blends were miscible in
blend of polyhydroxybutyrate blend the amorphous state. The
Chengdu Inst. Org. poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(D,L-lactide)-co- miscibility crystn crystn. of PHB in the
Chem., Acad. Sin., poly(ethylene ethylene glycol lactide blend was strongly
Deng, Xianmo; Zhang, Lianlai; Xiong, Chengdu 610041, glycol). Chin. Chem. copolymer blend dependent on the amt. of
710 Chengdong Peop. Rep. China Lett., 4(3), 265-8 (English) 1993 1993 PELA.
Abe; H.; Doi; Y.; Satkowski; M.M.; Miscibility and morphology of blends of isotactic and
711 Noda; I. atactic poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Macromolecules 1994; 27:50-54 1994 545.
Adress(es) /
The miscibility of poly(D-(-

)-3-
hydroxybutyrate)/atactic
poly(Me
methacrylate)
(PHB/aPMMA) blends was
investigated as a function
of
blend compn. and thermal
Stazione Sperimentale treatments. The DSC
per la Cellulosa, Carta Miscibility and Thermal and Crystallization Behaviors of thermograms
e Fibre Poly(D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate)/Atactic Poly(methyl obtained by heating up
Siciliano, A.; Seves, A.; Marco, T. De; Tessili Vegetali ed methacrylate) miscibility polyhydroxybutyrate samples of PHB/aPMMA
Cimmino, S.; Martuscelli, E.; Artificiali, Milan 20133, Blends. Macromolecules, PMMA thermal crystn property blends quenched
712 Silvestre, C. Italy 28(24), 8065-72 (English) 1995 1995 from
Miscibility behavior of
poly[D(-)(3-
hydroxybutyrate)] (I)-
poly(ethylene
polyhydroxybutyrate miscibility oxide) (II) and I-PMMA
polyoxyethylene PMMA blends were studied using
glass temp polyhydroxybutyrate DSC and the vapor
blend miscibility sorption technique. The I-
Miscibility of poly[D(-)(3-hydroxybutyrate)] in poly(ethylene interaction parameter II system showed a single
Yoon, Jin San; Choi, Chang Soon; Dep. Poly. Sci. Eng., oxide) polyhydroxybutyrate blend glass transition,
Maing, Sung Jai; Choi, Hyoung Jin; Inha Univ., Incheon and poly(methyl methacrylate). miscibility whereas two glass
713 Lee, Han Sup; Choi, Soon Ja 402-751, S. Korea Eur. Polym. J., 29(10), 1359-64 (English) 1993 1993 transitions were obsd. for
The development of molar

mass distribution of
poly(D-(-)-3-
was studied during the
intracellular
synthesis of Alcaligenes
eutrophus H16 bacteria
with fructose as
Inst. Tech. Chem., Modeling of molar mass distribution of poly(D-(-)-3- substrate and (NH4)2SO4
Tech. Univ. hydroxybutyrate) model polyhydroxybutyrate as N source. The flask
Berlin, Berlin D- during bacterial synthesis. Makromol. Chem., 194(7), mass fermn Alcaligenes culture fermn. expts.
714 Bradel, Roman; Reichert, Karl Heinz 1000/12, Germany 1983-90 (English) 1993 1993 w
Adress(es) /
Compositions are
provided which are useful
ASRAR, Jawed , in the production of
14949 Royal Brook polymeric products, such
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook Drive, Chesterfield, as coatings and
Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United MO 63017, United films, which
States of America States of America comprise branched PHA.
D'HAENE, Pol , D'HAENE, MODIFIED The compositions of the
Pellenbersgstraat 179, B-3010 Kessel- Pol , Pellenbersgstraat POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES FOR invention comprise PHA
Lo, Belgium 179, B-3010 Kessel- PRODUCTION and 0.001 - 0.5
715 Lo, Belgium OF COATINGS AND FILMS WO9914268A1 March 25, 1999 1999 wt.% of a freer
Mole fraction control of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-
hydroxyvaleric) acid in fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
716 Ishihara; Y.; Shimizu; H.; Shioya; S. eutrophus 1996; 81(5):422-428 1996 622.
Molecular methods have

been applied to analyze
the expression of the
(PHB)
synthase gene (phbC).
Institut fur Molecular analysis of the Alcaligenes eutrophus poly(3- The translational initiation
Mikrobiologie, Georg- hydroxybutyrate) codon was identified by
August-Universitat zu biosynthetic operon: identification of the N terminus of analysis of the amino acid
Gottingen, Federal poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthase and identification of the sequence of a PHB
717 Schubert P, Kruger N, Steinbuchel A Republic of Germany. promoter. J Bacteriol 1991 Jan;173(1):168-75 1991 synthase-beta- 579.
The 12.5-kb EcoRI DNA-
fragment PP1 isolated
from genomic DNA of
A. eutrophus H16, which
encodes the genes for b-
ketothiolase (phbA),
NADPH-dependent
acetoacetyl-CoA
Molecular analysis of the Alicaligenes eutrophus PHB- reductase (phbB), and
Inst. Mikrobiol., Georg- biosynthetic PHB
Schubert, Peter; Pries, Andreas; August-Univ., genes: identification of the NH2-terminus of PHB synthase polyhydroxybutyric acid synthase (phbC) has been
Krueger, Niels; Steinbuechel, Goettingen D-3400, and NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, 186(Novel Biodegrad. synthase gene phbC cloned recently. The
718 Alexander Fed. Rep. Ger. identification of the transcription start site of phbC. Microb. Polym.), 447-8 (English) 1990 1990 Alcaligenes entire structural
A 3.6-kb EcoRI-SalI
fragment of Paracoccus
denitrificans DNA
hybridized with a DNA
probe carrying the
poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)
Department of (PHA) synthase gene
Bioproductive (phaC) of Alcaligenes
Sciences, Faculty of eutrophus. Nucleotide
Agriculture, sequence analysis of this
Utsunomiya University, Molecular analysis of the poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) region
Ueda S, Yabutani T, Maehara A, Japan. synthase gene from a showed the presence of a
719 Yamane T methylotrophic bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans. J Bacteriol 1996 Feb;178(3):774-9 1996 1,872-
Adress(es) /
The current knowledge on

the structure and on the
organization of
(PHA)-biosynthetic genes
from a
wide range of different
bacteria, which rely on
FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):217-30 different pathways for
Institut fur biosynthesis of this
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Molecular basis for biosynthesis and accumulation of Published erratum appears in FEMS Microbiol storage polyesters, is
Steinbuchel A, Hustede E, Liebergesell August-Universitat polyhydroxyalkanoic Rev 1993 Apr;10(3-4):347-50 provided.
720 M, Pieper U, Timm A, Valentin H Gottingen, FRG. acids in bacteria. 1992 Molecul 477.
The poly-b-
biosynthetic pathway of A.
eutrophus
H16 has been cloned into
Alcaligenes Escherichia coli, where it
polyhydroxybutyrate formation has been the
gene sequence subject of a series of mol.
PHB synthase gene sequence analyses. The DNA
Dep. Biol., James Molecular characterization of the poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) Alcaligenes sequence of the
Madison biosynthetic NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, autoacetyl CoA reductase pathway has been detd.
Janes, Brian; Hollar, Jeff; Dennis, Univ., Harrisonburg, pathway of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. 186(Novel Biodegrad. Microb. Polym.), 175-90 sequence Alcaligenes and analyzed for open
721 Douglas VA 22807, USA (English) 1990 1990 reading fram
Fragments of
IInstitut für chromosomal DNA from
Biotechnologie, Alcaligenes latus
Technische Universität DSM1124 were cloned
Graz, Petersgasse 12, into Escherichia coli and
A- 8010 Graz, Austria transformants were
* Corresponding screened for poly(D(-)-3-
author. Tel.: ?43 316 Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression in hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB)]
8738417; fax: ?43 316 Escherichia coli of the Keywords : Heterologous production during excess
8738434; e-mail: poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) synthesis genes from expression; NADH oxidase carbon supply. A plasmid
Klaus F. Genser, Gerald Renner, schwab@biote.tu- Alcaligenes latus activity; Polyhydroxyalkanoate harboring a 5.5-kb
722 Helmut Schwab * graz.ac.at DSM1124. J Biotechnol 1998 Oct 8;64(2-3):125-35 1998 synthesis; Regulation insert of A. latus ganze Artikel
(1) Polymer Chemistry

Laboratory, The
Institute of Physical
and Chemical Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
Research (RIKEN), acid] (PHB) was produced
at 37&hairsp;°C by a
Hirosawa, Wako-shi,
Saitama 351-01, recombinant Escherichia
Japan coli harboring the
(2) Alcaligenes eutrophus
Akebono Brake R&D biosynthesis phbCAB
Center Ltd., 5-4-71, Molecular mass of poly[(R&hairsp;)-3-hydroxybutyric genes in
S. Kusaka (2), H. Abe (1), S. Y. Lee (3), Higasi, Hanyu-shi, acid] produced in a recombinant Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract Luria-Bertani media
723 Y. Doi (1) Saitama 348, Escherichia coli Volume 47 Issue 2 (1997) pp 140-143 1997 containing glucose at 684
Adress(es) /
Mol. modeling (MM) was

used to investigate the
cryst. chain
conformations of a
series of related aliph.
biodegradable
Department of polyesters. The
Chemistry, Pulp and bacterial (isotactic) poly(3-
Paper Research Molecular modeling of helical and extended-chain hydroxybutyrate)
Pazur, R. J.; Raymond, S.; Hocking, P. Centre, Montreal, ***polyhydroxybutyrates*** and polytetramethylene (PHB) helical
J.; Marchessault, R. H. PQ, H3A 2A7, Can. succinate conformation of 2.98
724 Polymer (1998), 39(14), 3065-3072 1998 .ANG. advance/repeat uni
Molecular structure of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation

725 Saito; T.; Iwata; A.; Watanabe; T. depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis T1 1993; 1(2):99-105 1993 561.
The molecular weight

Division distribution of the
"Macromoledulas", biopolyester1 from D-beta-
Instituto de hydroxybutyric acid,
Investigaciones isolated from Rhizobium
Fisicoquimicas meliloti by methods which
Teóricás y Aplicadas, preserved ist native
Facultad de Ciencias molecular properties, was
Exactas, Calle 47 y studied. The weight
115, Universidad average degree of
Mola, Herrera de; A.; Marx-Figini; M.; Nacional de La Plata, Molecular weight distribution of native poly(D-beta- Rhizobium meliloti - molecular polymerization is
726 Figini; R.V. La Plata, Argentina hydroxybutyric acid) Makromolekulare Chemie 1975; 176:2655-2667 1975 weight distribution approximately Polymer properties 141.
Poly-D(-)-3-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is
synthesized in large
amounts under certain
physiological conditions in
the cells of various
microorganisms. This
biological polyester acts
as a carbon and energy
Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - storage medium for
Molecular weight of bacterially produced poly-D(-)-3- Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - bacteria. The production
727 Bradel, R.; Kleinke, A.; Reichert, K.H. hydroxybutyrate 7. Dechema Jahrestagung 1989 1989 molecular weight of this poly Polymer properties 667.
Molekular charakterisation of the extracellular poly(3-

hydroxyoctanoic acid) [P(3HO)] depolymerase gene of
728 A.Schirmer; D.Jendrossek pseudomonas fluorescens GK13 and og its gene product Journal of bacteriology 1994; 176(22):7065-7073 1994 528.
Adress(es) /
A new method for

monitoring and regulating
installations for
biological treatment of
sewage or industrial waste-
water involves
constructing the
installation so that the 4
Monitoring and regulating biological waste-water basic reaction
Waterplan treatment; with carbon conversion, aerobic nitrification, processes created by
LO Belluno, Italy. denitrification and anaerobic polyhydroxybutyrate the microorganisms in a
729 Ghiribelli P; Ravalli M biosynthesis in one fermentor EP 695720 7 Feb 1996 1996 single
Department of A complex enzyme

Biochemistry, School obtained from extracts of
of Medicine, State Rhodospirillum rubrum
University of New York cells hydrolyzes poly-beta-
at Buffalo, Buffalo, hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
New York, and contained in native PHB
Department of granules isolated from
Becteriology and Rhodospirillum rubrum - Bacillus megaterium. A
Botany, Syracuse Morphological changes in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Bacillus megaterium - labile factor associated
Merrick, J.M.; Lundgren, D.G.; Pfister, University, Syracuse, granules associated with decreased susceptibility to depolymerization - PHB with the granules and
730 R.M. New York enzymatic hydrolysis J.Bacteriol. 1965; 89:243-239 1965 granules - necessary for depoly Morphology 79.
Electron microscopy and

methods of polymer
physics were used to
investigate the texture of
bacterial storage granules,
namely, poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate. The first
level of native granule
morphology is 100 to 150
Ellar D, Lundgren DG, Okamura K, A fibrills, involving
731 Marchessault RH Morphology of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granules. J Mol Biol 1968 Aug 14;35(3):489-502 1968 granule-morphology extended polymeric c Morphology 85.
(PHAs) are a class of
carbon and energy
storage polymers
produced by numerous
Sustainable bacteria in response
Development and to environmental
Agricultural Sectors, limitation. The type of
Monsanto Company, polymer produced
St. Louis, Missouri depends on the carbon
63198, USA. Multiple beta-ketothiolases mediate poly(beta- sources available, the
Slater S, Houmiel KL, Tran M, Mitsky steven.c.slater@mons hydroxyalkanoate) flexibility of the
732 TA, Taylor NB, Padgette SR, Gruys KJ anto.com copolymer synthesis in Ralstonia eutropha. J Bacteriol 1998 Apr;180(8):1979-87 1998 organism's i kopiert
Adress(es) /
The generation and

characterization of
Institute of Pseudomonas putida
Biotechnology, ETH KT2442 mutants affected
Hönggerberg, CH- in
8093 Zürich, poly-3-
Switzerland Tel.: +41 1 hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
6333286 Fax: +41 synthesis are reported.
1 The mutants from P.
6331051 e-mail: putida KT2442 carrying
Q. Ren, B. Kessler, F. van der Leij, B. bw@biotech.biol.ethz. Mutants of Pseudomonas putida affected in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract several
733 Witholt ch poly-3-hydroxyalkanoate synthesis Volume 49 Issue 6 (1998) pp 743-750 1998 copies of the PH
Biological solar energy conversion , Academic
734 J.Ooyama N2 fixing hydrogen bacteria Press Inc. 1977; 1:299-297 1977 88.
A biochemical model is
presented that describes
Chemical Engineering growth of Methylosinus
and Biochemistry trichosporium OB3b on
Departments, methane.
University of The model, which was
Groningen, NL-9747 developed to compare
AG NADH-Regulated Metabolic Model for Growth of strategies to alleviate
Methylosinustrichosporium OB3b. Model NADH limitation
Sipkema EM, de Koning W, Ganzeveld Groningen, The Presentation, Parameter resulting
735 KJ, Janssen DB, Beenackers AA Netherlands. Estimation, and Model Validation. Biotechnol Prog 2000 Apr 7;16(2):176-188 2000 from cometaboli
From crude extracts of

fructose-grown cells of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha strain H 16 a
NADP- and a NAD-
Institut für specific isocitrate
Mikrobiologie der dehydrogenase have been
Gesellschaft für separated and partially
Strahlen- und NADP- and NAD-Specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase in Hydrogenomonas eutropha H purified. With respect to
Umweltforschung Hydrogenomonas eutropha Strain H 16 / NADP-und NAD- 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - their affinity for isocitrate
mbH, München, in spezifische Isocitrat-Dehydrogenase in Hydrogenomonas Arch.Mikrobiol. 1972; 86:327-337 (Article in Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - and NADP or NAD,
736 Glaeser; H.; Schlegel; H.G. Göttingen eutropha H 16 German) 1972 Isocitrate-Dehydrogenase respectively, Strain - Metabolism 155.
737 Raymond, R. L.; Davis, J. B. n-Alkane Utilization and Lipid Formation by a Nocardia ??? 1960; 8:329-334 1960 371.
Ueda; S.; Matsumoto; S.; Takagi; A.; n-amyl alcohol as a substrate for the production of poly(3-
738 Yamane; T. hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by bacteria FEMS Microbiology Letters 1992; 98:57-60 1992 467.
739 Fuller, R. C.; Lenz, R. W. Natural Plastics Natural History 1990; 5:82-84 1990 379.
New bacterial copolyester of 3-hydroxyalkanoates and 3-
Abe; C.; Taima; Y.; Nakamura; Y.; Doi; hydroxy-omega-fluoroalkanoates produced by
740 Y. Pseudomonas oleovorans Polymer Communications 1990; 31:404-406 1990 552.
New bacterial copolyesters produced in Alcaligenes
741 Kunioka; M.; Nakamura; Y.; Doi; Y. eutrophus from organic acids Polymer communications 1988; 29:174-176 1988 439.
Adress(es) /
PROBLEM TO BE
SOLVED: To obtain a
gene effective for
improving the productivity
of a polyhydroxyalkanoate
RESEARCH in the cell, by
INSTITUTE OF encoding a protein
INNOVATIVE containing a specific
TECHNOLOGY FOR amino acid sequence.
THE EARTH; SOLUTION: This
KANAGAWA intracellular PHA
SAITO MITSUSANE; SAEGUSA JP11113574 decomposition enzyme
742 HARUHISA UNIVERSITY NEW INTRACELLULAR PHA DECOMPOSITION ENZYME 1999-04-27 1999 encodes (i)
Chromatium vinosum D
(DSM 180) poly-beta-
Institut fuer hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Mikrobiologie der granule isolation in the
Westfaelischen absence of lysozyme (EC-
Wilhelms- 3.2.1.17) and the
Universitaet Munster, identification of an
Corrensstrasse 3, D- New knowledge about the PHA-locus and P(3HB) granule- open reading frame (ORF)
48149 Munster, associated proteins in Chromatium vinosum; poly-beta- 5Cv translational
Liebergesell M; *Steinbuechel A Germany. hydroxybutyrate granule isolation and open reading frame product as a granule-
743 5Cv product identification Biotechnol.Lett.; (1996) 18, 6, 719-24 1996 associated protein wer
The isolation of poly(3-

granules of Chromatium
vinosum D was re-examd.
Beside the PHA synthase
and a 17 kDa
Inst. Mikrobiologie protein, a 14 kDa protein
Westfaelischen was identified as
Wilhelms, Univ. polyhydroxybutyrate granule predominant
Muenster, Muenster D- New knowledge about the pha-locus and P(3HB) granule- assocd protein Chromatium granule-assocd. protein.
Liebergesell, Matthias; Steinbuechel, 48149, associated gene pha polyhydroxybutyrate The Mr as well as the N-
744 Alexander Germany proteins in Chromatium vinosum. Biotechnol. Lett., 18(6), 719-724 (English) 1996 1996 granule protein Chromatium terminal amino acid
PURPOSE:To obtain a
new PHB degrading
enzyme useful for
degrading a
biodegradable plastics
containing
polyhydroxybutyrate
as a component.
CONSTITUTION:This
polyhydroxybutyrate
NEW PHB DEGRADING ENZYME, ITS PRODUCTION degrading enzyme is
TOYODA SHUJI; SNOW BRAND MILK AND MICROORGANISM capable of manifesting the
745 others: 03 PROD CO LTD CAPABLE OF PRODUCING THE SAME ENZYME JP7155180 1995-06-20 1995 following properties: (1) a
Adress(es) /
A new poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate-
depolymerase (PHBD) is
derived
from Pseudomonas
sp. 328 (FERM P-13954),
and has the following
properties:
degradation of PHB;
New polyhydroxybutyratase (PHB-ase) production; poly- optimal pH 4.3; pI 8.4;
Snow-Brand-Milk- beta-hydroxybutyrate-depolymerase purification from optimal
Prod. Pseudomonas sp. for use in poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate temp. 40 deg; and
746 degradation JP 07155180 20 Jun 1995 1995 mol.wt. 513,000 (gel filtrati
The present investigation

was focused on the cell
compatibility of recently
developed
biodegradable
polyesterurethane-foam
(DegraPol-foam) to
chondrocytes and
Department of osteoblasts. Both
Materials, Institute of
Saad B, Neuenschwander P, Uhlschmid Polymers, ETH, New versatile, elastomeric, degradable polymeric materials Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):293- chondrocytes and
747 GK, Suter UW Zurich, Switzerland. for medicine. 301 1999 osteoblasts, is
The trace element

requirements for growth of
facultative
chemolithotrophic
Hydrogenomonas strains
H 1 and H 16 were
investigated under both
autotrophic and
Department of heterotrophic conditions.
Microbiology, Hydrogenomonas H 16 - The organisms were
University of Autotrophic growth - grown in a mineral
Washington, Seattle, Nickel-dependet chemolithotrophic growth of two Heterotrophic growth - Trace medium, rendered
748 Bartha, R.; Ordal, E.J. Washington hydrogenomonas strains Journal of Bacteriology 1964; 89:1015-1019 1964 elements - Nickel deficient in trace Strain - Metabolism 99.
granules exhibited a
strong orange
fluorescence when stained
with Nile blue A. Heat-
fixed cells were treated
with 1 % Nile blue A for 10
Department of min and were observed at
Micorbiology, Iowa an excitation wavelength
State University, Ames Nile blue A as a fluorescent stain for poly-á- Nile blue A Poly-beta- of 460 nm. Glycogen and
749 Ostle, A.G.; Holt, J.G. , Iowa 50011 hydroxybutyrate Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 44:238-241 1982 hydroxybutyrate-stain polyphosphate did Analytic 173.
Adress(es) /
Nile red, a
benzophenoxazone stain
was attempted for
microscopical
observation of poly-b-
and other lipid
deposits in bacterial cells.
Coll. Agric. Resour. Nile red fluorescence stain Two kinds of the lipids
and Environ. Sci., bacteria cell were distinct to
Beijing Agric. Nile red, a superior fluorescence stain for detection of PHB polyhydroxybutyric acid lipid some extent with
Univ., Beijing 100094, and other Weishengwu Xuebao, bacteria fluorescence microscopy
750 Wang, Jingguo Peop. Rep. China lipid deposits in bacterial cells. 34(1), 71-5 (Chinese) 1994 1994 after Nile r
Deutsche Sammlung The aerobic hydrogen-

von Mikroorganismen, oxidizing bacterium
Gesellschaft für Alceligenes latus
Biotechnologische represented by the three
Froschung mbH, and strains was found to be
Institut für able to grow with
Mikrobiologie der dinitrogen as the sole
Universität Göttingen, nitrogen source: The
Grisebachstraße 8, D- Alcaligenes latus Hydrogen doubling time of total
3400 Göttingen, bacterium Poly-bety (Kjeldahl) nitrogen during
Federal Republic of Nitrogen fixation by the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium hydroxybutyric acid growth on glucose at 30
751 Malik, K.A.; Jung, C.; Schlegel, H.G. Germany Alcaligenes latus Arch. microbiol. 1981; 129:254-256 1981 Nitrogenase °C under an 178.

relates to transgenic
plants which produce poly-
beta-D-hydroxybutyric
acid (PHB) and related
(PHA). The production of
PHB is accomplished by
genetically transforming
ROLAND SOMERVILLE the plants with modified
CHRISTOPHER; YVES POIRIER; UNIV MADISON (US); genes
752 EDWARD DENIS DOUGLAS UNIV MICHIGAN (US) No title available. FR2679735 1993-02-05 1993 from micro

a nonwoven material
comprising an adhesive
comprising
(PHA). This invention also
relates to an absorbent
article comprising such
nonwoven material. This
PROCTER & GAMBLE invention also relates to a
753 NODA ISAO (US) (US) Nonwoven materials comprising biodegradable copolymers US5685756 1997-11-11 1997 composition comprising
Adress(es) /
This invention relates to a
nonwoven material
comprising
(PHA). This invention also
relates
to an
absorbent article
The Procter & Gamble Nonwoven materials comprising comprising such
Noda; Isao , Cincinnati, Company, Cincinnati, biodegradable copolymers nonwoven material. This
754 OH OH US5747584 May 5, 1998 1998
nonwoven material
comprising
THE PROCTER & (PHA). This
GAMBLE COMPANY, invention also relates to
One Procter & Gamble an absorbent article
Plaza, Cincinnati, OH comprising such
NODA, Isao , 1568 Hunter Road, 45202, United NONWOVEN MATERIALS nonwoven material. This
Fairfield, OH 45014, United States of States of COMPRISING BIODEGRADABLE invention also
755 America America COPOLYMERS WO9704036A1 Feb. 6, 1997 1997 rela
Aerobic hydrogen bacteria -
metabolism - batch cuture
systems - continous culture
756 Schlegel; H.G.; Lafferty; R.M. Novel energy and carbon sources Advances in Biochemical engineering 1971; 1 1971 systems No abstract. Review 96.
Department of
and Material Science,
University of
Minnesota, St. Paul
55108.
757 Jackson DE, Srienc F Novel methods to synthesize polyhydroxyalkanoates. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994 Nov 30;745:134-48 1994 Abstract unavailable.
Novel feasibility of
fuctionalized poly(3-
hydroxybutanoic acid),
PHB, and its copolymers
synthesis via ring-opening
of
beta-butyrolactone (ROP)
mediated by activated
Polish Academy of anionic initiators or
Sciences, Centre for enzymes in vitro is
Polymer Chemistry, 41- Novel synthesis of functionalized poly(3-hydroxybutanoic Anionic polymerization; presented. Using these
Z. Jedlin ´ ski *, M. Kowalczuk, G. 800 Zabrze, Poland * acid) and its Copolymers; ESI-MS; Lipase; new synthetic
758 Adamus, W. Sikorska, J. Rydz Corresponding author. copolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):247-53 1999 Poly(3-hydroxybutanoic acid) approaches ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
The physical state of

(PHB) in whole cells and
in the form of artificial
biomimetic granules has
been
probed using 13C nuclear
magnetic resonance
(NMR) spectroscopy.
Cambridge Centre for Studies on varying
Molecular Recognition, Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation studies of concentrations of whole
Shaw GL, Melby MK, Horowitz DM, University Chemical poly(hydroxybutyrate) cells of
759 Keeler J, Sanders JK Laboratory, UK. in whole cells and in artificial granules. Int J Biol Macromol 1994 Apr;16(2):59-63 1994 Alcaligenes eut
The metabolic pathays of

(PHB) and polyphosphate
in the microorganism
Research Laboratory Alcaligenes eutrophus H
of Resource 16 were studied by 1H,
Utilization, Tokyo 13C, and 31P nuclear
Institute of magnetic resonance
Technology, Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of poly(3- Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - (NMR) specroscopy and
Doi, Y.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Nakamura, Y.; Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, hydroxybutyrate) and polyphosphate metabolism in Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - by convetional analytical
760 Kunioka, M. Yokohama 227, Japan Alcaligenes eutrophus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989; 55:2932-2938 1989 Metabolism techniques. A. eutrophus c Strain - Metabolism 302.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate) and a copolyester of beta-
Doi; Y.; Kunioka; M.; Nakamura; Y.; hydroxybutyrate and beta-hydroxyvalerate isolated from
761 Soga; K. Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 Macromolecules 1986; 19:2860-2864 1986 577.
Y., Doi.; Kunioka; M.; Nakamura; Y.; Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on unsusual bacterial
762 Soga; K. coplyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate Macromolecules 1988; 21:2722-2727 1988 438.

nucleotide sequence
encoding acetoacetyl-oA
reductase and a method
for controlling biopolymer
synthesis by determining
the genetics and
enzymology of
polyhydroxybutyrate
MASSACHUSETTS Nucleotide sequence encoding acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PHB) biosynthesis at the
PEOPLES OLIVER P INST TECHNOLOGY and a method for EP0688865 molecular level. The
763 (US); SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US) (US) producing polyester biopolymers 1995-12-27 1995 purifie
764 Repaske, R. Nutritional requirements for hydrogenomonas eutropha J. Bacteriol. 1962; 83:418-422 1962 29.
Adress(es) /
13C-NMR spectra of
whole native cells of
Methylobacterium AM1
show dominant signals
belonging to poly(beta-
trehalose. Fractionation of
the cells demonstrates
University Chemical that the poly(beta-
Laboratory, Lensfield Observation of mobile poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) in the hydroxybutyrate) is
Road, Cambridge CB storage granules of Methylobacterium AM1 by in vivo 13C- Storage granule - Trehalose - located in the storage
765 Barnard, G.N.; Sanders, J.K.M. 1 EW, England NMR spectroscopy FEBS 1988; 231(1):16-18 1988 Methylobacterium AM1 granules and t Strain - Morphology 296.
Observations on the fine structure of spheroplasts of
766 Boatman; E.S. Rhodospirillum rubrum The Journal of Cell Biology 1964; 20:297-311 1964 219.
Electron capture gas-

liquid chromatography (EC
GLC) along with other
biochemical procedures
Universitá di Pisa Electron capture gas-liquid was used to test for the
Instituto di chromatography (EC GLC) - presence of alpha-, beta-,
Microbiologia Agraria microfungi - Aspergillus niger - and gamma-
e Tecnica; Centro di Cephalosporium sp. - hydroxybutyric acids in the
Studio per la Cephalosporium herbarum - fungal mycelia of six soil
Microbiologia del Occurrence of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hydroxybutyrates Fusarium sp. - Penicillium inhabiting microfungi.
767 Nuti; M.P.; Brooks; J.B.; Lepidi; A.A. Suolo in some soil microfungi Trans.Br.mycol.Soc. 1975; 64(1):79-87 1975 frequentans Noticeable amounts of h Strains - Analytics 60.
Several strains of
photoautotrophically
Istituto di Microbiologia grown Spirulina spp.
Agraria e Tecnica contained poly-beta-
dell'Universita e hydroxybutyrate (PHB) at
Centro di Studio dei concentrations
Microrganismi Autotrofi never exceeding a few
del Consiglio milligrams per gram of dry
Nazionale delle weight. Under mixotrophic
Ricerche, Firenze, growth conditions in the
Vincenzini M, Sili C, de Philippis R, Ena Italy. Occurrence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Spirulina presence of acetate,
768 A, Materassi R species. J Bacteriol 1990 May;172(5):2791-2 1990 PHB reached v
(PHB) from various
representative strains of
the genera Azotobacter,
Beijerinckia, and Derxia
was isolatet and
characterized. During
Department of Azotobacter - Azotomonas - growth in shake culture,
Biochemistry, Beijerinckia - Derxia - with glucose as a carbon
Stockdale, H.; Ribbons, D.W.; Dawes, University of Hull, Hull, Occurrence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in the Beijerinckia fluminensis - and energy source, and
769 E.A. England Azotobacteriaceae J. Bacteriol. 1968; 95:1798-1803 1968 molecular nitrogen - glucose molecular nitrogen as a Strains 73.
Adress(es) /
A range of Bacillus strains

were examd. for their
ability to accumulate
poly-D(-)-3-
hydroxyalkanoates (poly-
HAKs) which are naturally
occurring
materials that are optically
Institute for Bacillus polyhydroxyalkanoate active, biodegradable
Biotechnology, Graz Occurrence of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyalkanoates in the genus polyhydroxybutyrate thermoplastics. The
Chen, Guo Qiang; Koenig, Karl Heinz; University of Bacillus. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., polyhydroxyvalerate organisms could produce
770 Lafferty, Robert M. Technology, Austria. 84(2), 173-6 (English) 1991 1991 poly-D(-)-3-hyd 272.
Fifty different
(PHA)-accumulating
bacterial strains were
investigated for the
occurrence of phasin
proteins bound to PHA
granules and related to
Institut fur the GA24 protein of
Mikrobiologie der Occurrence of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule- Alcaligenes eutrophus
Westfalischen associated proteins H16, by isolating PHA
Wilhelms-Universitat related to the Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 GA24 protein in granules and
771 Wieczorek R, Steinbuchel A, Schmidt B Munster, Germany. other bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 Jan 1;135(1):23-30 1996 Western
(PHAs), of which
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) is the most
abundant, are bacterial
carbon and energy
reserve materials of
widespread occurrence.
They are composed of 3-
hydroxyacid monomer
Department of Applied Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial units and exist as a small
Biology, University of uses of bacterial number
772 Anderson AJ, Dawes EA Hull, United Kingdom. polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 1990 Dec;54(4):450-72 1990 of cytoplasmic 351.
Pathways followed by the

carbon of long chain fatty
acids in their conversion
to 3-hydroxybutyric acid
were traced and the
Department of contribution of omega-
Medicine and oxidation to fatty acid
Pharmacaology, Case oxidation was determined
Western University omega oxidation - fatty acids - in the cellular environment
Schumann; W.C.; Hemmelgarn; E.; School of Medicine, Omega oxidation of fatty acids and the pathway of 3- Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1978; 3-hydroxy-butyric acid - ketone where ketone body
773 Landau; B.R. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 hydroxybutyratic acid formation 190(1):345-350 1978 bodies formation occur others - metabolism 59.
Adress(es) /
The known
biodegradability of PHB
[26063-00-3] in certain
biol.
environments has led to
its proposed use as a
biodegradable implant
material. Monofilaments
of PHB homopolymer and
poly(hydroxyvalerate)-
Inst. Med. Dent. PHB (PHV-PHB)
Bioeng., Univ. On the biodegradation of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biodegrdn hydroxybutyrate copolymers were studied
Liverpool, homopolymer hydroxyvalerate copolymer in
774 Miller, N. D.; Williams, D. F. Liverpool L69 3BX, UK and poly-b-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers. Biomaterials, 8(2), 129-37 (English) 1987 1987 fiber vivo and in
775 Malik, K.A.; Claus, D. On the changed taxonomic position of Alcaligenes latus Abstract of the 38th meeting of the DGHM 254.
From cell-free PHB of from

dried cells of Alcaligenes
Laboratorium für eutrophus H16, which had
Organische Chemie been grown in an aqueous
der Eidgenössischen fructose solution,
Technischen enantiomerically pure
Hochschule, ETH- methyl, ehtyl, butyl or beta-
Zentrum methoxyethyl (R)-3-
Universiätsstrasse 16, hydroxy-butanoates are
CH-8092 Zürich On the Depolymerizatin of Poly-(R)-3-hydroxy-butanoate obtained in yields ranbing
776 Seebach, D.; Züger, M. (Schweiz) (PHB) Helvetica chimica acta 1982; 65:495-503 1982 from 75-90% 179.
The infrared absorption

spectra of the aerobic
spore-forming bacilli are
variable. Evidence is
presented to show that, for
Bacillus megaterium, the
Microbiological nature of the spectrum is
Research related to the morphology
Establishment, Ministry of the bacteria, both
of Supply, Porton, On the infrared absorption spectrum of Bacillus Bacillus megaterium - infrared showing acyclic variation
777 Norris, K.P.; Greenstreet, J.E.S. Wiltshire megaterium J. gen. Microbiol. 1958; 19:566-580 1958 spectroscopy - with ti Strain - Morphology 78.
Estimation of biomass
concentration by on-line
fluorimetry was examined
during batch cultivations
of Alcaligenes eutrophus
Biotechnology ATCC 17697, a poly-beta-
Research Institute, Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC hydroxybutyric acid (PHB)
National Research 17697 - Ralstonia eutropha producer. The results
Council of Canada, On-line culture fluorescence measurement during the ATCC 17697 - Fluorescence - obtained revealed a linear
Groom, C.A.; Luong, J.H.T.; Montreal, Quebec H4P batch cultivation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate producing On-line monitoring - Biomass correlation between total
778 Mulchandani, A. 2R2, Canada Alcaligens eutrophus J. Biotechnol. 1988; 8:271-278 1988 concentration culture Strain - Analytics 298.
Optimization of microbial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) recovery
Hahn; S.K.; Chang; Y.K.; Kim; B.S.; using dispersions of sodium hypochlorite solution and Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994; 44:265-
779 Chang; H.N. chloroform 261 1994 459.
Adress(es) /
Goosen, M. F. A.; O'Shea, G. F.;
Gharapetian, H. M.; Chou, S.; Sun, A. Optimization of microencapsulation parameters:
780 M. semipermeable microcapsules as a bioartificial pancreas Biotech. Bioeng. 1985; 27:146-150 1985 289.
Department of
University of Waterloo Recovery of the
Waterloo, Ontario, intracellular bioplastic
Canada N2L 3G1 poly(<beta>-
(2) Y. hydroxybutyric acid) or
Chisti PHB from fed-batch
(3) cultured
Department of Alcaligenes latus, ATCC
Chemical Engineering, 29713, was examined
University of Almeria E- Optimization of poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyric acid) recovery using combinations of
04071 Almeria, Spain from Alcaligenes latus: combined chemical and mechanical
Fax: mechanical and chemical Bioprocess Engineering Abstract Volume 19 treatments
781 I. M. Tamer, M. Moo-YoungY. Chisti treatments Issue 6 (1998) pp 459-468 1998 t
Optimum growth
conditions and pH control
soln. were obtained in the
biosynthesis of PHB
(poly-.beta.-
hydroxybutyrate) with
Alcaligenes
eutrophus. Optimum
G-Caltex Oil Refinery carbon and nitrogen
Seo, Jeong-Kwi; Yoon, Jeong-Yeol; Oh, Co., Ltd., Chonnam, sources were fructose and
Joon-Taek; Kim, Woo-Sik 550-600, S. Korea Optimum growth conditions and pH control solution for (NH4)2SO4, resp., and
782 PHB biosynthesis in A. eutrophus J. Ind. Eng. Chem. (Seoul) (1998), 4(3), 215-220 1998 optimum additive
process for producing
oriented
(PHA) that requires less
stringent
temperature
MONSANTO control than previous
COMPANY, 800 North processes. The process
Lindbergh Boulevard, comprises melting the
WALDOCK, Paul , 9 Springhill, St. Louis, MO 63167, PHA, shaping preform
Welbury, Northallerton DL6 2SQ, United States of WO9722459 from the
783 United Kingdom America ORIENTED POLYESTER 1997-06-26 1997
Adress(es) /
(PHA) synthase has been
expressed in Escherichia
coli by reengineering the
5'-end of the wild-type (wt)
gene and subsequent
Department of Biology, transformation of this gene
Massachusetts Overexpression and purification of the soluble into protease-deficient E.
Institute of polyhydroxyalkanoate coli UT5600 (ompT-).
Gerngross TU, Snell KD, Peoples OP, Technology, synthase from Alcaligenes eutrophus: evidence for a Induction with IPTG
Sinskey AJ, Csuhai E, Masamune S, Cambridge 02139- required results
784 Stubbe J 4307. posttranslational modification for catalytic activity. Biochemistry 1994 Aug 9;33(31):9311-20 1994 in sol
Inst.Phys.Chem.Res.S
aitama
LO Polymer A Pseudomonas sp. 61-3
Chemistry Laboratory malonyl-CoA-ACP-
and the RIKEN Group transacylase gene
of Japan Science (fabDPs)
and Technology was cloned by
Corporation, The Southern blot
Institute of Physical hybridization using an
and Chemical equivalent gene
Research (RIKEN), of Escherichia coli
2-1 Hirosawa, Wako- Over-expression of 3-ketoacyl-ACP-synthase-III or malonyl- (fabDEc) as a DNA probe.
Taguchi K; Aoyagi Y; Matsusaki H; shi, Saitama 351-0198, CoA-ACP-transacylase genes induces monomer supply for Some recombinant E.
Fukui T; *Doi Y Japan. polyhydroxybutyrate production in Escherichia coli HB101; Biotechnol.Lett.; (1999) 21, 7, 579-84 coli HB101 strains
786 Emai poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production 1999 harboring fabDPs,
MASSACHUSETTS
PEOPLES OLIVER P; GERNGROSS INST TECHNOLOGY;
787 TILLMAN U; SINSKEY ANTHONY J METABOLIX INC Overproduction and purification of soluble pha synthase AU3322195 1996-03-07 1996 Abstract unavailable.
Purified, soluble
recombinant bacterial long
chain and short chain PHA
synthases are described,
MASSACHUSETTS with methods and
INST TECHNOLOGY materials for
PEOPLES OLIVER P; GERNGROSS (US); METABOLIX INC OVERPRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF SOLUBLE overexpression and
788 TILLMAN U; SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US) PHA SYNTHASE WO9605316 1996-02-22 1996 purification.
Purified, soluble
recombinant bacterial long
chain and short chain PHA
synthases are described,
with methods and
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); MASSACHUSETTS materials for
GERNGROSS TILLMAN U (US); INST TECHNOLOGY overexpression and
789 SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US) (US) Overproduction and purification of soluble PHA synthase US5480794 1996-01-02 1996 purification.
Oxidation of 1-Alkenes to 1,2-Epoxyalkanes by
790 Abbott, B. J.; Hou, C. T. Pseudomonas oleovorans Appl. Microbiol. 1973; 26:86-91 1973 372.
791 Papers presented at the Toronto, Canada meeting polymer reprints 1988; 29(1):593-615 1988 339.
Adress(es) /
The title polymers of mol.

wt. >7 ´ 105, suspended in
LiCl-contg. (3
equiv) THF under an inert
atm. and cooled to -75 to -
105°, dissolved
when combined with a
Partial depolymerization and solubilization of cold soln. of 3 equiv. of Li
Lab. Org. Chem., Eidg. poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoate] (PHB) and its copolymer with diisopropylamide,
Seebach, Dieter; Beck, Albert K.; Tech. (R)-3-hydroxyvalerate (Biopol) by treatment with lithium 2,2,6,6-
Braendli, Urs; Mueller, Dieter; Hochsch., Zurich CH- amides/lithium chloride in tetrahydrofuran at low Chimia, 44(5), 112-16 (English) hydroxybutanoate polyester tetramethylpiperidide, or
792 Przybylski, Michael; Schneider, Klaus 8092, Switz. temperatures. 1990 1990 depolymn lithium amide hexamethyldisil
Partial sp. vol.s, n20, of

poly(D-b-hydroxybutyrate),
PHB, were det. by d.
measurements in several
chloroaliph. hydrocarbons.
Faculty n20 Of PHB in
of Chemical tetrachloroethane is little
Technology, Slovak influenced by temp. This
Technical Univ., partial specific vol can be generalized
Bakos, Dusan; Ortega, Francisco; Bratislava 812 37, Partial specific volume of poly(D-b-hydroxybutyrate) in polyhydroxybutyrate for the group of solvents
793 Hernandez-Fuentes, Irmina Slovakia chloroaliphatic solvents. Polym. Int., 36(1), 9-12 (English) 1995 1995 chloroalkane used. The expt
Department of Bacterial genes

Chemical Engineering responsible for poly(3-
and Materials Science, hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
Biological Process biosynthesis were Bacterial
Technology Institute, targeted to plant genes
and peroxisomes responsible for
Department of by adding a carboxy- poly(3-
Agronomy and Plant terminal targeting hydroxybutyrat
Genetics, University of sequence. The enzymes e) (PHB)
Minnesota, St. Paul, evidently were transported biosynthesis
Minnesota 55108, Peroxisomes as sites for synthesis of into peroxisomes, were targeted
Hahn JJ, Eschenlauer AC, Sleytr UB, USA. polyhydroxyalkanoates in PHB, plant peroxysomes, Black retained their catalytic to plant
794 Somers DA, Srienc F transgenic plants. Biotechnol Prog 1999 Nov-Dec;15(6):1053-7 1999 Mexican Sweet maize cells activity, and peroxisomes
Medium chain length (mcl)

poly(hydroxyalkanoic
acids) (PHAs) are
polyesters accumulated by
fluorescent
Pseudomonads and
Institute of other bacteria. Work on
Biotechnology ETH the genetics of mcl-PHA
Zurich Honggerberg formation has led to
HPT 8093, Zurich, polymer synthesis in
Switzerland. Perspectives of medium chain length recombinant bacteria and
bw@biotech.biol.ethz. poly(hydroxyalkanoates), a versatile plants.
795 Witholt B, Kessler B ch. set of bacterial bioplastics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1999 Jun;10(3):279-85 1999 Several high
Adress(es) /
Poirier; Y.; Dennis; D.; Klomparens; K.; Perspectives on the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates
796 Nawrath; C.; Somerville; C. in plants FEMS Microbiology Reviews.1992; 103:237-246 1992 479.
A review with 27 refs. on

the development of
medical applications
for
(PHAs), a class of natural
polymers with
a wide range of
Williams, Simon F.; Martin, David P.; thermoplastic properties.
Horowitz, Daniel M.; Peoples, Metabolix Inc., Methods are described
Oliver P. Cambridge, MA, USA PHA applications: addressing the price performance issue. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 111-121 for prepg. PHAs with
797 I. Tissue engineering 1999 high purity, modifyin

the biosynthesis of
polyhydroxyalkanoic acids
(PHA), esp. poly(3-
hydroxybutyric) acid
Institut fur [poly(3HB)], in C1-utilizing
Mikrobiologie der bacteria. The genes for
Westfalischen Microb. Growth C1 Compd., Proc. Int. review polyhydroxyalkanoic poly(3HB) prodn. and
Wilhelms-Universitat Symp., 8th, Meeting Date 1995, 237-244. Edited acid biosynthesis polyester packaging of
Munster, PHA biosynthesis, its regulation and application of C1- by: Lidstrom, Mary microorganism Alcaligenes eutrophus are
Steinbuechel, Alexander; Wieczorek, Muenster D-48149, utilizing E.; Tabita, F. Robert. Kluwer: Dordrecht, Neth. gene polyhydroxyalkanoic acid discussed in detail and the
799 Roman; Krueger, Niels Germany microorganisms for polyester production. (English) 1996 1996 Alcaligenes review b
PHA pellet compositions

are provided which are
processible into blown and
cast free-standing films.
The
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook MONSANTO Mw of the PHA
Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United COMPANY, 800 N. in the pellets used to
States of America Lindbergh Boulevard, PHA COMPOSITIONS AND produce the films is at
PIERRE, Jean, R. , Rue des St. Louis, MO 63167, METHODS FOR THEIR USE IN THE least 470,000, at least
Trois Bonniers 13, B-5081 Saint-Denis, United States of PRODUCTION WO9905207 435,000 if PHA thermal
800 Belgium America OF PHA FILMS 1999-02-04 1999 stabili
relates to a process for
the production of poly
(hydroxy fatty acids) as
Steinbuchel; Alexander , Altenberge, well as
Germany recombinant
Liebergesell; Mathias , bacterial strains for
Gottingen, Germany carrying out the process.
Valentin; Henry , PHA E and PHA C components of In addition, new
Chesterfield, MO poly(hydroxy fatty acid) synthase from poly(hydroxy fatty acids)
Pries; Andreas , Bad Monsanto Company, thiocapsa and
801 Reichenhall, Germany St. Louis, MO pfennigii US6011144 Jan. 4, 2000 2000 new sub
Adress(es) /
PURPOSE:To provide an
aid in finding an effective
inhibitor including a
degradation pathway of a
(PHA)
which is an aliphatic
polyester, expected as a
biodegradable plastic and
CHIKYU KANKYO accumulated by a
SANGYO GIJUTSU microorganism by
SAITO MITSUSANE; KENKYU KIKO; JP6086681 elucidating a PHA
802 others: 01 others: 02 PHA INTRACELLULAR DEGRADING ENZYME 1994-03-29 1994 in

prodn. of
polyhydroxyalkanoate by
anaerobic-aerobic
activated sludge was
reviewed concg. on the
biochem. mechanisms
Department of Urban and on the trials to
and Environmental increase
Engineering, polyhydroxyalkanoate
University of (PHA) content in activated
Satoh, Hiroyasu; Mino, Takashi; Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, sludge. The
803 Matsuo, Tomonori Tokyo, Japan PHA production by activated sludge Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 105-109 1999
The genes encoding the

(PHA) biosynthetic
pathway in Ralstonia
Valentin, Henry E.; Broyles, Debra L.; eutropha (3-ketothiolase,
Casagrande, Laura A.; phaA or bktB;
Colburn, Susan M.; Creely, Wendi acetoacetyl-CoA
L.; DeLaquil, Pamela A.; Felton, reductase, phaB; and PHA
Heather M.; Gonzalez, Kathleen A.; Agricultural Sector, synthase, phaC) were
Houmiel, Kathryn L.; Lutke, Monsanto Company, engineered for plant
Kevin; Mahadeo, Debbie A.; Mitsky, St. Louis, MO, USA plastid targeting and
805 Timothy A.; Pad PHA production, from bacteria to plants Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 303-306 1999 expressed u
A synthetic operon for
(PHA) biosynthesis
designed to yield high
levels of PHA synthase
activity in vivo
was constructed by
Department of Biology, positioning a genetic
Massachusetts fragment encoding beta-
Institute of ketothiolase and
Technology, PHA synthase activity controls the molecular weight and acetoacetyl-CoA
Sim SJ, Snell KD, Hogan SA, Stubbe J, Cambridge 02139, polydispersity of reductase behind a
807 Rha C, Sinskey AJ USA. polyhydroxybutyrate in vivo. Nat Biotechnol 1997 Jan;15(1):63-7 1997 modified synt
Adress(es) /
synthase (PHA) from
Chromatium vinosum
catalyzes the
Department of conversion of 3-
Chemistry and hydroxybutyryl-CoA (HB-
Department of Biology, CoA) to
Massachusetts polyhydroxybutyrate
Institute of (PHB) and CoA. The
Technology, synthase is composed of a
Mueh, Ute; Sinskey, Anthony J.; Kirby, Cambridge, MA, .apprx.1:1 mixt. of two
Daniel P.; Lane, William S.; 02139, USA PHA Synthase from Chromatium vinosum: Cysteine 149 Is Biochemistry (1999), 38(2), 826-837 subunits, PhaC and PhaE.
808 Stubbe, JoAnne Involved in Covalent Catalysis 1999 Siz
The phaC1 gene codes for

the medium-chain-length
(mcl PHA) synthase of
GPo1, which produces
mcl PHA when grown in
Institute of an excess of carbon
Prieto, Maria A.; Buhler, Bruno; Jung, Biotechnology, ETH source and under
Kuno; Witholt, Bernard; Honggerberg, Zurich, PhaF, a polyhydroxyalkanoate-granule-associated protein nitrogen limitation. In this
Kessler, Birgit CH-8093, of Pseudomonas oleovorans GPo1 involved in the J. Bacteriol. (1999), 181(3), 858-868 work, we have
810 Switz. regulatory expression system for pha genes 1999
Phase Separation within artificial granules from a blend of
Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polyhydroxyoctanoate: Biological
812 Horowitz; D.M.; Sanders; J.K.M. Implications Polymer ?? 435.
A synthetic operon was

designed to increase
poly-beta-
hydroxyalkanoate-
synthase (PHA-synthase)
Department of Biology, activity
Massachusetts relative to the activity
Institute of PHA-synthase activity controls the molecular weight and of the native operon.
Technology, polydispersity of polyhydroxybutyrate in vivo; plasmid Plasmid pSP2 was
Sim S J; *Snell K D; Hogan S A; Stubbe Cambridge, MA pSP2 expression in Escherichia coli for increased poly- Nat.Biotechnol.; (1997) 15, 1, 63-67 ISSN: constructed in the
J; Rha C; Sinskey A J 02139, USA. beta-hydroxyalkanoate-synthase gene expression and 1087-0156 medium copy number
813 recombinant poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate 1997 plasmid
PHB (poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate) metabolism of Zoogloea Seikagaku 1976;48(11):1045-8 [Article in
814 ramigera. Japanese] 1976 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
Methylobacterium
organophilum can use
nitrogen in the form of
ammonium ions
((NH4)2SO4 and NH4Cl)
and from nonammonium
sources
Department of such as glycine,
Biological Sciences, alanine, peptone, and
Korea Advanced yeast ext. When
Institute of potassium
Kim, Seon-Won; Kim, Pil; Kim, Jung Science and PHB accumulation stimulated by ammonium ions in was limited,
Hoe Technology, Taejon, potassium-limited cultures of Methylobacterium J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1998), 8(4), 301-304 significantly more poly-
815 305-701, S. Korea organophilum 1998 .beta.-hyd
In: Polym. Int., 1996; 39(3) (Wiley: Chichester, book PHB hydroxyalkanoate
UK), 107 pp. (English) polymer
816 Liggat, John; Editor (UK). PHB and Hydroxyalkanoate Polymers. 1996. DOCUMENT TYPE: Book 1996 Abstract unavailable.
Hypochlorite digestion of
bacterial biomass from
intracellular poly-beta-
hydroxybutyreate (PHB)
has not been used on a
large scale since it has
been reported to severely
hypochlorite extn degrade PHB. In this
Chem. Eng., Ec. polyhydroxybutyrate biomass study, to minimize
Berger, E.; Ramsay, B. A.; Ramsay, J. Polytech., Montreal, PHB recovery by hypochlorite digestion of non-PHB Biotechnol. Alcaligenes biomass degradation, the initial
817 A.; Chavarie, C.; Braunegg, G. PQ H3C 3A7, Can. biomass. Tech., 3(4), 227-32 (English) 1989 1989 polyhydroxybutyrate extn Alcaligenes eutrophu Extraction 299.
Extrusion coating expts.
were carried out in the
pilot line at
Tampere University of
Technol (Institute of Paper
Converting) in
Finland. Com. 3-
Paper Converting hydroxybutyrate/3-
Laboratory, Tampere hydroxyvalerate
University of copolymer
Technology, Polym., Laminations Coat. Conf. (1998), Volume (PHB/V, Biopol) (I) was
Kuusipalo, Jurkka Tampere, Finland PHB/V in extrusion coating of paper and paperboard: study 2, 779-802 provided by Monsanto
818 of functional properties Publisher: TAPPI Press, Atlanta, Ga. 1998 PLC, U
P. elodea mutants are

produced which produce
gellan gum broth which
contains no detectable
BAIRD JOHN K (US); MERCK & CO INC amount of poly- beta
819 CLEARY JOSEPH M (US) (US) PHB-free gellan gum broth US5300429 1994-04-05 1994 -hydroxy-butyrate (PHB).
Adress(es) /
P. elodea mutants are

produced which produce
gellan gum broth with
contains no detectable
BAIRD JOHN K (US); CLEARY MERCK & CO INC EP0473222 amount of poly- beta
820 JOSEPH M (US) (US) PHB-free gellan gum broth. 1992-03-04 1992 -hydroxy-butyrate (PHB).
EGGINK GERRIT; Phb-producing microorganism and process for removing

EENINK ALBERT HENDRIK; HUIZING INSTITUUT VOOR clycerol from a culture
821 HINDRIK JAN AGRO TECHNOLOGI medium AU5378094 1994-05-09 1994 Abstract unavailable.
The invention relates to a

PHB-producing
microorganism which
grows and produces PHB
on or in minimal medium
INSTITUUT VOOR comprising
AGRO TECHNOLOGI only glycerol as source
(NL); EGGINK of carbon and energy and
GERRIT (NL); EENINK which produces PHB in
ALBERT HENDRIK industrially attractive
EGGINK GERRIT (NL); (NL); PHB-PRODUCING MICROORGANISM AND PROCESS quantities on or in a
EENINK ALBERT HENDRIK (NL); HUIZING HINDRIK FOR REMOVING CLYCEROL medium
822 HUIZING HINDRIK JAN (NL) JAN (NL) FROM A CULTURE MEDIUM WO9409146 1994-04-28 1994 containi
Degradable Materials: Perspectives, Issues, and
823 Galvin (ICI), T. J. PHBVTM Biodegradeable Polyester Opportunities 1990; 39-53 1990 354.
Two amination-deficient
mutants of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha, characterized
by pH-dependet linear
growth on non-amino
substrates were
investigated to determine
Department of Biology, the exact nature of
The Catholic Hydrogenomonas eutropha - mutation. Glutamate
University of America, pH-conditional, ammonia assimilation-deficient mutants of Ralstonia eutropha - dehydrogenase, the only
Washington D.C. Hydrogenomonas eutropha: Isolation and growth Alcaligenes eutrophus - aminating enzyme found
825 Strenkoski, L.F.; DeCicco, B.T. 20017 characteristics J.Bacteriol. 1971; 105:219-295 1971 Nitrogen assimilation - Mutants in the wil Strain - Metabolism 98.
Adress(es) /
acid (PHA) biosynthetic
gene locus was
cloned and characterized
from an Acinetobacter sp.
isolated from
activated sludge.
phosphate regulation Nucleotide sequence anal.
Department of polyhydroxyalkanoate identified three clustered
Microbiology, Monash Phosphate concentration regulates transcription of the biosynthesis Acinetobacter genes, phaAAc (encoding
Schembri, Mark A.; Bayly, Ronald C.; University, Clayton, Acinetobacter pha gene operon Acinetobacter a b-ketothiolase), phaBAc
826 Davies, John K. Victoria, Australia. polyhydroxyalkanoic acid biosynthetic genes. J Bacteriol 1995 Aug;177(15):4501-7 1995 (enco 538.
A characteristic of the biol.

phosphorus removal
process is the
interaction between
Department of different intracellular
Environmental Science components. Therefore,
and Engineering, an understanding of
Technical the effects of the
University of intracellular components
Denmark, Lyngby, DK- on
Petersen, B.; Temmink, H.; Henze, M.; 2800, Den. Phosphate uptake kinetics in relation to PHB under aerobic Water Res. (1998), 32(1), 91-100 biol. phosphorus
827 Isaacs, S. conditions 1998 removal is essential for
The electron transport
system of cell-free
extracts obtained from
Hydrogenomonas H-20
has been studied with
particular reference to
phosphorylation
associated with the
Research Institute of oxyhydrogen reaction,
Advanced Studies, Cell-free preparations of
Baltimore Maryland this organism exhibit
828 Bongers, L. 21227 Phosphorylation in hydrogen bacteria J. Bacteriol. 1967; 93(5):1615-1623 1967 oxidative phospho 181.
Regulatory mechanism in
PHB [poly-
(hydroxybutyrate)]
accumulation by
cyanobacteria, especially
by a thermophilic isolate,
Synechococcus MA19
National Institute of was reviewed in
Bioscience and Human- comparison with a
Technology, Tsukuba, genetically engineered
Ibaraki, Japan. Photosynthetic accumulation of poly-(hydroxybutyrate) by strain. The strain, MA19
Asada Y, Miyake M, Miyake J, Kurane yasada@ccmail.nibh.g cyanobacteria--the metabolism and potential for CO2 accumulates PHB
829 R, Tokiwa Y o.jp recycling. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):37-42 1999 under nitrogen s
Marchessault, R.H.; Okamura, K.; Su, Physical properities of poly(beta-hydroxy butyrate). H.
830 C.J. Conformational aspects in solution ? 1970; 3:735-739 1970 224.
Adress(es) /
Marchessault; R.H.; Morikawa; H.; 316. Und 687
831 Revol; J.F. Physical properties of a naturally occurring polyester Macromolecules 1982; 17:1884 1984 korr
Physical properties of poly-beta -hydroxybutyrate. IV.
Conformational
832 Cornibert J, Marchessault RH analysis and crystalline structure. J Mol Biol 1972 Nov 28;71(3):735-56 1972 Abstract unavailable.
833 Marchessault, J. Cornibert R.H. Physical properties of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate J. Mol.Biol. 1972; 71:735-765 1972 38.
Phys. properties of a new
polymer blend obtained by
mixing
poly-D(-)(3-
polyhydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrate) (I), a
polyepichlorohydrin blend phys cryst. polymer with
property interesting
polyester polyepichlorohydrin properties of
blend phys property biodegradability and
glass temp polyhydroxybutyrate biocompatibility, with
Natl. Inst. Sericul. polyepichlorohydrin blend uncrystallizable
Entomol. Sci. Physical properties of miscibility polyhydroxybutyrate atactic
Owashi, Tsukuba 305, poly-D(-)(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(epichlorohydrin) blends. Acta Polym., 43(6), 327-30 (English) polyepichlorohydrin blend poly(epichlorohydrin) (II)
834 Tsukada, M.; Romano, M.; Seves, A. Japan 1992 1992 were studied. I-I
The physico-mechanical
properties of degradable
polymers used for medical
applications have been
characterized. The
following polymers were
Department of included in this study:
Chemistry, Rutgers, three samples of
State University of Physico-mechanical properties of degradable polymers poly(ortho esters) derived
New Jersey, New used in medical from 3,9-bis(ethylidene
835 Engelberg I, Kohn J Brunswick. applications: a comparative study. Biomaterials 1991 Apr;12(3):292-304 1991 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
M60, a mucoid strain, was
grown in continuous
culture (D 0.05 h-1) under
ammonia limitation with
glucose as the carbon
source. Steady-state
alginate production
Department of occurred for only 1-2 d
Biochemistry, Physiological and biochemical changes accompanying the under these conditions
Williams SG, Greenwood JA, Jones University of Leicester, loss of mucoidy [qalginate 0.097
836 CW UK. by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology 1996 Apr;142 ( Pt 4):881-8 1996 g algina
837 Lee, C.M.; Schlegel, H.G. Physiological characterization of Pseudoflava GA3 Current Microbiology 1981; 5:333-337 1981 252.
Physiologische Untersuchungen ber den
chemolithotrophen Stoffwechsel neu isolierter
838 Bartha, R. Hydrogenomonas-Stämme Archiv Mikrobiol. 1962; 41:313-350 1962 48.
Physiology and biochemistry of aerobic hydrogen-oxidizing
839 Bowien, B.; Schlegel, H. G. bacteria Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 1981; 35:405-452 1981 191.
Adress(es) /
The Alcaligenes
eutrophus genes for beta-
ketothiolase, NADPH-
dependent acetoacetyl-
CoA reductase and
poly(beta-hydroxybutyric
acid) synthase (PHB
synthase) which comprise
the three-step PHB-
biosynthetic pathway,
Institut fur Physiology and molecular genetics of poly(beta-hydroxy- were
Mikrobiologie, alkanoic acid) cloned. Molecular studies
840 Steinbuchel A, Schlegel HG Gottingen, Germany. synthesis in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Mol Microbiol 1991 Mar;5(3):535-42 1991 revealed tha
Physiology and polyester formation of Pseudomonas
841 Preusting, H.; Kingma, J.; Witholt, B. oleovorans in continuous two-liquid-phase cultures Enzyme Microb. Technol. 1991; 13:770-780 1991 403.
NCIMB 40529 was grown
in batch culture at 34
Department of deg in SEII mineral
Biochemistry, salts medium with 2 g/l C-
University of Leicester, source (1 g/l each
Leicester LE1 of cosubstrates).
7RH, UK. Alternatively, the strain
Email: Physiology of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by was grown in
Henderson R A; *Jones C W cwj1@le.ac.uk Alcaligenes eutrophus growing in continuous culture; poly- Microbiology; (1997) 143, Pt.7, 2361-71 continuous culture at
842 beta-hydroxybutyrate production by fermentation 1997 34 deg and pH 6.8. Poly-
Piezoelectric properties of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate and
copolymers of beta-hydroxybutyrate and beta-
844 Fukada, E.; Ando, Y. hydroxyvalerate Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1986; 8:361-366 1986 653.
A new method of poly-

.beta.-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) extn. from
recombinant E. coli is
proposed, using
homogenization and
centrifugation coupled
Department of with sodium hypochlorite
Chemical Engineering, treatment. The
Ling, Y.; Wong, H. H.; Thomas, C. J.; University of Adelaide, size of PHB granules
Williams, D. R. G.; S.A. and cell debris in
Middelberg, A. P. J. 5005, Australia Pilot-scale extraction of PHB from recombinant E. coli by Bioseparation (1997), 7(1), 9-15 homogenates was
845 homogenization and centrifugation 1997
Adress(es) /
A mutant of A. latus
DSM1124 with
considerably increased
productivity
was incubated in shake
flasks and further scaled-
up in a 300-L
fermenter. In the next
step the bacteria were
Biotechnologische transferred to the 15-m3
Forschungsgesselsch. Pilot-scale production of poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with fermenter and grown to
m.b.H., Linz Alcaligenes NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, 186(Novel Biodegrad. polyhydroxybutyrate manuf high densities. PHB was
846 Haenggi, Urs J. A-4021, Austria latus. Microb. Polym.), 65-70 (English) 1990 1990 Alcaligenes pr 660.korr
A plastic sleeve (1) for

cable fittings for the
production of joints,
branches and sealing
ends, and of crossovers
and house
connections from
insulated electrical cables,
GT with cable bushing tubes
GMBH and with or without cast
PAULMANN UWE ELEKTROTECHNISC resin feed necks, and
847 (DE) HE PROD (DE) Plastic sleeve for electrical cable fittings DE19632504 1998-02-19 1998 made up of
The influence of a variety

of treatments on the
mobility and crystallinity of
(PHB) in whole cells and
native granules has been
proved using 13C-n.m.r.
Department of spectroscopy and X-ray
Chemical Engineering, powder diffraction, and
Harrison ST, Chase HA, Amor SR, University of correlated with the known
848 Bonthrone KM, Sanders JK Cambridge, UK. Plasticization of poly(hydroxybutyrate) in vivo. Int J Biol Macromol 1992 Feb;14(1):50-6 1992 biologic
Plasticized PHA pellet

compositions are provided
which are processible into
shaped objects,
particularly
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook MONSANTO PLASTICIZED blown and cast
Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United COMPANY, 800 N. POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE free-standing films. The
States of America Lindbergh Boulevard, COMPOSITIONS Mw of the PHA in the
PIERRE, Jean, R. , Rue des St. Louis, MO 63167, AND METHODS FOR THEIR USE IN THE pellets used to produce
Trois Bonniers 13, B-5081 St.-Denis, United States of PRODUCTION the films is at least
849 Belgium America OF SHAPED POLYMERIC ARTICLES WO9923146A1 May 14, 1999 1999 470,000
850 Fishlock; D. Plastics from bacteria Financial Times 265.
Adress(es) /
Hence, PHB belongs to

the family of poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoates), PHA,
all of which are usually
formed as intracellular
inclusions under
unbalanced growth
Department of conditions. Recently, it
Biochemistry, became of industrial
University of Plastics from bacteria and for bacteria: poly(beta- interest to evaluate PHA
Brandl H, Gross RA, Lenz RW, Fuller Massachusetts, hydroxyalkanoates) as polyesters as natural,
851 RC Amherst 01003. natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable polyesters. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1990;41:77-93 1990 Review biodeg Review 684.
852 Keeler, R. Plastics Grown in Bacteria Inch Toward the Market R&D Magazine 1991; Jan 1991 No abstract. General article 401 corr.
853 Voss, D. Plastics Recycling: New Bottles for Old Chemical Engineering Progress 1989; 67-72 1989 377.
Plastics can be made

compatible with nature
and the natural
environment. In fact, the
manufactrure of synthetic
polymers for fiber and
plastics applications
shourd provide for less
Plastics, energy, and ecology - a harmonious triad A Plastics - Environmental environmental stress than
University of Toronto, cogent case is made for plastics as one of the most useful degradablility - Renewable the use of such natrual
854 Guillet, J. E. Toronto, Canada materials of our time and perhaps of all times. Plastics Engineering 1974; 30:48-56 1974 ressources materials as wool, cotto General article 382.
855 Plastics 1990 Chemicalweek 1989; December 20-27: 18-53 1989 Plastics No abstract. General article 405 korr.
Park; J.S.; Park; H.C.; Huh; T.L.; Lee; Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes
856 Y.H. eutrophus transformants harbouring cloned phbCAB genes Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17(7):735-740 1995 618.
PCT No.
PCT/KR91/00019 Sec.
371 Date Nov. 18, 1993
Sec. 102(e) Date Nov. 18,
1993 PCT Filed Sep. 16,
1991 PCT Pub. No.
WO92/18553 PCT Pub.
Date Oct. 29, 1992.A new
poly- beta -hydroxy
alkanoate (PHA)
Poly- beta -hydroxy alkanoate (PHA) copolymer, method of copolymer is produced in
LEE YANG-GUL (KR); KOHAP its production, the microbe which produces it, and PHA the cell of
857 YIM GUHN-BEEN (KR) LTD (KR) copolymer blend US5395919 1995-03-07 1995 Pseudomonas ce
Adress(es) /
In the present invention a
new poly- beta -hydroxy
alkanoate (PHA)
copolymer is produced in
the cell of Pseudomonas
cepacia
KYG/505 (KCCM 10004)
by the method of its
production, and a variety
POLY- beta -HYDROXY ALKANOATE (PHA) of polymer blends of PHB
COPOLYMER, METHOD OF ITS and PHA are developed.
LEE YANG GUL (KR); YIM GUHN KOHAP PRODUCTION, THE MICROBE WHICH PRODUCES IT, The
858 BEEN (KR) LTD (KR) AND PHA COPOLYMER BLEND WO9218553 1992-10-29 1992 PHA cop
Binding of (i) purified wild-
type poly(3-
depolymerase PhaZ4 of
Pseudomonas lemoignei,
(ii) a purified
truncated form of PhaZ4,
which lacked 55 C-
terminal amino acids and
Institut fur (iii) commercial lactate
Mikrobiologie, Georg- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases bind to their dehydrogenase to
August-Universitat substrate by a aqueous
859 Behrends A, Klingbeil B, Jendrossek D Gottingen, Germany. C-terminal located substrate binding site. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 Oct 1;143(2-3):191-4 1996 suspensions
(PHB) is well-known as a
high molecular weight
homopolymer of R-3-
hydroxybutyrate which
accumulates in storage
granules within the
Department of cytosols of certain
Microbiology, Michigan bacteria. Escherichia coli
State University, East Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is associated with specific does not amass these
Lansing, Michigan proteins in the granules; however,
860 Huang R, Reusch RN 48824, USA. cytoplasm and membranes of Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1996 Sep 6;271(36):22196-202 1996 small amounts
Department of
Chemical Engineering Recombinant Escherichia
and BioProcess coli strain GCSC 6576,
Engineering Research harboring a high-copy-
Center, Korea number plasmid
Advanced containing the Ralstonia
Institute eutropha
of Science and genes for
Technology (KAIST), polyhydroxyalkanoate
373-1 Kusong-dong, (PHA) synthesis and the
Yusong-gu, Taejon E. coli ftsZ gene, was
305-701, Korea Poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from whey by high- employed to produce
e-mail: density poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate)
861 Wong HH, Lee SY leesy@so cultivation of recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 Jul;50(1):30-3 1998 (PHB) from whe kopiert
Adress(es) /
Department of
and BioProcess Several recombinant
Engineering Research Escherichia coli strains
Center, Korea harboring the Alcaligenes
Advanced eutrophus
Institute
of Science and polyhydroxyalkanoate
Technology (KAIST), biosynthesis genes were
373-1 Kusong-dong, used to produce poly(3-
Yusong-gu, Taejon hydroxybutyrate), PHB,
305-701, Korea from xylose.
e-mail: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production from xylose by Bioprocess Engineering Abstract Volume 18 By flask
862 Sang Yup Lee leesy@so recombinant Escherichia coli Issue 5 (1998) pp 397-399 1998 culture of TG
POly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Production with high productivity
and high polymer content by a fed-batch culture of
863 Wang; W.; Lee; S.Y. Alcaligenes latus under nitrogen limitation Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 197; 63(9):3703-3706 1997 641.
To provide 4-
hydroxybutyryl-CoA for
4-hydroxybutyrate)
formation from glutamate
Monsanto Co., 800 in Escherichia
North Lindbergh coli, an acetyl-CoA:4-
Boulevard, St. Louis, hydroxybutyrate CoA
Missouri 63167, USA transferase from
email: Henry E. Clostridium kluyveri, a 4-
Valentin Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) formation hydroxybutyrate
(henry.e.valentin@mo from dehydrogenase from
864 Valentin HE, Reiser S, Gruys KJ nsanto.com) gamma-aminobutyrate and glutamate. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Feb 5;67(3):291-9 2000 Ralstonia eutr
is equipped with at least
five polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA)
depolymerase structural
genes (phaZ1 to phaZ5)
Institut fur which enable the
Mikrobiologie der bacterium to utilize
Universitat Stuttgart, extracellular
70550 Stuttgart, Poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) depolymerase of pseudomonas Appl Environ Microbiol 2000 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
865 Schober U, Thiel C, Jendrossek D Germany. lemoignei. Apr;66(4):1385-92 2000 (PHB),
Poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis and
866 Tombolini; R.; Nuti; M.P. accumulation by different Rhizobium species FEMS Microbiology Letters 1989; 60:299-304 1989 273.
Poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoate) copolymers containing
brominated repeating units produced by Pseudomonas
867 Kim; Y.B.; Lenz; R.W.; Fuller; R.C. oleovorans Macromolecules 1992; 25:1852-1857 1992 484.
Marchessault; R.H.; Bluhm; T.L.;
Deslandes; Y.; Hamer; G.K.; Orts; W.J.;
Sundarajan; P.R.; Taylor; M.G.; Poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates): biorefinery polymers in Makromol.Chem.,Macromol.Symp. 1988; 19:235-
868 Bloembergen; S.; Holden; D.A. search of applications 254 1988 329.
Adress(es) /
(PHAs) comprise a class
of biodegradable polymers
which offer an
environmentally
Monsanto Company, sustainable
Agricultural Sector, alternative to petroleum-
700 Chesterfield based plastics. Production
Houmiel KL, Slater S, Broyles D, Parkway North, St. of PHAs in plants is
Casagrande L, Colburn S, Gonzalez K, Louis, MO 63198, Poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) production in oilseed attractive since current
Mitsky TA, Reiser SE, Shah D, Taylor USA. leukoplasts of brassica fermentation technology is
869 NB, Tran M, Valentin HE, Gruys KJ napus. Planta 1999 Oct;209(4):547-50 1999 prohibitively e
A study was carried out to

investigate a possible
involvement of
dicarboxylate transport in
the accumulation of PHA
by R. meliloti.
Mutants derived from the
wild-type CM2 were used,
which are affected
Dip. Biotecnol. Poly(b-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) accumulation in NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E, polyhydroxybutyrate in dicarboxlate transport,
Tombolini, R.; Boesten, B.; O'Gara, F.; Agrar., Univ. Padova, Rhizobium meliloti 186(Novel Biodegrad. Microb. Polym.), 431-4 accumulation Rhizobium namely CM12 (dct B-) and
870 Nuti, M. P. Padua 35131, Italy affected in the dicarboxylate transport (DCT) genes. (English) 1990 1990 dicarboxylate transport C
Poly(ethylene oxide)-coated granular starch-
poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) composite Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
871 Shogren; R.L. materials 1995; 3:75-80 1995 586.
Poly(hydroxy acids) so far

have been examined for
use in drug delivery in
limited number, while the
advantageous use of the
polymers has been
recognized due to their
biodegradability and
biocompatibility. Homo-
and copolymers of lactic
Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1987;3(3):209- acid and
872 Juni K, Nakano M Poly(hydroxy acids) in drug delivery. 32 1987 glycolic a
Adress(es) /
U.S. Department of
Agriculture,
Agricultural Research The biosynthesis of
Service, Eastern poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
Regional Research (PHA) by Pseudomonas
Center, 600 E. resinovorans from
triglyceride
Mermaid Lane, substrates was
Wyndmoor, PA 19038, investigated. Each
USA Tel.: +1 215 233 triglyceride, whether
6483 Fax: +1 215 233 animal fat or vegetable oil,
6795 e-mail: supported
Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) biosynthesis from triglyceride Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract cellular
873 R. D. Ashby, T. A. Foglia rashby@arserrc substrates Volume 49 Issue 4 (1998) pp 431-437 1998 growth
874 Stal; L.J. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) in cyanobacteria: an overview FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:169-180 1992 473.
875 Braunegg; G. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate-thermoplastische Biopolyester 334.
Dep. Biol.,
Massachusetts Inst. Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB): a model system for NATO ASI Ser., Ser. E,
Technol., Cambridge, biopolymer 186(Novel Biodegrad. Microb. Polym.), 191-202 review polyhydroxybutyrate
876 Peoples, Oliver P.; Sinskey, Anthony J. MA 02139, USA engineering: II. (English) 1990 1990 biopolymer engineering A review with 35 refs.
The biodegradable
polyesters,
(PHB) and
hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV)
were
investigated for use as
sustained delivery carriers
of a model drug,
Poly(hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) microspheres progesterone. Spherical
College of Pharmacy, containing microspheres containing
University of Georgia, progesterone: preparation, morphology and release the drug
877 Gangrade N, Price JC Athens 30602. properties. J Microencapsul 1991 Apr-Jun;8(2):185-202 1991 were prepared by
Laboratorium für
Organische Chemie
der Eidgenössischen
Technische
Hochschule ETH-
Zentrum
Universitätsstrasse 16,
CH-8092 Zürich Poly(hydroxyfettsäureester), eine fünfte Klasse von Angewandte Chemie 1993; 105:483-509 (Article
878 Müller; H-M.; Seebach; D. Schweiz physiologisch bedeutsamen organischen Biopolymeren in German) 1993 Review Abstract unavailable. Review 430.
879 Heller J, Himmelstein KJ Poly(ortho ester) biodegradable polymer systems. Methods Enzymol 1985;112:422-36 1985 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
A review, with 22 refs. on

the formation of poly-(R)-3-
hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) in organisms such
review polyhydroxybutyrate as Zoogloea ramigera and
synthesis Zoogloea Alcaligenes Alcaligenes
synthase polyhydroxybutyrate eutrophus. The pathway
Dep. Poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis: Zoogloea Alcaligenes review from acetyl-CoA through
Chem., Massachusetts mechanistic studies acetoacetyl CoA reductase the 3 enzymes,
Inst. Technol., on the biological Claisen condensation catalyzed by b- Zoogloea Alcaligenes review thiolase, acetoacetyl-CoA
Masamune, S.; Walsh, C. T.; Sinskey, Cambridge, MA 02139, ketoacyl thiolase Zoogloea Alcaligenes reductase, and PHB
880 A. J.; Peoples, O. P. USA thiolase. Pure Appl. Chem., 61(3), 303-12 (English) 1989 1989 review synthase is dis
Capon; R.J.; Dunlop; R.W.; Ghisalberti; Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates from marine and freshwater
881 E.L.; Jefferies; P.R. cyanobacteria Biochemistry 1983; 22(5):1181-1184 1983 314.
Washed cells prepared

from carbon-limited
continuous cultures of
synthesised poly-3-
hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) rapidly when
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate production by washed cells of supplied with glucose, DL-
Department of Alcaligenes lactate or L-lactate. Unlike
Biochemistry, eutrophus; purification, characterisation and potential Washed cells - Alcaligenes growing cultures, washed
University of Leicester, regulatory role of eutrophus - Citrate synthase - cells excreted significant Strain - Metabolism -
882 Henderson RA, Jones CW UK. citrate synthase. Arch Microbiol 1997 Dec;168(6):486-92 1997 Ralstonia eutropha - lactate amounts carbon sources 682.
The lipidic polymer, poly-3-

hydroxybutyrate (PHB), is
found in the plasma
membranes of Escherichia
col complexed to
calcium polyphosphate
(CaPPi). The composition,
location, and putative
Department of Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate/polyphosphate complexes form structure of the polymer
Microbiology, Michigan voltage-activated salt complexes led
State University, East Ca2+ channels in the plasma membranes of Escherichia Reusch
883 Reusch RN, Huang R, Bramble LL Lansing 48824, USA. coli. Biophys J 1995 Sep;69(3):754-66 1995 and Sadoff (1988)
Adress(es) /
endogenous carbon source Endogenous carbon

microbe river reserves such as poly-
biofilm river metab beta-hyrdoxy alkanoate
environmental change (PHA) can sustain
polyhydroxyalkanoate carbon microbial viability during
source river microbe conditions of nutrient
nutrient deprivation river deprivation. Microbial
Poly-beta-hydroxy alkanoate and the support of river microbe carbon extracellular enzyme
Sch. Biol. biofilm water polltuion biofilm activities under one set of
Freeman, Christopher; Lock, Maurice Sci., Univ. Wales, metabolism following radical changes in environmental Hydrobiologia, 271(3), microorganism river environmental conditions
884 A.; Marxsen, Juergen Bangor LL57 2UW, UK conditions. 159-64 (English) 1993 1993 might be wholly inappropri
885 Tezuka, C.; Takeda, K.; Someya, J. poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate of methane oxidizing bacteria japanische Zeitschrift!!! 175.
Nickerson, K.W.; Zarnick, W.J.; Poly-beta-hydroxy butyrate parasporal bodies in Bacillus
886 Kramer, V.C. thuringiensis FEMS Microbiology Letters 1981; 12:327-331 1981 225.
Environmental Science and Technology 1974;
887 Wallen; L.L.; Rohwedder; K. Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate from activated sludge 8(6):576-579 1974 313.
The production of poly-

beta-hydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) in Syntrophomonas
wolfei grown in pure
culture or in coculture with
Department of Botany Methanospirillum hungatei
and Microbiology, was studied. PHA was
University of produced by S. wolfei
Oklahoma, 770 Van Syntrophy - Anaerobic growth - during the exponential
Vleet Oval, Norman, Fatty acids - Syntrophomonas phase of growth under
888 Amos, D. A.; McInerey, M. J. OK 73019, USA Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate in Syntrophomonas wolfei Arch. Microbiol. 1989; 152:172-177 1989 wolfei both of these cultural Strain - Metabolism 413.
Poly-ß-hydroxybuttersäure
(PHBS) scheint der unter
aeroben Bakterien am
weitesten verbreitete
Speicherstoff zu sein. Die
chemische Natur dieses
Reservestoffes wurde von
LEMOIGNE (1926,
1927)an den
Aus dem Institut für Fettteinschlüssen von
Mikrobiologie der Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure abbauende Bakterien und Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1963; 47:167-200 Isolation of PHB-degrading Bacillus megaterium Metabolism -
889 Chowdhury, A.A. Universität Göttingen Exoenzym (Article in German) 1963 bacteria - Depolymerase aufgeklärt. Daß Degradation 127.korr.
Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure, ihre Verbreitung, Funktion
890 Schlegel, H.G.; Gottschalk, G. und Biosynthese Angew. Chem. 1962; 74(10):342-347 1962 23.
Adress(es) /
Die Fähigkeit,
Reservematerial in Form
von Poly-beta-
hydroxybuttersäure (PHB)
vorübergehend
intracellulär anzuhäufen,
ist bei aeroben Bakterien
anscheinend eher die
Regel als eine Ausnahme.
Die Akkumulation erfolgt,
Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure-arme und -freie Mutanten Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschafren wenn Kohlenstoff- und
891 Schlegel, H.G.; Krauss, I.; Lafferty, R. von Hydrogenomonas H 16 in Göttingen 1969 1969 Energiequellen im 182.
The phbC gene encoding

the third enzyme of the
biosynthetic pathway, poly-
polymerase, in
Department of Biology, Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis in H16 has been identified
Massachusetts Alcaligenes eutrophus by the complementation of
Institute of H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Technology, polymerase gene negative
892 Peoples OP, Sinskey AJ Cambridge 02139. (phbC). J Biol Chem 1989 Sep 15;264(26):15298-303 1989 mutants of A kopiert 520.
Genes encoding acetyl-
CoA-acyltransferase
(phaA, EC-2.3.1.16),
Dipartimento di acetoacetyl-CoA-
Biotecnologie Agrarie, reductase (phaB, EC-
Universita di Padova, 1.1.1.36) and
Via poly-beta-
Gradenigo 6, hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-
35131 Padua, Italy. synthase (phaC) from
Email: Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic genes in Rhizobium
Tombolini R; Povolo S; Buson A; biotmpn@ipdunidx.uni Rhizobium meliloti 41; acetyl-CoA-acyltransferase phaA, meliloti 41, together
Squartini A; *Nuti M P pd.it acetoacyl-CoA-reductase phaB, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate- with a fourth gene (ORF1),
893 synthase phaC and ORF1 gene cloning Microbiology; (1995) 141, 10, 2553-59 1995 presumed to
The procaryotic
endogenous storage
material poly-beta-
can be induced to
accumulate the estuarine
detrital microbiota under
Department of Regulation of PHB- conditions which suggest
Biological Science, accumulation in estuarine unbalanced growth, such
Florida State detrital microbiota - Balanced as limitation of a critical
University, Tallahasee, Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation as a measure of Applied and enviromental microbiology 1979; and unbalanced growth factor(s) in the presence
895 Nickels, J.S.; King, J.D.; White, D.C. Florida 32306 unbalanced growth of the estuarine detrial microbiota 37(3):495-465 1979 conditions of carb Strain - Metabolism 124. Korr.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation by facultative
896 Daniel, M.C.; Lebeault, J.M. methylotrophic bacteria Como Tagung 1986 1986 260.
Adress(es) /
Azotobacter beijerinckii
possesses the enzymes of
both the Enter-Doudoroff
and the oxidative pentose
Azotobacter beijerinckii - phosphate cycle pathways
Entner Doudoroff pathway - of glycose catabolism and
Department of pentose phosphate pathway - both pathways are subject
Biochemistry, regulation of PHB-metabolism - to feedback inhibition by
University of Hull, allosteric regulation - NAD, products of glucose
Kingston upon Hull Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis and the regulation NADP, ATP, ADP - PHB oxidation. The allosteric
897 Senior, P.J.; Dawes, E.A. HU6 7RX, U.K. of glucose metabolism in Azotobacter beijerinckii Biochem. Journal 1971; 125:55-66 1971 formation as electron sink gluco Strain - Metabolism 125. Korr.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes The journal of biological chemistry 1989;
898 Peoples, O.P.; Sinskey, A.J. eutrophus H16 264(26):15293-15297 1989 519.
The poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate
biosynthetic thiolase gene
from Zoogloea ramigera
was used as a
hybridization probe to
screen
restriction digests of
Biology Department, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Massachusetts Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in Alcaligenes H16 DNA. Specific
Institute of eutrophus H16. hybridization signals were
Technology, Characterization of the genes encoding beta-ketothiolase obtained and two
Cambridge 02139. and fragments (a
899 Peoples OP, Sinskey AJ acetoacetyl-CoA reductase. J Biol Chem 1989 Sep 15;264(26):15293-7 1989 2.3-kilobas
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate depolymerases of
900 C.J.Lusty; Doudoroff, M. Pseudomonas lemoignei Biochemistry 1966; 56:960-965 1966 33.
901 Szewczyk; E.M. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in staphylococci FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:165-168 1992 472.
Staphylococci--
chemoorganotrophic
bacteria whose main
habitats are human and
animal organisms--can
accumulate
Department of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Pharmaceutical (PHB) in their cells. The
Microbiology, Medical polymer is metabolized in
University of Lodz, endogenous turnovers
Poland. preceding degradation of
902 Szewczyk EM Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in staphylococci. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):165-8 1992 aminoacids, proteins
Department of
Bacteriology and
Botnay, Syracuse
University, Syracuse, Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in the chemolithotrophic Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans -
903 Wang, W.S.; Lundgren, D.G. New York 131 bacterium Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans J.bacteriol. 1969; 97:947-950 1969 heterotrophic growth No abstract. Strain - Metabolism 77.
Adress(es) /
The granules observed in

the cytoplasm of cells of
sporogenic and
asporogenic strains of
Clostridium botulinum type
E were isolated at various
Department of developmental stages of
Microbiology, growth and sporulation,
University of Manitoba, Electron microscopy of
Winnipeg, Manitoba Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism during growth and Clostridium botulinum - thin sections showed that
904 Emeruwa; C., A.; Hawirko; Z., R. R3T 2N2, Canada sporulation of Clostridium botulinum J. Bacteriol. 1973; 116(2):989-993 1973 sporulation most of the gra Strain - Metabolism 625.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azospirillum
brasilense and the ecological role of PHB in the
905 Okon; Y.; Itzigsohn; R. rhizosphere FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:131-140 1992 471.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Metabolism in Washed

906 Macrae, R.M.; Wilkinson, J.F. Suspension of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium J. gen. Microbiol. 1958; 19:210-222 1958 15.
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate occurrence in Saccharomyces Proceedings of the fourth international

907 Nuti, N. P.; Lepidi, A. A. cerevisiae and its significance in the fermentation process symposium of yeasts 1974 1974 9.
was determined in lactic
acid bacteria belonging to
the genera Lactobacillus,
Lactococcus,
Pediococcus and
Gazi University, Streptococcus.
Faculty of Arts and Lactobacilli were grown in
Science, Department MRS broth, the others
of Biology, Ankara, were grown in Elliker broth
Aslim B, Caliskan F, Beyatli Y, Gunduz Turkey. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production by lactic acid medium. Cell
908 U bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1998 Feb 15;159(2):293-7 1998 biomass was obtai
Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate synthesis in Azotobacter
beijerinkii; the
909 Ritchie GA, Senior PJ, Dawes EA non-involvement of acyl carrier protein. J Gen Microbiol 1969 Nov;58(3):3 1969 Abstract unavailable.
Poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate/calcium
polyphosphate (PHB-
CaPolyPi) complexes exist
as labile quasi-crystalline
structures in
Department of bacterial plasma
Microbiology and membranes. The
Public Health, composition, structure,
Michigan State and distribution of the
University, East Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate complex suggest it may
Lansing. complexes in play a role in the
910 Reusch RN eukaryotic membranes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989 Sep;191(4):377-81 1989 regulation o
911 Ramsay, B. Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric Acid (PHB) ??? 383.
Adress(es) /
acid (PHB) was extracted
from various species of
staphylococci isolated
from different sources. IR
and UV spectrophotometry
and NMR analysis
Department of revealed that the
Pharmaceutical compound consisted only
Microbiology, of the beta-
Academy of Medicine, hydroxybutyrate. The
912 Szewczyk E, Mikucki J Lodz, Poland. Poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in staphylococci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1989 Oct 15;52(3):279-84 1989 PHB level in t
The phbC gene encoding

the 3rd enzyme of the poly-
b-hydroxybutyrate
biosynthetic pathway, poly-
b-hydroxybutyrate
polymerase, in A.
eutrophus H16 was
identified by the
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis in Alcaligenes complementation of
Dep. Biol., eutrophus Alcaligenes poly-b-hydroxybutyrate-
Massachusetts Inst. H16. Identification and characterization of the PHB polyhydroxybutyrate neg. mutants of A.
Technol., Cambridge, polymerase J. Biol. Chem., 264(26), polymerase gene phbC eutrophus H16. These
913 Peoples, Oliver P.; Sinskey, Anthony J. MA 02139, USA gene (phbC). 15298-303 (English) 1989 1989 sequence resul
A review and discussion

with 28 refs. Azospirillum
brasilense is a
rhizosphere
microorganism which has
potential use for
promoting plant
growth in economically
important crops. Its ability
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azospirillum to survive the
Fac. Agric., Hebrew brasilense and the review Azospirillum adverse conditions
Univ. Jerusalem, ecological role of PHB in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol. Rev., 103(2-4), 131-9 polyhydroxybutyrate imposed by nutrient
914 Okon, Yaacov; Itzigsohn, Robin Rehovot 76100, Israel (English) 1992 1992 starvation
Poly-D(-)(3-hydroxybutyrate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends:

915 M.Avella; Martuscelli, E. Phase diagram, thermal and crystallisation behaviour Polymer papers 1988; 29:1731-1736 1988 539.
Korsatko; W.; Wabnegg; B.; Tillian; Poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutters"ure - ein biologisch abbaubarer

916 H.M.; Braunegg; G.; Lafferty; R.M. Arzneistofftr"ger zur Liberationsverz"gerung 1.Mitt. s. Pharm. Ind. 1983; 45:525 1983 264.
Braunegg; G.; Bogensberger; B.; Poly-D(-)-3-Hydroxybuttersäure(PHB)-ein biologisch

917 Korneti; L.; Strempfl; F.; Lafferty; R.M. abbaubares Biopolymer Poster 1983 1983 251.
Heinzle; E.; Lafferty; R.M.; Sonnleitner; Poly-D-(-)-beta-Hydroxybuttersäure (PHB): Biomasse als
918 B. Kunststoff Review No abstract. Review 50.
Adress(es) /
Lafferty; R.M.; Braunegg; G.; Korneti; Poly-D-3-hydroxybutyric acid (poly-HB): Biotechnological Third European Congress on Biotechnology
919 L.; Strempfl; F.; Bogensberger; B. production and polymer applications 1984 1984 237.
A polyester composition
comprises at least one
first semi-crystalline or
crystallisable
(PHA-X) and at least
one second
ZENECA (PHA-Y) in semi-
LTD (GB); LIGGAT crystalline or crystalline
LIGGAT JOHN JOHN JAMIESON form and having a higher
920 JAMIESON (GB) (GB) POLYESTER COMPOSITION WO9428070 1994-12-08 1994 crystalline melting poi
PCT No.
PCT/GB94/01095 Sec.
371 Date Apr. 17, 1996
Sec. 102(e) Date Apr. 17,
1996 PCT Filed May 20,
1994 PCT Pub. No.
WO94/28070 PCT Pub.
Date Dec. 8, 1994A
polyester composition
comprises at least one
first semi-crystalline or
US5693389 crystallizable
921 LIGGAT JOHN JAMIESON (GB) ZENECA LTD (GB) Polyester composition 1997-12-02 1997 polyhydr

process for producing
(PHA) that overcomes a
problem encountered
when
seeking to separate PHA
particles without
centrifugation. The
MONSANTO CO (US); process comprises
GEORGE NEIL (GB); producing a biomass
GEORGE NEIL (GB); LIDDELL JOHN containing PHA particles
922 LIDDELL JOHN MACDONALD (GB) MACDONALD (GB) POLYESTER PARTICLES WO9722654 1997-06-26 1997 and non
POLY--g(b)-HYDROXY ALKANOATE
LEE, Yang, Gul, KOHAP R & D Center, (PHA) COPOLYMER, METHOD OF ITS
Krict PRODUCTION, THE MICROBE WHICH
YIM, Guhn, Been, KOHAP PRODUCES IT,
923 R & D Center, Krict KOHAP LTD. AND PHA COPOLYMER BLEND EP582567B1 June 4, 1997 1997 Abstract unavailable.
POLY--g(b)-HYDROXY ALKANOATE
(PHA) COPOLYMER, METHOD OF ITS
LEE, Yang, Gul, KOHAP R & D Center, PRODUCTION,
Krict THE MICROBE WHICH PRODUCES IT, AND
YIM, Guhn, Been, KOHAP PHA
924 R & D Center, Krict KOHAP LTD. COPOLYMER BLEND EP582567A1 Feb. 16, 1994 1994 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
There is diclosed a PHA

biosynthesis-related DNA
fragment, which comprises
the genes for PHA
LEE, Sang, Yup , #212-702 Expo Apt., synthase, ß-
464-1, Chunmin-dong, Yusong-ku, ketothiolase and
Taejon-si 305.ndas, Republic of acetoacetyl-CoA
Korea LG CHEMICAL LTD., reductase, which are all
CHOI, Jong-il , 331-13, 20, Yoido-dong, POLYHYDROCYALKANOATE derived from Alcaligenes
Shingil 5-dong, Youngdeungpo-ku, Youngdeungpo-ku, BIOSYNTHESIS-RELATED GENES DERIVED latus. The
Seoul 150-055, Republic of Korea Seoul 150-010, FROM DNA fragment
925 CH Republic of Korea ALCALIGENES LATUS WO9936547 1999-07-22 1999 is inse
(1) Institut für

Mikrobiologie,
Westfälische Wilhelms- Burkholderia sp.
Universität Münster, accumulates
Corrensstrasse 3, D- polyhydroxyalkanoates
48149 (PHAs) containing 3-
hydroxybutyrate and
Münster, Germany e- 3-hydroxy-
mail: steinbu@uni- Polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulation in Burkholderia sp.: a 4-pentenoic acid when
muenster.de Tel.: +49- molecular approach to elucidate the genes grown on mineral media
M. F. de Andrade Rodrigues (1), H. E. 251-8339821, +49-251- involved in the under limited phosphate
Valentin (3), P. A. Berger (2), M. Tran 8338388 formation of two homopolymers consisting or nitrogen, and using
(3), J. Asrar (2), K. J. Gruys (2) of short-chain-length Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract sucrose or
926 (3), A. Steinbüchel (1) Monsanto Comp 3-hyd Volume 53 Issue 4 (2000) pp 453-460 2000 glu

relates to
depolymerase having a N-
terminal fragment of the
Saito; Yuji , Tokyo, Japan amino acid
Shibayama; Masako , sequence of SEQ ID NO:
Tokyo, Japan Taisei Corporation, 1 and having a molecular
Takebe; Hidehi , Tokyo, Japan weight of about 33,000 as
Kanagawa, Japan Meiji Seika determined by
Matsunobu; Toshio , Kasha, Ltd., Tokyo, Polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase and SDS
927 Kanagawa, Japan Japan process for producing the same US5968801 Oct. 19, 1999 1999 polyacrylam
(PHA) are carbon and
energy storage polymers
that accumulate in
Department of inclusion
Microbiology, bodies in many bacteria
University of and archaea in response
Massachusetts, to environmental
Amherst, Polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusion body-associated proteins conditions. This work
Massachusetts 01003, and coding presents
928 McCool GJ, Cannon MC USA. region in Bacillus megaterium. J Bacteriol 1999 Jan;181(2):585-92 1999 the results o
Adress(es) /

synthesis by manipulition
of the genetics and
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
molecular level in
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY cells,
929 ANTHONY L (US) (US) Polyhydroxyalkanoate polymerase US5250430 1993-10-05 1993
The bacterial species
Escherichia coli has
proven to be a powerful
tool in the molecular
analysis of
(PHA) biosynthesis. In
addition, E. coli holds
Department of Biology, promise as a source for
James Madison economical PHA
University, production. Using this
Harrisonburg, VA Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in recombinant microorganism,
930 Fidler S, Dennis D 22807. Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1992 Dec;9(2-4):231-5 1992 clones ha 478.
Like many other

prokaryotes, the
photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodobacter capsulatus
produces
Department of Biology, high levels
Washington of polyhydroxyalkanoates
University, St. Louis, (PHAs) when a suitable
Missouri 63130, USA. carbon source is
Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Rhodobacter available. The
Kranz RG, Gabbert KK, Locke TA, kranz@wustlb.wustlb.e capsulatus: genes, three genes
931 Madigan MT du mutants, expression, and physiology. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Aug;63(8):3003-9 1997 that are tradit
Transgenic plants
producing peroxisomal
polyhydroxyalkanoate
(PHA) from intermediates
of fatty acid degradation
were
Institut dEcologie- used to study carbon flow
Biologie et Physiologie through the beta-oxidation
Vegetales, Universite cycle. Growth of
de Lausanne, CH- Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis in transgenic plants as a transgenic plants in media
Mittendorf V, Bongcam V, Allenbach L, 1015, Lausanne, new tool to study containing fatty acids
932 Coullerez G, Martini N, Poirier Y Switzerland. carbon flow through beta-oxidation. Plant J 1999 Oct;20(1):45-55 1999 conjugated to Tw
Adress(es) /
Several novel PHA

polymer compositions
produced using biological
sytems include monomers
such as
3-
hydroxybutyrate, 3-
SKRALY, Frank, A. , Apartment 5, 39 hydroxypropionate, 2-
Bay State Road, Boston, MA 02215, METABOLIX, INC., hydroxybutyrate, 3-
United States of America 303 Third Street, hydroxyvalerate, 4-
PEOPLES, Oliver, P. , 27 Cambridge, MA 02142, hydroxybutyrate,
Radcliffe Road, Arlington, MA 02474, United States of POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE 4-
933 United States of America America BIOPOLYMER COMPOSITIONS WO9961624A2 Dec. 2, 1999 1999 hydroxyvalerate and 5-h
Methods of making PHA

coating compositions
having molecular weights
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook greater than about
Drive, Chesterfield, MI 63017, United 125,000 are
States of America provided. The
PIERRE, Jean, R. , Rue des MONSANTO PHA coating compositions
Trois Bonniers 13, B-5081 Saint-Denis, COMPANY, 800 N. derived therefrom have
Belgium Lindbergh Boulevard, improved properties
D'HAENE, Pol , St. Louis, MO 63167, suitable for
Pellenbergstraat 179, B-3010 Kessel- United States of POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE applications in
934 Lo, America COATINGS WO9904948A1 Feb. 4, 1999 1999 which exc
Problem to be solved: To
produce the subject new
decomposing enzyme,
comprising a
polyhydroxyalkanoate(PH
A) decomposing enzyme
having an N-terminal
SAITO YUJI fragment of a specific
ITO MASAKO TAISEI CORP amino
TAKEBE HIDEAKI MEIJI POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE-DECOMPOSING acid sequence
935 MATSUNOBU TOSHIO SEIKA KAISHA LTD ENZYME AND ITS PRODUCTION JP10191980A July 28, 1998 1998 and a specified molecular
Institut fur
Pharmazeutische
Chemie, Karl-Franzens-Polyhydroxyalkanoates as drug carriers for the formulation
Universitat Graz, of tablets Pharmazie 1990 Sep;45(9):691-2 [Article in
936 Korsatko-Wabnegg B, Korsatko W Osterreich. with "quick-release" effect. German] 1990 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
Bacterial survival in
natural environments
involves the ability of
scavenging nutrients and
energy sources.
Departamento de Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Quimica Biologica, (PHAs) are intracellular
Facultad de Ciencias polymers that endow
Exactas y Naturales, bacteria with enhanced
Universidad de Polyhydroxyalkanoates degradation affects survival of survival capabilities in
Buenos Aires, Pseudomonas adverse environmental
937 Ruiz JA, Lopez NI, Mendez BS Argentina. oleovorans in river water microcosms. Rev Argent Microbiol 1999 Oct-Dec;31(4):201-4 1999 conditions
(PHAs) from which
pyrogen has been
removed are provided for
WILLIAMS, Simon, F. , 28 use in numerous
Deerfield Road, Sherborn, MA 01770, biomedical
United States of America applications. PHAs which
MARTIN, David, P. , 33 METABOLIX, INC., have been chemically
Hemlock Street, Arlington, MA 02174, 303 Third Street, modified to enhance
United States of America Cambridge, MA 02142- physical and/or chemical
GERNGROSS, Tillman , 12 1196, United States of POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES properties, for
938 Ant America FOR IN VIVO APPLICATIONS WO9851812 1998-11-19 1998 tar
Polyhdroxyalkanoates
(PHAs), stored as
bacterial reserve materials
for carbon and energy, are
biodegradable substitutes
to fossil fuel plastics that
can be produced from
Institut fur Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable renewable raw
Biotechnologie, TU resources: materials.
939 Braunegg G, Lefebvre G, Genser KF Graz, Austria. physiological and engineering aspects. J Biotechnol 1998 Oct 27;65(2-3):127-61 1998 PHAs can be pr 640.
Carbon reserve granules

in the cytoplasm of
bacteria are
polyhyddroxyalkanoates,
PHA. Thechemical
structure of these
biodegradable poyesters
Department of is frequently copolymeric
chemisstroy, McGill such as poy(3-
University, 3420 PHB/HV - short sidechain PHA - hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
University Street, long sidechain PHA - hydroxyvalerate), Copolyesters -
Montreal, Quebec, Polyhydroxyalkanoates: morphology of tender morsels for crystalline preperties - x-ray PHB/HV. These are short Morphology -
940 Lauzier; C.A.; Marchessault; R.H. Canada H3A 2A7 microbes diffraction sidechain P Analytics 432.
941 Babel; W. Polyhydroxyalkans"uren-ein Kapitel umweltprophylaxe Bioworld 1997; 4:16-20 1997 647.
Adress(es) /
A review with 16 refs. of

work in the authors' lab.
on the biosynthesis of
PHB in Zoogloea ramigera
and Alcaligenes
polyhydroxybutyrate eutrophus. The
biopolymer engineering review availability of cloned
Zoogloea polyhydroxybutyrate genes for the 1st 2
Dep. Appl. Biol. Sci., prodn review enzymes of the PHB
Massachusetts Inst. Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB): a model system for Prog. Alcaligenes biosynthetic pathway allow
Technol., Cambridge, biopolymer Biotechnol., 3(Ind. Polysaccharides), 51-6 polyhydroxybutyrate prodn the control of the time and
942 Peoples, Oliver P.; Sinskey, Anthony J. MA 02139, USA engineering. (English) 1987 1987 review level
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) can be used as an
alternative polymer to
polylactide-glycolides for
drug carrier production. It
is a
linear homopolymer
Department of biosynthesized by various
Pharmaceutical strains of bacteria by
Sciences, School of condensation of D(-)-B-
Pharmacy, University hydroxybutyric acid and
of Nottingham, United Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 1989;6(2):117- used as
943 Koosha F, Muller RH, Davis SS Kingdom. Polyhydroxybutyrate as a drug carrier. 30 1989 an en
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) is a thermoplastic
biopolymer posessing
unique properties, such
as biocompatibility and
Institute of biodegradability.
Microbiology and The potential prodn. of
Biotechnology, PHB from renewable
Kizlo, Zulfija; Savenkova, Ludmila; University of Latvia, Proc. Latv. Acad. Sci., Sect. B (1999), 53(2), 117- substrates makes this
Gercberga, Zoja; Kalnins, Riga, LV-1586, Polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthesis by Azotobacter 120 polymer a prospective
944 Martins Latvia chroococcum 23 from renewable unrefined carbon sources 1999 substitute for thermo
Adress(es) /

of the genetics and
of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
PEOPLES OLIVER P (US); SINSKEY INST TECHNOLOGY procaryotic and eukaryotic
945 ANTHONY J (US) (US) Polyhydroxybutyrate polymerase US5534432 1996-07-09 1996 cells,
Polyhydroxybutyrate, a speciality polymer of microbial
946 Senior, P.J. origin chapter 17 229.
The microbial polymer

poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and related poly-
hydroxyalkanoates, such
as poly-3-hydroxyvalerate
and poly-3-
hydroxyoctanoate, are
unique biodegradable
thermoplastics of
Department of considerable commercial
Biochemistry, importance. The structure,
947 Dawes EA University of Hull, U.K. Polyhydroxybutyrate: an intriguing biopolymer. Biosci Rep 1988 Dec;8(6):537-47 1988 properties and 330.
Department of A review with 37 refs. on

Chemistry and the phys. properties,
Biochemistry, stereochem.,
University of synthesis, transgenic
California, prodn., and biodegrdn. of
Santa Cruz, CA, hydroxybutyrate-based
Hankermeyer, Christine R.; Tjeerdema, 95064, USA Polyhydroxybutyrate: Plastic made and degraded by polyesters.
948 Ronald S. microorganisms Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. (1999), 159, 1-24 1999
Adress(es) /
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) offers many
advantages over by adding a
traditional petrochemically carboxy-
derived plastics. In terminal
Department of addition to its complete targeting
Chemistry and biodegradability, PHB is sequence. The
Biochemistry, formed from renewable enzymes
University of resources. It possesses evidently were
California, Santa Cruz better physical transported
95064, USA. Polyhydroxybutyrate: plastic made and degraded by properties than into
949 Hankermeyer CR, Tjeerdema RS microorganisms. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 1999;159:1-24 1999 PHA, review polypropylene for food p peroxisomes,
Biodegradable polymer
blend compositions are
provided which contain
oligomeric esters. The
oligoester
compounds
ASRAR, Jawed , 14949 Royal Brook MONSANTO can compatibilize blends
Drive, Chesterfield, MO 63017, United COMPANY, 800 N. of two or more
States of America Lindbergh Boulevard, POLYMER BLENDS CONTAINING biodegradable polymers
PIERRE, Jean, R. , Rue des St. Louis, MO 63189, POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES AND resulting in excellent
Trois Bonniers 13, B-5081 Saint-Denis, United States of COMPOSITIONS WITH GOOD RETENTION ductility
950 Belgium America OF ELONGATION WO9923161 1999-05-14 1999 and reduced
951 Schnabel, W. Polymer Degradation ? 1981; 155-177 1981 391.
In this study, some factors

influencing the secretion
of alginic acid and the
accumulation of poly-beta-
Department of hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by
Microbiology, a highly mucoid strain of
University of Azotobacter vinelandii
Edinburgh, King´s were investigated in batch
Buildings West Mains culture. The highest
Road, Edinburgh, EH9 Polymer production by a mucoid stain of Azotobacter Azotobacter vinelandii - alginate yields (6.0-7.5
952 Brivonese; A.C.; Sutherland; I.W. 9JG, Scotland vinelandii in batch culture Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1989; 30:97-102 1989 alginate - sucrose gmgl Strain - Metabolism 415.
Polymer synthesis by microorganisms: technology and
953 Byrom; D. economics Trends in Biotechnology 1987; 5:240-250 1987 323.
Polymeric beta-hydroxyalkanoates from environmental Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1983;
954 Findlay; R.H.; White; D.C. samples and Bacillus megaterium 45(1):71-78 1983 315.
Holland; S.J.; Jolly; A.M.; Yasin; M.;
955 Tighe; B.J. Polymers for biodegradable medical devices Biomaterials 1987; 8:289-299 1987 326.
Adress(es) /
The hydrolytic degradation

of poly(hydroxybutyrate)
together with a series of
hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymers has
been studied. The effects
of copolymer composition
Department of Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. II. and molecular weight are
Molecular Sciences, Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: hydrolytic presented together with
Holland SJ, Jolly AM, Yasin M, Tighe Aston University, degradation the results of varying pH
956 BJ Birmingham, UK. studies. Biomaterials 1987 Jul;8(4):289-95 1987 and
The effects of melt

processing on those
properties of
hydroxyvalerate
copolymers that control
hydrolytic
Department of stability were studied.
Chemical Engineering Initial experiments using a
and Applied Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. V. non-thermal preparation
Chemistry, Aston Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: effects of technique enabled the
University, polymer relationship between initial
957 Yasin M, Holland SJ, Tighe BJ Birmingham, UK. processing on hydrolytic degradation. Biomaterials 1990 Sep;11(7):451-4 1990 mol

of poly(hydroxybutyrate)-
poly(hydroxyvalerate)
(PHB-PHV) copolymers in
the form of blends with
the polysaccharides
Department of amylose, dextran, dextrin
Chemical Engineering and sodium alginate, has
and Applied Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. VI. been studied under a
Chemistry, Aston Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: accelerated range of conditions (pH
Yasin M, Holland SJ, Jolly AM, Tighe University, degradation 2.3, 7.4
958 BJ Birmingham, UK. of blends with polysaccharides. Biomaterials 1989 Aug;10(6):400-12 1989 and 10.6
Adress(es) /

of hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymers was monitored
in vitro at 37 degrees C
and pH
Department of Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. VII. 7.4. Direct use of bulk
Chemical Engineering Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: degradation properties such as weight
and Applied of copolymers loss and tensile strength
Chemistry, Aston and their blends with polysaccharides under in vitro did not reveal substantial
University, physiological changes in the polymer
959 Holland SJ, Yasin M, Tighe BJ Birmingham, UK. conditions. Biomaterials 1990 Apr;11(3):206-15 1990 matrix ove
The physical and

degradative properties of
hydroxyvalerate
copolymer blends with
polycaprolactone
Department of were investigated. Blends
Chemical Engineering containing low levels of
and Applied Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. VIII. polycaprolactone (less
Chemistry, Aston Hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate copolymers: physical and than 20%) were found to
University, degradative possess a considerable
960 Yasin M, Tighe BJ Birmingham, UK. properties of blends with polycaprolactone. Biomaterials 1992;13(1):9-16 1992 degree of compat
Reservoir-type
microcapsules were
prepared using a double
emulsion solvent
evaporation process from
a range of different
Speciality Materials Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. X. homopolymers and
Research Group, Microencapsulation copolymers thereof with 3-
Aston University, studies: control of poly-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate hydroxyvalerate (P(HB-
Aston Triangle, microcapsules HV) polymers) blended
961 Embleton JK, Tighe BJ Birmingham, UK. porosity via polycaprolactone blending. J Microencapsul 1993 Jul-Sep;10(3):341-52 1993 with 20 per cent by w
Poly(beta-malic acid) and
poly(beta-3-alkylmalic
acid) derivatives, as
synthetic
Laboratoire de polyhydroxyalkanoates
Recherche sur les (PHAs), present several
Polymeres, UMR advantages as
C7581 CNRS, macromolecular materials
Universite Paris Val de Polymers of malic acid and 3-alkylmalic acid as synthetic for
Marne, PHAs in the temporary
Cammas S, Bear MM, Moine L, Escalup Thiais, France. design of biocompatible hydrolyzable biomedical applications.
962 R, Ponchel G, Kataoka K, Guerin P cammas@glvt-cnrs.fr devices. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):273-82 1999 Inde
Adress(es) /
The occurence, formation

and utilization of
polysaccharides, lipids
and poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate in
microorganisms have
been investigated.
Bacteria belonging to the
Laboratory of genus Arthrobacter were
Microbiology, found to accumulate within
Mulder, E.G.; Deinema, M.H.; Van Agricultural University, Polysaccharides, lipids and poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Reprinted from: Recueil des traveux chimiques polysaccharides - lipids - their cells large amounts
963 Veen, W.L.; Zevenhuizen, L.P.T. Wageningen microorganism des pays-bas 1962; 9-10:797-809 1962 Sphaerotilus natans (up to 70% o Others 118. Korr.
964 Stein POolymer recycling: opportunities and limitations Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 1992; 89:835-838 1992 508.
A material for tissue

separation at healing
processes in injured soft
tissue in
mammals including man is
described. The material
consists
of a porous
Bowald; Staffan Folke , Almunge, flexible sheet of a protein-
Sweden free bioresorbable
Johansson; Gunilla Eva , Astra Tech Aktiebolag, polymer.
965 Goteborg, Sweden Sodertalje, Sweden Porous flexible sheet for tissue separation US5641505 June 24, 1997 1997
The photosynthetic
bacterium Rhodobacter
capsulatus can grow with
short- to long-chain fatty
Department of Biology, acids as the
Washington sole carbon source (R. G.
University, St. Louis, Kranz, K. K. Gabbert, T.
Missouri 63130, USA. A. Locke, and M. T.
Positive selection systems for discovery of novel polyester Madigan,
kranz@wustlb.wustl.ed biosynthesis Appl.
966 Kranz RG, Gabbert KK, Madigan MT u genes based on fatty acid detoxification. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Aug;63(8):3010-3 1997 Environ. Microbio
The positron behavior in

poly(hydroxybutyrate) is
studied. The lifetime
(t3) spectra contains 3
components. The S- and
W-parameters and t3
distributions as a function
of temp. show behavior
compatible with
Wilkinson, N. J.; Archer, D.; Clayton, J. H.H. Wills Phys. Lab., Mater. Sci. polyhydroxybutyrate positron glass and cryst.
M.; Usmar, S. G.; Alam, M. A. Univ. Bristol, Bristol Positron behavior in PHB polymer. Forum, 105-110(Positron Annihilation, Pt. 3), annihilation transitions. Through
967 BS8 1TL, UK 1819-22 (English) 1992 1992 several
968 Trilli; A. Prediction of costs in continous fermentations J.Appl.Chem.Biotechnol. 1977; 27:251-259 1977 282.
Adress(es) /
Preparation and characterisation of poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoates) obtained from Pseudomonas
oleovorans with mixtures of 5-phenylvaleric acid and n-
969 Y.B.Kim; R.W.Lenz alkanoic acids Macromolecules 1991; 24:5256-5260 1991 536.
Possible hydrolysis
products of poly(3-
include the monomer,
oligomers and derivatives
Department of of these that have been
Bioscience and further modified in side
Biotechnology, reactions. Hauttecoeur at
University of High performance liquid al. reported that oligomers
Strathclyde, Glasgow Preparation and chromatographic analysis of poly(3- chromatography (HPLC) - (2-7 units long) (with
970 McLellan, D.W.; Halling, P.J. G1 1XW (UK) hydroxybutyrate) hydrolysis products J. of Chromatography 1988; 445:251-257 1988 oligomers - crotonic acid methyl ester of the Analytics 679.
The process for

preparing poly-beta-
hydroxy butyrate from
methanol by use of
microbe includes two-
stage continuous
fermentation. Cells are
continuously multiplied in
the first tank and the PHB
content in cell is increased
SHUJIE ZHAO (CN); CHENGDU BIOLOGY CN1104683 under nitrogen limited in
971 CHENGYING FAN (CN) INST CHINESE A (CN) Preparation of betal-polyhydroxybutyrate 1995-07-05 1995
PHB [poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate)]
microspheres contg. drug
were prepd.
by the emulsion solvent
evapn. method. The
Dep. Fine Chemicals, release behavior and
Jiangsu Institute content of
Petrochemical progesterone in the
Technology, microspheres depended
Changzhou, Jiangsu Shiyou Huagong Xueyuan Xuebao on the concn.
Chen, Haiqun; Zhang, Hao; Pang, Yixin 213016, Peop. Rep. Preparative conditions of PHB microspheres containing (1997), 9(4), 15-18, 23 of PHB in chloroform,
972 China drug Chinese 1997 the ratio of proges
Adress(es) /
Oriented films of a
copolymer of 70 mol%
1 Department of beta-hydroxybutyrate and
Industrial Chemistry, 25 mol% beta-
Tokyo University of hydroxyvalerate produced
Agriculture and from microorganism
Technology, Koganei, showed intrinsic shear
Tokyo; 2 The Institute piezoelectricity. Complex
of Physical and piezoelectric constant e =
Ando, Y.1; Minato, M.1; Nishida, K.1; Chemical Research, Primary piezoelectric relaxation in a copolymer of beta- IEEE transactions on Electrical Insulation 1986; e ´ - ie ´´ , elastic constant Copolyesters -
973 Fukada, E.2 Wako, Saitama, Japan hydroxybutyrate and beta-hydroxyvalerate E1-21(3):505-510 1986 Piezoelectricity - Copolyesters c = c´ - ic´´ and dielect Crystallinity 670.
Oriented films of a
copolymer of 70 mol%
1 Department of beta-hydroxybutyrate and
Industrial Chemistry, 25 mol% beta-
Tokyo University of hydroxyvalerate produced
Agriculture and from microorganism
Technology, Koganei, showed intrinsic shear
Tokyo; 2 The Institute piezoelectricity. Complex
of Physical and piezoelectric constant e =
Ando, Y.1; Minato, M.1; Nishida, K.1; Chemical Research, Primary piezoelectric relaxation in copolymers of beta- Proc. 5th intern. Sympl Electrets, Heidelberg, e ´ - ie ´´ , elastic constant Copolyesters -
974 Fukada, E.2 Wako, Saitama, Japan hydroxybutyrate and beta-hydroxyvalerate 1985 1985 Piezoelectricity - Copolyesters c = c´ - ic´´ and dielect Crystallinity 673.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Biological

Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Saitama, Japan, 9-11 September
975 1998. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):1-306 1999 Abstract unavailable.
Department of
and BioProcess Several processes for the
Engineering Research production and recovery
Center, Korea of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB)
Advanced Institute of by
Science and Alcaligenes eutrophus,
Technology (KAIST), Alcaligenes latus,
373-1 Kusong-dong, Methylobacterium
Yusong-gu, organophilum, and
Taejon Process analysis and economic evaluation for
305-701, Korea. e- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) production by Bioprocess Engineering Abstract Volume 17 recombinant Escherichia
976 Jong-il Choi, Sang Yup Lee mail: leesy@s fermentation Issue 6 (1997) pp 335-342 1997 coli were designed b
The biodegradable
carrier is a mixture of PHB
and PLGA. The capsules
Process for preparing biodegradable microcapsules are obtained by spraying a
containing peptides and suspension, solution or
SCHMIEDEL RAINER DR; SANDOW proteins soluble in water and microcapsules obtained by EP0315875 emulsion of active
977 JURGEN KURT DR HOECHST AG (DE) said process. 1989-05-17 1989 ingredients and carriers.
Adress(es) /
Extrusion films and

coatings are prepared by
applying a
(PHA) to a surface which
is in the range from 20
DEG C above to 20 DEG
C below the optimum
crystallisation temperature
ZENECA LTD (GB); of the PHA. A PHA of high
WADDINGTON SIMON WADDINGTON WO9517454 melt flow index is
978 DOMINIC (US) SIMON DOMINIC (US) PROCESS FOR PREPARING FILMS AND COATINGS 1995-06-29 1995 preferred
In the preparation of poly-

beta-hydroxybutyric ester,
genetic engineering
bacteria containing both
PHB synthetic gene and
lambda
bacteriophage splitting
gene S(-)RR2 is first
constructed. While the
above said bacteria is
LI HONGQI (CN); SHEN ZHONGYAO UNIV cultivated in the culture
979 (CN); YIN JIN (CN) QINGHUA (CN) Process for preparing poly-beta-hydroxy-butyrate CN1201043 1998-12-09 1998 medium

recovering
from biological source
material containing the
polyhydroxyalkanoate, the
The Procter & Gamble Process for recovering process comprising: a)
Company, Cincinnati, polyhydroxyalkanoates using centrifugal comminuting the
980 Noda; Isao , Fairfield, OH OH fractionation US5899339 May 4, 1999 1999 b

recovering
from a biological
source
material containing the
Process for recovering process comprising: a)
The Procter & Gamble polyhydroxyalkanoates using centrifugal comminuting the
Company, Cincinnati, fractionation biological
981 Noda; Isao , Fairfield, OH OH US5918747 July 6, 1999 1999 source mate
Adress(es) /

recovering
from a biological
source
material comprising the
process comprising: a)
The Proctor & Gamble Process for recovering comminuting the
Company, Cincinnati, polyhydroxyalkanotes using air biological
982 Noda; Isao , Fairfield, OH OH classification US5849854 Dec. 15, 1998 1998 source mate

the biotechnological
preparation of poly-D-(-)-3-
hydroxybutyric acid,
herein referred
to as PHB, which
comprises culturing a
microorganism that is a
strain of Alcaligenes latus
LAFFERTY ROBERT M DANUBIA Process for the biotechnological preparation of poly-D-(-)-3- US4957861 or a PHB-producing
983 (AT); BRAUNEGG GERHART (AT) PETROCHEMIE (AT) hydroxybutyric acid 1990-09-18 1990 mutant

the biotechnological
preparation of poly-D-(-)-3-
which
comprises continuously
culturing a microorganism
that is a strain of
Alcaligenes latus or a
LAFFERTY ROBERT M (AT); DANUBIA Process for the biotechnological preparation of poly-d-(-)-3- US4786598 PHB-producing mutant
984 BRAUNEGG GERHART (AT) PETROCHEMIE (AT) hydroxybutyric acid 1988-11-22 1988 thereof, in
NAYLOR LINDA AU4631596

985 ANNE; WOOD JOHN CHRISTOPHER ZENECA LTD Process for the microbiological production of pha-polymers 1996-09-04 1996 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
PCT No.
PCT/GB96/00293 Sec.
371 Date Dec. 1, 1997
Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 1,
1997 PCT Filed Feb. 9,
1996 PCT Pub. No.
WO96/25509 PCT Pub.
Date Aug. 22, 1996A
process for producing poly-
3-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
NAYLOR LINDA ANNE by culturing Alcaligenes
(GB); WOOD JOHN CHRISTOPHER US5871980 on a
986 (GB) MONSANTO CO (US) Process for the microbiological production of pha-polymers 1999-02-16 1999 low water-
PCT No.
PCT/GB95/01926 Sec.
371 Date Jun. 16, 1997
Sec. 102(e) Date Jun. 16,
1997 PCT Filed Aug. 15,
1995 PCT Pub. No.
WO96/06179 PCT Pub.
Date Feb. 29, 1996A
hydroxyalkanoic acid
(PHA)is recovered from
matter derived from living
LIDDELL JOHN US5894062 organisms
987 MACDONALD (GB) MONSANTO CO (US) Process for the recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid 1999-04-13 1999 by disso
PCT No.
PCT/GB95/01925 Sec.
371 Date Jul. 7, 1997 Sec.
102(e) Date Jul. 7, 1997
PCT Filed Aug. 15, 1995
PCT Pub. No.
WO96/06178 PCT Pub.
Date Feb. 29, 1996A
process of recovering
PHA from a suspension
GEORGE NEIL (GB); which comprises particles
HALL ALAN (GB); LIDDELL JOHN US5952460 of PHA in
988 MACDONALD (GB) MONSANTO CO (US) Process of recovering polymers of hydroxyalkanoic acids 1999-09-14 1999 a liquid wh
Adress(es) /
(PHA) polyester is
recovered from vegetable
matter associated with its
production in
MONSANTO transgenic
COMPANY, 800 North plants. The process
Lindbergh Boulevard, involves contacting the
LIDDELL, John, Macdonald , 678 Yarm St. Louis, MO 63167, PROCESS TO RECOVER vegetable matter with one
Road, Eaglescliffe, Stockton on Tees, United States of POLYESTERS FROM TRANSGENIC WO9717459 or more reagents inactive
989 Cleveland TS16 0DP, -- America PLANTS 1997-05-15 1997 toward

producing poly-D-(-)-3-
and related
(PHA) in the plastids of
plants. The production of
PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING PHB is accomplished by
SOMERVILLE CHRISTOPHER POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE AND RELATED genetically transforming
ROLAND; NAWRATH CHRISTIANE; UNIV POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES IN THE PLASTIDS OF WO9505472 plants
990 POIRIER YVES MICHIGAN (US) HIGHER PLANTS 1995-02-23 1995 with modifie
Processing and mechanical properties of biodegradable Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation

991 Kotnis; M.A.; O'Brien; G.S.; Willett; J.L. poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)-starch compositions 1995; 3:97-105 1995 587.
A process for improving

mechanical properties of
an aged polyester
composition comprising at
least one
ZENECA LTD (GB); (PHA) and at least one
LIGGAT JOHN plasticiser thereof, which
LIGGAT JOHN JAMIESON (GB); comprises heating at a
JAMIESON (GB); O'BRIEN GREGORY BRIEN GREGORY O WO9428048 temperature whereby (i)
992 (US) (US) PROCESSING OF POLYESTERS 1994-12-08 1994 the polyester is restored to
Poly(hydroxybutyrate) (I)
and hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymer (II) with
Department of different contents of
Chemical Engineering, hydroxy-valerate were
Tsinghua University, successfully prepd. by
Beijing, Azotobacter Vinelandii
Hu, Ping; Chen, Guoqiang; Zhang, 100084, Peop. Rep. UWD in beet molasses
Zengmin; Wu, Qiong China Production and characterization of biodegradable plastics - Hecheng Shuzhi Ji Suliao (1997), 14(2), 45-49 media contg. valerate
993 polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) Chinese 1997 of different concns. The
Adress(es) /
Possibility of the microbial

prodn. of poly(3-
hydroxybutyric acid),
PHB, was examd. in
the culture of Alcaligenes
eutrophus growing on
Takeshita, Toshihiro; Ito, Kouichi; nitrogen-rich media
Fujikawa, Kazuki; Hasegawa, under exerting respiratory
Jyunzo; Furukawa, Haruki; Fac. Eng., Kyushu Ind. inhibitors. The
Kusunoki, Kouichiro Univ., Fukuoka, Japan Production enhancement of PHB produced in Alcaligenes Kyushu Sangyo Daigaku Kogakubu Kenkyu reagents used in this
994 eutrophus stimulated by introducing respiratory inhibitors Hokoku (1997), 34, 189-192 1997 expt. were as follo
A basic system for the

biol. conversion of CO2
into useful
industrial materials was
developed, and the vector-
promoter system
for the expression of
Kansai Electric Power Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. (1998), 114(Advances in foreign genes in a marine
Co., Inc., Technical Production of ***PHA*** (poly-hydroxyalkanoate) by Chemical cyanobacterium,
Miyasaka, H.; Nakano, H.; Akiyama, Research Center, genetically Conversions for Mitigating Carbon Dioxide), Synechococcus sp.
H.; Kanai, S.; Hirano, M. Hyogo, engineered marine cyanobacterium 237-242 was established. Using
995 661, Japan 1998 this sys
Out of 30 bacterial strains

isolated from various
kinds of samples,
strain BA-019 was
found to produce and
accumulate
Department of poly-.beta.-
Microbiology, Faculty hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in
of Science, higher amt. (13.21% by
Chulalongkorn dry
University, Biotechnol. Sustainable Util. Biol. Resour. Trop. cell wt.) than those of
Mutitakul, Rattanasiri; Kulpreecha, Bangkok, 10330, Production of PHB, a biodegradable polymer from Bacillus (1998), 12, the other isolates when
996 Songsri; Shioya, Suteaki Thailand sp. BA-019 407-413 1998 cultivated
Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Azotobacter
vinelandii UWD in media containing sugars and conplex
997 Page, W.J. nitrogen sources Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 38:117-121 1992 446.
Production of (+)-(S)-Ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate and (-)-(R)-
Wipf; B.; Kupfer; E.; Bertazzi; R.; Ethyl-3-hydroxybutyrate by microbial reduction of
998 Leuenberger; H.G.W. ethylacetoacetate Helvetien Chimica Acta 1983; 66(41):485-488 1983 215.
Adress(es) /
mutant strain R3, which is
a spontanious revertant to
prototrophy of an
Institut für isoleucine-auxotrophic
Mikrobiologie der Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - mutant of the wild-type
Georg-August- Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - strain H 16, accumulated
Universität Göttingen, Alcaligenes eutrophus R3 - a copolyester consisting of
Grisebachstrasse 8, W- Production of a copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3- fructose - gluconate - succinate 3-hydroxybutyric acid
3400 Göttingen, hydroxyvaleric acid from single unrelated carbon sources - lactate - acetate - (3HB), i.e. poly(3HB-co- Strain - Copolyesters
999 Steinbüchel; A.; Pieper; U. Germany by a mutant of Alcaligenes eutrophus Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 37:36678 1992 copolyesters - P(3HB-co3HV) 3HV), as the on - Substrates 417.
The biosynthesis of the 3-

(1) Department of hydroxyvalerate (3HV)
Applied Biology, monomer of
School of Life polyhydroxyalkanoate
Sciences, University of by
Hull, Hull, HU6 Rhodococcus ruber from
7RX, succinic acid was
UK Production of a co-polyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acid investigated using nuclear
(2) and 3-hydroxyvaleric acid from succinic magnetic resonance
D. Roger Williams (1), Alistair J. School of Chemistry, acid by Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract analysis.
Anderson (1), Edwin A. Dawes (1), University of Hull, Hull, Rhodococcus ruber: biosynthetic Volume 40 Issue 5 (1994) pp 717-723 Polymer produced from
1000 David F. Ewing (2) HU6 7RX, UK considerations 1994 [2,3- 463.
(1) Polymer Chemistry

Laboratory, The
and Chemical Pseudomonas sp. 61-3
Research (RIKEN), (isolated from soil)
produced a polyester
Hirosawa, Wako-shi, consisting of
Saitama 351-01, 3-
Japan hydroxybutyric acid (3HB)
(2) and of medium-chain-
Department of length 3-hydroxyalkanoic
Biological and Production of a novel copolyester of 3-hydroxybutyric acids (3HA) of
Environmental acid and medium-chain-length 3- C6, C8,
M. Kato (2), H. J. Bao (2), C.-K. Kang Sciences, Saitama hydroxyalkanoic acids Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract C10 and C12, when
1001 (1), T. Fukui (1), Y. Doi (1)(2) Universit by Pseudomonas sp. 61-3 from sugars Volume 45 Issue 3 (1996) pp 363-370 1996 sugars of glucos
A novel pathway for the

synthesis of poly-3-
hydroxybutyrate has been
engineered by
simultaneous delivery of
two genes into
Department of insect cells (Spodoptera
Microbiology and frugiperda) by use of
Biological Process Appl Environ Microbiol 1996 Jul;62(7):2540-6 individual baculovirus
Technology Institute, Production of a polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer in insect vectors. This system
St. Paul, Minnesota cells with a Published erratum appears in Appl Environ 1996 includes expression of a
1002 Williams MD, Rahn JA, Sherman DH 55108-6106, USA. modified eucaryotic fatty acid synthase. Microbiol 1998 Jan;64(1):383 1998 dehydrase-domain
Adress(es) /
PCT No.
PCT/GB96/00305 Sec.
371 Date Jan. 6, 1998
Sec. 102(e) Date Jan. 6,
1998 PCT Filed Feb. 12,
1996 PCT Pub. No.
WO96/25452 PCT Pub.
Date Aug. 22, 1996A
process of making a
GEORGE NEIL (GB); PHA latex comprises
LIDDELL JOHN MACDONALD (GB); making a
1003 TURNER PETER DERYCK (IE) MONSANTO CO (US) Production of a polymer composition US5891936 1999-04-06 1999 liquid-form solution of
Production of beta -
hydroxybutyrate polymers
(PHB) by microbial
cultivation wherein at least
part of the carbon source
is derived
from cell material
obtained by separation of
PHB from PHB-containing
EP0114086 micro-organism cells: i.e.
1004 RICHARDSON KENNETH RAYMOND ICI PLC (GB) Production of beta-hydroxybutyrate polymers. 1984-07-25 1984 the non-PHB cell materia
Senior, P. J.; Collins, S. H.; Kenneth, K. Production of beta-hydroxybuyric acid-beta-hydroxyvaleric
1005 R. acid copolymers Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 204.442 1986 1986 292.
LIM DAE-WOO (KR);

LEE MYUNG-SUB (KR); JUNG SUNG- JEIL SYNTHETICS
KOO (KR); JANG HO-NAM (KR); INC (KR); KOREA PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE PHA
KIM BUM-SOO (KR); INST SCIENCE (POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE) BY
1006 LEE SEUNG-CHOL (KR) TECHNOLOGY (KR) FED-BATCH FERMENTATION KR9701829 1997-02-17 1997 Abstract unavailable.
Research Laboratory New copolyesters of 3-

of Resources hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
Utilization, Tokyo and 4-hydroxybutytate
Instiute of Technology, (4HB) were produced by
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Yokohama 227 and 1 Copolyesters - 4HB - from various carbon
Department of Material Precursors for copolyesters - sources of 4-
Science and Alcaligenes eutrophus - hydroxybutyric acid, 4-
Engineering, Faculty of Ralstonia eutropha - chlorobutyric acid, 1,4-
Engineering, Production of biodegradeable copolyesters of 3- biosynthetic pathway of butynediol, and g-
Yamagata University, hydroxybutyrate and 4-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes copolyester production - butyrolactone. The
1007 Kunioka, M.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Doi, Y. Yonezawa 992, Japan eutrophus Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1989; 30:569-573 1989 biodegradation coposition of copolyesters Copolyesters 404 corr.
Production of copolyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 3-
Doi; Y.; Tamaki; A.; Kunioka; M.; Soga; hydroxyvalerate by Alcaligenes eutrophus from butyric and
1008 K. pentanoic acids Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol. 1988; 28:330-334 1988 331.
Adress(es) /
Production of copolymer consisting of 3-hydroxybutyrate
and 3-hydroxyvalerate by fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes
1009 Rhee; Y.H.; Fang; J-H.; Rogers; P.L. sp. SH-69 Biotechnology Letters 1993; 15:377-382 1993 457.
Poly[beta-hydroxybutyrate-
co-beta-hydroxyvalerate]
co-polymer, PHBV, is a
(PHA) that has greater
utility as a biodegradable
thermoplastic polyester
Department of than poly-beta-
Agronomy and Plant hydroxybutyrate, PHB. In
Genetics, University of Production of heteropolymeric polyhydroxyalkanoate in order to produce PHBV, a
Eschenlauer AC, Stoup SK, Srienc F, Minnesota-St. Paul Escherichia coli system
1010 Somers DA 55108-6026, USA. from a single carbon source. Int J Biol Macromol 1996 Aug;19(2):121-30 1996 of pathways is
Production of medium
chain length poly-3-
hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-
PHAs) in Escherichia coli
is reported for the first
time. To
produce PHA in E. coli, a
PHA polymerase encoding
gene (phaC2) of
Production of medium chain length poly-3-hydroxy Pseudomonas oleovorans
EIDGENOESS TECH alkanoates in Escherichia coli, EP0881293 GPo1 was introduced into
1011 HOCHSCHULE (CH) and monomers derived therefrom 1998-12-02 1998 various E. c
Production of medium
EIDGENÖSSISCHE chain length poly-3-
TECHNISCHE hydroxyalkanoates (mcl-
WITHOLT, Bernard , ETH HOCHSCHULE PHAs) in Escherichia coli
Hönggerberg, HPT, CH-8093 Zürich, ZÜRICH INSTITUT is reported for
United States of America FÜR the first time.
REN, Qun , ETH BIOTECHNOLOGIE, PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM CHAIN To produce PHA in E. coli,
Hönggerberg, HPT, CH-8093 Zürich, ETH LENGTH POLY-3-HYDROXY a PHA polymerase
China ALKANOATES encoding gene (phaC2) of
KESSLER, Birgit , ETH Hönggerberg, HPT, INESCHERICHIA COLI, AND MONOMERS Pseudomonas
Hönggerberg, HPT, CH-8093 Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, DERIVED olevorans
1012 Germany Switzerland THEREFROM WO9854329A1 Dec. 3, 1998 1998 GPo1 w
Plant metabolic
engineering has recently
enabled the synthesis of a
range of
polyhydroxyalkanoates as
Institut d'Ecologie- well as a protein-based
Biologie et Physiologie polymer. These novel
Vegetales, Universite compounds can be
deLausanne, CH-1015 harvested from plants as a
Lausanne, renewable source of
Switzerland. environmentally friendly
yves.poirier@ie- polymers or
1013 Poirier Y bpv.unil.ch Production of new polymeric compounds in plants. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1999 Apr;10(2):181-5 1999 can be
Adress(es) /
The formation of PHB

(Poly-b-Hydroxybutyrate)
in activated sludge
wastewater treatment
processes was studied.
The prodn. of PHB
under N limited conditions
was confirmed and NaOAc
activated sludge wastewater was better than
Biotechnol. Res. Cent., treatment PHB glucose as a C source.
Taisei Corp., Production of PHB (poly-b-hydroxybutyrate) in activated Kami Pa Gikyoshi, 45(6), 664-70 (Japanese) polyhydrobutyrate formation PHB reached a max. in
1014 Tomozawa, Takashi; Saito, Yuji Japan sludge. 1991 1991 activated sludge wastewater ~250 h in con
The possibility of poly-3-

prodn. by activated
sludge at a wastewater
treatment facility was
studied. The sludge,
cultured by anaerobic-
Technology Research Production of PHB by activated sludge at wastewater aerobic method, could
Division, Taisei treatment activated sludge prodn poly accumulate PHB 25-30%
Corporation, facilities. Trans. Mater. Res. Soc. Jpn., hydroxybutyrate (wt./wt., dry sludge basis)
1015 Tomozawa, T.; Soejima, T. Narashino 275, Japan 18A(Ecomaterials), 313-16 (English) 1994 1994 under non-aeration condit
Fructose can be utilized

by A. eutrophus to
accumulate
poly-b-hydroxybutyric acid
(PHB) in mineral medium.
When fructose
was replaced by high-
fructose syrup (HFS), the
accumulation of PHB
Inst. Microbiol., Alcaligenes from HFS amounted to
Shandong Univ., Jinan Production of PHB from HFS by Alcaligenes eutrophus polyhydroxybutyrate fermn those of PHB from
Wen, Xin; Zhuang, Guoqiang; Zheng, 250100, Peop. Rep. H16. Weishengwu fructose syrup fructose. High concns. of
1016 Shimin China Xuebao, 35(2), 115-20 (Chinese) 1995 1995
The methanotrophic strain

Methylocystis sp. GB 25
DSM 7674 is able
Department of to accumulate poly-
Remediation .beta.-hydroxybutyrate
Research, Centre for (PHB) in a short
Environmental non-sterile process.
Research, Leipzig- The PHB content of the
Wendlandt, K. -D.; Jechorek, M.; Helm, Halle, Leipzig, D- biomass was up to 51%;
J.; Stottmeister, U. 04301, Germany Production of PHB with a high molecular mass from Polym. Degrad. Stab. (1998), 59(1-3), 191-194 the effectivity was
1017 methane 1998 highest during the first 5
Adress(es) /
Production of poly (3-hydroxyalkanoates) from à, ì-
alkanedioic acids and hydroxylated fatty acids by
1018 Akiyama; M.; Doi; Y. Alcaligenes sp. Biotechnology Letters 1993; 15:163-168 1993 456.
Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by a bacterium of

1019 M.Akiyama; Y.Taima; Y.Doi the genius Alcaligenes utilizing long-chain fatty acids Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992; 37:698-701 1992 447.
The synthesis of poly(3-

hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA)
by Pseudomonas putida
Agrotechnological KT2442
Research Institute growing on long-chain
(ATO-DLO), P.O. Box fatty acids was studied in
17 6700 AA continuous cultures. The
Wageningen, The effects of the
Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) by growth rate
Netherlands. Fax: 31 Pseudomonas putida KT2442 in continuous Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract on the biomass and
1020 G. N. M. Huijberts, G. Eggink 317 412260 cultures Volume 46 Issue 3 (1996) pp 233-239 1996 polymer c
Production of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates-co-3-hydroxy-ì-
fluoroalkanoates) by Pseudomonas oleovorans from 1-
1021 Hori; K.; Soga; K.; Doi; Y. fluorononane and gluconate Biotechnology Letters 1994; 16:501-506 1994 461.
A locally isolated soil

microorganism identified
as Erwinia sp. USMI-20
has been found to
produce poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate),
P(3HB), from either palm
oil or glucose and its
National Poison copolymer poly(3-
Centre, Universiti hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Majid MI, Akmal DH, Few LL, Agustien Sains Malaysia, Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its copolymer hydroxyvalerate), P(3HB-
A, Toh MS, Samian MR, Najimudin N, Penang. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) by Erwinia co-3HV),
1022 Azizan MN misa@usm.my sp. USMI-20. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):95-104 1999 from a combin
Recombinant Escherichia
coli XL1-Blue harboring a
high-copy-number plasmid
containing the
Department of Alcaligenes
Chemical Engineering, eutrophus
Korea Advanced polyhydroxyalkanoate
Institute of Science Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) by fed-batch culture synthesis genes could
and Technology, of efficiently synthesize
Taejon, filamentation-suppressed recombinant poly(3-
1023 Wang F, Lee SY Korea. Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1997 Dec;63(12):4765-9 1997 hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) i kopiert
Adress(es) /
The newly screened

Department of Aeromonas hydrophila
Chemical Engineering produces copolymer
and Bioprocess consisting of 3-
Engineering Research hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
Center, Korea and
Advanced Institute of 3-hydroxyhexanoate
Science and (3HHx). The
Technology, 373-1 characteristics of cell
Kusong-dong, Yusong- growth and polymer
gu, Taejon 305-701, accumulation were
Korea examined using various
email: Sang Yup Lee Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- carbon
Lee SH, Oh DH, Ahn WS, Lee Y, Choi (leesy@sorak.kaist.ac. hydroxyhexanoate) by sources. P(3HB-co-3HHx)
1024 Ji, Lee SY kr) high-cell-density cultivation of Aeromonas hydrophila. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Jan 20;67(2):240-4 2000 was prod
Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
hydroxyvalerate) from various carbon sources by batch-fed Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1025 Koyama; N.; Doi; Y. cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus 1993; 1:235-240 1993 582.
An Escherichia coli strain

has been constructed that
produces the copolymer
poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-
co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
P(HB-co-HV). This has
Department of been accomplished by
Molecular Biology and placing the PHB
Microbiology, Case biosynthetic genes from
Western Reserve Production of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- Alcaligenes eutrophus into
Slater Steven1, Gallaher Thomas2, University, Cleveland, hydroxyvalerate) in a P(HB-co-HV) - Escherichia coli - an E. coli
1026 Dennis Douglas3 Ohio 44106-4960. recombinant Escherichia coli strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992 Apr;58(4):1089-94 1992 E. coli fadR atoC(Con) fadR atoC(Co 427. Corr.
Department of
Molecular Biology and
Microbiology, Case
Western Reserve
University, Cleveland,
Ohio 44106-4960,1
and Department of
Chemistry2 and
Department of
Biology,3 James
Madison University,
Harrisonburg, Virginia Production of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
1027 Hiramitsu; M.; Koyama; N.; Doi; Y. 22807 hydroxybutyrate) by Alcaligenes latus Biotechnology Letters 1993; 15:-3 1993 448.
Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- Food technol. biotechnol. 1996; 34:91-95
1028 Renner; G.; Pongratz; K.; Braunegg; G. hydroxybutyrate) by Comamonas testeronii A3 36587? 1996 624.
Adress(es) /
Research Laboratory Terpolyesters of 3-

of Resources hydroxybutyrate (3HB), 4-
Utilization, Tokyo hydroxybutyrate (4HB)
Instiute of Technology, and 3-hydroxybalerate
Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, (3HV) were produced by
Yokohama 227 and 1 Pseudomonas
Department of Material acidovorans in nitrogen-
Science and free culture solutions of
Engineering, Faculty of 1,4-butanediol and
Engineering, pentanol. When 1,4-
Yamagata University, Production of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-4- Terpolyesters - 1,4-butanediol - butanediol was used as
1029 Kimura, H.1; Yoshida, Y.; Doi, Y. Yonezawa 992, Japan hydroxybutyrate) by Pseudomonas acidovorans Biotechnol. Lett. 1992; 14:445-450 1992 Pseudomonas acidovorans the sole carbon sourc Strain - Copolyesters 412.
A recombinant
Escherichia coli strain has
been developed that
produces
poly(3-
Department of Biology, hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
James Madison hydroxybutyrate) when
University, grown in complex medium
Harrisonburg, VA containing
22807, USA. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4- glucose.
hydroxybutyrate) in This has been
hevale@ccmail.monsa recombinant Escherichia coli grown on accomplished by
1030 Valentin HE, Dennis D nto.com glucose. J Biotechnol 1997 Oct 2;58(1):33-8 1997 introducing in kopiert
Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by fed-batch
Kim; B.S.; Lee; S.C.; Lee; S.Y.; Chang; culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with glucose Biotechnology and Bioengineering 1994; 43:892-
1031 H.N.; Chang; Y.K.; Woo; S.I. concentration control 898 1994 465.
A number of Escherichia
coli strains including K12,
B, W, XL1-Blue, DH5
alpha, HB101, JM109, and
C600 were
transformed with the
Department of stable high-copy-number
Chemical Engineering, plasmid pSYL105
Korea Advanced containing the Alcaligenes
Institute of Science eutrophus
and Technology, Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by recombinant polyhydroxyalkanoic
Yusong-gu, Taejon. Escherichia acid biosynthesis genes,
1032 Lee SY, Chang HN coli strains: genetic and fermentation studies. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:207-15 1995 and w
Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric
Kim; B.S.; Lee; S.C.; Lee; S.Y.; Chang; acid) by fed-batch culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus with
1033 H.N.; Y.K., Chang; Woo; S.I. substrate control using on-line glucose analyzer Enzyme Microb. Technology. 1994; 16:556-561 1994 462.
Production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-
Lee; I.Y.; Kim; M.K.; Kim; F.J.; Chang; hydroxyvalerate) from glucose and valerate in Alcaligenes
1034 H.N.; Y.H., Park eutrophus Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17:571-574 1995 515.
Adress(es) /
BioProcess
Engineering Research
Center, Korea
Advanced Institute of
Science and Production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid) by
Technology, Yusung- recombinant Escherichia
1035 Lee SY, Chang HN, Chang YK gu, Taejon. coli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994 May 2;721:43-53 1994 Abstract unavailable.
Alcaligenes latus,
Bacillus cereus,
Pseudomonas
pseudoflava,
Pseudomonas cepacia,
and Micrococcus
Department of halodenitrificans were
Chemical Engineering, found to accumulate poly-
Ecole Polytechnique (beta-hydroxybutyric-co-
de Montreal, Quebec, beta-hydroxyvaleric) acid
Ramsay BA, Lomaliza K, Chavarie C, Canada. Production of poly-(beta-hydroxybutyric-co-beta- [P(HB-co-HV)]
1036 Dube B, Bataille P, Ramsay JA hydroxyvaleric) acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1990 Jul;56(7):2093-8 1990 copolymer when supplie
Ramsay, B. A.; Lomalizia, K.; Chavarie, Production of poly-(beta-hydroxybutyric-co-beta-

1037 C.; Dub‚, B.; Bataille, P.; Ramsay, J. A. hydroxyvaleric)acids Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1990; 56:2093-2098 1990 349.
A bench-scale recycled-
gas, closed-circuit culture
Univ.Kyushu; Saibu- system was
Gas developed for
LO Department of production of poly-beta-
Food Science and hydroxybutyrate by high
Technology, Kyushu cell
University, density autotrophic
Hakozaki, Higashi- Production of poly(D-3-hydroxybutyrate) from CO2, H2, cultivation of Alcaligenes
Tanaka K; *Ishizaki A; Kanamaru T; ku, Fukuoka 812, and O2 by high cell density autotrophic cultivation of eutrophus ATCC
Kawano T Japan. Alcaligenes eutrophus; impeller design effect on kLa Biotechnol.Bioeng.; (1995) 45, 3, 268-75 17697. The specially-
1038 during poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production 1995 designed agitation syste
Hydrogen-oxidizing
bacterium, Alcaligenes
eutrophus autotrophically
produces biodegradable
plastic material, poly(D-3-
hydroxybutyrate),
P(3HB), from carbon
dioxide, hydrogen, and
Dep. Food Sci. Production of poly(D-3-hydroxybutyrate) from CO2, H2, oxygen. In autotrophic
Tanaka, Kenji; Ishizaki, Ayaaki; Technol., Kyushu and O2 by cultivation of the
Kanamaru, Toshihisa; Kawano, Univ., Fukuoka 812, high cell density autotrophic cultivation of Alcaligenes Biotechnol. Bioeng., 45(3), 268-75 (English) fermn polyhydroxybutyrate microorganism, it is
1039 Takeharu Japan eutrophus. 1995 1995 Alcaligenes essential to 497.
Adress(es) /
Poly(hydroxyalkanoic
acid) [PHA] is
accumulated by numerous
microorganisms as an
energy reserve material
under
Department of unbalanced growth
Chemical Engineering, conditions in the presence
Korea Advances of excess carbon source.
Institute of Science In spite of being a good
and Technology, candidate for
Daeduk Science Town, biodegradable
1040 Lee SY, Chang HN Taejon. Production of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid). Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1995;52:27-58 1995 thermoplastics, their
Production of poly(hydroxybutyrate) homopolymer and

1041 Alderete; J.E.; Karl; D.W.; Park; C-H. copolymer from ethanol and propanol in a fed-batch culture Biotechnol. Prog. 1993; 9:520-525 1993 494.
Alcaligenes sp. A-04 was

selected as a poly-.beta.-
hydroxybutyrate
Department of (PHB) producer. The
Microbiology, Faculty polymer synthesized by
of Science, Alcaligenes sp. A-04
Kulpreecha, Songsri; Mutitakul, Chulalongkorn was characterized as
Rattanasiri; Phonprapai, Chanan; University, Production of poly-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate ( ***PHB*** ), Biotechnol. Sustainable Util. Biol. Resour. Trop. PHB by its chem. and
Chanchaichaovivatt, Arun; Yoshida, Bangkok, 10330, the (1997), 11, phys. properties compared
Toshiomi Thailand biodegradable polyester from Bacillus sp. BA-019 221-228 with those of the
1042 1997 authentic one. About
Methylobacterium sp.
ZP24, isolated from a
local pond, is able to grow
in a medium containing 12
g l-1 lactose as a sole
source of carbon, giving
Department of 5.25 g l-1 biomass yield
Microbiology and and poly-3-
Biotechnology Centre, hydroxybutyrate (PHB) up
Faculty of Science, Production of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from lactose and to 59% of its dry weight in
M.S. University of whey by Methylobacterium sp. ZP24 - 40 h. The
1043 Yellore V, Desai A Baroda, India. Methylobacterium sp. ZP24. Lett Appl Microbiol 1998 Jun;26(6):391-4 1998 cheese whey isolate wa Strain - Substrates kopiert
PHB was synthesized by

A. eutrophus in a fed-
Biochem. Eng. 2001, batch culture contg.
Proc. Asia-Pac. Biochem. Eng. Conf., 195-7. butyric acid as a C source.
Dep. Production of poly-3-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) by Edited by: Furusaki, Prodn. of PHB was
Biotechnol., Osaka Alcaligenes Shintaro; Endo, Isao; Matsuno, Ryuichi. polyhydroxybutyrate fermn continued to 32 h and
Shimizu, Hiroshi; Sonoo, Shinji; Shioya, Univ., Osaka 565, eutrophus H16 in a fed-batch culture. Springer: Tokyo, Japan. Alcaligenes PHB yield was >70%.
1044 Suteaki; Suga, Kenichi Japan (English) 1992 1992
Adress(es) /
A new vector contains a

trp promoter -35 region
operably linked to
a lac promoter -10
region, or a tac promoter,
a lac operator and
an Alcaligenes
eutrophus phb operon.
Production of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate compounds; e.g. The vector may contain a
Cent.Innovative- poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate overproduction using a new lac
Technol. runaway replication vector with the Alcaligenes eutrophus WO 9521257 10 Aug 1995 consensus Shine-
1045 Kidwell J P; Dennis D E phb operon in Escherichia coli or Klebsiella aerogenes 1995 Dalgarno (SD) sequenc
Ramsay, B. A.; A Ramsay, J.; Cooper, Production of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoic acid by
1046 D. G. Pseudomonas cepacia Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 1989; 55:584-589 1989 345.
To improve biomass and
(PHB)
concentration, fed-
batch fermentation using a
Department of hollow fiber
Chemical Engineering, membrane was
University of introduced. A culture of
Delaware, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Newark, DE NCIB
19716, USA. Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by fed- 1199 was transferred
Oh J T; Kim W S Univ.Yonsei batch fermentation using hollow fiber membrane system; J.Chem.Eng.Jpn.; (1996) 29, 5, 893-97 to a 2.5 l jar fermentor
1047 polymer production by Alcaligenes eutrophus 1996 containing
Production of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyrate and
Lee; I.Y.; Nam; S.W.; Choi; S., E.; measurement of related enzyme activities in Alcaligenes Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
1048 Chang; H.N.; Park; Y.H. eutrophus 1993; 76:416-418 1993 452.
Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Alcaligenes
1049 Linko; S.; Vaheri; Sepp"l", H.; J. eutrophus on different carbon sources Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993; 39:42309 1993 444.
Production of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by Azotobacter
vinelandii strain UWD during growth on molasses and
1050 Page, W.J. other complex carbon sources Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1989; 31:329-333 1989 303.
Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by fed-batch
1051 Kim; B.S.; Lee; S.Y.; Chang; H.N. culture of recombinant Escherichia coli Biotechnology Letters 1990; 14(9):811-816 1992 594.
acid (PHB) and similar
bacterial polyesters are
National Research promising candidates for
Council of Canada, the development of
Biotechnology environment-friendly,
Research Institute, totally biodegradable
6100, Royalmount plastics. The use of
Avenue, Montreal Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate from methanol: methanol, one of the
Bourque; D.; Oullette; B.; Andre; G.; (Quebec) Canada H4P characterization of a new isolate of Methylobacterium Methylobacterium extorquens - cheapest noble substrates
1052 Groleau; D. 2R2 extorquens Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1992; 37:36867 1992 isolation - methanol available, may help to red Strain - Substrates 418.
Rees, G.N.; Vasiliadis, G.; May, J.W.; Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in Acinetobacter
1053 Bayly, R.C. spp. isolated from activated sludge Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993; 38:734-737 1993 445.
Adress(es) /
Methods are provided for

enhancing the production
of PHB from a transformed
E. coli host which includes
the genes coding for
the PHB biosynthetic
pathway. By inserting the
genes coding for PHB into
a host which includes a
lactose utilization system,
DENNIS DOUGLAS E INNOVATIVE TECH Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in transformed US5334520 a
1054 (US) CENTER (US) escherichia coli 1994-08-02 1994
(PHB) was produced by
recombinant
Escherichia coli
HMS174 (plasmid pTZ18u-
Department of PHB) on beet molasses as
Chemical Engineering, a
Ohio University, sole C-source instead
Athens, OH of glucose. Fermentation
45701, USA. Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate on molasses by with molasses was
Liu F; Li W; Ridgway D; *Gu T Email: recombinant Escherichia coli; polymer production following Biotechnol.Lett.; (1998) 20, 4, 345-48 cheaper than with
1055 gu@ohiou.edu plasmid pTZ18u-PHB expression in bacterium 1998 glucose. The plasmid carr
Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate: poly-beta-
1056 Byrom; D. hydroxyvalerate copolymers FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:247-250 1992 480.
New recombinant plasmid

pAER1 is constructed by
cloning a
structural gene
encoding Alcaligenes
eutrophus
acetyl-CoA-
acyltransferase (EC-
2.3.1.16), acetoacetyl-CoA-
Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) with reductase (EC-
Agency- gene recombinant blue-green algae; poly-beta- 1.1.1.36) or
Ind.Sci.Technol.Japan hydroxybutyrate production by Synechococcus sp. polyhydroxybutyrate-
LO Japan. transformed with Alcaligenes eutrophus beta-ketothiolase, JP 08187085 23 Jul 1996 polymerase. The
1057 acetoacetyl-CoA-reductase or polyhydroxybutyrate- 1996 pla
Adress(es) /
The characteristics of PHB
production from carbon
dioxide by autotrophic
culture of Alcaligenes
eutrophus ATCC 1769T
Department of Food using a recycled gas
Science and closed circuit culture
Technology, Faculty of system under the
Agriculture, Kyushu condition of oxygen
Universiy. 46-09 Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC limitation were
Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid from carbon Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering 1769T - CO2- oxygen limitation investigated, Cell
1058 Ishizaki; A.; Tanaka; K. Fukuoka 812, Japan dioxide by Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T 1991; 71:254-257 1991 - autotrophic culture concentration increase Strain - Metabolism 419.
Refractile granules of
poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
acid are produced by
Micrococcus
halodenitrificans during
the exponential growth
phase in a nitrogenous
medium. The amount
Division of Applied Micrococcus halodenitrificans - produced varied from
Biology, National effect of glycerol, pyruvate and about 1% of the salt-free
Research Council, Production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules in Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1961; 8:249- acetate on polymer dry weight during vigorous
1059 Sierra, G.; Gibbons, N.E. Ottawa, Canada Micrococcus halodenitrificans 253 1961 accumulation aeration Strain - Metabolism 123. Korr.
Fed-batch fermn. using a

hollow fiber membrane
was used to manuf.
Engineering Research poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
Inst., Yonsei Production of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) by fed-batch Alcaligenes with Alcaligenes
Univ., Seoul 120-749, fermentation J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 29(5), 893-897 polyhydroxybutyrate manuf eutrophus.
1060 Oh, Joon Taek; Kim, Woo Sik S. Korea using hollow fiber membrane system. (English) 1996 1996
Culture conditions for the

manuf. of poly-b-
hydroxybutyrate (I) with
Escherichia coli harboring
the genes for I
biosynthesis of
Alcaligenes
eutrophus are described.
When the genes are
Production of poly-b-hydroxybutyrate with transformed polyhydroxybutyrate manuf under control of the lac
Escherichia coli. PCT Int. Escherichia whey promoter, then I is
1061 Dennis, Douglas E. Dennis, Douglas E. Appl. WO 9118993 A1 12 Dec 1991 1991 efficiently manufd. in a
Adress(es) /
Alcaligenes latus strains

can accumulate poly-D(-)-
3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
up to about 85% of cell
dry weight. The abilities
to store poly-D(-)-3-
hydroxyvalerate (PHV) of
Institute for three strains of A. latus
Biotechnology, Graz Alcaligenes were investigated. With
University of Production of poly-D(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate and polyhydroxybutyrate Na-propionate as PHV
1062 Chen GQ, Konig KH, Lafferty RM Technology, Austria. poly-D(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate by strains of Alcaligenes latus. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1991 Jul;60(1):61-6 1991 polyhydroxyvalerate prodn precursor, st 361.
A two stage culture was

examd. as a new method
for the cultivation of
Alcaligenes eutrophus to
produce poly-D-3-
hydroxybutyric acid,
P(3HB),
Production of poly-D-3-hydroxybutyric acid from carbon from H2, O2 and CO2
dioxide by a without danger of gas
two-stage culture method employing Alcaligenes eutrophus Alcaligenes explosion. In this culture
Fac. Agric., Kyushu ATCC polyhydroxybutyrate fermn method, the
Univ., Fukuoka 1769T. carbon dioxide microorganism was grown
1063 Tanaka, Kenji; Ishizaki, Ayaaki 812, Japan Ferment. Bioeng., 77(4), 425-7 (English) 1994 1994 beforeha
Genes specifying the

biosynthesis of
are placed under control
of a gene switch and
inserted into the
genome of an oilseed
crop. When the gene
switch is induced by the
application of its chemical
ZENECA LTD (GB); inducer, the plant
FENTEM PHILIP FENTEM PHILIP PRODUCTION OF POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE IN produces PHA
1064 ANTHONY (GB) ANTHONY (GB) PLANTS WO9411519 1994-05-26 1994 bu
A new microorganism, A.
chroococcum PHA (CECT
4435), obtained
by mutation with
nitrosoguanidine and
capable of growth on
waste olive
exudate, and its use for
the prodn. of poly(3-
poly(3-hydroxybutyrate/3-
Gonzalez Lopez, Jesus; Martinez Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Azotobacter hydroxyvalerate) are
Toledo, M. Victoria; Salmeron Miron, Universidad de chroococcum Span. ES 2061405 A2 1 polyhydroxyalkanoate fermn claimed
1065 Victoriano Granada, Spain PHA. Dec 1994, 8 pp. (Spain) 1994 Azotobacter
Adress(es) /
A strain coded AS 1.2343

was isolated from oil-
contaminated soil in an oil-
field in North China
Tianjian City and it was
identified as
Pseudomonas
Department of nitroreducens. The strain
Biological Sciences demonstrated some
and Biotechnology, unusual ability to
Tsinghua University, synthesize
Yao J, Zhang G, Wu Q, Chen GQ, Beijing, China. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates by Pseudomonas Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999 May;75(4):345- polyhydroxybutyrate
1066 Zhang R nitroreducens. 9 1999 (PHB) homopoly
The cloned poly-3-

synthesis pathway from
Alcaligenes eutrophus has
been introduced into
sucrose-utilizing strains of
Department of Biology, Escherichia coli,
James Madison Klebsiella aerogenes, and
University, Klebsiella oxytoca. The
Harrisonburg, Virginia Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates in sucrose-utilizing plasmid-borne genes were
22807. recombinant well
1067 Zhang H, Obias V, Gonyer K, Dennis D Escherichia coli and Klebsiella strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994 Apr;60(4):1198-205 1994 expressed in these 547.
In response to problems
associated with plastic
waste and its effect on the
environment, there has
been
Carnegie Institution of considerable interest in
Washington, the development and
Department of Plant production of
Biology, Stanford, CA Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable plastics.
94305-1297, biodegradable plastics
1068 Poirier Y, Nawrath C, Somerville C USA. and elastomers, in bacteria and plants. Biotechnology (N Y) 1995 Feb;13(2):142-50 1995 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 501.
Institut für
Mikrobiologie der
Westfälischen
Wilhelms-Universität Screening experiments
Münster, identified several bacteria
Corrensstrasse 3, D- which were able to use
48149 residual oil from
Münster, Germany e- biotechnological

mail: steinbu@uni- rhamnose production as a
muenster.de Tel.: +49- Production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids by Ralstonia carbon source for growth.
251-8339821 Fax: +49- eutropha Ralstonia eutropha H16
251-8338388 and Pseudomonas oleovorans from an oil and
B. Füchtenbusch, D. Wullbrandt, A. (2) remaining from Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract
1069 Steinbüchel Institut f biotechnological rhamnose production Volume 53 Issue 2 (2000) pp 167-172 2000 Pseudomonas oleovoran
Adress(es) /
Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acids. Scientific and
Technical Background of the Problem. B. Microbial
1070 ??? Synthesis ??? 376.
(PHB) production from
Environmental petrochemical
Sciences and Applied activated sludge by
Biology Division, Bacillus sp. IPCB-403 was
Research investigated. Cells
Center, Indian were cultivated at 30
Petrochemicals deg in a 250 ml
Corporation Limited, Erlenmeyer shake flask
Baroda 391 346, Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by petrochemical with
Dave H; Ramakrishna C; *Desai J D India. activated sludge and Bacillus sp. IPCB-403; poly-beta- Indian J.Exp.Biol.; (1996) 34, 3, 216-19 100 ml of medium
1071 hydroxybutyrate production and waste-water treatment 1996 containing (g/l) 3 yeast
Polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) was produced by
Ralstonia eutropha DSM
11348 (formerly
Alicaligenes eutrophus) in
media contg. 20-30 g l-1
Innovent casein peptone or
e.V./Biomaterialien, casamino acids as sole
Bormann, E. J.; Leissner, M.; Roth, M.; Jena, D-07747, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. (1998), 50(5), 604- sources of nitrogen. In
Beer, B.; Metzner, K. Germany Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia eutropha 607 fermns. using media
1072 from protein hydrolyzates 1998 based on casein pepto
Poly-beta-
Innovent; hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Tech.Coll.Jena; Hans- was produced by
Knoll- Ralstonia eutropha
Inst.Natur.Prod.Res.Je DSM 11348 (formerly
na; Alicaligenes eutrophus)
BSL-Olefinverbund when it was grown in a
LO Innovent culture medium
e.V./Biomaterialien, Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia eutropha containing 20-30 g/l
Felsbachstrasse 5, D- from protein hydrolyzates; the effect of casein peptone and casein peptone or
Bormann E J; Leissner M; Roth M; Beer 07747 Jena, casamino acid N-source on the production of poly-beta- casamino
B; Metzner K Germany. hydroxybutyrate by a bacterium, for use in biodegradable acids as a sole N-
1073 plastic Appl.Microbiol.Biotechnol.; (1998) 50, 5, 604-07 1998 source. The cells we
A group of 13 bacterial
species from the rRNA
superfamily III were tested
for their
Institute of ability to
Biotechnology, produce the
Technical University of biodegradable polyesters
Graz, Petersgasse 12, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
A-8010 Graz, Austria. Production of short-side-chain polyhydroxyalkanoates 4-hydroxybutyrate)
by various bacteria from the rRNA Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract [P(3-HB-co-
1075 G. Renner, G. Haage, G. Braunegg Fax:+43316811050 superfamily III Volume 46 Issue 3 (1996) pp 268-272 1996 4-HB)] and poly(3-h
Adress(es) /
To synthesize layered
granules consisting of
selected phases of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB)
homopolymer and PH(B-

Biological Process co-V) copolymer,
Technology Institute, Ralstonia eutropha was
University of Production of two phase polyhydroxyalkanoic acid grown on fructose and
Minnesota, St. Paul granules in Ralstonia limited
1076 Kelley AS, Srienc F 55108, USA. eutropha. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):61-7 1999 quantities (1 g/l) of valeri
Production of unsaturated polyesters by Pseudomonas
1077 Fritzsche, K.; Lenz, R. W.; Fuller, R. C. oleovorans Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1990; 12:85-91 1990 348.
Production of unusual bacterial polyesters by
1078 Lenz; R.W.; Kim; Y.B.; Fuller; R.C. Pseudomonas oleovorans through cometabolism FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:207-214 1992 476.
Azotobacter salinestris, a
sodium-dependent,
microaerophilic N2-fixing
Department of soil
Biological Sciences, bacterium,
University of Alberta, formed
Edmonton, Alberta, polyhydroxyalkanoate
T6G 2E9, copolymers comprised of
Canada Production of <beta>-hydroxybutyric
Tel.: (403) 492 4782 poly(<beta>-hydroxybutyrate-<beta>- acid
Fax: (403) 492 2216 e- hydroxyvalerate) and 9-12
W. J. Page, N. Bhanthumnavin, J. mail: copolymer from sugars by Azotobacter Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract mol% <beta>-
1079 Manchak, M. Ruman Bill.Page@Ualberta.ca salinestris Volume 48 Issue 1 (1997) pp 88-93 1997 hydroxyvaleric acid
The prodn. of PHB and
Gellan gum has been
studied by using the
Lab. of Environmental fermenter with novel
Biotechnology, School axial impellers on the
of Biotechnology, Wuxi basis of the research
University of Light on the mixing and
Industry, Wuxi, Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi (1999), mass transfer effect of the
Fu, Weimin; Chen, Jian; Ruan, 214036, Peop. Rep. 15(1), 79-84 axial impellers. It
Wenquan; Zhan, Xiaobei; Qi, Rufeng; China Production on PHB and Gellan gum by using the fermenter Chinese was indicated from
1080 Lun, Shiyi with axial impellers 1999 exptl. results that the a
Doi, Y.; Kunioka, M.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Production, properties, and biodegradation of microbial
1081 Segawa,, A. copolyesters of 3-hydroxybutyrate an 4-hydroxybutyrate Polymer preprints 1989; 30:1 1989 666.
Adress(es) /
Ultra-high-molecular-
weight poly[(R)-3-
hydroxybutyrate] (P(3HB))
(Mw = 3-11 x 10(6)) was
produced
from glucose by a
recombinant Escherichia
coli XL1-Blue (pSYL105)
Properties and biodegradability of ultra-high-molecular- harboring
Akebono Brake R&D weight Ralstonia
Centre, Ltd., Saitama, poly[(R)-hydroxybutyrate] produced by a eutropha H16
1082 Kusaka S, Iwata T, Doi Y Japan recombinant Escherichia coli. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):87-94 1999 polyhydroxya
Microcapsules of poly(3-
hydroxybutyric acid) [PHB]
and its copolymers with
hydroxyvalerate [HV] were
prepared by the
solvent evaporation
technique and loaded with
Properties and drug release behaviour of poly(3- a model drug, 2,7-
Middle East Technical hydroxybutyric acid) and dichlorofluorescein.
University, Department various poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate) Microcapsules were also
of Biological Sciences, copolymer prepared from
1083 Gursel I, Hasirci V Ankara, Turkey. microcapsules. J Microencapsul 1995 Mar-Apr;12(2):185-93 1995 the same polyme
Kita; K.; Ishimaru; K.; Teraoka; M.; Properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from a Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1995;
1084 Yanase; H.; Kato; N. marine bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis AE122 61:1727-1730 1995 512.
Marchessault, R.H.; Monasterios, C.J.; Properties of poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate latex: nascent

1085 Lepoutre, P. morphology, film formation and surface chemistry 1989 1989 344.
Properties of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate. I. General

1086 Alper, R.; Lundgren, D. G. considerations concerning the naturally occurring polymer Biopolymers 1963; 1:545-556 1963 11.
A soluble hydrogenase
from cell-free extracrs of
Hydrogenomonas H 16
Institut für has been purified 45-fold
Mikrobiologie der up to a specific activity of
Universität Göttingen 36 500 units per g protein.
und Institut für The enzyme catalyzes the
Mikrobiologie der reduction of NAD with
Gesellschft für Properties of The NAD-Specific Hydrogenase from molecular hydrogen, It
Pfitzner; J.; Linke; H.A.B.; Schlegel; Strahlen forschung Hydrogenomonas H 16 / Eigenschaften der NAD- Hydrogenomonas H 16 - does not require
1087 H.G. mbH München spezifischen Hydrogenase aus Hydrogenomonas H 16 Arch.Mikrobiol. 1970; 71:67-78 1970 Hydrogenase cofactors. The N Strain - Metabolsim 160.
Adress(es) /
1 Department of Fifty-six strains of

Bacteriology and "hydrogen-bacteria" and
Immunology University related nonautotrophic
of California, Bekeley, bacteria, including nearly
California 94720; 2 all existing named
University of Texas, hydrogenomonas spp.,
M.D. Anderson have been compared. It is
Hospital and Tumor proposed, that the genus
Institute at Houston, Hydrogenomonas should
Davis, D.H.1; Doudoroff, M.1; Stanier, Deparment of Biology, Proposal to reject the genus Hydrogenomonas: Taxonomic International Journal of Sytematic Bacteriology be rejected, since ist type
1088 R.Y.1; Mandel, M.2 Houston, Texas 77025 implications 1969; 19(4):375-390 1969 Hydrogenomonas - Taxonomy species H. pantotro Strains 129. Korr.
(PHA) cellular inclusions
consist of
polyesters,
phospholipids, and
proteins. Both the
polymerase and
Department of the depolymerase
Biochemistry and enzymes are active
Molecular Biology, components of the
University of structure.
Stuart, E. S.; Tehrani, Ali; Valentin, Massachusetts, Recently, proteins
Henry E.; Dennis, Douglas; Amherst, MA, USA Protein organization on the PHA inclusion cytoplasmic J. Biotechnol. (1998), 64(2,3), 137-144 assocd. with these
1089 Lenz, Robert W.; Clinton Fuller, R. boundary 1998 inclusions ha
(PHA) cellular inclusions
consist of polyesters,
phospholipids, and
proteins. Both the
Department of polymerase and
Biochemistry and the depolymerase
Molecular Biology, enzymes are active
University of components of the
Massachusetts, structure. Recently,
Amherst, USA. proteins associated with
Stuart ES, Tehrani A, Valentin HE, esstuart@bio.umass.e Protein organization on the PHA inclusion cytoplasmic these inclusions have
1090 Dennis D, Lenz RW, Fuller RC du boundary. J Biotechnol 1998 Oct 8;64(2-3):137-44 1998 been descr
Adress(es) /
Univ.Massachusetts; (PHA) cellular inclusions
Univ.Harrisonburg- consist of
James-Madison polyesters,
LO Department of phospholipids and
Biochemistry and proteins. Both the
Molecular Biology, polymerase and
University of the depolymerase
Massachusetts, enzymes are active
Amherst, MA, USA. Protein organization on the PHA inclusion cytoplasmic components of the
Stuart E S; Tehrani A; Valentin H E; Email: boundary; polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Ralstonia structure.
Dennis D; Lenz R W; Fuller R esstuart@bio.umass.e eutropha poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis operon In order to further
C du phaCAB gene transfer to Pseudomonas putida and J.Biotechnol.; (1998) 64, 2-3, 137-44 clarify the structure and
1091 Escherichia coli 1998 fun
Kinetics of poly-HB
accumulation in
Pseudomonas 2F, a
recently isolated and new
strain, differ considerably
from the behaviour found
hitherto with other strains.
Institute for After a period of carbon
Biotechnology, Graz limitation of 1 hour,
University of Pseudomonas 2 F: Kinetics of Growth and Accumulation of Pseudomonas 2 F - Carbon- without the application of
1092 Braunegg, G.; Korneti, L. Technology, Austria. Poly-D(-)-3-Hydroxybutyric Acid (Poly-HB) Biotechnol. Lett. 1984; 6:825-829 1984 overcompensation growth-limiting con Strain - Metabolism 410.
Four
(PHA) depolymerases
were purified from
the culture fluid of
Pseudomonas lemoignei:
Institut (PHB), depolymerase A
fuer Mikrobiologie, (Mr, 55,000), and PHB
Georg-August- Pseudomonas lemoignei has five poly(hydroxyalkanoic polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase B (Mr,
Universitaet, acid) (PHA) depolymerase gene sequence 67,000) were specific for
Briese, Bernd Holger; Schmidt, Goettingen 37077, depolymerase genes: a comparative study of bacterial and J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 2(2), 75-87 (English) Pseudomonas PHB and copolymers of 3-
1093 Bernhard; Jendrossek, Dieter Germany eukaryotic PHA depolymerases. 1994 1994 hydroxyb 526.
Pseudomonas oleovorans as a source of poly(beta-
Btandl; H.; Gross; R.A.; Lenz; R.W.; hydroxyalkanoates) for potential applications as Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1988;
1094 Fuller; R.C. biodegradable polyesters 54(8):1977-1982 1988 328.
Adress(es) /
Agrotechnological
Research Institute The biosynthesis of poly(3-
(ATO-DLO), P.O. Box hydroxyalkanoates)
17, 6700 AA (PHAs) by Pseudomonas
Wageningen,1 and putida KT2442 during
Groningen growth on carbohydrates
Biotechnology Center, was studied, PHAs
Department of isolated from P. putida
Biochemistry, cultivated on glucose,
University of fructose, and glycerol
Huijberts, G. N. M.1; Eggink, G1; de Groningen 9747 AG Pseudomonas putida KT2442 Cultivated on Glucose were found to have a very Strain -Metabolsim -
Waard, P.1; Huisman, G. W.2; Witholt, Groningen,2 The Accumulates PHAs Consisting of Saturated and Copolyesters - Pseudomonas similar monomer Copolyesters -
1095 B.2 Netherlands Unsaturated Monomers Appl. Env. Microbiol. 1991; 58:536-544 1992 putida KT2442 composition. Analytics 406.
The N-terminal amino acid

sequence of the
(PHA) granule-associated
M(r)-15,500 protein of
Rhodococcus ruber (the
GA14 protein) was
Purification and characterization of a 14-kilodalton protein analyzed. The sequence
Institut fur that is bound revealed that the
Mikrobiologie, Georg- to the surface of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granules in corresponding structural
Pieper-Furst U, Madkour MH, Mayer F, August-Universitat zu Rhodococcus gene is
1096 Steinbuchel A Gottingen, Germany. ruber. J Bacteriol 1994 Jul;176(14):4328-37 1994 represented by open readi 548.
Purification and characterization of acetoacetyl-CoA
1097 Fukui, T.; Ito, M.; Tomita, K. synthetase Eur. J. Biochem 1982; 127:423-428 1982 194.
Citrate-synthase (EC-
Institute of 4.1.3.7) was isolated and
Biochemistry and purified to
Physiology of homogeneity from the
Microorganisms, methylotrophic producer of
Pushchino, poly-beta-
Moscow Region hydroxybutyrate (PHB),
142292 Russia. Methylobacterium
Email: Purification and characterization of citrate-synthase from extorquens 15.
Belova L L; Sokolov A P; Morgunov I G; trotsenko@ibpn.serpu Methylobacterium extorquens, methylotrophic producer of Purification included
Trotsenko Yu A khov.su polyhydroxybutyrate; enzyme for use in poly-beta- Biokhimiya; (1997) 62, 1, 85-90 streptomycin sulfate
1098 hydroxybutyrate production Russian 1997 treatment of cell-free
Purification and characterization of D(-)-beta-
hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase from Azospirillum Journal of General Microbiology 1990; 136:645-
1099 Tal; S.; Smirnoff; P.; Okon; Y. brasilense Cd 649 1990 306.
Shiraki; M.; Shimada; T.; Tatsumichi; Purification and characterization of extracellular poly(3- Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1100 M.; Saito; T. hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases 1995; 3:13-21 1995 567.
Adress(es) /
An NADP-linked
acetoacetyl-CoA
reductase was purified to
electrophoretic
homogeneity from
Deparmtent of Health Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M,
chemistry, Faculty of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)-
Pharmaceutical accumulating bacterium.
Sciences, Kyoto The purified enzyme
Universiy, Yoshida, NADP-linked acetoacety-CoA showed specific activity of
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto Purification and characterization of NADP-linked Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1987; 917:365- reductase - Zoogloea ramigera 412 Mmol acetoacetyl-
1101 Fukui, T.; Ito, M.; Saito, T.; Tomita, K. (Japan) acetoacetyl-CoA reductase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M 371 1987 I-16-M - CoA reduced per min Strain -Metabolsim 425. corr.
Purification and properties of a D(-)-beta-hydroxybutyric

1102 Merrick; J.M.; Yu; C.I. dimer hydrolase from Rhodospirillum rubrum Biochemistry 1966; 5:3563-3568 1966 203.
Purification and properties of beta-ketothiolase from
1103 Nishimura, Takeko; Saito, T.; Tomita, K. Zoogloea ramigera Arch. Microbiol. 1978; 116:21-27 1978 1.
Purification and properties of chorismate mutase-phrenate
B"rbel; F.; Cornelius; F., G; Schlegel; dehydratase and phrenate dehydrogenase from
1104 H.G. Alcaligenes eutrophus Journal of Bacteriology 1976; 126(2):712-722 1976 277.
Tanaka, Y.; Saito, T.; Fukui, T.; Tanio, Purification and properties of D(-)3-hydroxybutyrate-dimer
1105 T.; Tomita, K. hydroxylase from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M Eur. J. Biochem. 1981; 118:117-182 1981 188.
D(-)-beta-Hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase was
purified from Zoogloea
ramigera I-16-M to
Department of Health electrophoretic

Chemistry, Faculty of homogeneity. The
Pharmaceutical molecular weight of the
Sciences, Kyoto enzyme as determined by
University, Yoshida, Purification and properties of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate Sephadex
Nakada T, Fukui T, Saito T, Miki K, Oji Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, dehydrogenase G-200 gel
1106 C, Matsuda S, Ushijima A, Tomita K Kyoto 606 from Zoogloea ramigera I-16-M. J Biochem (Tokyo) 1981 Feb;89(2):625-35 1981 filtration was 112,000, kopiert
depolymerase was
purified to homogeneity
from the culture filtrate of
Paecilomyces lilacinus
D218 by column
chromatography on CM-
Purification and Properties of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate) Toyopearl 650M and
Depolymerase Curr. Microbiol. 34:230-232 (1997)
Yuji Oda, Hidekazu Osaka, Teizi from the Fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus © Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. hydroxylapatite. The
1107 Urakami, Kenzo Tonomura D218 1997 1997 molecular weig
Purification and properties of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid)
1108 B.M ller; D.Jendrossek depolymerase from Pseudomonas lemoignei Appl. Microbiol Biotechnol 1993; 38:487-492 1993 525.
Adress(es) /
The soluble hydrogenase

(hydrogen: NAD
Institut für oxidoreductase, EC
Mikrobiologie der 1.12.1.2.) from
Gesellschaft für Alcaligenes eutrophus H
Strahlen- und 16 was purified 86-fold
Umweltforschung mbH with a yield of 20 % and a
München, in final specific activiy (NAD
Göttingen, und Institut Hydrogenomonas eutropha H reduction) of about 54
für Mikrobiologie der 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - µmol H2 oxidized/min per
Universität Göttingen, Purification and properties of soluble hydrogenase from Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - mg protein. The enzyme
1109 Schneider; K.; Schlegel; H.G. Göttingen (G.F.R.) Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1976; 452:66-80 1976 soluble Hydrogenase was sho Strain - Metabolism 157.
Pinkwart; M.; Schneider; K.; Schlegel; Purification and properties of the membrane-bound Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1983; 745:267-
1110 H.G. hydrogenase from N2-fixing Alcaligenes latus 278 1983 269.
1. Phosphoribulokinase
was purified 286-fold from
extracts of autotrophically
grown cells. 2. The
enzyme had a molecular
weight of 237 000 and
Institut für showed a pH optimum of
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 9.0 in both crude extracts
Universität Göttingen, 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - and purified preparation.
3400 Göttingen, West Purification and regulatory properties of fructose-1,6- Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - MgCl2 was required for
1111 Abdelal; A.T.; Schlegel; H.G. Germany diphosphatase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha Journal of Bacteriology 1974; 120(1):304-310 1974 phosphoribulokinase activiey; ful Strain - Metabolism 158.
Fructose diphosphatase of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha H 16, produced
during autotrophic growth,
was purified 247-fold from
extracts of cells. The
Institut für molecular weight of the
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas eutropha H enzyme was estimated to
Universität Göttingen, 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - be 170 000. The enzyme
3400 Göttingen, West Purification and regulatory properties of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - showed a pH optimum of
1112 Abdelal; A.T.H.; Schlegel; H.G. Germany phosphoribulokinase from Hydrogenomonas eutropha H 16 Biochem.J. 1974; 139:481-489 1974 fructose 1,6-diphosphatase 8.5 in both crude e Strain - Metabolism 159.
Purification of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by density
1113 Nickerson, K. W. gradient centrifugation in sodium bromide Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1982; 43:1208-1209 1982 190.
Adress(es) /
A poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate complex
extracted from the plasma
membranes of genetically
competent Escherichia
coli
contained
polyhydroxybutyrate:polyp
Department of hosphate:calcium in molar
Microbiology and ratios approximating
Public Health, 1:1:0.5. The chain length
Michigan State Putative structure and functions of a poly-beta- of the
University, East hydroxybutyrate/calcium Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1988 Jun;85(12):4176- polyhydroxybutyrate was
1114 Reusch RN, Sadoff HL Lansing 48824. polyphosphate channel in bacterial plasma membranes. 80 1988 es
1115 Morikawa; H.; Marchessault; R.H. Pyrolysis of bacterial polyalkanoates Can.J.Chem. 1981; 59:2306 1981 208.
(1) Institut für

Mikrobiologie,
Westfälische Wilhelms-
Universität Münster, The fluorescence
Corrensstraße 3, D- properties of one
48149 chemically and seven
biologically produced
Münster, Germany e-
mail: steinbu@uni- polyhydroxyalkanoic acid
muenster.de Tel.: +49- were investigated as film
251-8339821 Fax: +49- castings and in living cells
251-8338388 Quantification of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids by respectively after
Gorenflo V, Steinbuchel A, Marose S, (2) Nile red staining. staining
1116 Rieseberg M, Scheper T Institut fü Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1999 Jun;51(6):765-72 1999 with Nile red. All thes
Research regarding the

accurate, quantitative
degradation of novel poly-
3-hydroxyalkanoates has
been restricted by the
absence of an appropriate
Department of monitoring technique. The
Biochemistry & Quantitative determination of intracellular depolymerase calibration of a gas
Molecular Biology, activity in chromatograph to poly-3-
University of Pseudomonas oleovorans inclusions containing poly-3- hydroxyoctanoate reveals
Massachusetts, hydroxyalkanoates a
1117 Foster LJ, Lenz RW, Fuller RC Amherst 01003-4505. with long alkyl substituents. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994 May 15;118(3):279-82 1994 linear relat
Quantitative requirements for Exponential growth of
1118 Repaske, R. Repaske A.C. Alcaligenes eutrophus Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976; 32(4):585-591 1976 27.
Adress(es) /
Pseudomonas
United States resinovorans produces a
Department of medium-chain-length
Agriculture, Eastern poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
Regional Research (MCL-PHA) copolymer
Center, Wyndmoor, PA when grown on
19038, USA. tallow (PHA-tal). This
* Corresponding polymer had a repeat unit
author. Tel.: ?1 215 Keywords : Medium-chain- composition ranging from
2336483; fax: ?1 215 length poly(hydroxyalkanoate); C4 to C14 with some
2336795; e-mail: Radiation crosslinking of a bacterial medium-chain-length Pseudomonas resino6orans; mono-unsaturation in the
1119 Ashby RD, Cromwick AM, Foglia TA rashby@arserrc.gov poly(hydroxyalkanoate) elastomer from tallow. Int J Biol Macromol 1998 Jul;23(1):61-72 1998 Radiation crosslinking C12 and C14 alkyl side ganze Artikel
Rapid recovery from waste

of high molecular weight
polyhydroxyacid content
BRAKE LOREN D (US); DU US5264626 by depolymerizing the
1120 SUBRAMANIAN NARAYANAN S (US) PONT (US) Rapid depolymerization of polyhydroxy acids 1993-11-23 1993 PHA in acidic water.
Recovery of polyhydroxy
acids (PHAs) from waste
containing high molecular
weight polyhydroxy acid
polymer by
depolymerizing
BRAKE LOREN D the PHA in water at
(US); SUBRAMANIAN NARAYANAN S US5229528 elevated temperature and
1121 (US) DU PONT (US) Rapid depolymerization of polyhydroxy acids 1993-07-20 1993 pressure.
Rapid determination of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in
1122 Mee, J. M. L. blood and milk gas chromatography Journal of Chromatography 1974; 101:414-416 1974 41.
Niel, van; E.W.J.; Robertson; L.A.; Rapid short-term poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate production by Enzyme and Microbial Technology 1995; 17:977-
1123 Kuenen; J.G. Thiospora pantotropha in the presence of excess acetate 982 1995 599.
In this study we continued

our investigations on the
mechanisms of
bacterial degrdn. of
Institut fur (PHA). In the first
Mikrobiologie der Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), part we analyzed the
Georg-August- Meeting Date 1996, extracellular poly(3-
Universitat Gottingen, 89-101. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: hydroxyoctanoate) (PHO)
Jendrossek, Dieter; Schirmer, Andreas; Gottingen, 37077, National Research depolymerase of
Handrick, Rene Germany Recent advances in characterization of bacterial PHA Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. Pseudomonas fluorescens
1124 depolymerases 1997 GK1
Adress(es) /
Department of [P(3HB)] and other
Chemical Engineering polyhydroxyalkanoates
and BioProcess (PHAs) have been
Engineering Research drawing
Center, Korea much
attention as biodegradable
Advanced Institute of substitutes for
Science and conventional
Technology, Taejon, nondegradable plastics.
South Korea. Recent advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate production by For the
leesy@sorak.kaist.ac.k bacterial economical
1125 Lee SY, Choi J, Wong HH r fermentation: mini-review. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):31-6 1999 production of P
Recent advances in the knowledge of the metabolism of

bacterial polyhydroxyalcanoic acids and potential impacts
1126 Steinb chel, A. on the production of biodegredable thermoplastics Acta biotechnol 1991; 11(5):419-427 1991 532.
A method has been
mol. wt. and mol. wt.
dispersity
(1.02.apprx.2.81) during
prodn. of
in genetically
engineered organism by
control of the level and
Snell, Kristi D.; Hogan, Scott A.; Sim, Massachusetts Recombinant preparation of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) time
Sang Jun; Sinskey, Anthony Institute of having controlled molecular weight in transgenic of expression of one or
1127 J.; Rha, Chokyun Technology, USA organisms with controlled expression of PHA synthase WO 9804713 19980205 1998 more PHA syntha
Hendrickson; C.; Lave; L.; McMichael;
1128 F. Reconsider recycling Chemtech 1995; 56-60 1995 549.
A combined SDS-NaClO
method to recover PHB
from recombinant E. coli
HMS 174 (pTZ18u-
PHB) was studied. The
adding order of SDS and
NaClO affected the
result of this method and
Dep. Chem. Eng., the reason was
Tsinghua Univ., Shengwu Gongcheng Xuebao (1998), 14(3), 342- analyzed. A new
Yin, Jin; Yu, Hinmin; Li, Hongqi; Shen, Beijing, 100084, Peop. Recovering PHB from recombinant Escherichia coli by a 344 Chinese process that the cell was
1129 Zhongyao Rep. China combined SDS-NaClO treatment 1998 treate
Adress(es) /
We studied recovery of
acid) (PHB) from
Alcaligenes eutrophus and
a recombinant Escherichia
coli
BioProcess strain harboring the A.
Engineering Research eutrophus poly(3-
Center, Korea hydroxyalkanoic acid)
Advanced Institute of biosynthesis genes. The
Science and Recovery and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyric amount of PHB degraded
Technology, Taejon. acid) synthesized to a
1130 Hahn SK, Chang YK, Lee SY in Alcaligenes eutrophus and recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995 Jan;61(1):34-9 1995 lower-molecular-weigh 499.
Ramsay, J.A.; Berger, E.; Ramsay, Recovery of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid granules by y
1131 B.A.; Chavarie, C. surfactant-hydrochlorite tratment Biotechnology techniques 1990; 4:221-226 1990 531.
Recovery of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyrate from Estuarine Applied and Enviromental Microbiology 1978;
1132 Herron, J.S.; King, J.D.; White, D.C. Microflora 35:251-257 1978 14.
Polyhydroxyacid (PHA) is
recovered by heating
under pressure in the
presence of a C1-C6
BRAKE LOREN D DU alcohol, and optionally
1133 (US) PONT (US) Recovery of polyhydroxy acids US5264614 1993-11-23 1993 also water.
A method for recovering

(PHA) compounds
produced by fermentation
of microorganisms
comprises
mechanical breakdown
of the cells, followed by
removal of the cell
fragments and dissolved
SEMBRITZKI THORSTEN (DE); SELA BUNA SOW LEUNA components, then drying
MARION (DE); METZNER KLAUS DR OLEFINVERB GMBH Recovery of polyhydroxyalkanoates produced by microbial DE19712702 of the
1134 (DE) (DE) fermentation 1998-10-01 1998 PHA-containing
a Department of
Biological Sciences, Abstract Sequence
University of Durham, analysis of several cDNAs
Durham, DH13LE, UK encoding the
b Imperial Cancer phasin protein of
Research Fund, Ralstonia eutropha
London, WC2A 3PX, indicated that the carboxyl
UK terminus of the resulting
*Corresponding derived protein sequence
Steven Zachary Hanley a; *, Darryl J.C. author. Fax: +44 (191) Key words: Alcaligenes is different
Pappin b , Dinah Rahman b , Andrew J. 377 2417. Re-evaluation of the primary structure of Ralstonia eutrophus; Ralstonia eutropha; from that reported
White a , E-mail: eutropha phasin and Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid previously. This was
Kieran M. Elborough a , Antoni R. s.z.hanley@durham.ac implications for polyhydroxyalkanoic acid granule; Phasin; Biodegradable confirmed by: (1)
1135 Slabas a .uk granule binding. FEBS Lett 1999 Mar 19;447(1):99-105 1999 polyester sequenc ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
A novel poly-beta-
production system in
Department of Biology, which
James Madison the expression and
University, gene dosage of the
Harrisonburg, Alcaligenes eutrophus pha
Virginia 22807, biosynthetic operon
USA. Regulated expression of the Alcaligenes eutrophus pha were effectively regulated
Email: biosynthesis genes in Escherichia coli; poly-beta- by temp. was
FAC_DENNIS@VAX1. hydroxybutyrate production by recombinant Escherichia constructed in
Kidwell J; Valentin H E; *Dennis D ACS.JMU.EDU coli with temp.-dependent gene regulation under fed-batch Appl.Environ.Microbiol.; (1995) 61, 4, 1391-98 Escherichia coli. The pha
1136 culture conditions 1995 oper
A novel poly-b-
prodn. system in which the
expression and gene
dosage of the Alcaligenes
eutrophus pha
biosynthetic operon were
Department effectively regulated by
Biology, James cultivation temp. was
Madison University, Regulated expression of the Alcaligenes eutrophus pha constructed in Escherichia
Kidwell, John; Valentin, Henry E.; Harrisonburg, VA biosynthesis Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(4), 1391-8 (English) Alcaligenes operon pha cloning coli. The pha operon was
1137 Dennis, Douglas 22807, USA genes in Escherichia coli. 1995 1995 regulation fused
Institut für
Mikrobiologie Regulation of PHB-Metabolism -
Abteilung Regulation des Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure- Hydrogenomonas H 16 -
Bakterienphysiologie Stoffwechsels bei Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H 16 Ralstonia eutropha H 16 -
1138 Oeding; V. Göttingen und PHBS-freie Mutanten Dissertation 1972 1972 Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 Abstract unavailable. Strain - Metabolism 156.
Grund, A.; Shapiro, J.; Fennewald, M.;

Bacha, P.; Leahy, J.; Markbreiter, K.;
1139 Nieder, M.; Toepfer, M. Regulation of Alkane Oxidation in Pseudomonas putida J Bacteriol. 1975; 123:546-556 1975 373.
1140 Erecinska; M.; Wilson; D.F. Regulation of cellular energy metabolism J.Membrane Biol. 1982; 70:41640 1982 283.
Regulation of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase
Friedrich; C.G.; Babel; F.; Schlegel; and prephenate dehydrogenase from Alcaligenes
1141 H.G. eutrophus Journal of Bacteriology 1976; 126(2):723-732 1976 276.
1. In Hydrogenomonas H
16 the synthesis of the
enzymes of the Entner-
Doudoroff degradative
pathway is repressed by
molecular hydrogen. In
Regulation of Glucose-6-phosphat Dehydrogenase from Entner Doudoroff Pathway - G- fully induced cells grown
Hydrogenomonas by ATP and Reduced Pyridin 6-P Dehydrogenase - on fructose the utilization
Institut für Nucleotides / Regulation der Glucose-6-phosphat- Hydrogenomonas H 16 - of fructose in inhibited,
Mikrobiologie der Dehydrogenase aus Hydrogenomonas H 16 durch ATP Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - This inhibition results in a
1142 Blackkolb, F-; Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen und NADH2 Arch. Mikrobiol. 1968; 63:177-196 1968 Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 decrease Strain - Metabolism 168.
Adress(es) /
Metabolites assocd. with

the poly(3-
biosynthetic pathway in A.
eutrophus were measured
to gain an insight
into the regulation of PHB
synthesis in vivo. A.
Dep. of eutrophus was grown in
Applied Biology, Univ. polyhydroxybutyrate formation C-limited chemostat
Mansfield, David A.; Anderson, Alistair of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, Regulation of PHB metabolism in Alcaligenes eutrophus. Can. J. Microbiol., Alcaligenes regulation CoA culture to provide bacteria
1143 J.; Naylor, Linda A. UK 41(Suppl. 1), 44-9 (English) 1995 1995 produ
Metabolites associated
with poly-beta-
biosynthesis in
Univ.Hull; Zeneca-Bio- Alcaligenes eutrophus
Prod. NCIMB 40529 were
LO Department of measured.
Applied Biology, Cells were grown in C-
School of Life Can.J.Microbiol.; (1995) 41, Suppl.1, 44-49 limited chemostat culture
Sciences, University 4th International Symposium on Bacterial to provide
Mansfield D A; *Anderson A J; Naylor L of Hull, Hull, HU6 Regulation of PHB metabolism in Alcaligenes eutrophus; Polyhydroxyalkanoates, negligible PHB, and in
A 7RX, UK. poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis pathway Montreal, Canada, 14-18 August, 1994. N-limited chemostat
1144 (conference paper) 1995 culture fo
The intracellular
concentration of CoA
metabolites and
nucleotides was
determined in batch
cultures of
Sachsisches Institut Methylobacterium
fur Angewandte rhodesianum grown on
Biotechnologie (SIAB), methanol and shifted to
Universitat Leipzig, growth on fructose. The
Permoserstrasse 15, D- Regulation of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis in intracellular concentration
04318 Leipzig, Methylobacterium of CoA decreased from a
1145 Mothes G, Ackermann JU, Babel W Germany. rhodesianum MB 126 growing on methanol or fructose. Arch Microbiol 1998 Apr;169(4):360-3 1998 high value of
Regulation of the Pyruvate Kinase from Alcaligenes
1146 D.Wilke; H.G.Schlegel eutrophus H 16 in vitro and in vivo Arch. Microbiol.1975; 105:109-115 1975 13.
Regulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and poly-á-
hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azobacter beijerinckii Journal of General Microbiology 1976; 97:303-
1147 Jackson, F.A.; Dawes, e.d. grown under nitrogen or oxygen limitation 313 1976 37.
Adress(es) /
1Bioprocess
Technology Research
Group, Korea Regulatory roles of
Research Institute of nicotinamide nucleotides
Bioscience and and three key enzymes, -
Biotechnology, Yusong- ketothiolase (KT), NADPH-
gu, Taejon dependent
305-600, Korea acetoacetyl-CoA
2Department of reductase (AAR), and
Chemical Engineering citrate synthase (CS), on
and BioProcess poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Engineering Research Regulatory effects of cellular nicotinamide nucleotides and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate); (PHB) synthesis in
Center, KAIST, 373-1 enzyme activities Biotechnology & Bioengineering Escherichia coli; PHB recombinant
In Young Lee 1, Mi Kyoung Kim 1, Kusong-dong, on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis in recombinant Volume 52, Issue 6, 1996. Pages: 707- synthesis; regulation; Escherichia coli harboring
1148 Young Hoon Park 1, Sang Yup Lee 2 * Yusong-gu, Taejo Escherichia coli 712 1996 nicotinamide nucleotides a pl kopiert
The knallgasbacteria have

been known to be
Institute for facultative
Microbiology of the chemolithotrophic bacteria
Gesellschaft für since Kaserer (1906)
Strahlenforschung isolated the first strain,
mbH, München, in Bacillus pantotrophus.
Göttingen and Institute This name clearly
for Microbiology, expresses the capability of
University of the organisms to grow
Göttingen, West Regulatory phenomena in the metabolism of Alcaligenes - Pseudomonas - either with hydrogen,
1149 Schlegel; H.G.; Eberhardt; U. Germans knallgasbacteria Mycol. 1972; 7:205-242 1972 heterotroph - autotroph oxygen and c Strain - Metabolism 154.
1150 Bradley DF Relation between structure and activity of biopolymers. Trans N Y Acad Sci 1966 Apr;28(6):788-95 1966 Abstract unavailable.
The relation between

spore formation and PHB
synthesis by B. cereus
was examd. When the
growth media contained
3% glucose (C source)
and 0.6% peptone (N
source), B. cereus grew
Dep. Microbiol., Relationship between spore formation and PHB [poly-b- well and a large amt. of
Shandong Univ., hydroxybutyic Bacillus polyhydroxybutyrate PHB formed in the cells.
Guo, Xiujun; Zheng, Ping; Wang, Wei; Jinan, Peop. Rep. acid] synthesis by Bacillus cereus. Shandong Daxue Xuebao, formation sporulation Spore formation took
1151 Yu, Xin China Ziran Kexueban, 29(1), 101-8 (Chinese) 1994 1994 place
Adress(es) /
Wild-type cells of
and Rhodospirillum
rubrum strains Ha and S1
as well as mutant cells
defective in the
synthesis of poly-(3-
Inst. (PHB) were used to study
Mikrobiol., Georg- Relationship between the photoproduction of hydrogen the
August-Univ., and the Appl. hydrogen formation purple competition between PHB
Hustede, Eilert; Steinbuechel, Goettingen W-3400, accumulation of PHB in non-sulfur purple bacteria. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 39(1), 87-93 (English) bacteria polyhydroxybutyrate accumulation and
1152 Alexander; Schlegel, Hans G. Germany 1993 1993 photoprodn. of
We have identified two

Sinorhizobium meliloti
chromosomal loci affecting
the
poly-3-
Department of Natural hydroxybutyrate
Resource Sciences, degradation pathway. One
McGill University, Ste. - Requirement for the enzymes acetoacetyl coenzyme A locus was identified as the
Anne-de-Bellevue, synthetase and gene acsA,
Quebec poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) synthase for encoding
H9X growth of Sinorhizobium acetoacetyl coenzyme A
1153 Cai GQ, Driscoll BT, Charles TC 3V9, Canada. meliloti on PHB cycle intermediates. J Bacteriol 2000 Apr;182(8):2113-8 2000 (acetoacetyl-
Respiratory components and oxidase activities in Biochimicia et Biophysica Acta 1976; 440:412-
1154 Probst, I.; Schlegel, H. G. Alcaligenes eutrophus 428 1976 39.
Synchronous cultures of
(Hydrogenomonas
eutropha H 16) were
prepared by a size
selection method which
gave high synchrony
Department of Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - indices (0,70 to 0,85).
Biochemistry, School Hydrogenomonas eutropha H Unlike the smooth
of Biological Sciences, Respiratory properties of synchronous cultures of 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - exponentioal increase
University of Leicester, Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 prepared by a continuous-flow Journal of General Microbiology 1977; 99:383- Respiration rates - which was observed in
1155 Edwards, C.; Jones, C.W. Leicester LE1 7RH size selection method 388 1977 Synchronous cultures exponentially growing cul Strain - Metabolism 115. Corr.
Restricted oxygen supply and excretion of metabolitesI.

1156 Vollbrecht; D.; Nawawy, El; M.A. Pseudomonas spec. and Paracoccus denitrificans Europ.J.App.Microb.Biotech. 1980; 9(1):36739 1980 280.
Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig] 1965 Dec;198(1):321-3
1157 Hippe H Reuse of poly-beta-deoxybutyric acid by Hydrogenomonas. [Article in German] 1965 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
methods for extn. of
poly(.beta.-
(PHB) from
microorganisms including
solvent
extn., chem. reagent
Dep. Chem. Eng., treatment, mech.
Tsinghua Univ., disruption, and enzyme
Shen, Zhongyao; Yin, Jin; Li, Hongqi Beijing, 100084, Peop. treatment.
1158 Rep. China Review of methods for recovering PHb from microorganism Huagong Shikan (1997), 11(5), 40-45 Chinese 1997
A review with numerous
refs. Signature lipid
biomarker anal. (SLB)
provides quant. anal. of
Center for the viable microbial
Environmental biomass with
Biotechnology, Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), indications of the
University of Meeting Date 1996, community compn. and
Tennessee, 161-170. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: nutritional/physiol.
White, David C.; Ringelberg, David. B.; Knoxville, TN, Review of PHA and signature lipid biomarker analysis for National Research status. SLB is based
Macnaughton, Sarah J. 37932-2575, USA quantitative assessment of in situ environmental microbial Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. on extn. of the membrane
1159 ecology 1997 lipid
Aspects of thermal,
morphol., and rheol.
properties of
biodegradable
poly[D(-)(3-
hydroxybutyrate)] (PHB)
blended with
poly(ethylene oxide)
(PEO) have been studied.
Dep. Thermal properties and
Polymer Science morphol. of the
Engineering, Inha Rheological study on poly-D-(-)(3-hydroxybutyrate) and its blends were examd. by
Choi, H. J.; Park, S. H.; Yoon, J. S.; Univ., Inchon 402-751, blend with polyoxybutyrate DSC and SEM, resp. A
1160 Lee, H-S.; Choi, S. J. S. Korea poly(ethylene oxide). Polym. Eng. Sci., 35(20), 1636-42 (English) 1995 1995 polyoxyethylene blend rheol rotatio
Isolated DNA fragments

encoding a Rhodospirillum
rubrum (ATCC 25903)
(PHA) synthase, or
biologically
functional equivalents
thereof, are provided. Also
provided is the deduced
CLEMENTE THOMAS E (US); STARK amino acid sequence of
DAVID M (US); KISHORE GANESH M the R. rubrum PHA
(US); MITSKY Rhodospirillum rubrum poly- beta -hydroxyalkanoate synthase.
1161 TIMOTHY A (US) MONSANTO CO (US) synthase US5849894 1998-12-15 1998 The
Adress(es) /
The authors attempt to

prep. microspheres from a
microbial
biodegradable
polyester, i.e.
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) as a
potential
Chem. Eng. Dep. chemoembolization agent.
Kassab, A. Ch.; Xu, K.; Denkbas, E. B.; Bioengineering Div., The drug loaded PHB
Dou, Y.; Zhao, S.; Piskin, Hacettepe Univ., microspheres were
E. Ankara, Turk. Rifampicin carrying polyhydroxybutyrate microspheres as a J. Biomater. Sci., Polym. Ed. (1997), 8(12), 947- prepd. by a solvent evapn.
1162 potential chemoembolization agent 961 1997 technique, in which
Recombinant fadR
(negative fatty acid
Univ.Kyung-Hee oxidation regulator) and
LO Department of atoC(Con) (positive
Biology, James fatty acid uptake
Madison University, regulator) mutant
Harrisonburg, VA Escherichia coli
22807, USA. Role of fadR and atoC(Con) mutations in poly(3- LS5218 with poly-beta-
Email: hydroxybutyrate)-co- 3-hydroxyvalerate) synthesis in hydroxyalkanoate (PHA)
fac_dennis@vax1.acs.j recombinant pha+ Escherichia coli; poly-beta- biosynthesis genes
Rhie H G; *Dennis D mu.edu hydroxybutyrate and poly-beta-hydroxyvalerate copolymer Appl.Environ.Microbiol.; (1995) 61, 7, 2487-92 from Alcaligenes
1163 overproduction using genes from Alcaligenes eutrophus 1995 eutrophus on a plas kopiert
Recombinant E. coli fadR

atoC(Con) mutants contg.
the
(PHA) biosynthesis genes
from Alcaligenes
eutrophus are able to
incorporate significant
levels of 3-
polyhydroxyalkanoate hydroxyvalerate
Dep. Biol., Kyung Hee Role of fadR and atoC(Con) mutations in formation Escherichia gene (3HV) into the copolymer
Univ., Seoul poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) synthesis in Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61(7), 2487-92 fadR atoC poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
1164 Rhie, Ho Gun; Dennis, Douglas 130-701, S. Korea recombinant pha+ Escherichia coli. (English) 1995 1995 3-hydroxyvale
Department of
Bacteriology and Miller
Institute, Universiy of Role of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the assimilation of
1165 Doudoroff, M.; Stanier, R.Y. California, Berkeley organic carbon by bacteria Nature 1959; 183:1440-1442 1959 No abstract. 75.
Adress(es) /
The polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) synthase gene of
the bacterium Alcaligenes
eutrophus was used to
construct a yeast plasmid
which enabled expression
Department of of the functional synthase
Chemical Engineering enzyme in
and Materials Science, Saccharomyces
University of cerevisiae. Cells
Minnesota, St Paul Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing bacterial transformed with the
Leaf TA, Peterson MS, Stoup SK, 55108, USA. polyhydroxybutyrate synthase
1166 Somers D, Srienc F synthase produces poly-3-hydroxybutyrate. Microbiology 1996 May;142 ( Pt 5):1169-80 1996 plasmid ac
Plasmid pTL85, containing

the Alcaligenes eutrophus
Department of synthase gene under the
Chemical Engineering control of a yeast
and Materials Science, GAL10/CYC1 hybrid
University of promoter, was
Minnesota, 240 Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing bacterial constructed. The plasmid
Gortner Laboratory, polyhydroxybutyrate-synthase produces poly-3- carried
Leaf T A; Peterson M S; Stoup S K; 1479 Gortner hydroxybutyrate; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate preparation by a high copy number
Somers D; *Srienc F Avenue, St. Paul, Alcaligenes eutrophus polyhydroxybutyrate-synthase gene yeast 2-um plasmid
1167 MN 55108, USA. expression in yeast; metabolic engineering Microbiology; (1996) 142, 5, 1169-80 1996 replication origin
(1) Department of
Chemistry, University
of Malaya, 50603 The synthesis of
Kuala Lumpur, polyhydroxyalkanoates
Malaysia (PHA) by Pseudomonas
(2) putida PGA1,
Polymer Program, using
PennState University, saponified palm kernel oil
State College, PA (SPKO), was investigated.
16081 USA The PHA produced from
(3) Saponified palm kernel oil and its major free fatty acids SPKO
I. K. P. Tan (3), K. Sudesh Kumar (3), Institute of Advanced as carbon substrates for the production of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract was
M. Theanmalar (3), S. N. Gan (1), B. Studies, University of polyhydroxyalkanoates in Pseudomonas Volume 47 Issue 3 (1997) pp 207-211 compared with those
1168 Gordon III. (2) Malaya, putida PGA1 1997 produced by the major fr
Sheppard; J.D.; Marchessault; P.;
1169 Whalen; T.; Barrington; S.F. Scale-up of a Cyclone Bioreactor J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 1994; 59:83-89 1994 490.
Adress(es) /
(1) Institut für Botanik

der Universität
Regensburg,
Universitätsstrasse 31, Bacterial degradation of
D-93040 sheets of selected
polyhydroxyalkanoates by
Regensburg, Comamonas
Germany. Fax: 49 sp.,
(0)941 943 3106 e- Pseudomonas lemoignei
mail: and Pseudomonas
<HANS- fluorescens GK13 is
PETER.MOLITORIS@ reported. Five natural
biologie. UNI- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract
H. P. Molitoris (1), S. T. Moss (2), G. J. REGENSBURG.DE> Scanning electron microscopy of polyhydroxyalkanoate Volume 46 Issue 5/6 (1996) pp 570-579 polyhydroxyalkanoates
1170 M. de Koning (3), D. Jendrossek (4) degradation by bacteria 1996 were used, namely po
Seventy-three bacterial
strains were isolated from
a clay-loam soil and
screened for poly-beta-
hydroxybutyric acid
(PHB) production.
When grown in a nitrogen-
free, carbon-rich medium,
Screening of Soil Bacteria for Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric 23 strains produced PHB
Acid Production and Its Role in Microb Ecol 35:94-101 (1998) homopolymer.
1171 J.G. Wang, L.R. Bakken the Survival of Starvation © 1998 by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. 1998 The pseudomonads,
Poly-beta-hydroxbutate
Innovent-Jena; Hans- (PHB) is a member of a
Knoll- family of polyesters
Inst.Natur.Prod.Res.Je in which more than 40
na; different hydroxyalkanoic
Univ.Jena- acids are
Friedrich-Schiller constituents (poly-beta-
LO Innovent e. V., hydroxyalkanoates). PHB
Biomaterialien, is a
Felsbachstr. 5, D- Selection of capsule deficient strains of Methylobacterium biodegradable
Bormann E J; Roth M; Linss W; 07745 Jena, rhodesianum producing polyhydroxybutyrate; poly-beta- thermoplastic polyester.
Leissner M Germany. hydroxybutyrate production Biotechnol.Tech.; (1999) 13, 8, 539-44 Such homo and
1173 1999
Adress(es) /
A Strain of Sphaerotilus
natans from 6 polluted
water samples was
isolated. The strain
had some main features
Department of Biology, as follows: bacillus,
Qingyang College, 0.85- 1.2 x 2.0-5.0
Xifeng, 745000, Peop. .mu.m, Gram-neg.
Rep. bacteria, it had sheath that
Xue, Lingui; Wang, Weiguo; Jiang, China Selection of high-yield PHB producing strain by technique Weishengwuxue Tongbao (1999), 26(3), 172- cells were in it, the
1174 Shuanglin of protoplasts 175 Chinese 1999 hypha was very long
Selection of mutants not

accumulating storage
materials.
The production of single-
cell protein has been
Institut für recommended in order to
Mikrobiologie der increase the protein
Gesellschaft für recources for animal and
Strahlen- und Hydrogenomonas eutropha H human nutrition.
Umweltforschung Reprint from "Radiation and Radioisotopes for 16 - Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - Microorganisms generally
m.b.H. München, Industrial Microorganism", International Atomic Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - accumulate reserve
1175 Schlegel, H.G.; Oeding, V. Göttingen, Germany Selection of mutants not accumulating storage material Energy Agency, 1971 1971 Mutants materials (triglycer Strain - Metabolism 105.
A freshwater Spirillum sp.,

which apparently belongs
to a niche of low
nutritional status (Matin &
Veldkamp, 1978),
accumulated poly-beta-
during lactate-limited
Department of Medical Selective advantage of a Spirillum sp. in a carbon-limited growth in continuous
Microbiology, Stanford environment. culture. The PHB content
Matin A, Veldhuis C, Stegeman V, University, Stanford, Accumulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and its role Spirillum - Pseudomonas - varied
1176 Veenhuis M California 94305, USA in starvation. J Gen Microbiol 1979 Jun;112(2):349-55 1979 continous culture in a complex ma Strain - Metabolism 65.
Hypochlorite digestion of
bacterial biomass to
recover intracellular poly-
beta -hydroxylalkanoic
acid (PHA) has not been
used on
RAMSAY BRUCE A (CA); RAMSAY a large scale since it has
JULIANA (CA); BERGER ERIC (FR); been widely reported to
CHAVARIE CLAUDE (CA); severely degrade the
BRAUNEGG GERHART ECOLE POLYTECH Separation of poly- beta -hydroxyalkanoic acid from polymer. The process of
1178 (AT) (CA) microbial biomass US5110980 1992-05-05 1992 the invention proposes t
Adress(es) /
The partial methanolysis

of poly(beta-
and pf poly(beta-
Dipartimento di hydroxybuyrate-co-beta-
Scienze Chimiche, hydroxyvalerate) (P(HB-co-
Università di Catanio, Copolyester - P(HB-co-HV) - HV) has been performed,
Viale Polimerice, Methanolysis - High- and raction kinetics has
Consiglio Nazionale Sequencing bacterial poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta- performance liquid been optimized in order to
delle Ricerche, Viale hydroxyvalerate) by partial methanolysis, high- chromatography (HPLC) - Fast produce oligomeres with
Ballistreri, A.; Garozzo, D.; Giuffrida, A. Doria 6, 95125 performance liquid chromatography fractionation and fast atom bombardment mass molecular masses below Copolyesters -
1179 M.; Impallemeni, G.; Montaudo, G. Catania, Italy. atom bombardment mass spectrometry analysis Macromolecules 1989; 22:2107-2111 1989 spectrometry the d Analytics 663.
When Pseudomonas
oleovorans was grown on
a mixture of 5-
phenylvaleric acid, PVA,
and nonanoic acid, NA,
the reserve
polyester produced
included both a
Department of Polymer homopolymer and a
Science and copolymer. The
Engineering, homopolymer poly-3-
University of Sequential production of two different polyesters in the hydroxy-5-phenylvalerate,
Massachusetts, inclusion bodies of PHPV, contained only 3-
1180 Curley JM, Lenz RW, Fuller RC Amherst 01003, USA. Pseudomonas oleovorans. Int J Biol Macromol 1996 Jul;19(1):29-34 1996 hyd
(1) Department of
Biological Sciences
and Biotechnology,
Tsinghua University, Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Beijing 100084, China (PHA) are synthesized by
e-mail: many bacteria as inclusion
bodies, and their
microbes@public3.bta.
net.cn Tel.: +8610- biodegradability and
62783844 Fax: +8610- structural diversity have
62788784 short contribution: A rapid method for detecting bacterial been studied with a view
(2) polyhydroxyalkanoates in intact cells by to their potential
K. Hong (1) (1), S. Sun (2), W. Tian (1), Analysis Centre, Fourier transform Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract application as
1181 G. Q. Chen (1), W. Huang (3) Tsinghua infrared spectroscopy Volume 51 Issue 4 (1999) pp 523-526 1999 biodegrad
Adress(es) /
Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory, The
Institute of Physical The ability of Alcaligenes
and Chemical eutrophus to grow and
Research (RIKEN), produce
Hirosawa 2-1, polyhydroxyalkanoates
Wako- (PHA) on plant
shi, Saitama 351-0198, oils was
Japan Tel.: +81 48 467 evaluated. When olive oil,
9402 Fax: +81 48 462 corn oil, or palm oil was
4667 e-mail: short contribution: Efficient production of fed as a sole carbon
polyhydroxyalkanoates from plant oils by Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract source, the wild-type
ydoi@postman.riken.g Alcaligenes eutrophus Volume 49 Issue 3 (1998) pp 333-336 strain
1182 T. Fukui, Y. Doi o and its recombinant strain 1998 o
1) Innovent
e.V./Biomaterialien,
Felsbachstr. 5, D-
07747 Jena, Germany Polyhydroxybutyrate
Tel.: +49-36-41-28-25- (PHB) was produced by
22 Fax: Ralstonia eutropha DSM
+49-36- 11348 (formerly
41-28-25-30
(2) Alicaligenes eutrophus) in
Fachhochschule Jena, media containing 20-30 g l-
Bereich 1 casein peptone or
Wirtschaftsingenieurw casamino acids as sole
esen, D-07743 Jena, short contribution: Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by sources of
E. J. Bormann (1), M. Leißner (2), M. Germany Ralstonia eutropha from protein Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract nitrogen. In
1183 Roth (3), B. Beer (1), K. Metzner (4) hydrolysates Volume 50 Issue 5 (1998) pp 604-607 1998 ferme

Folded chain single
crystals of linear
polymers are cryst.
lamellae whose shape,
Department of Int. Symp. Bact. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (1997), kinetics of growth, and
Chemistry, McGill Meeting Date 1996, perfection depend on
Marchessault, Robert H.; Nobes, University, Montreal, 110-118. Editor(s): Eggink, Gerrit. Publisher: copolymer compn.,
Geoffrey A. R.; Hocking, Philippa PQ, H3A 2A8, National Research stereochem., and phys.
J. Can. Single crystal highlights and enzymic degradation of poly(3- Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ont. properties. Like small
1184 hydroxybutyrate), PHB 1997 mols., not all poly(.beta
1185 Howells, E.R. Single-cell protein and related technology Chemistry and Industry 1982; 508-511 1982 231.
Middelberg; A.P.J.; Lee; S.Y.; Martin; Size analysis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) granules
1186 J.; Williams; D.R.G.; Chang; H.N. produced in recombinant Escherichia coli Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17(2):205-210 1995 620.
Adress(es) /
polyhydroxybutyrate Isothermally crystd. and

polyepichlorohydrin blend annealed blends of poly(D-
phase structure (-)-3-hydroxybutyrate)
glass temp polyhydroxybutyrate (I) and atactic
polyepichlorohydrin blend poly(epichlorohydrin) (II)
morphol annealing were examd. by WAXD
Stazione polyhydroxybutyrate and
Speriment. Cellulosa, Small-angle x-ray scattering study of the phase structure of polyepichlorohydrin blend SAXS. The lateral crystal
Carta Fibre Tessili poly(D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate) and atactic crystallinity dimensions of I increased
Veg. Artificiali, Milan poly(epichlorohydrin) polyhydroxybutyrate with annealing
Sadocco, P.; Canetti, M.; Seves, A.; 20133, blends. polyepichlorohydrin blend treatment and with
1187 Martuscelli, E. Italy Polymer, 34(16), 3368-75 (English) 1993 1993 increasing II content in th
Poly-b-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) has emerging
potential for use as a
biodegradable
thermoplastic. In its extn.
from the bacterial source,
the
Department of polymer remains in
Chemical Engineering, granular form. Hence the
University of Cape final stages of extn.
Town, Rondebosch Spec. Publ. - R. Soc. Chem., 158(Separations polyhydroxybutyrate extn froth require its rigorous
Cilliers, J. J.; Johnson, L. S.; Harrison, 7700, S. solid-liquid separation of PHB by froth flotation. for Biotechnology flotation washing and dewatering.
1188 S. T. L. Afr. 3), 113-19 (English) 1994 1994 Ini
(PHB) is a completely
biodegradable
polyester, produced by
bacterial fermn. Because
of poor thermal
stability, melt
Macromol. Symp. (1998), 127(Rolduc Polymer processing of the material
Meeting 10: "Petro" is accompanied by
Luepke, Thomas; Radusch, Hans Martin-Luther-Univ., Polymers vs. "Green" Polymers, 1997), 227- thermal degrdn. and
Joachim; Metzner, Klaus Halle/Saale, D-06099, 240 poor mech. properties. To
1189 Germany Solid-state processing of PHB powders 1998 prevent
Akita, S.; Einaga, Y.; Miyaki, Y.; Fujita, Solution properties of PHB. 1. biosynthesis and
1190 H. Characterization Macromolecules 1976; 9:774-780 1976 5.
Solution properties of poly(D-beta-hydroxybutyrate). 2.

Miyaki, Y.; Einaga, Y.; Hirosye, T.; Light scattering and viscosity in trifluoroethanol and
1191 Fujita, H. behaviour of highly expanded polymer coils Macromolecules 1977; 10:1356-1364 1977 6.
Adress(es) /
A method for separating

poly-beta-
hydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
from a
biomass is claimed,
and involves treating the
biomass with a PHA
solvent and a marginal
nonsolvent for PHA,
Procter+Gamble removing any insoluble
LO Cincinnati, OH, biomass, and
USA. Solvent extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) from removing the PHA solvent
1192 Noda I biomass; poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate purification method WO 9707229 27 Feb 1997 1997 fro

separating
from a biomass, the
process comprising
extracting the
polyhydroxyalkanoate with
at least one PHA solvent
selected from the group
consisting of acetone,
SCHECHTMAN LEE PROCTER & GAMBLE US5942597 acetonitrile,
1193 ARNOLD (US); NODA ISAO (US) (US) Solvent extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates from biomass 1999-08-24 1999 ben

separating
from a biomass, the
process comprising
extracting the
polyhydroxyalkanoate with
at least one PHA solvent
consisting of acetone,
NODA ISAO; PROCTER & GAMBLE SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF POLYHYDROXY- WO9707230 acetonitrile,
1194 SCHECHTMAN LEE ARNOLD (US) ALKANOATES FROM BIOMASS 1997-02-27 1997 ben
Solvent extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates from biomass
facilitated by the use of
1195 NODA ISAO PROCTER & GAMBLE a marginal nonsolvent for pha AU6775896 1997-03-12 1997 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /

separating
(PHA) from a biomass
comprising the PHA, the
process comprising: a)
treating the biomass with
a PHA solvent and a
marginal nonsolvent for
Solvent extraction of polyhydroxy-alkanoates from biomass PHA; b) removing any
PROCTER & GAMBLE facilitated by the use of insoluble
1196 NODA ISAO (US) (US) marginal nonsolvent US5821299 1998-10-13 1998

separating
from a biomass, the
THE PROCTER & process
NODA, Isao , 1568 Hunter Road, GAMBLE COMPANY, comprising extracting the
Fairfield, OH 45014, United States of One Procter & Gamble polyhydroxyalkanoate with
America Plaza, Cincinnati, OH at least one PHA solvent
SCHECHTMAN, Lee, Arnold 45202, United SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF selected from the
, 2069 Edinburg Lane, Fairfield, OH States of POLYHYDROXY-ALKANOATES FROM group
1197 45014, United States of America America BIOMASS WO9707230A1 Feb. 27, 1997 1997 consisting
SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF
POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES FROM
BIOMASS
THE PROCTER & FACILITATED BY THE USE OF A MARGINAL
1198 NODA, Isao GAMBLE COMPANY NONSOLVENT FOR PHA EP846184A1 June 10, 1998 1998 Abstract unavailable.
1199 Dunlop; W.F.; Robards; A.W. Some artifacts of the freeze-etching technique J. Ultrastructural Research 1972; 40:391-400 1972 212.
1200 Bongers, L. Some aspects of continuous cultures of hydrogen bacteria Develop. Ind. Microbiol. 1970; 11:241-255 1970 45.
Some structural and mechanical properties of bacterially

1201 Bauer; H.; Owen; A.J. produced poly-á-hydroxybutyrate-co-á-hydroxyvalerate Colloid and Polymer Sci 1988; 266:241-247 1988 327.
A simple and rapid

method for monitoring
changes in the PHB
(polyester) accumulation
in active sludge involves:
cultivation of test
active sludge contg.
multiple species of
Spectrometric monitoring of changes in PHB accumulation active sludge PHB microorganisms under
Saito, Yuji; Tomosawa, Takashi; Sato, in active Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho accumulation monitoring conditions of restricted N
Katsuo; Niimura, Yasuko; sludge. JP 04156998 A2 29 May 1992 Heisei, 5 pp. spectrometry sludge PHB sources, and
1202 Shibayama, Masako Taisei Corp., Japan (Japan 1992 accumulation monitoring measurement of the cu
Adress(es) /
Spezielle Untersuchungsmethoden f r das klinisch-
chemische LaborEnzymatische Bestimmung von D-(-)-3- beta-hydroxybutyrid acid in
1203 mannheim, boehringer Hydroxybutyrat im Blut blood Abstract unavailable. Analytics 172.
Spritzguss biologisch abbaubarer Polymere f r die
1204 Greive; M. Medizintechnik 65-71 333.
The genes for

biosynthesis of the
biodegradable polymer
Institut für poly-beta-hydroxybutyric
Biotechnologie, acid (PHB) cloned from
Technische Universität Alcaligenes eutrophus
Graz, Petersgasse 12, H16 were used for
A-8010 Graz, Austria; Escherichia coli - Alcaligenes synthesis of PHB with
btf-Biotechnologische eutrophus H 16 - Ralstonia recombinant Escherichia
Forschungsgesellschaf eutropha H 16 - Plasmid coli strains. It was
Haigermoser; C.; Chen; G.Q.; t, St. Peterstrasse 25, Stability of r-microbes: stabilization of plasmid vectors by stability - Plasmid RP4 - recognized that the PHB-
1205 Grohmann; E.; Hrabak; O.; Schwab; H. A-4021 Linz, Austria the partitioning function of broad-host-range plasmid RP4 Journal of Biotechnology 1993; 28:291-299 1993 Partitioning - tac promoter biosynthesis genes c Gentetics 429.
The structure and mech.

properties of melt-pressed
sheets of
bacterially produced
(PHB) and
3-hydroxybutyrate-3-
starch filled hydroxyvalerate
polyhydroxybutyrate property copolymer (PHB/HV) filled
hydroxyvalerate with
Institut Physik III, hydroxybutyrate polymer starch various amts. of
Universitaet filled property particulate maize starch
Regensburg, reinforcing effect destructured granules were
Regensburg 93040, Starch-filled PHB and PHB/HV copolymer. Polym. Int., 39(3), 175-81 (English) starch polyhydroxybutyrate investigated.
1206 Koller, I.; Owen, A. J. Germany 1996 1996 T
Chiellini; E.; Cioni; F.; Solaro; R.; Starch-filled polyethylene in a composting environment: Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1207 Vallini; G.; Corti; A.; Pera; A. evidence for polyethylene matrix oxidation 1993; 1:167 1993 569.
Stereoregular Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates: Produced by
1208 R.W.Lenz Bacteria or prepared from á-Lactones 654.
When grown with glucose,

S. discophorus
synthesized large
amounts of poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate which
accumulated intracellularly
Department of as sudanophilic granules.
Bacteriology and The rate of endogenous
Public Health, oxygen consumption by
Washington State such cells was markedly
University, Pullman, Stimulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate oxidation in Sphaerotilus discophorus - increased by Mn++ and
1209 Stokes, J.L.; Powers, M.T. Washington Sphaerotilus discophorus by manganese and magnesium Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1967; 59:295-301 1967 Mn++ - Mg++ even more Strain - Metabolism 121. Korr.
Stimulatory effects of amino acids and oleic acid on poly(3-
hydroxybutyric acid) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering
1210 Lee; S.Y.; Lee; Y.K.; Chang; H.N. coli 1995; 79:177-180 1995 511.
Adress(es) /
This paper discusses the

Kluyver Laboratory for (PHB) metabolism in
Biotechnology, Delft aerobic, slow growing,
University of activated
Technology, sludge cultures, based on
Julianalaan 67, 2628 experimental data and on
BC Stoichiometry and kinetics of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate a metabolic model. The
Delft, metabolism in dynamic
Beun JJ, Paletta F, Van Loosdrecht The Netherlands. aerobic, slow growing, activated sludge conditions
1211 MC, Heijnen JJ j.beun@stm.tudelft.nl cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Feb 20;67(4):379-89 2000 which occur
The objective of this

research was to obtain a
more detailed insight in
Kluyver Laboratory for the kinetics and
Biotechnology, Delft
University of stoichiometry of poly-beta-
Technology, hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Julianalaan 67, 2628 Stoichiometry and kinetics of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in activated
BC metabolism sludge cultures. The
Beun JJ, Verhoef EV, Van Loosdrecht Delft, under denitrifying conditions in activated process of
1212 MC, Heijnen JJ The Netherlands. sludge cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Jun;68(5):496-507 2000 storage and deg
The Streptomyces lividans

KcsA potassium channel,
a homotetramer of 17.6
kDa subunits, was found
to contain two
nonproteinaceous
polymers, namely, poly-
(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate
Department of (PHB) and inorganic
Microbiology, Michigan polyphosphate (polyP).
State University, East PHB and
Lansing 48824, USA. Streptomyces lividans potassium channel contains polyP are ubiquitous
1213 Reusch RN rnreusch@msu.edu poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate and inorganic polyphosphate. Biochemistry 1999 Nov 23;38(47):15666-72 1999 cellular
The structural and thermal

properties of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB)
gels in DMF are
presented and discussed.
The dil. and semi-dil.
Dipartimento Biochim. mixed PHB/DMF
Biofis. Chim. system undergoes a
Macromolecole, Univ. Macromol. Symp. (1999), 138(Polymer-Solvent phase sepn. on cooling at
Trieste, Complexes and a temp.
Cesaro, Attilio; Fabri, Deborah; Trieste, 34127, Italy Structural and thermodynamic features of the Intercalates II), 165-174 Tgel, producing a gel
1214 Sussich, Fabiana; Paradossi, Gaio polyhydroxybutyrate physical gels 1999 in which the cryst.
Adress(es) /
Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
acid] and its copolymers
were prepared by
biosynthetic and
chemosynthetic methods.
The films of
polyesters were prepared
Polymer Chemistry by both the solution-cast
Laboratory, The and melt-crystallized
Institute of Physical techniques. The
and Chemical enzymatic degradation of
Research (RIKEN), Structural effects on enzymatic degradabilities for polyester
1215 Abe H, Doi Y Saitama, Japan. poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymers. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 Jun-Jul;25(1-3):185-92 1999 films was
The aim of this study was

to identify the structure of
Department of (PHA) containing 4-
Chemical Technology, hydroxyalkanoic acids by
College of GC-MS. The bacteria
Engineering, Seoul Structural identification of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) were cultured at 30 deg
National containing 4-hydroxyalkanoic acids by gas overnight in a
University, Seoul 151- chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and its nutrient broth,
742, Korea. application to bacterial screening; poly-gamma- Biotechnol.Tech.; (1997) 11, 3, 167-71 harvested, suspended and
1216 Lee E Y; *Choi C Y hydroxyalkanoate production by Comamonas sp. 1997 incubated in a N
a Polymer Chemistry Lamellar single crystals of

Laboratory, The four random copolymers of
Institute of Physical (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate
and Chemical with different
Research (RIKEN ), hydroxyalkanoates:
Hirosawa, Wako-shi, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-
Tadahisa Iwata a , Yoshiharu Doi a, *, Saitama 351- 0198, co-8 mol%-3-
Shin-ichi Nakayama b , Hironori Japan hydroxyvalerate)
Sasatsuki b , b Department of (P(3HB-co-8%-3HV)),
Shinya Teramachi b* Corresponding Applied Chemistry, Structure and enzymatic degradation of poly(3- Electron micrography; poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-
author. Tel.: ?81-48-467-9402; fax: ?81- Kogakuin Uni6ersity, hydroxybutyrate) copolymer single crystals with an Enzymatic degradation; Single 10
48-462-4667.E-mail address : Hachiouji, Tokyo 192- extracellular PHB depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis crystals of poly(3- mol%-4-
1217 ydoi@postman.riken.go.jp (Y. Doi) 0015, Japan T1 Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1999), 25(1-3), 169-176 1999 hydroxybutyrate) copolymers hydroxybutyrate) ganze Artikel
Structure and properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-
1219 Kang; C-K.; Kusaka; S.; Koe; Y. hydroxybutyrate) produced by Alcaligenes latus Biotechnology Letters 1995; 17:583-588 1995 516.
Adress(es) /
A membrane surrounding
Department of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Bacteriology and (PHB) granules isolated
Botany, Syracuse from both Bacillus cereus
University, Syracuse, and B. megaterium has
New York, USA; been demonstrated by the
Department of carbon-replica technique
Biochemistry, and electron microscopy.
Universiy of Buffalo, PHB-granules - Bacillus Some general features
Lundgren, D.G.; Pfister, R.M.; Merrick, Buffalo, New York, megaterium - Bacillus cereus - and properties of both the
1220 J.M. USA Structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid granules J.gen.Microbiol. 1964; 34:441-446 1964 membrane membrane a Strain - Morphology 76.
Bloembergen; S.; Holden; D.A.; Hamer; Studies of composition and crystallinity of bacterial poly-(á-
1221 G.K.; Bluhm; T.H.; Marchessault; R.H. hydroxybutyrate-co-á-hydroxyvalerate) Macromolecules 1986; 19:2865- 1986 319.
Nocardia opaca strain I b

has a NAD-depended
hydrogenase (hydrogen
Institut für dehydrogenase). The
Mikrobiologie der enzyme has ben purified
Gesellschaft für from autotrophically grown
Strahlen- und cells and tested for
Umweltforschung NAD-dependent hydrogenase - optimal assay conditions
mbH, München, in Hydrogen dehydrogenase - and stability. The
Göttingen, und Institut Norcardia opaca strain Ib - purification procedure
für Mikrobiologie der Studies on a gram-positive hydrogen bacterium, Nocardia Hydrogen bacteria - involved protamine sulfate
1222 Aggag, M.; Schlegel, H.G. Universität Göttingen opaca 1 b Arch. Mikrobiol. 1974; 100:25-39 1974 Chemolithotrophic bacteria tr Strain - Enzymology 109.
Rhodococcus ruber
NCIMB 40126 synthesizes
copolyesters
(polyhydroxyalkanoates)
of 3-hydroxybutyrate
(3HB) and 3-
a Department of hydroxyvalerate (3HV),
Applied Biology, containing primarily 3HV
School of Life Rhodococcus ruber - monomer units, from a
Sciences and b School Studies on copolyester synthesis by Rhodococcus ruber methylobacterium extorquens - variety of single,
of Chemistry, and factors influencing the molecular mass of alcaligenes eutrophus - chemically unrelated
Anderson; A.J.a; Williams; D.R.a; Taidi; University of Hull, Hull, polyhydroxyburyrate accumulated by Methylobacterium copolyester synthesis - substrates. The 3HV
1223 B.a; Dawesa; E.A.; Ewing; D.F.b UK extorquens and Alcaligenes eutrophus FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:93-102 1992 molecular mass content of th 468.
Studies on Membrane Synthesis in Bacillus megaterium
1224 Morrison, D. C.; Morowitz, H. J. KM J Mol. Biol. 1970; 49:441-459 1970 369.
Adress(es) /
The degrdn. by
microorganisms in marine
and freshwater
biofouling environments
polyhydroxyalkanoate water of polyhydroxyalkanoate
SEM (PHA) films made from
bacterial polyester biodegrdn exts. of halobacteria
water was studied. SEM
Dep. de Cienc. hyphal track bacterial polyester observations showed that
Ambientales y Recur. degrdn PHA films, both in sea-
Nat., Univ. de Alicante, Study of biofouling of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) films in etching biofouling bacterial and freshwater, were
Lopez-Llorca, Luis V.; Colom-Valiente, Alicante water by polyester degrdn rapidly colonized by
1225 Maria F.; Carcases, Maria J. 03080, Spain scanning electron microscopy. Micron, 25(1), 45-51 (English) 1994 1994 bacteria a
(PHB) quantification has
been developed mostly
using acidic methanolysis
followed by GC analysis of
the 3-hydroxybutyrate
Laboratorie de Genie methyl ester. However,
Cellulaire, Faculte des under our experimental
Sciences, Universite conditions, only 62% of
Jan S, Roblot C, Goethals G, Courtois de Picardie Jules Study of parameters affecting poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) the ester was detected by
J, Courtois B, Saucedo JE, Seguin JP, Verne, Amiens, quantification by GC
1226 Barbotin JN France. gas chromatography. Anal Biochem 1995 Mar 1;225(2):258-63 1995 analysis.
The fermn. expts. of
recombinant Ecc13B-1 for
the prodn. of PHB
using sucrose as the C
source were carried out to
achieve high cell
Inst. Chemical d. in 15L Air-lift Loop
Mo, Haitao; Sheng, Qin; Chen, Bingyu; Metallurgy, CAS, Huaxue Fanying Gongcheng Yu Gongyi (1998), Reactor. The exptl.
Xia, Linpei; Yang, Lianfu; Beijing, 100080, Peop. 14(1), 92-96 results showed that
Li, Jilun; Tian, Jiesheng; Wu, Baihe Rep. China Study on high cell density cultivation of PHB fermentation Chinese the cell d. can reach
1227 in 15L airlift loop reactor 1998 57.9g/cm3 in 53 h in
Upper and lower crit. soln.

temp. (UCST and LCST,
resp.) behaviors
were examd. for soln. of
(PHB)/poly(hydroxy
Changchun Inst. ether of bisphenol A)
Applied Chemistry, (PBHE) blends in
Chinese Academy crit soln temp polymer solvent chloroform and
Zhang, Hong Fang; Liu, Jing Yu; Wang, Sciences, Changchun Study on the UCST and LCST in PHB/PBHE-solvent polyhydroxybutyrate blend crit chlorobenzene.
Shang Er; Song, Fa Jiang; Mo, 130022, Peop. Rep. system. Chin. Chem. Lett., soln temp Polymer-Solvent systems
1228 Zhi Shen China 7(1), 93-4 (English) 1996 1996 prepd. with various solven
Subcellular distribution of ketone body metabolizing
1229 enzymes in the rat brain Journal of Neurochemistry 1976; 36:635-637 1976 234.
Adress(es) /
Bei der Beschreibung

eines Submersverfahrens
zur Kultur aerober
wasserstoffoxydierender
Sonderabdruck aus Bakterien waren wir
dem Zentralblatt f. bereits auf die üblichen
Bakterologie, Kulturmethoden
Parasitenkunde, eingegangen (Schlegel,
Infektionskrankheiten Kaltwasser u. Gottschalk
u. Hygiene, II. Abt. Zentralbibliothek f r Bakteriologie, 1961). Auf der Suche
,118 VEB Gustav Submerskultur von Hydrogenomonas mit elektrolytischer Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hydrogen bacteria - continuic nach einem weniger
1230 Schlegel; H.; Lafferty, G.; R. Fischer Verlag in Jena. Knallgaserzeugung im Kulturgefäß Hygiene 1964; 2:118 1964 culture aufwendigen, wenige fermentation 92.
Sonderabdruck aus dem Zentralbl. f.
Submerskulturen von Hydrogenomonas mit elektrolytischer Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten u.
1231 Schlegel, H.G.; Lafferty, R. Knallgaserzeugung im Kulturgefäá Hygiene 1964; 483-490 1964 89.
a Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory, The
Institute of Physical The substrate specificities
and Chemical of three extracellular
Research (RIKEN ), 2- polyhydroxybutyrate
1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, (PHB) depolymerases
Saitama 351- 0198, from Alcaligenes faecalis
Japan (PhaZAfa ),
b Graduate School of Pseudomonas stutzeri
Science and (PhaZPst ), and
Engineering, Saitama Comamonas acido6orans
Uni6ersity, Shimo- (PhaZCac ), which are
Ohkubo, Urawa-shi, Substrate and binding specificities of bacterial PHB depolymerase; Catalytic grouped into types A and
Ken-ichi Kasuya a , Takeshi Ohura b , Saitama 338- 0825, polyhydroxybutyrate domain; Substrate-binding B based on the
1232 Kozue Masuda a , Yoshiharu Doi a,b, * Japa depolymerases. Int J Biol Macromol 1999 May;24(4):329-36 1999 domain pos ganze Artikel
The specific growth rate of

ATCC 17697 was
observed to depend upon
the ratio of ammonium
Biotechnology sulfate (nitrogen) and
Research Institute, fructose (carbon)
National Research concentration used for
Council of Canada, production of poly-beta-
6100 Roylmount Substrate inhibition kinetics for microbial growth and Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC hydroxybutyric acid (PHB).
Mulchandani, A.; Luong, J.H.T.; Groom, Avenue, Montreal, synthesis of poly-á-hydroxybutric acid by Alcaligenes 17697 - Ralstonia eutropha - The growth rate was
1233 C. Quebec, H4P2R2 eutrophus ATCC 17697 Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1989; 30:11-17 1989 Kinetics - Specific growth rate stimulate Strain - Kinetics 305.
Adress(es) /
The substrate specificities

of extracellular lipases
purified from Bacillus
subtilis, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa,
Pseudomonas
alcaligenes,
Pseudomonas
fluorescens, and
Burkholderia cepacia
Lehrstuhl fur Biologie Substrate specificities of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate (former Pseudomonas
der Mikroorganismen depolymerases cepacia) and of
Jaeger KE, Steinbuchel A, Jendrossek der Ruhr-Universitat and lipases: bacterial lipases hydrolyze poly(omega- extracellular
1234 D Bochum, Germany. hydroxyalkanoates). Appl Environ Microbiol 1995 Aug;61(8):3113-8 1995 polyhydroxyalkanoate 537.
The isolation of poly(3-
hydroxyoctanoic acid)-
and poly(6-
hydroxyhexanoic acid)-
degrading bacteria yielded
28 strains with
abilities to degrade
various polymers. The
Institut fur Substrate specificities of poly(hydroxyalkanoate)- most versatile strains
Mikrobiologie der degrading bacteria and hydrolyzed five different
Georg-August- active site studies on the extracellular poly(3- polyesters comprising
Universitat Gottingen, hydroxyoctanoic acid) short chain
1235 Schirmer A, Matz C, Jendrossek D Germany. depolymerase of Pseudomonas fluorescens GK13. Can J Microbiol 1995;41 Suppl 1:170-9 1995 length
Chemistry and Industry, Political and economic

aspects of fermentation raw materials markets.
Papers presented at a meeting of the SCI
Sucrose and molasses as feedstocks for fermentation Biotechnology Group, held in London on 16
1236 Brown, O. processes September 1982; 1983; 95-97 1983 259.
Beet molasses that had

been fractionated
commercially by ion
exclusion resulted in two
waste-streams: extract
molasses (EM) and
concentrated separator by-
Department of product (CSB). Only EM at
Microbiology, 4-5 % w/v contained
University of Alberta, Suitability of Commercial Beet Molasses Fractions as sufficient sugar to promote
Edmonton, Alberta, Substrates for Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production by Beet molasses - Azotobacter polyhydroxybutyrate
1237 Page, W. J. Canada, T6G 2E9 Azotobacter vinelandii UWD Biotechnol. Lett. 1992; 14:385-390 1992 vinelandii UWD (PHB) f Strain - Substrates 411.
Adress(es) /
In this study, a novel

antibiotic carrier system
for use in the
treatment of implant-
Ankara Numune related and chronic
Hospital, 3rd osteomyelitis was
Department of developed. Sulbactam-
Orthopaedic Surgery cefoperazone was
Yagmurlu, M. Firat; Korkusuz, Feza; and Sulbactam-cefoperazone polyhydroxybutyrate-co- introduced to rods of
Gursel, Ihsan; Korkusuz, Petek; Traumatology, hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) local antibiotic delivery system: in polyhydroxybutyrate-co-
Ors, Ulken; Hasirci, Vasif Ankara, Turk. vivo effectiveness and biocompatibility in the treatment of hydroxyvalerate (22 mol %
1238 implant-related experimental osteomyelitis J. Biomed. Mater. Res. (1999), 46(4), 494-503 1999 HV, wt
A liquid reaction medium

containing dissolved air
and oxyleghaemoglobin,
but no energy-yielding
substrate, was supplied to
bacteroids confined in a
stirred flow reaction
chamber. The relative
oxygenation of the
CSIRO Division of Supply of O2 regulates O2 demand during utilization of leghaemoglobin in the
Plant Industry, reserves of Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1992 Aug chamber was
1239 Bergersen FJ, Turner GL Canberra, Australia. poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in N2-fixing soybean bacteroids. 22;249(1325):143-8 1992 determined
Suppression of an ethanol withdrawal syndrome in rats by
1240 Derr; R.F.; Draves; K.; Derr; M. butyrate, lactate and á-hydroxybutyrate Life Sciences 1983; 32:2551-2554 1983 236.
Sur le propietes et la constitution des lipides á-
1241 Kepes; A.; Peaud-Lenoel; C. hydroxybutyrique C.r.hebd.Seance.Acad.Sci 1952; 234:756-757 1952 142.
Institut für
Mikrobiologie, During cultivation under
Westfälische Wilhelms- storage conditions with
Universität Münster, BG11 medium containing
Corrensstraße 3, D- acetate as a carbon
48149 Münster, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 · source,
Biodegradable polyester · Synechocystis sp.
Germany Tel.: +49- Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid · PCC6803 accumulated
251-83-39821; Fax: Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 possesses a two-component Poly(3- poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
+49-251-83-38388 e- polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase similar hydroxybutyric acid) · PHA- up to 10% (w/w) of the cell
mail: steinbu@uni- to that of anoxygenic Archives of Microbiology Abstract Volume 170 synthase · PhaE · PhaC dry
1242 Hein S, Tran H, Steinbuchel A muenster.de purple sulfur bacteria Issue 3 (1998) pp 162-170 1998 weight. Our
Synthese der Enzyme des Tricarbonsäure-Cyclus in
1243 Glaeser; H.; Schlegel; H.G. Hydrogenomonas eutropha Stamm H16 Arch.Mikrobiol. 1972; 86:315-325 1972 148.
Synthese von Poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutters"ure und
Sniene, F.; Braunegg, G.; Lafferty, R. Ausscheidung organischer S"uren durch Alcaligenes
1244 M. eutrophus H16/M7 ? 286.
Synthesis and Degradation of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyric

1245 Slepecky, R.A.; Law, J.H. acid in connection with sporulation of Bacillus megaterium J.Bacteriol. 1961; 82:37-42 1961 16.
Doi; Y.; Kawaguchi; Y.; Koyama; N.;
Nakamura; S.; Hiramitsu; M.; Yoshida; Synthesis and degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates in
1246 Y.; Kimura; H. Alcaligenes eutrophus FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:103-108 1992 469.
Adress(es) /
McInerney; M.J.; Amos; D.A.; Kealy; Synthesis and function of polyhydroxyalkanoates in
1247 K.S.; Palmer; J.A. anaerobic syntrophic bacteria FEMS Microbiology Reviews 1992; 103:195-206 1992 475.
Naturally occurring
biocompatible, and
biodegradable
polyhydroxybutyrate-co-
hydroxyvalerate (PHBV),
Dep. Biol. Sci., and synthetic,
Biotechnol. Res. Unit, non-degrading poly(2-
Biomaterials Res. hydroxyethyl
Lab., methacrylate) (PHEMA)
Gursel, I.; Balcik, C.; Arica, Y.; Akkus, Middle East membranes
O.; Akkas, N.; Hasirci, Technical Univ., Synthesis and mechanical properties of interpenetrating were prepd. and their
V. Ankara, Turk. networks of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate and mech. properties were
1248 poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) Biomaterials (1998), 19(13), 1137-1143 1998 studied. Their
Steinb chel; A.; Debzi; E.-M.; Synthesis and production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid)
1250 Marchessault; Timm, R. H.; A. homopolyester by Chromobacterium violaceum Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1993; 39:443-449 1993 443.
Synthesis and study of poly(beta-hydroxyalkanoates):
enzymic chiral polyhydroxyalkanoate
resolution and polymerization of substituted beta- Diss. Abstr. Int., B 1996, prepn
Univ. of Lowell, Lowell, propiolactones. 57(2), 1121 (English) 1995. DOCUMENT TYPE: enzymic resoln lactone Abstract Unavailable
1252 Xu, Jin MA, USA Dissertation 1996
Synthesis of a bloch copolymer of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
and poly(ethylene glycol) and its application to Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1253 Kumagai; Y.; Doi; Y. biodegradable blends 1993; 1(2):81-87 1993 559.
1. Crude extracts and

partially purified enzyme
preparations obtained
from Hydrogenomonas
eutropha strain H 16 have
been tested for enzymes
Institut für carboxylation pyruvate
Mikrobiologie der Hydrogenomonas H 16 - and phosphenolpyruvate.
Gesellschaft für Synthesis of C4-dicarboxylic Acids from Pyruvate by Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - Radiometric methods
Strahlen- und Hydrogenomonas eutropha Strain H 16 / Zur Synthese von Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - employing 14C-
Umweltforschung mbH C4-Dicarbonsäuren aus Pyruvat durch Hydrogenomonas Arch. Mikrobiol. 1971; 79:204-219 (Article in Pyruvate carboxylase - PEP- bicarbonate have been
1254 Frings, W.; Schlegel, H.G. München in Göttingen eutropha Stamm H 16 German) 1971 carboxykinase used for the Strain - Metabolsim 162.
Synthesis of cellulose-fatty acid esters for use as Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation
1255 Wang; P.; Tao; W.Y. biodegradable plastics 1995; 3:115 1995 590.
High-molecular-weight
poly([R]-(-)-3-
hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a
biodegradable
thermoplastic, was
produced from a
suspension culture of
transgenic Arabidopsis
Carnegie Institution of thaliana plant cells
Washington, expressing two genes
Department of Plant Synthesis of high-molecular-weight poly([R]-(-)-3- from the bacterium
Poirier Y, Somerville C, Schechtman Biology, Stanford, CA hydroxybutyrate) in Alcaligenes eutrophus
1256 LA, Satkowski MM, Noda I 94305, USA. transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plant cells. Int J Biol Macromol 1995 Feb;17(1):7-12 1995 involved in the
Adress(es) /
(PHA) is a family of
polymers composed
primarily of R-3-
hydroxyalkanoic acids.
These polymers have
Institut de Biologie et properties of
Physiologie Vegetales, biodegradable
Batiment de Biologie, thermoplastics and
Universite de Synthesis of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates elastomers. Medium-chain-
Lausanne, CH-1015 in arabidopsis length PHAs (MCL-PHAs)
Mittendorf V, Robertson EJ, Leech RM, Lausanne, thaliana using intermediates of peroxisomal fatty acid beta- Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Nov are synthesized in
1257 Kruger N, Steinbuchel A, Poirier Y Switzerland. oxidation. 10;95(23):13397-402 1998 bacteria by using int
polyhydroxybutyrate conjugate Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (I)

carbohydrate synthetic polymer graft copolymers with
graft copolymer chitosan (II), cellulose
polyhydroxybutyrate acetate, poly(a-1,4-
polyester graft copolymer galactosamine), and
chitosan graft copolymer poly(ethylenimine), and
polyhydroxybutyrate reaction products with D-
Pulp and Paper Res. cellulose acetate graft glucamine were prepd. by
Yalpani, Manssur; Marchessault, Cent., Montreal, PQ copolymer polyhydroxybutyrate modifications of the
Robert H.; Morin, Frederick G.; H3A Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) conjugates: polygalactosamine graft terminal carboxyl function
1258 Monasterios, Clevys J. 2A3, Can. PHA-carbohydrate and PHA-synthetic polymer conjugates. Macromolecules, 24(22), 6046-9 (English) 1991 1991 copolymer of I. Low-mol.-wt
Polymer conjugates were

prepd. by the partial
depolymn. of
poly(b-hydroxybutyrate) in
Yalpani, Manssur; Marchessault, Pulp Pap. Res. Cent., Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate) conjugates; PHA- polyhydroxybutyrate conjugate the presence of chitosan,
Robert H.; Morin, Frederick G.; McGill Univ., Montreal, carbohydrate Polym. Prepr. (Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. chitosan cellulose acetate cellulose acetate,
1259 Monasterios, Clevys J. PQ H3A 2A3, Can. and PHA-synthetic polymers. Chem.), 32(3), 224-5 (English) 1991 1991 polygalactosamine and poly(galactosamine).
In order to obtain
functional expression of
PHA synthase gene
phaC2
from Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in Escherichia
coli, the coding region
of phaC2 was
subcloned, including the
Inst. Microbiol. Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Escherichia coli ribosomal binding site,
Qi, Qingsheng; Rehm, Bernd H. A.; Shandong Univ., expressing the PHA synthase gene phaC2 from into
Steinbuchel, Alexander Jinan, 250100, Peop. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: comparison of PhaC1 and FEMS Microbiol. Lett. (1997), 157(1), 155-162 pBluescript SK-
1260 Rep. China PhaC2 1997 collinear to the lac p
Adress(es) /
Department of
and BioProcess Several recombinant
Engineering Research Escherichia coli strains,
Center, Korea including XL1-Blue,
Advanced Institute of JM109, HB101, and DH5
Science and harboring a stable
Technology, 373-1 high-copynumber plasmid
Kusong-dong, Yusong- pSYL105 containing the
gu, Taejon 305-701, Alcaligenes eutrophus
Korea polyhydroxyalkanoate
email: Kang Sub Yim Synthesis of poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- Biotechnology & Bioengineering poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- (PHA) biosynthesis genes
Kang Sub Yim *, Sang Yup Lee, Ho (Teesy@sorak.kaist.ac hydroxyvalerate) by recombinant Volume 49, Issue 5, 1996. Pages: 495- hydroxyvalerate); Escherichia were constructed. These
1262 Nam Chang .kr) Escherichia coli 503 1996 coli; propionate; valerate recombi 614.
Synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
from methanol and n.amyl alcohol by the methylotrophic
Ueda; S.; Matsumoto; S.; Takagi; A.; bacteria Paracoccus denitrificans and Methylobacterium Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1992;
1263 Yamane; T. extorquens 58(11):3574-3579 1992 611.
División
"Macromoleculas",
Instituto de Poly(D-beta-
Investigaciones hydroxybutyric acid) is
Fiscoquimicas one of the few
Teóricas y Aplicadas biopolymers which can be
Casilla de Correo No. synthesized also in vitro.
16. Sucursal 4, La This offers the rare
Plata (Universidad possibility to compare the
Naccional de La polymerization kinetics
Plata), Diagonal 113, and the physico-chemical
Esqu. 64, La Plata, poly-DL-beta-hydroxybutarate - and physical properties of
1264 Jorge, Vergara; Victor, Figini Ruben Argentina Synthesis of Poly(DL-beta-hydroxybutyric acid) Makromolekulare Chemie 1977; 178:267-270 1977 in vitro polymerization - an in vivo and an in vitro p others 53.
The fluorescent
pseudomonads are
classified as a group, one
characteristic of which is
that they do not
Department of accumulate
Biochemistry, poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
Groningen (PHB) during nutrient
Biotechnology Center, starvation in the presence
University of Synthesis of poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates is a common of excess carbon source.
Huisman GW, de Leeuw O, Eggink G, Groningen, The feature of fluorescent In this paper we show that
1265 Witholt B Netherlands. pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol 1989 Aug;55(8):1949-54 1989 prototype strain
Huisman, G.W.; De Leeuw, O.; Eggit, Synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxalkanoates is a common Applied and Entvironmental Microbiol. 1989;
1266 G.; Withholt, B. feature of fluorescent Pseudomonads 55(8):1949-1954 1989 340.
Adress(es) /
Alcaligenes eutrophus H
16 (A.T.T.C. 17699;
Institut für D.S.M. 428) synthesizes
Mikrobiologie der the lipid-storage material
Gesellschaft für poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Strahlen- und under autotrophic
Umweltforschung mbH Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - conditions in the absence
München in 3400 Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - beta- of a N2 source. The
Göttingen, Synthesis of Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in vivo and ketothiolase - Azotobacter synthesis of the polymer
Grisebachstraße 8, Kinetics of beta-Ketothiolase in vitro in Alcaligenes Biochemical Society Transactions, 58th Meeting beijerinckii - autotrophic growth starts from acetyl-CoA
1267 Eva-Maria, Ruhr; G., Schlegel Hans Germany eutrophus H 16 Edinborough - (Gottschalk, 1964 Arch Strain - Metabolsim 54.
Synthesis of poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid in Alcaligenes
Schubert, P.; Steinb chel, A.; Schlegel, eutrophus, its genetic localization and conjugational Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften
1268 H.G. transfer of the genes in Göttingen 1988; 4 1988 669.
Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway
to the plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91:12760-
1269 Nawrath; C.; Poirier; Y.; Somerville; C. of polymer accumulation 12764 1994 510.
In the bacterium
three genes encode the
enzymes necessary to
catalyze the synthesis of
poly[(R)-(-)-3-
Department of Plant from acetyl-CoA. In order
Biology, Carnegie Targeting of the polyhydroxybutyrate biosynthetic pathway to target these enzymes
Institution of to the plastids into the plastids of higher
Washington, Stanford, of Arabidopsis thaliana results in high levels of polymer Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994 Dec plants,
1270 Nawrath C, Poirier Y, Somerville C CA 94305. accumulation. 20;91(26):12760-4 1994 the genes were modifi
The poly(3-
degrading isolate K10 was
identified as Streptomyces
exfoliatus. This bacterium
is
distinguished from other
Institut fur PHA-degrading strains by
Mikrobiologie der Taxonomic identification of Streptomyces exfoliatus K10 its ability to utilize both
Georg-August- and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Klingbeil B, Kroppenstedt RM, Universitat Gottingen, characterization of its poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996 Sep 1;142(2-3):215- (PHB) and
1271 Jendrossek D Germany. depolymerase gene. 21 1996 poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate)
Adress(es) /
Whereas poly-beta-
production by
Pseudomonas species is
rare,
synthesis of
medium-chain-length poly-
beta-hydroxyalkanoates
(mcl-PHAs) other than
Institute of Taxonomic implications of synthesis of poly-beta- PHB, has
Biotechnology, ETH- hydroxybutyrate and been
Honggerberg, HPT, other poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoates by observed in fluorescent
1272 Kessler B, Palleroni NJ Zurich, Switzerland. aerobic pseudomonads. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2000 Mar;50 Pt 2:711-3 2000 and n
The properties of several

named and unnamed
strains of polarly
flagellated "hydrogen
bacteria" are described
and compared with those
Department of of related autotrophic and
Bacteriology and non-autotrophic species.
Immunology, Two new species of
University of Californiy Pseudomonas palleronii - Pseudomonas are
Davis; D.H.; Stanier; R.Y.; Doudoroff; Berkeley, California Taxonomic studies on some gram negative polarly Pseudomonas delafieldii - described: one, a yellow-
1273 M. 94720 flagellated "hydrogen bacteria" and related species Arch.Mikrobiol. 1970; 70:41275 1970 Hydrogen bacteria pigmented Strains - Metabolism 152.
Temperature dependence of mechanical properties of
1274 Mitomo, H.; Barham, P. J.; Keller, A. poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-beta-hydroxyvalerate) Polymer Communications 1988; 29:112-115 1988 398.
The changes of
parameters of the unit cell
of biopolymer
poly(b-hydroxybutyrate)
(PHB) during heating from
room temp. to the
melting temp. are
measured and results are
Faculty Sciences, Temperature influence on changes of parameters of the polyhydroxybutyrate unit cell presented here. The
Univ. Novi Sad, Novi unit cell of polyester hydroxybutyric acid considerable increase of
Sad biopolymer PHB. crystallinity value of parameter a with
1275 Skrbic, Z.; Divjakovic, V. 21000, Yugoslavia Polymer, 37(3), 505-7 (English) 1996 1996 increase of tem
Adress(es) /
1 University of Zürich,
Institute of Plant
Biology, Zollikerstraße In recent years industrial
107, CH-8008 Zürich, interest has been
Switzerland; 2 focussed on the
University of lowell, evaluation of poly(3-
Department of hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA)
Chemistry, Lowell, MA as potentially
01854, USA; 3 biodegradable plastics for
University of a wide range of technical
Massachusetts, applications. Studies have
Department of Polymer been carried out in order
Brandl; H.; Gross; R.A.; Lenz; R.W.; Science and The accumulation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) in Rhodobacter sphaereoides - 3- to optimize growth and
1276 Lloyd; R.; Fuller; R.C. Engineering, Amhe Rhodobacter sphaeroides Arch. Microbiol. 1991; 155:337-340 1991 hydroxyvalerate cult Strain - Copolyester 421.
The binding characteristic

of PHB depolymerase has
been studied by
using glutathione S-
Polymer Chemistry transferase (GST) fusion
Laboratory, The proteins with
Institute of Physical substrate-binding
and domain of three bacterial
Chemical Research PHB depolymerases,
Shinomiya, Miho; Iwata, Tadahisa; Doi, (RIKEN), Wako-shi, The adsorption of substrate-binding domain of PHB Alcaligenes faecalis,
Yoshiharu 351-01, Japan depolymerases to the surface of poly(3-hydroxybutyric Comamonas acidovorans
1277 acid) Int. J. Biol. Macromol. (1998), 22(2), 129-135 1998 and Com
The amorphous state of bacterial poly(R)-3-
1279 deKoning; G.J.M.; Lemstra; P.J. hydroxyalkanoate in vivo Polymer 1992; 33(15):3292-3294 1992 553.
Ulmer, H.W.; Gross, R.A.; Weisbach, The bacterial synthesis of functional poly(beta-
1280 P.; Fuller, R.C.; Lenz, R.W. hydroxyalkanoates) 655.
The biodegradation of blends of polycaprolactone and Journal of Environmental Polymer Degradation

1281 Tilstra; L.; Johnsonbaugh; D. polyethylene exposed to a defined consortium of fungi 1993; 1:257 1993 571.
The biosynthesis and characterisation of poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Pseudomonas
1282 Gross, R.A.; DeMello, C.; Lenz, R.W. oleovorans Macromolecules 1989; 22:1106-1115 1989 342.
Gross, R.A.; Brandl, H.; Ulmer, H.W.; The biosynthesis and characterization of new poly(beta-
1283 M.A; Posada; Fuller, R.C.; Lenz, R.W. hydroxyalkanoates) 659.
Microbiological
Research
Establishment, Porton, The chemical composition of micro-organisms as a Chemical composition of mircro-
1284 Herbert, D. Wiltshire function of their enviroment 11th Symp. Soc. Gen. Micr. 1961; 391-416 1961 organisms No abstract. Others 112. korr.
329 pp. Avail. Univ. Microfilms Int., Order No.
The degradation of PHB and P(HB/HV) copolymers and BRDX81854 From:
Univ. Bath, Claverton their uses in Diss. Abstr. Int. B 1988, 49(5), 1720 (English)
1285 Majid, Mohamed Isa bin Abd Down/Bath, UK drug delivery. 1988 1988 polymer degrdn drug delivery Abstract Unavailable
Adress(es) /
Poly(b-hydroxybutyric
acid) (PHB) has been
proposed as a
biodegradable implant
polyhydroxybutyrate fiber material on the basis of its
degrdn known degrdn.
polyhydroxypentanoate characteristics in certain
polyhydroxybutyrate fiber biol. environments.
degrdn Monofilaments of PHB
Inst. Med. Dent. prosthetic homopolymer and PHB-
Bioeng., Univ. polyhydroxypentanoate hydroxypentanoic acid
Liverpool, Adv. Biomater., 7(Biomater. Clin. Appl.), 471-6 polyhydroxybutyrate fiber (PHV) copolymers were
1286 Williams, D. F.; Miller, N. D. Liverpool, UK The degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). (English) 1987 1987 392.
Inorg. oxides such as

CaO, MgO, PbO, PbO2,
Al2O3, ZnO and calcium
hydride destabilize
poly(beta-
kinetics polyhydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) to
degrdn volatile product an extent
metal oxide catalysis dependent on the basicity
polyhydroxybutyrate decompn of the additive which leads
magnesium oxide catalyst to much easier
Polym. Inst., Slovak The effect of inorganic additives on the decomposition of polyhydroxybutyrate decompn formation of volatile
Csomorova, K.; Rychly, J.; Bakos, D.; Acad. Sci., Bratislva poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) into volatile products. Polym. Degrad. Stab., 43(3), activation energy products compared with
1287 Janigova, I. 842 36, Slovakia 441-6 (English) 1994 1994 polyhydroxybutyrate degrdn PHB itsel
The effect of substrate of the molecular weight of poly-beta-

1288 Chen; G.Q.; Page; W.J. hydroxybutyrate produced by Azotobacter vinelandii UWD Biotechnology Letters 1994; 16:155-160 1994 453.
The effects of age,

darkness and nitrate on
nitrogenase activity, poly-
beta-hydroxyybutyrate
(PHB) and beta-
hydroxybutyrate
Applied Biochemistry dehydrogenase (BOHB-
Division, Department DH) activity in Rhizobiom
of Scientific and beta-hydroxybutyrade lupini while in symbiosis
Industrial Research, The Effects of Age, Darkness and Nitrate on Poly-beta- dehydrogenase - Rhizobium with Lupinus angustifolius
Palmerston north, New hydroxybutyrate Levels and Nitrogen-fixing Ability of lupini - Lupinus angustifolius - were assessed. It was
1289 Gerson; T.; Patel; J.J.; Wong; M.N. Zealand Rhizobium in Lupinus angustifolius Physiol.Plant. 1978; 42:420-424 1978 nitrogen-fixation concluded Strain - Metabolsim 57.
Adress(es) /
The synthesis and

properties of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) and
hydroxybutyrate-
hydroxyvalerate
copolymer P(HB-co-HV) in
NCIB 11599 were studied
using glucose and
alc. as C sources. Alcs.
Coll. The effects of alcohols on the biosynthesis of PHB and such as MeOH, EtOH,
Kim, Bum Sang; Cho, Geun Do; Oh, Eng., Yonsei Univ., P(HB-co-HV). Hwahak Konghak, 32(3), 441-7 polymer fermn Alcaligenes alc PrOH, BuOH, and
1290 Joon Taek; Kim, Woo Sik Seoul, S. Korea (Korean) 1994 1994 pentanol w
The effects of sodium

bisulfite (antioxidant) were
investigated in
Department of NCIB 11599-derived poly-
Chemical Engineering, beta-hydroxybutyrate
Seoul National (PHB) extraction using
University, hypochlorite. Freeze-
Seoul 151-742, The effects of sodium bisulfite in extraction of PHB by dried cells (0.35 g)
Korea. hypochlorite; Alcaligenes eutrophus-derived poly-beta- Biotechnol.Tech.; (1995) 9, 10, 709-12 were mixed with 35 ml
1291 Roh K S; Yeom S H; *Yoo Y J hydroxybutyrate purification 1995 1% w/v sodium h
In Escherichia coli
carrying the poly(3-
biosynthesis pathway on a
plasmid (pha+), the
function of the ackA
(acetate kinase) and pta
(phosphotransacetylase)
Dep. of Biology, Kyung genes is necessary
Hee Univ., The function of ackA and pta genes is necessary for Escherichia for efficient incorporation
Seoul 130-701, S. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) synthesis in Can. J. Microbiol., 41(Suppl. 1), 200-6 polyhydroxybutyratehydroxyval of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3-
1293 Rhie, Ho Gun; Dennis, Douglas Korea recombinant pha+ Escherichia coli. (English) 1995 1995 erate formation HV)
produces two polymers:
the extracellular
Departamento de polysaccharide alginate
Microbiologia and the
Molecular, Instituto de intracellular
Biotecnologia, polyester poly-beta-
Universidad Nacional hydroxybutyrate (PHB). A
cosmid clone (pSMU588)
Autonoma de Mexico, The GacS sensor kinase regulates alginate and poly-beta- from an
Castaneda M, Guzman J, Moreno S, Cuernavaca Morelos hydroxybutyrate A. vinelandii
1294 Espin G 62250, Mexico. production in azotobacter vinelandii. J Bacteriol 2000 May;182(9):2624-8 2000 gene libr
Adress(es) /
The heterotrophic and autotrophic growth of A. eutrophus:

1295 Farahnak, F.; Ollis, D. F. responses to biomass gasification impurities Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1984; 26:1258-1260 1984 291.
A. eutrophus can
accumulate poly-3-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) or
(PHA) contg. only 3-
hydroxybutyrate (HB) and
3-hydroxyvalerate (HV)
units. Granule-assocd.
polyhydroxybutyrate synthase PHB-synthase was
Sch. Life Sci., Univ. polyhydroxyalkanoate active with D(-)-3-
Haywood, G. W.; Anderson, A. J.; Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, The importance of PHB-synthase substrate specificity in FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 57(1), 1-6 (English) formation hydroxybutyryl-CoA and
1296 Dawes, E. A. UK polyhydroxylalkanoate synthesis by Alcaligenes eutrophus. 1989 1989 Alcaligenes D(-)-3-hydroxyvaleryl-C 390.
From the Department

of Biological Chemistry
and Mental
Retardation Research
Center, School of
Medicine, University of
California, Los The in vivo utilization of acetoacetate, D-(-)-3-
Angeles, California hydroxybutyrate, and glucose for lipid synthesis in brain in
1297 Webber, R.J.; J.Edmond 90024 the 18-day-old rat J. Biol. Chemistry 1979; 254(10):3912-3920 1979 ketone bodies No abstract. others 66.
Gross, R.A.; Brandl, H.; Ulmer, H.W.;
Tshudy, D.J.; Uden, P.C.; Fuller, R.C.; The incorporation of deuterium into poly(á-
1298 R.W.Lenz hydroxybutyrate) produced by Rhodobacter sphaeroides 657.
The influence of cultural conditions on Poly-beta- Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society of
1299 R; Macrae, M.; Wilkinson, J.F. Hydroxybutyrate synthesis in Bacillus megaterium Edinburgh 1958; 27:73-79 1958 19.
The influence of growth limiting conditions on the synthesis
of possible carbon and energy storage polymers in Bacillus Microbial. Physiology and Continuous Culture
1300 Wilkinson, J.E.; Munro, A.L.S megaterium. 1976; 173-185 1976 32.
Activated sludge plants

with biol. phosphours (Bio-
P) removal are often
disturbed by short periods
of low org. loading. The
study presented in
Institute of this paper focused on the
Environmental Science polyhydroxybutyrate effect influence of PHB on the
and Engineering, Meded. - Fac. Landbouwkd. Toegepaste phosphorus biol removal stability of the Bio-P
Petersen, B.; Temmink, H.; Henze, M.; Technical University of The Influence of PHB on the Stability of the Bio-P Process. Biol. Wet. (Univ. Gent), 61(4a), 1761-1767 stability process, the phosphate
1301 Isaacs, S. Denmark, Lyngby, Den (English) 1996 1996 uptake kinetics
The influence of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation
on cell volume and buoyant density in Alcaligenes
1302 Pedros-Alio; C.; Mas; J.; Guerrero; R. eutrophus Arch.Microbiol. 1985; 143:178-184 1985 249.
The internal structure of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate
Ellar DJ, Lundgren DG, Marchessault granules from
1303 RH, Okamura K Bacillus megaterium. J Gen Microbiol 1968 Mar;50(3):Suppl:i-ii 1968 Abstract unavailable.
Adress(es) /
Lickfeld; K.G.; Achterrath; M.; Hentrich; The interpretation of images of cross fractured frozen-
1304 F. etched and shadowed membranes J. Ultrastructural Research 1972; 38:279-287 1972 213.
The isolation and estimation of the poly-beta-
1305 D.H.Williamson; Wilkinson, J.F. hydroxybutyrate inclusions of Bacillus species J. gen Microbiol. 1958; 19:198-209 1958 31.
Five mutant strains of

Hydrogenomonas H 16
which synthesize poly-
Institut für either slowly or not at all
Mikrobiologie der have been isolated
Gesellschaft für following nitrite and NMG
Strahlenforschung treatment of wild type
mbH München und cells. When grown on a
Institut für nitrogen deficient
Mikrobiologie der The Isolation of Mutants not accumulating Poly-beta- Mutations - Hydrogenomonas H retention of the dye
1306 Schlegel, H.G.; Lafferty, R.; Krauss, I. Universität Göttingen hydroxybutyric acid Arch. Mikrobiol. 1970; 71:283-294 1970 16 ssudan Strain - Others 665.
The Isolation of Protoplasts from Bacillus megaterium by
1307 Weibull, C. Controlled Treatment with Lysozyme J Bacteriol. 1953: 66:688-695 1953 368.
The LuxR regulatory

protein of Vibrio harveyi
has been shown to control
synthesis of
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) as well as
luminescence so as to
occur at high cell density,
Department of suggesting that it is a
Biochemistry, McGill The LuxR regulator protein controls synthesis of general regulatory protein.
University, Montreal, polyhydroxybutyrate in Biochim Biophys Acta 1998 May 19;1384(2):356- Mutants defective in the
1308 Miyamoto CM, Sun W, Meighen EA Quebec, Canada. Vibrio harveyi. 64 1998 produc
The mass cultivation of Hydrogenomonas eutropa in
1309 Litchfield, J. H. submerged culture ? 1971 1971 40.
The mechanistic study of the ring opening polymerization
1310 Zang, Y.; Gross, R.A.; Lenz, R.W. for á-butyrolactone 656.
The membrane-bound hydrogenase of Alcaligenes
eutrophusI.Solubilization, purification, and biochemical
1311 Schink, B.; Schlegel, H. G. properties Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1979; 567:315-324 1979 43.
(1) Agricultural
Research Service, The bacteria
United States Pseudomonas oleovorans,
Department of P. resinovorans, P. putida,
Agriculture, Eastern and P.
Regional citronellolis
were evaluated for their
Research Center, 600 ability to grow and
East Mermaid Lane, produce
Wyndmoor, PA 19038, poly(hydroxyalkanoates)
USA. Fax: + 1 215 233 (PHA)
A.-M. Cromwick (1), T. Foglia (1), R. W. 6795 The microbial production of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract using tallow free fatty
1312 Lenz (2) (2) from tallow Volume 46 Issue 5/6 (1996) pp 464-469 1996 acids and tall
Zhao; S.; Fan; C.; Hu; X.; Chen; J.; The microbial production of polyhydroxybutyrate from Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 199;
1313 Feng; H. methanol 39(40):191-199 1993 610.
Adress(es) /
1314 Dawes, E.A.; Senior, P.J. The nature of Poly-beta-Hydroxybutyrate ? 17.
The non-involvement of acyl-carrier protein in poly-á-

1315 Ritchie; G.A.F.; Dawes; E.A. hydroxybutyric acid biosynthesis in Azotobacter beijerinckii Biochem.J. 1969; 112:803-805 1969 214.
Dipartimento di
Chimica 'G. Ciamician'
dell'Universitá di
Bologna and Centro di
Studio per la Fisica
delle Macromolecule
del C.N.R., Via Selmi The physical aging of bacterial poly(D-beta- Makromol. Chem., rapid Commun. 1989; 10:47-
1316 Scandola, M.; Ceccorulli, G.; Pizzoli, M. 2, 40216 Bologna, Italy hydroxybutyrate) 50 1989 Crystallization - Physical aging No abstract. Crystallization 664.
1317 Schlegel, H.G. The physiology of hydrogen bacteria Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1976; 42:181-201 1976 24.
1318 Bernard, G.N.; Sanders, J.K.M. The poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granule in vivo J. biol. chem. 1989; 264:3286-3291 1989 341.
High resolution 13C NMR

spectroscopy of live cells
has been used to show
that poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is
predominantly in a mobile
state within the storage
granules of Alcaligenes
University Chemical eutrophus,
Laboratory, The poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate granule in vivo. A new Methylobacterium
Cambridge, United insight based on extorquens, and
1319 Barnard GN, Sanders JK Kingdom. NMR spectroscopy of whole cells. J Biol Chem 1989 Feb 25;264(6):3286-91 1989 Methylobacterium AM1. C
is a soil bacterium capable
of degrading medium-
chain aliphatic
Groningen hydrocarbons. The
Biotechnology Center enzymes for this catabolic
University of activity are encoded by
Groningen Nijenborgh the alk genes of the 500
Withold, B.; Lageveen, R.G.; Huisman, 16 9747 AG Pseudomonas oleovorans - kb OCT-plasmid. We have Strains - Metabolism -
G.W.; Preusting, H.; Nijenhuis, A.; Groningen The The production of polyalkanoates by pseudomonas medium chain length (MSCL) - studied the genetics and Genetics -
1320 Kingma, J.; Tijsterman, A.; Eggink, G. Netherlands oleovorans Polymer Preprints 1989; 1:592-593 1989 Copolyesters - Fine chemicals regulation of alkane oxid Copolyesters 661.
The production of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate by hydrogen Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 1994;

1321 Seki; H.; Karita; M; Suzuki; A. bacteria, Alcaligenes eutrophus H16 from alginic acid 27:423-425 1994 495.
Ritchie; G.A.F.; Senior; P.J.; Dawes; The purification and characterization of acetoacetyl-
1322 E.A. coenzym A reductase from Azotobacter beijerinckii Biochem.J. 1971; 121:309-316 1971 220.
The regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in
Azospirillum brasiliense during balanced growth and Journal of General Microbiology 1990; 136:1191-
1323 Tal; S.; Smirnoff; P.; Okon; Y. starvation 1196 1990 307.
Adress(es) /
The enzymes beta-

ketothiolase, acetoacetyl-
CoA reductase,
acetoacetate-succinate
CoA-transferase
(„thiophorase“) and d(-)-3-
hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase have been
Department of partially purified from
Biochemistry, crude extracts of glucose-
University of Hull, Hull The regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate metabolism in Azotobacter beijerinckii - PHB- grown nitrogen-fixing
1324 Senior, P.J.; Dawes, E.A. HU6 7RX, U.K. Azotobacter beijerinckii Biochem. J. 1973; 134: 225-238 1973 Metabolism regulation batch cultures of A Strain - Metabolsim 108.
The role and Regulation of Energy Reserve Polymers in Advances in Micobial Physiology 1973; 10:135-
1325 Dawes, E.A.; Senior, P.J. Micro-organisms 266 1973 18.
The role and regulation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate as a Proceedings of the International Symposium on
reserve in Macromolecules, Rio de Janeiro, 1974 1976 Jun
1326 Dawes EA micro-organisms. pp. 433-50. 2;: 1974 Abstract unavailable.
Azotobacter beijerinckii
was grown in ammonia-
free glucose-mineral salts
media in batch culture and
in chemostat cultures
limited by the supply of
Department of glucose, oxygen or
Biochemistry, The role of oxygen limitation in the formation of poly-beta- molecular nitrogen. In
University of Hull, hydroxybutyrate Azotobacter beijerinckii - effect batch culture poly-beta-
Senior PJ, Beech GA, Ritchie GA, Kingston upon Hull during batch and continuous culture of Azotobacter of nitrogen and oxygen- hydroxybutyrate was
1327 Dawes EA HU6 7RX, U.K. beijerinckii. Biochem J 1972 Aug;128(5):1193-201 1972 limitation on PHB accumulation formed towards the end Strain - Metabolsim 131. Korr.
The synthesis of beta-hydroxy acids using beta-lihtiated
1328 Moersch; G.W.; Burkett; A.R. carboxylic acid salts J.Org.Chem. 1971; 36(8):1149-1151 1971 311.
The aging of bacterial

polyester poly(D(-)3-
hydroxybutyrate) has been
studied by coloring it with
4-diethylamino-4'-
cis trans isomerization methoxyazobenzene and
Thermal cis-trans isomerization of azobenzene probe polyester detg. the redn. in
4-diethylamino-4'-methoxyazobenzene in phys aging polyhydroxybutyrate isomerization rate of the
Dip. Chim. Fisica ed poly(D(-)3-hydroxybutyrate) and its hydroxyvalerate diethylamino dye with aging, such a
Dubini-Paglia, Ernestina; Castelli, Elettrochimica, Univ. copolymer as methoxyazobenzene redn.
Antonella; Beltrame, Pier Luigi; Milano, Milane I- a probe for characterizing their aging. J. Appl. Polym. probe being a measure of the
1329 Seves, Alberto; Marcandalli, Bruno 20133, Italy Sci., 56(8), 1007-13 (English) 1995 1995 loss in polymer sequ
Adress(es) /
The thermal
decomposition of some
(PHA) has been
1Department of investigated by means of
Physical Chemistry, thermogravimetry and
Faculty of Chemistry, differential
University of Havana, thermogravimetry. The
Cuba thermal stability of the
2Laboratory of poly(-hydroxyalkanoates); studied polyesters
Polymers, Institute of thermal stability; decreases slightly with
Materials and thermogravimetry; differential increasing
Reagents, University Polymer International Volume 48, Issue 12, thermogravimetry; cis- hydroxyvalerate
1330 Norma Galego 1 *, Chavati Rozsa 2 of Havana, Cuba Thermal decomposition of some poly(-hydroxyalkanoates) 1999. Pages: 1202-1204 1999 elimination mechanism (HV) c
Bacterial genes
responsible for the
synthesis of the aliph.
polyester compd., poly-
D-(-)-3- hydroxybutrate
(PHB) were
introduced into cotton
MATECH Associates, (Gossypium hirsutum L.
150 E. Grove Street, Cv DP50) through
Scranton, PA, 18510, particle bombardment.
USA Thermal evaluation of transgenic cotton containing Thermochim. Acta (1998), 313(1), 43-53 The resulting transgenic
1331 Chowdhury, B.; John, Maliyakal E. polyhydroxybutyrate 1998 cotton cont
polyhydroxybutyrate thermal Decompn. of biol. prepd.

degrdn poly(b-hydroxybutyrate)
polypropylene (PHB) into volatile
polyhydroxybutyrate blend products is slightly
thermogravimetry affected when
polyethylene nonisothermal expts. are
polyhydroxybutyrate blend carried out
thermogravimetry in air instead of nitrogen.
Thermogravimetry of poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate) and its polymethyl methacrylate The process of decompn.
Rychly, Jozef; Csomorova, Katarina; Polymer Inst., Slovak blends with polyhydroxybutyrate blend of PHB into volatile
Janigova, Ivica; Broska, Rastislav; Acad. Sci., Bratislava, polypropylene and poly(methyl methacrylate). Iran. J. Polym. Sci. Technol. (Engl. Ed.), 4(4), thermogravimetry products is influenced by
1332 Bakos, Dusan Slovakia 274-82 (English) 1995 1995 mol. mass of t
Adress(es) /
Random Tn5 mutagenesis

of the regulatory region of
megaplasmid pHG1 of
Alcaligenes eutrophus led
to the identification of
three distinct loci
Institut fur designated hoxA, hoxD,
Pflanzenphysiologie and hoxE. Sequencing of
und Mikrobiologie, the hoxA locus revealed
Freien Universitat Three trans-acting regulatory functions control an open reading frame
Berlin, Federal hydrogenase synthesis in which
1333 Eberz G, Friedrich B Republic of Germany. Alcaligenes eutrophus. J Bacteriol 1991 Mar;173(6):1845-54 1991 could code for
BACKGROUND: Ovine
pulmonary valve leaflets
and pulmonary arteries
have been tissue-
Department of engineered (TE) from
Cardiovascular autologous
Surgery, Children's cells and biodegradable
Hospital, Harvard polyglycolic acid (PGA)-
Shum-Tim D, Stock U, Hrkach J, Medical School, polyglactin copolymers.
Shinoka T, Lien J, Moses MA, Stamp A, Boston, Tissue engineering of autologous aorta using a new Use of this cell-polymer
Taylor G, Moran AM, Landis W, Massachusetts 02115, biodegradable Ann Thorac Surg 1999 Dec;68(6):2298-304; construct in the systemic
1334 Langer R, Vacanti JP, Mayer JE Jr USA. polymer. discussion 2305 1999 circulation resul
The tissue response and

in vivo mol. stability of
injection-molded
polyhydroxyacids,
polylactides (PLA), poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) (PHB),
and poly(3-
Tissue response and in vivo degradation of selected hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Department of polyhydroxyacids: hydroxyvalerate)
Polymers, AO/ASIF Polylactides (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and polyhydroxy acid degrdn tissue (PHB/VA, 5-22% VA
Gogolewski, S.; Jovanovic, M.; Perren, Research Institute, poly polyester degrdn tissue content), were studied.
S. M.; Dillon, J. G.; Hughes, M. Davos, Switzerland. (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/VA). implant polyester degrdn Polymers were implanted
1335 K. J Biomed Mater Res 1993 Sep;27(9):1135-48 1993 s.c
Adress(es) /
(1) Departamento de
Química Biológica,
Facultad de Ciencias
Exactas y Naturales,
Universidad de A Bacillus megaterium
Buenos genomic fragment, which
Aires, encoded an activator
Pabellón 2, 1428 homologous to <sigma>54
Buenos Aires, regulators
Argentina Tel.: +54 1 trans activation of the Escherichia coli ato structural genes and which was capable of
782 0281 Fax: +54 1 by a activating Escherichia coli
M. J. Pettinari (1), G. J. Vazquez (1), N. 782 0458 e-mail: regulatory protein from Bacillus megaterium ato genes in trans, was
Krüger (2), P. S. Vary (3), A. : potential use in Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Abstract detected in a gene
1337 Steinbüchel (2), B. S. Méndez (1) bea@qui polyhydroxyalkanoate production Volume 49 Issue 6 (1998) pp 737-742 1998 library
The interface in
poly(hydroxybutyrate)/PA
N- and
poly(hydroxybutyrate)/PET
fibers model composites
has been
investigated by
Faculty of Technology polarizing optical and
and Metallurgy, SEM. Under certain
University "Sv. Kiril i melting/cooling
Metodij", Skopje, Compos. Interfaces (1998), Volume Date 1998, conditions in the PAN fiber
Grozdanov, Anita; Bogoeva-Gaceva, Yugoslavia Transcrystallinity phenomena in PET and PAN 5(2), 179-189 system a transcryst.
1338 Gordana fibers/polyhydroxybutyrate matrix systems 1998 inte
A fiber-producing plant
comprising in its genome
a heterologous genetic
construct is disclosed.
This genetic construct
comprises
a fiber-specific promoter
and a coding sequence
TRANSGENIC COTTON PLANTS PRODUCING WO9412014 consisting of sequences
1339 MALIYAKAL JOHN AGRACETUS (US) HETEROLOGOUS BIOPLASTIC 1994-06-09 1994 encoding bioplastic-produ
A fiber-producing plant
comprising in its genome
a heterologous genetic
construct is disclosed.
This genetic construct
comprises
a fiber-specific promoter
and a coding sequence
JOHN MALIYAKAL Transgenic cotton plants producing heterologous US5602321 consisting of sequences
1340 (US) MONSANTO CO (US) polyhydroxy(e) butyrate bioplastic 1997-02-11 1997 encoding bioplastic-produ
Adress(es) /

relates to transgenic
plants which produce poly-
beta-D-hydroxybutyric
acid (PHB) and related
(PHA). The production of
PHB is accomplished by
genetically transforming
SOMERVILLE the plants with modified
CHRISTOPHER R (US); POIRIER UNIV genes
1341 YVES (US); DENNIS DOUGLAS E (US) MICHIGAN (US) Transgenic plants producing polyhydroxyalkanoates US5650555 1997-07-22 1997 from micro
Transmembrane ion
transport, a critical
process in providing
energy for cell functions,
Department of is carried
Microbiology, Giltner out by pore-
Hall, Michigan State forming macromolecules
University, East capable of discriminating
Lansing, MI, 48824, among very similar ions
USA. Transmembrane Ion Transport by and
rnreusch@pilot.msu.e Polyphosphate/Poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate responding
1342 Reusch RN du Complexes. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2000 Mar;65(3):280-295 2000 to changes
(PHB) is an amphiphilic
lipid that has been found
to be a ubiquitous
component of the cellular
membranes of bacteria,
Department of plants and animals. The
Microbiology and distribution of PHB in
Public Health, human plasma was
Michigan State investigated using
University, E. Lansing chemical and
1343 Reusch RN, Sparrow AW, Gardiner J 48824. Transport of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate in human plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992 Jan 3;1123(1):33-40 1992 immunological m
(PHB) accumulation by
Alcaligenes
Department of Applied eutrophus NCIMB
Biology, School of Life 40529 was investigated to
Sciences, University determine whether the
of Hull, Hull HU6 decline in molecular
7RX, UK. Turnover of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its mass of PHB during batch
Email: influence on the molecular mass of the polymer fermentation could
A.J.Anderson@appbiol accumulated by Alcaligenes eutrophus during batch be explained by
.hull.ac.uk culture; poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation and turnover of the polymer.
1344 Taidi B; Mansfield D A; *Anderson A J turnover FEMS Microbiol.Lett.; (1995) 129, 2-3, 201-06 1995 A. eut
Adress(es) /
Radiolabeled glucose was

added to a batch culture
of Alcaligenes
eutrophus during the
accumulation of poly(3-
hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) to
Department Turnover of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and its label newly synthesized
of Applied Biology, influence on the polymer. The specific
School of Life molecular mass of the polymer accumulated by radioactivity of the
Sciences, University of Alcaligenes polyhydroxybutyrate formation polymer continued to
Taidi, Behnam; Mansfield, David A.; Hull, Hull HU6 eutrophus during batch culture. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 129(2-3), 201-6 (English) Alcaligenes increase, by approx. 30%,
1345 Anderson, Alistair J. 7RX, UK 1995 1995 after
Die bisher bekannten

Knallgasbacterien können
nicht nur mit Wasserstoff,
Sauerstoff und
Kohlendioxyd, sondern
auch mit organischen
Substraten unter Luft
Ralstonia eutropha H 16 - wachsen. Heterotroph
Alcaligenes eutrophus H 16 - gewachsene Zellen
Institut für Hydrogenomonas H 16 - oxydieren den
Mikrobiologie der Über das Wasserstoff aktivierende System von heterotrophic growth - molekularen Wasserstoff
1346 Eberhardt, U. Universität Göttingen Hydrogenomonas H 16 Arch. Mikrobiol. 1966; 54:115-196 1966 autotrophic growth in der Regel mit geringer Strain 169.
Über den Einsatz und die Verträglichkeit von
Bakterieneiweiß (Hydrogenomonas) mit unterschiedlichem
Gehalt an Poly-beta-hydroxybuttersäure in der Zeitschrift f r Tierpsychologie, Tierern"hrung
1347 Brune, H.; Niemann, E. Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde 1977; 38:13-22 1977 44.
We report here on the

occurrence and quantities
of poly-beta-
in natural populations of
the marine
cyanobacterium
Trichodesmium thiebautii.
Marine Science A diurnal variation in the
Research Center, shape and size of PHB
State University of Ultrastructural and chemical assessment of poly-beta- granules and in PHB
Siddiqui PJ, Bergman B, Bjorkman PO, New York, Stony hydroxybutyric acid content was
1348 Carpenter EJ Brook. in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1992 Jul 1;73(1-2):143-8 1992 observed.
Adress(es) /
The freeze-etching
technique was used to
examine the effects of
fracturing and etching on
the appearance of poly-
granules from Bacillus
Department of Biology, cereus. These granules
University of York, were examined in extracts
Heslington, York, Ultrastructural studies of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Bacillus cereus - freeze-etching isolated by hypochlorite or
1349 Dunlop; W.F.; Robards; A.W. England granules from Bacillus cereus Journal of Bacteriology 1973; 114(3):1271-1280 1973 - PHB granules by sonic tratment, an Strain - Granules 134. Korr.
Für die meisten an

gewaschenen
Suspensionen von
wasserstoffoxydierenden
Bacterien
(Knallgasbakterien)
durchgeführten
Untersuchungen wurden
Zellen herangezogen,
Hydrogen bacteria - Isolation welche unter schlecht
Aus dem Institut für and characterization - reproduzierbaren
Mikrobiologie der Organotroph and Bedingungen gewachsen
Georg August- Untersuchungen über Wachstum und Archiv für Mikrobiologie 1962, 43:109-131 chemolithoautotroph growth aren und deren
1350 Wilde; E. Universität Göttingen Speicherstoffsynthese von Hydrogenomonas (Article in German.) 1962 conditions Stoffwechselzustand Strains - Metabolism 130. Korr.
The growth and the

intracellular biopolymer
poly-.beta.
Department of Hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Biochemical storage kinetics of
Engineering and Alcaligenes eutrophus
Biotechnology, Indian were studied in a batch
Institute of cultivation process. N/C
Technology, Delhi, Updated mathematical model and fed-batch strategies for ratio was found
New Delhi, 110016, poly-.beta.-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by Bioresour. Technol. (1998), 64(3), 185-192 to both limit and inhibit
1351 Raje, Poonam; Srivastava, Ashok K. India Alcaligenes eutrophus 1998 the growth of the culture.
The growth and the

intracellular biopolymer
Department of poly-beta-
Biochemical hydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Engineering and storage kinetics of
Biotechnology, Indian Alcaligenes eutrophus
Institute of B4383 (from NRRL)
Technology, Delhi, Updated mathematical model and fed-batch strategies for were studied in a batch
Hauz Khas, New Delhi poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production by culture process.
110016, Alcaligenes eutrophus; batch culture production of a Initially, shake flasks
Raje P; *Srivastava A K India. polymer by a bacterium for the construction of a fed-batch Bioresource Technol.; (1998) 64, 3, 185-92 fermentations were carried
1352 culture mathematical model 1998 out in o
Adress(es) /
Provided are nucleic acid
coding sequences and
methods utilizing these
sequences for optimizing
levels of
RANDALL, Douglas, R. , 207 USE OF DNA ENCODING PLASTID substrates
Rockingham Drive, Columbia, MO PYRUVATE DEHYDROGENASE AND employed in the
65203, United States of America BRANCHED biosynthesis of
JOHNSTON, Mark, L. , 22 UNIVERSITY OF CHAIN OXOACID DEHYDROGENASE copolymers of 3-
Oak Ridge, Gales Ferry, CT 06335, MISSOURI, 509 Lewis COMPONENTS TO hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
United States of America Hall, Columbia, MO ENHANCE POLYHYDROXYALKANOATE and 3-hydroxyvalerate
MIERNYK, Jan, A. , 2008 65211, United States BIOSYNTHESIS (3HV) in
1353 West Clark Street, P of America IN PLANTS WO9900505 1999-01-07 1999 p

properties and use of
the use of biogas in the
UFZ- prodn. of
Umweltforschungszent polyhydroxybutanoate
rum Leipzig-Halle (PHB), and lab.- and pilot-
GmbH, Sektion Beitr. Abfallwirtsch. (1998), 7(Anaerobe scale
Wendlandt, K. -D.; Jechorek, M.; Helm, Biologische investigations are
J.; Stottmeister, U. Sanierungsforschung, Use of methane for microbial synthesis of biopolymers Abfallbehandlung), 165-173 discussed.
1354 Germany (PHB) 1998
Use of wate from the caprolactam industry for production of

1355 Segovia, R.; Wagner, F.; Ertola, R. carotenoids and corrinoids by fermentation J. appl. Chem. Biotechnol. 1975; 25:239-240 1975 72.
Use of a mixture (I) with

high affinity for organic
substances comprising
waterproof and
biodegradable polymers
from regrowing
raw materials from
polyalkanoate or
SCHECKLIES ELVIRA HAENGGI URS J DR DE19755966 polylactide and optionally
1356 (DE); HAENGGI URS J DR (DE) (DE) Use of waterproof, biodegradable polymers 1999-07-01 1999 other substances such
Utilization of glyoxylate by acetate-grown bacillus Canadian Journal of Microbiology 1971; 17:1002-
1357 Donawa; A.; Inniss; W.E. megaterium KM 1004 1971 64.
Adress(es) /
The chemolithotroph,
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha, was tested für
Department of ist ability to utilize a
Biochemistry, School variety of single nitrogen
of Medicine, and sources during growth in
Space Sciences an atmosphere of H2-O2-
Research Center, Hydrogenomonas eutropha - CO2. The present data
University of Missouri, Ralstonia eutropha - show that H. eutropha can
Columbia, Missouri Utilization of organic nitrogen compounds by Alcaligenes eutrophus - organic utilize the nitrogen from
1358 Wixom, R.K.; Sheng, Y.B.; Becker, R.S. 65201 Hydrogenomonas eutropha Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1972; 14:985-1006 1972 nitrogen sources many, but not all, a Strain - Metabolsim 67.
Chemie Linz
Aktiengesellschaft, St.
Peter-Strasse 25, A-
4020 Linz (AT); Letia
GesmbH,
Arabellastrasse 4
Postfach 810508 D-
8000 München 81 Verfahren zur biotechnologischen Herstellung von Poly-D(-
1359 Lafferty, Robert M.; Braunegg Gerhart (DE) )-3-hydroxybuttersäure DE3343551 1983-12-01 Abstract unavailable.
Verfahren zur Herstellung einer optisch aktiven
1360 Carbonsäuren ? ? 196.
Versuche zur Polyphosphat-šberkompensation in
1361 Liss; E.; Langen; P. Hefezellen nach Phosphatveratmung Archiv f r Mikrobiologie 1962; 41:383-392 1962 243.
Als fakultativ
chemolithotrophe
Mikroorganismen wachsen
die Knallgasbakterien
sowohl unter einer
Atmosphäre von Knallgas
und Kohlendioxyd als
auch auf einer Reihe von
organischen Substraten.
So werden von den
Aus dem Institut für Hydrogenomonas - Ralstonia Hydrogenomonas-
Gottschalk, G.; Eberhardt, U.; Schlegel, Mikrobiologie der eutropha - Alcaligenes Stämmen H1, H16 und
1362 H.G. Universität Göttingen Verwertung von Fructose durch Hydrogenomonas H 16(I.) Arch. Mikrobiol. 1964; 48:95-108 1964 eutrophus - Fructose H20 Glutami Strain - Metabolsim 163.
3-Hydroxybutyrate-3-
hydroxyvalerate (3HB-
3HV) as well as 3-
hydroxybutyrate-4-
hydroxybutyrate (3HB-
4HB)
copolyesters have been
investigated by differential
scanning calorimetry,
Centro di Studio per la thermogravimetric
Fisica delle analysis and dynamic
Macromolecole CNR, Viscoelastic relaxations and thermal properties of bacterial mechanical
Universita di Bologna, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) and spectroscopy, over a wide
1363 Scandola M, Ceccorulli G, Doi Y Italy. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Int J Biol Macromol 1990 Apr;12(2):112-7 1990 ra 359.
1364 M.Zueger; D.Seebach Vorschrift zur Depolymerisation von PHB 205.
Adress(es) /
Küng; W.; Strempfl; F.; Korneti; L.; Wachstum und speicherung von poly-beta-
1365 Braunegg; G.; Lafferty; R.M. hydroxybuttersäure bei Alcaligenes latus Vortrag Millstadt 1982 1982 244.
Weitere Untersuchungen zur N-Verwertung des H2-
oxidierenden Bakterienstammes Alcaligenes eutrophus
und alimentärer Ribonukleinsäure durch wachsende
1366 Greife, H. A.; Molnar, S.; Günther, K.-D. Broiler Arch. Gefl gelk. 1981; 45:57-68 1981 187.
The surface chemical

structures of poly(beta-
hydroxybutyrate),
poly(caprolactone) and
poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-
co-beta-hydroxyvalerate)
have been analysed using
XPS and SSIMS analysis of the surface chemical structure static secondary ion mass
Department of of spectrometry and
Pharmaceutical poly(caprolactone) and poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-beta- X-ray photoelectron
Davies MC, Khan MA, Short RD, Akhtar Sciences, University of hydroxyvalerate) spectroscopy. The X-ray
1368 S, Pouton C, Watts JF Nottingham, UK. copolymers. Biomaterials 1990 May;11(4):228-34 1990 photoe
The theor. yield of poly-D-

(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate
(PHB) was estd. from the
biochem. pathway leading
to PHB when a
carbohydrate (glucose), a
C1
compd. (MeOH), a C2
Yield of poly-D-(-)-3-hydroxybutyrate from various carbon compd. (HOAc), or a C4
Sch. Agric., Nagoya sources: a polyhydroxybutyrate fermn compd. (butyric acid) is
Univ., Nagoya 464-01, theoretical study. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 41(1), 165-70 (English) theor used as a C source. In
1369 Yamane, Tsuneo Japan 1993 1993 estg. the yield, recy kopiert 450.
Molar growth yields on

succinate and on fumarate
chemostat cultures of
Hydrogenomonas
eutropha on succinate and
on fumarate. The yields
Hydrogenomonas eutropha - from culture on succinate
Research Institute for Ralstonia eutropha - were about 12 g higher on
Advanced Studies, Alcaligenes eutrophus - fumarate. Assuming this
Baltimore, Maryland Yields of Hydrogenomonas eutropha from growth on Succinate - Fumarate - C- difference to be equivalent
1370 Bongers, L. 21227 succinate and fumarate J.Bacteriol. 1970; 102:598-599 1970 sources to 1 molecule o Strain - Metabolsim 104.
1371 M., Ward Zeneca seeks partners to grow bioscience business Chemical Week 1994 1994 433.
Adress(es) /
The problem of identity

and nomenclature of
Zoogloea ramigera
Itzigsohn has been
presented. A new strain I-
16-M has been descrobed
in terms of modern
systematic bacteriology
and it is proposed for
designation as the
International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology neotype strain. An opinion
1372 Crabtree, K.; McCoy, E. Zooglea ramigera itzigsohn. Identification and description 1967; 17(1):36800 1967 Zoogloea ramigera itzigsohn as to valiti Strain 128. Korr.
Shear piezoelectricity is
observed in uniaxially
oriented system of
optically active
biopolymers such as
poysaccharidesm
poypeptides and
poynucleotides. The
The Institute of magnitude of the
Physical and Chemical piezoelectric constant is
Research, Wako, Piezoelectricity - Biopolymers - proportional to the degree Physical properties -
1373 Fukada Eiichi Saitama 351, Japan Piezoelectricity of natural biomaterials Ferroelectrics 1984, Vol. 60: 285-296 1984 Crystallinity - Bone growth of crystallinity, the degree Applications 685 korr.
Dynamic tensile modulus

and X-ray scattering
measurements were made
for a series of bacterially
produced poly-beta-
hydroxybutyrate / beta-
hydroxyvalerate (PHB/HV)
Institut für Physik III, Biopolymers - Thermoplastics - random copolymers. The
Universität Some dynamic mechanical properties of microbially Dynamic modulus - X-ray position of the primary
Regensburg, produced poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate / beta-hydroxyvalerate scattering - Mechanical relaxation is shifted to Copolyesters -
1374 Owen, A.J. Regensburg, E.R.G. copolymers Colloid & Polymer Science 1985, 263: 799-803 1985 anisotropy lower temperatures b Physical properties kopiert 686 korr
Zur Kinetik des Wachstums und der Speicherung von Poly-
1375 Braunegg; G.; Bogensberger; B. D(-)-3-hydroxybutters"ure Acta Biotechnol. 1985; 5(4):339-345 1985 284.
Genes encoding beta-
ketothiolase (phaA),
acetoacetyl-CoA
reductase (phaB) and
PHB-
synthase (phaC) from R.
meliloti 41, together with a
fourth gene, referred to as
ORF1,
CRIBI Biotechnology Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthetic genes in presumed
Tombolini R, Povolo S, Buson A, Center, Universita di Rhizobium meliloti to be involved in PHB
1376 Squartini A, Nuti MP Padova, Italy. 41 Microbiology 1995 Oct;141 ( Pt 10):2553-9 1995 biosynthe
Adress(es) /
Synthesis and
accumulation of poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoate) in
Rhizobium
leguminosarum, R.
leguminosarum biovar.
1 Biopolymers Trifolii, Thizobium
Laboratory, Research "galega", Thizobizum
Centre Poly-biòs, Area "hedysarum" and R.
di Ricerca, Trieste and meliloti were studied.
2 Dipartimento di Poly(beta-
Biotecnologie Agrarie, hydroxybutyrate) is
Università di Padova, Poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis and Rhizobium sp. - Biosynthesis - accumulated up to 55 % of
1377 Tombolini R.1; Nuti M.P.2 Padova, Italy accumulation by different Rhizobium species Fems Microbiology Letters 1989, 60:299-304 1989 Accumulation the c Strain - Metabolsim kopiert
The isolation and

1 C.R.I.B.I. characterization of four
Biotechnology Centre, mutants of Rhizobium
University of Padova, meliloti unable to
Padova, Italy. 2 synthesize poly-beta-
Department of Applied hydroxybutyrate (PHB) are
Biology, Universiy of reported. The mutants
Hull, Hull, United were independetly
Kingdom. 3 Deparment obtained via Tn5
of Agricultural Rhizobium meliloti - PHB trasposon mutagenesis
Povolo, S.1; Tombolini, R.1; Morea, Biotechnology, synthase - mutants unable to and exhibited
A.1; Anderson, A.J.2; Casella, S.3; Nuti, University of Padova, Isolation and characterization of mutants of Rhizobium synthesize poly-beta- physiological and
1378 M.P.3 Padova, Italy meliloti unable to synthesize poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate Can. J. Microbiol. 1994, 40:823-829 1994 hydroxybutyrate cytomorphologi Strain - Genetics kopiert
Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory, The Poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
Institute of Physical acid] and its copolymers
and Chemical were prepared by
Research (RIKEN ), biosynthetic and
Hirosawa, Wako-shi, chemosynthetic methods.
Saitama 351- 0198, The films of
Japan * Corresponding polyesters were prepared
author. Tel.: ?81-48- by both the solution-cast
4679402; fax: ?81-48- Keywords : and melt-crystallized
4684667. Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)s; techniques. The
E-mail address : International Journal of Biological Enzymatic degradability; enzymatic degradation of
ydoi@postman.riken.g Structural effects on enzymatic degradabilities for Macromolecules Chemical structure; Solid-state polyester films
1379 Hideki Abe, Yoshiharu Doi * o.jp (Y. Doi) poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymers 25 (1999) 185–192 1999 structure w ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
a Polymer Chemistry
Laboratory, The
and Chemical
Research (RIKEN), Thin films with average
Hirosawa, Wako-shi, layer thickness 100 nm of
Saitama 351-0198, poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
Japan acid] (P[(R)-3HB]) and
b Department of poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric
Industrial Chemistry, acid-co-10
Science University of mol% 6-hydroxyhexanoic
Tokyo, 1-3, acid] were isothermally
Kagurazaka, Shinjuku- Microscopic visualization on crystalline morphologies of Keywords: Poly[(R)-3- crystallized at a given
H. Abe a, * , Y. Kikkawa b , T. Iwata a , ku, Tokyo 162-8601, thin films for hydroxybutyric acid]; Thin film; crystallization temperature
1380 H. Aoki b , T. Akehata b , Y. Doi a Japan * poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymer Polymer 41 (2000) 867–874 2000 Lamellar morphology after melting at 20 ganze Artikel
Polymer Physics The overall isothermal

Laboratory, crystallization kinetics and
Changchun Institute of melting behavior of poly( b-
Applied Chemistry, hydroxybutyrate)
Chinese Academy of (PHB)/poly(vinyl
Sciences, Changchun acetate) (PVAc) blends
130022, People's were studied by using
Republic of China * differential scanning
Corresponding author. calorimetry(DSC). The
Yuxian An, Lisong Dong *, Lixia Li, Fax: +86 431- Avrami analysis indicates
1381 Zhishen Mo, Zhiliu Feng 5685653. I European Polymer Journal 35 (1999) 365±369 1999 that the addition of PVA ganze Artikel
In order to investigate the

in vivo substrate
specificity of the type I
Institut fu «r Keywords: (PHA) synthase from
Mikrobiologie der Polyhydroxyalkanoate Ralstonia eutropha, we
Westfa«lischen synthase; Substrate speci¢city; functionally expressed the
Wilhelms-Universita«t Analysis of in vivo substrate speci¢city of the PHA Copolyester; PHA synthase gene in
Mu«nster, Corrensstr. synthase Polyhydroxyalkanoate; Fatty various Escherichia coli
Regina V. Antonio, Alexander Steinbu« 3, D-48149 Mu«nster, from Ralstonia eutropha: formation of novel copolyesters acid L-oxidation; Ralstonia mutants affected in fatty
1382 chel *, Bernd H.A. Rehm Germany in recombinant Escherichia coli FEMS Microbiology Letters 182 (2000) 111^117 2000 eutropha acid L-oxidation an ganze Artikel
Regulatory mechanism in
PHB [poly-
a National Institute of (hydroxybutyrate)]
Bioscience and Human- accumulation by
Technology, Higashi 1- cyanobacteria, especially
1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, by a thermophilic isolate,
305- 8566 Japan Synechococcus MA19
b National Institute of was reviewed in
Ad6anced comparison with a
Interdisciplinary Keywords : Photosynthesis; genetically engineered
Yasuo Asada a, *, Masato Miyake a , Research, Higashi 1- 1- Photosynthetic accumulation of poly-(hydroxybutyrate) by International Journal of Biological Cyanobacteria; Biodegradable strain. The strain, MA19
Jun Miyake b , Ryuichiro Kurane a , 4, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, cyanobacteria—the metabolism and potential for CO2 Macromolecules plastics; accumulates PHB under
1383 Yutaka Tokiwa a 305- 8562 Japan recycling 25 (1999) 37–42 1999 Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) nitrogen ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
United States
Department of
Agriculture, Pseudomonas
Agricultural Research resino6orans produces a
Ser6ice, Eastern medium-chain-length
Regional * poly(hydroxyalkanoate)
Corresponding author. (MCL-PHA) copolymer
Tel.: ?1 215 2336483; when grown on
fax: ?1 215 tallow (PHA–tal). This
2336795; e-mail: polymer had a repeat unit
rashby@arserrc.govR composition ranging from
esearch Center, Keywords : Medium-chain- C4 to C14 with some
600East Mermaid International Journal of Biological length poly(hydroxyalkanoate); mono-unsaturation in the
Richard D. Ashby *, Anne-Marie Lane, Wyndmoor, Radiation crosslinking of a bacterial medium-chain-length Macromolecules Pseudomonas resino6orans; C12
1384 Cromwick 2 , Thomas A. Foglia PA 19038, USA poly(hydroxyalkanoate) elastomer from tallow 1 23 (1998) 61–72 1998 Radiation crosslinking and C14 alkyl sid ganze Artikel
a Department of (PHA) cellular inclusions
Biochemistry and consist of polyesters,
Molecular Biology, phospholipids, and
Uni6ersity of proteins. Both the
Massachusetts, polymerase and the
Amherst MA, USA depolymerase enzymes
b Department of Keywords : are active components of
Biological Sciences, Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA); the structure. Recently,
E.S. Stuart a, *, Ali Tehrani a , Henry E. James Madison Ultrastructural studies; Polymer proteins associated with
Valentin b,1 , Douglas Dennis b , Uni6ersity, Protein organization on the PHA inclusion cytoplasmic inclusion; Subcellular these inclusions have
1385 Robert W. Lenz c , R. Clinton Fuller a,c Harrisonburg VI, USA boundary Journal of Biotechnology 64 (1998) 137–144 1998 compartmentaliza-tion been des ganze Artikel
a Dipartimento di
Scienze Chimiche, The sequence
Uni6ersita ` di Catania, distributions of two
Viale A. Doria 6, microbial copolyesters
95125 Catania, Italy obtained by fermentation
b Istituto per la of Rhodospirillum rubrum,
Chimica e la grown with
Tecnologia dei 3-hydroxyhexanoic or 3-
Materiali Polimerici, hydroxyheptanoic acids,
Consiglio Nazionale Keywords : were determined by
Alberto Ballistreri a, *, Mario Giuffrida b delle Ricerche, Viale Characterization by mass spectrometry of Polyhydroxyalkanoates; analyzing the oligomers
, Giuseppe Impallomeni b , Robert W. A. Doria 6, 95125 poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) produced by Rhodospirillum International Journal of Biological Sequence distribution of prepared by partial
Lenz c , Catania, Italy* rubrum Macromolecules copolymers; Mass spectrometry pyrolysis or
1386 R. Clinton Fuller c Correspond from 3-hydroxyacids 26 (1999) 201–211 1999 of PHAs partial met ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
a
Department of
Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmacy , Philipps-
University ,
Ketzerbach 63, D- The aerosol solvent
35037 Marburg , extraction system (ASES)
Germany is a method based on
b solvent extraction using
Schwarz Pharma AG , supercritical carbon
Monheim , dioxide
Germany*Correspondi for the preparation of
ng author. Tel.: 149- microspheres. The ASES
6421-285-880; fax: technology seems to be
149- Biodegradable semi-crystalline comb polyesters influence Keywords : ASES; Supercritical strongly affected by
6421-287-016. the carbon dioxide; Biodegradable physico-chemical
a ba, * Armin Breitenbach , Detlef Mohr E-mail address : microsphere production by means of a supercritical fluid branched polyesters; properties of
1387 , Thomas Kissel kissel@mail extraction technique (ASES) Journal of Controlled Release 63 (2000) 53–68 2000 Microspheres biodegradabl ganze Artikel
Stazione Sperimentale Films of poly(3-

Cellulosa, Carta e hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
Fibre Tessili Vegetali were crystallized from the
ed Artificiali, P.zza melt by different thermal
Leonardo da Vinci 26, treatments and submitted
I-20133 Milan, Italy to enzymatic
* Corresponding degradation by using a
author. Tel.: +39-2-23- PHB depolymerase
95531; Fax: +39-2-23- Keywords: Poly(3- purified from
65039; Influence of the morphology and of the supermolecular hydroxybutyrate); Enzymatic Aureobacterium saperdae
E-mail: structure on the degradation; Structural culture. The morphology
1388 M. Canetti*, M. Urso, P. Sadocco sscctlib@icil64.cilea.it enzymatic degradation of bacterial poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Polymer 40 (1999) 2587–2594 1999 characterization and the supermolecular ganze Artikel
A new method for the

recovery of poly(3-
from Alcaligenes
En6ironmental eutrophus was reported.
Biotechnology This process
Laboratory, School of involved the use of a
Biotechnology, Wuxi surfactant–chelate
Uni6ersity of Light aqueous solution. The key
Industry, Wuxi 214036, Keywords : Poly(3- factors that influenced the
PR China Recovery of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate from Alcaligenes hydroxybutyrate); Recover; purity, recovery rate and
Yinguang Chen, Jian Chen *, Cairong * Corresponding eutrophus by surfactant; Chelate; Aqueous Mv of
1389 Yu, Guocheng Du, Shiyi Lun author. surfactant–chelate aqueous system Process Biochemistry 34 (1999) 153–157 1999 solution; Alcaligenes eutrophus recovered ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
a Department of The viscoelastic

Polymer Science and properties of microbial
Engineering, Inha biodegradable copolymers
University, Inchon 402- containing 3-
751, South Korea hydroxybutylate (3HB) and
b Department of 3-hydroxyvalerate (3HV)
Chemical Engineering, were investigated as well
Carnegie Mellon as the reference
University, Pittsburgh, homopolymer, poly(3-
PA 15213, USA hydroxybutylate) (PHB),
Hyoung J. Choi a, * , Jinho Kim a , * Corresponding Viscoelastic characterization of biodegradable Keywords: P(3HB/3HV); PHB; by plotting the first normal
1390 Myung S. Jhon b author. poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Polymer 40 (1999) 4135–4138 1999 First normal stress difference stress di ganze Artikel
Istituto di Ricerca e The morphology, the

Tecnologia delle phase structure and the
Materie Plastiche, crystallization processes
CNR, Via Toiano, 6, of poly(3-D(-
Arco Felice, 80072 )hydroxybutyrate)/atactic
Naples, Italy poly(methylmethacrylate)
*Corresponding Keywords: Atactic blends, (PHB/aPMMA),
author. Tel.: +39 81 poly(methylmethacrylate) have been investigated as
8534174; fax: +39 81 blends; Crystallization; a function of blend
S. Cimmino, P. Iodice, E. Martuscelli, C. 8663378; e-mail: Poly(3-D(-)hydroxybutyrate)/atactic Morphology; Phase structure; composition and thermal
Silvestre silv@mail.irtemp.na.cn poly(methylmethacrylate) blends: Poly(3-D(-)hydroxybu- treatments. The two-phase
1391 * r.it Morphology, miscibility and crystallization relationships Thermochimica Acta 321 (1998) 89±98 1998 tyrate); Thermal behavior se ganze Artikel
Department of The purpose of this paper

Biochemistry, is to examine the
Biophysics and thermodynamics of
Macromolecular physical gelation by
Chemistry, University presenting some results
of Trieste, I-34127 gathered on
Trieste, Italy gels of stereo-regular poly
*Corresponding hydroxybutyrate (PHB).
Deborah Fabri, Jiarui Guan author. Tel.: +39-40- Crystallisation and melting behaviour of poly (3- The investigation has
1 676-3684; fax: +39-40- hydroxybutyrate) Keywords: Gelation; Nano- been carried out in dilute
, Attilio CesaÁro 676-3691; e-mail: in dilute solution: towards an understanding of physical crystallinity; Calorimetry; solutions mainly by high
1392 * cesaro@univ.trieste.it gels Thermochimica Acta 321 (1998) 3±16 1998 Polyesters; Biopolymers sensitivi ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
AbstractÐLignocellulosic
*Stazione materials treated by the
Sperimentale per la steam explosion technique
Cellulosa, Carta e alone, or in the presence
Fibre Tessili Vegetali of chemical reagents,
ed Arti®ciali, Piazza undergo remarkable
Leonardo modi®cations at the level
da Vinci 26, 20133 of both the chemical
Milano, Italy composition
}Author to whom STEAM EXPLODED BIOMASS FOR THE PREPARATION KeywordsÐSteam explosion and supramolecular
B. FOCHER*}, A. MARZETTI*, P. L. correspondence OF CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED BIOPOLYMER- Biomass and Bioenergy Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. process; lignocellulosics; chitin, structure, developing
1393 BELTRAME$ and M. AVELLA% should be addressed. BASED MATERIALS 187±194, 1998 1998 algae; composites features s ganze Artikel
Institut fuë r
Mikrobiologie der
Westfaë lischen Rhodococcus ruber and
Wilhems-Universitaë t related Gram-positive
Muënster, Corrensstra bacteria synthesized and
Me 3, D-48149 Muë accumulated novel
nster, Germany copolyesters containing 3-
* Corresponding hydroxypivalic acid as
author. Tel.: +49 (251) Keywords: Rhodococcus ruber; constituent if the cells
8339821; 3-Hydroxybutyric acid; 3- were cultivated in a
Fax: +49 (251) Biosynthesis of novel copolyesters containing 3- Hydroxypivalic acid; 2,2- mineral salts medium
Bernd Fuë chtenbusch, Dirk Fabritius, 8338388; E-mail: hydroxypivalic Dimethyl-3-hydroxypropionic containing 3-
Marc Waë ltermann, Alexander steinbu@uni- acid by Rhodococcus ruber NCIMB 40126 and related acid; Polyhydroxyalkanoic hydroxypivalic acid and
1394 Steinbuë chel * muenster.de bacteria FEMS Microbiology Letters 159 (1998) 85^92 1998 acid glucose as c ganze Artikel
Department of
Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology,
University of
Massachusetts Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Amherst, MA 01003, (PHAs), in the form of
USA metabolic storage
* Corresponding reserves, are assembled
author. Tel.: ?1-413- in intracellular cytoplasmic
545-0328; fax: ?1-413- inclusions,
545- often called granules. This
3291. review discusses both the
E-mail address : Microbial inclusions with special reference to PHA International Journal of Biological structure and function of
rcfuller@biochem.uma inclusions and Macromolecules this assembly. In addition
1395 R. Clinton Fuller * ss.edu (R.C. Fuller) intracellular boundary envelopes 25 (1999) 21–29 1999 an overview of othe ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
a Laboratory of
Polymers, Materials Some
and Reagents polyhydroxyalkanoates
Institute, Havana (PHA),
University, Havana polyhydroxybutyrate
City 10400, Cuba (PHB) and copolymers
b Advanced Material poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-
Laboratory, Polymer hydroxyvalerate) (P(HB-co-
Section, North HV)), were characterized
Fluminense State by different techniques
Norma Galego a,b,* , Chavati Rozsa a , University, Campos, (GPC, DSC, DMA, FTIR,
Rubeń Sańchez b , Juan Fung c , R.J., Brazil Characterization and application of poly(b- DRX) in order to be used
Analiá Va´zquez d , Julio Santo * Corresponding hydroxyalkanoates) in hydroxyapatite (HA) Material
1396 Toma´s e author. family as composite biomaterials Polymer Testing 19 (2000) 485–492 2000 composit Characterisation ganze Artikel
a Department of
University of Waterloo, Batch culture of
Waterloo, Ontario, Alcaligenes latus,
Canada American Type Culture
b Department of Collection 29713, was
Chemical Engineering, investigated for producing
University of Almeriá, the intracellular bioplastic
Almeriá, Spain* Keywords: Poly( b- poly( b-hydroxybutyric
Corresponding author. hydroxybutyric acid); acid) (PHB). A central,
Tel.: 134-950-215-566; Polyhydroxybutyrate; composite experimental
fax: 134-950-215- Polyhydroxyalkanoate; design was used to
Enrico Grothe a , Murray Moo-Young a 484. Fermentation optimization for the production of Enzyme and Microbial Technology 25 (1999) Alcaligenes latus; Biopolymer; optimize the composition
1397 , Yusuf Chisti b, * E-mail: ychisti@u poly( b-hydroxybutyric acid) microbial thermoplastic 132–141 1999 Bioplastic of t ganze Artikel
¨ ¨ ¨ Institute of
Biotechnology , Swiss An improved activity assay
Federal Institute of for polyhydroxyalkanoate
Technology , ETH (PHA) polymerases from
Zurich , Honggerberg Pseudomonas oleovorans
HPT , CH- 8093 Zurich GPo1 was
, developed. The activity
Switzerland*Correspon assay is based on the
ding author. Tel.: 141- detection of released
1-633-3286; fax: 141-1- Development of an improved in vitro activity assay for Keywords : PHA polymerase; In Coenzyme A (CoA) using
633- 1051. E-mail medium vitro activity assay; Medium 5,59-dithiobis (2-
address : chain length PHA polymerases based on CoenzymeA chain length nitrobenzoic
1 * Guy de Roo, Qun Ren , Bernard bw@biotech.biol.ethz. release Journal of Microbiological Methods 41 (2000) polyhydroxyalkanoates; acid) (DTNB), a
1398 Witholt , Birgit Kessler ch (B. Witholt) measurements 1–8 2000 Pseudomonas oleovorans compound ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
The School of
Metallurgy and Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)
Materials, The (PHB) has been blended
University of with poly(vinyl acetate)
Birmingham, (PVAc) and the system
Edgbaston, has been found to be
Birmingham B15 2TT, miscible over the
UK complete composition
* Corresponding range studied, i.e. 0–100
author. Tel.: 144-1214- Keywords: Poly(3- wt%. The blends exhibited
144544; fax: 144-1214- Crystallisation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/polyvinyl acetate hydroxybutyrate); Polyvinyl a single glass transition
1399 J.N. Hay * , L. Sharma 145232. blends Polymer 41 (2000) 5749–5757 2000 acetate; Blends temperature, which var ganze Artikel
Two new detection

methods for the
determination of poly-b-
and -valerate (PHV) are
a¨ Swiss Federal described.
Institute for Both methods are based
Environmental Science on depolymerization of
and Technology PHB/ PHV to 3-
(EAWAG), Dubendorf Keywords : Analysis; hydroxybutyrate (3HB)
and Swiss Federal Enzymatic; Ion and 3-hydroxyvalerate
a aba, * Rolf P.X. Hesselmann , Institute of Determination of polyhydroxyalkanoates in activated chromatographic; (3HV).
Thomas Fleischmann , Roland Hany , Technology¨ (ETH ), sludge by ion Journal of Microbiological Methods 35 (1999) Polyhydroxyalkanoates; PHB; Depolymerization was
1400 Alexander J.B. Zehnder Zurich , Switzerland chromatographic and enzymatic methods 111–119 1999 PHV achiev ganze Artikel
Department of Polymer
Science and
Engineering, Kyoto
Institute of A telechelic poly([RS]-3-
Technology, hydroxybutyrate) ([RS]-
Matsugasaki, Sakyo- PHB) was synthesized by
ku, Kyoto 606-8585, the ring-opening
Japan polymerization of [RS]-b-
* Corresponding butyrolactone
author. Tel.: 1 81-75- (bBL) in the presence of
724-7804; fax: 1 81-75- Synthesis and characterization of hydroxy-terminated [RS]- 1,4-butanediol (BD) with
712-3956. poly(3- Keywords: Poly(3- distannoxane as the
E-mail address: hydroxybutyrate) and its utilization to block hydroxybutyrate); Ring-opening catalyst. This polymer was
ykimura@ipc.kit.ac.jp copolymerization with polymerization; Telechelic found to be terminated by
1401 S. Hiki, M. Miyamoto, Y. Kimura * (Y. Kimura). l-lactide to obtain a biodegradable thermoplastic elastomer Polymer 41 (2000) 7369–7379 2000 polymer sec ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
Institut fu «r
Mikrobiologie, We recently identified the
Westfa«lische phaGPp gene encoding
Wilhelms-Universita«t (R)-3-hydroxydecanoyl-
Mu«nster, Corrensstra ACP:CoA transacylase in
Me 3, D-48149 Pseudomonas putida,
Mu«nster, Germany Keywords: Pseudomonas which directly
* Corresponding aeruginosa; links the fatty acid de novo
author. Tel. : +49 (251) The Pseudomonas aeruginosa phaG gene product is Polyhydroxyalkanoic acid; Fatty biosynthesis and
833 9821;Fax: +49 involved in the acid biosynthesis; polyhydroxyalkanoate
(251) 833 8388; E- synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid consisting of Transacylase; (PHA) biosynthesis. An
Nils Hoffmann, Alexander Steinbu« chel mail: steinbu@uni- medium-chain-length constituents from non-related carbon Polyhydroxyalkanoate open reading frame (ORF)
1402 *, Bernd H.A. Rehm muenster.de sources FEMS Microbiology Letters 184 (2000) 253^259 2000 synthesis of which t ganze Artikel
a Institut fu«r
Mikrobiologie und
Genetik der
Universita«t
Go«ttingen, Sinorhizobium meliloti
Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 1021 responds to external
Go«ttingen, Germany biotin signals from alfalfa
b Department of plants through the bioS
Biology, University of regulatory locus.
Waterloo, Waterloo, Immunogold
Kai Hofmann a , Elke B. Heinz a , Ont., N2L 3G1, Keywords: Alfalfa; labeling and electron
Trevor C. Charles b , Michael Hoppert a Canada* Polyhydroxybutyrate; Biotin; microscopy revealed that
, Corresponding author. Sinorhizobium meliloti strain 1021 bioS and bdhA gene Rhizosphere; Root the BioS protein is located
Wolfgang Liebl a , Wolfgang R. Streit a; Tel. : +49 (551) transcriptions colonization; Sinorhizobium within the S. meliloti
1403 * 393775;Fax: +49 (55 are both affected by biotin available in de¢ned medium FEMS Microbiology Letters 182 (2000) 41^44 2000 meliloti cytoplasm. Under biotin-li ganze Artikel
Department of
Biomolecular
Engineering, Tokyo The crystallinity and the
Institute of pro®le of biodegradation
Technology, 4259 by environmental
Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, microorganisms in river
Yokohama 226-8501, water were investigated
Japan* Corresponding for bacterial
author. Tel. : +81-45- poly(3-hydroxybutyric
924-5794; fax: +81-45- Influence of tacticity and molecular weight of poly(vinyl acid) [PHB] blend ®lms
924-5827.E-mail alcohol) on with stereoregular
address:yinoue@bio.tit crystallization and biodegradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric poly(vinyl alcohol)s [PVA]
Tetsuya Ikejima, Naoko Yoshie, Yoshio ech.ac.jp (Y. Inoue), acid)/ Polymer Degradation and Stability 66 (1999) 263- and low-molecular weight
1404 Inoue* nyoshie@bio.t poly(vinyl alcohol) blend films 270 1999 atactic ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
Crystallization behavior
and environmental
biodegradability were
investigated for the films
Department of of bacterial poly(3-
Biomolecular hydroxybutyric acid)
Engineering, Tokyo (PHB) blends with chitin
Institute of and chitosan. The blend
Technology, 4259 films showed X-ray
Nagatsuta, Midori-Ku, Crystallization behavior and environmental Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid); diffractive peaks that
Yokohama 226-8501, biodegradability of the blend Crystallization behavior; arose from the PHB
1405 T. Ikejima, Y. Inoue * Japan films of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) with chitin and chitosan Carbohydrate Polymers 41 (2000) 351–356 2000 Environmental biodegradability crystalline ganze Artikel
Institut fuër
Mikrobiologie, Westfaë
lische Wilhelms- Purified recombinant
Universita ë t poly(hydroxyalkanoic
Muënster, Corrensstra acid), PHA, synthase from
Me 3, D-48149 Muë Keywords: Chromatium vinosum was
nster, Germany * Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid); used to examine in vitro
Corresponding author. Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid); poly(3-hydroxybutyric
Tel.: +49 (251) 833 Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) acid) (P(3HB)) formation.
9821;Fax: +49 (251) synthase; In vitro synthesis; In combination with
833 8388; E-mail: In vitro synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) by using Chromatium vinosum; purified propionyl-
steinbu@uni- an Propionyl-coenzyme A coenzyme A transferase of
1406 Ralf Jossek, Alexander Steinbuë chel * muenster.de enzymatic coenzyme A recycling system FEMS Microbiology Letters 168 (1998) 319^324 1998 transferase Clostridium propionicum ganze Artikel
As a direcxt method for

the evalualtion of tissue
bonding to two
polyhydroxybutyrate
(PHB) based composites,
a mechanical push-out
test was perfomred on
implants inthe femur of
Development of a Degradable Composite for Orthopedic mature Japanesse White
Use - Invivo Biomechanical and Histological-Evaluation of Composites - rabbits. Three composites
Knowles JC, Hastings GW, Ohta H, 2 Bioactive Degradable Composite Based on the Polyhydroxybutyrate - Bone- were tested. The first, a
1407 Niwa S, Boeree N Polyhydroxybutyrate Polymer Biomaterials 1992, Vol 13, Iss 8, pp 491-496 1992 Bonding hyd Application
natural abundance
solution 13C nuclear
magnetic resonance
Department of Polymer (n.m.r.) spectroscopy was
Science and used to monitor the
Engineering and intracellular production
Department of and degradation in vivo of
Biochemistry and two poly(3-
Molecular Biology, hydroxyalkanoates)
University of bacterial polyesters, (PHAs), produced by
Curley J.M., Lenz R.W., Fuller R.C., Massachusetts, intracellular PHA production Pseudomonas Oleovorans
Browne, S.E., Gabriel, C.B. and Amherst, MA 01003, 13C n.m.r. spectroscopy in living cells of Pseudomonas and degradation, 13C n.m.r. , poly(3-
1408 Panday, S. USA and oleovorans Polymer 1997, Vol. 38, No. 21 pp 5313-5319 1997 spectroscopy in vivo hydroxynonanoate) ganze Artikel
Adress(es) /
Nove functional poly(?-

hydroxyalkanoates),
PHAs, with
hyperbolarizable side
Pseudomonas oleovorans, groups were prepared.
Pseudomonas putida, poly(?- Pseudomonas oleovorand
hydroxyalkanoate), poly(3- ATCC 29347 and
Department of hydroxy-6-para- Pseudomons putida KT
Chemistry, University cyanophenoxyhexanoate), 2442 were selcted as
of Massachusetts poly(3-hydroxy-6-para- biocatalysts. These
Lowell, 1 University Bioengineering of (poly-?-hydroxyalkanoates) for nitrophenoxyhexanoate), poly(?- organisms were first
Avenue, Lowell, MA advanced material applications: incorporation of cyano and hydroxy-para- grown on citrate (40 mM)
1409 Kim, O., Gross, R.A. and Rutherford, D. 01854, USA nitrophenoxy side chain substituents Can. J. Microbiol. 41(Suppl. 1): 32-43 (1995) 1995 cyanophenoxyvalerate) before poly ganzer Artikel
Sequence distribution and

chemical structure of mass
selected macromolecules
Centre of Polymer of poly(3-
Chemistry, Polish hydroxybutyrate-co-3-
Academy of Sciences, hydroxyvalerate), PHBV,
41-800 Zabrze, biopolyester macroinitiator
Poland, Sequence Distribution and Fragmentation Studies of obtained by partial
Instituto per la Chimica Bacterial alkaline
Grazyna Adamus, Wanda Sikorska, e la Tecnologia dei Copolyester Macromolecules: Characterization of PHBV MS, mass spectrometry, depolymerization of
and Marek Kowalczuk, Maurizio Materiali Polimerici, Macroinitiator polymer analytic, sequence natural PHBV containing 5
1410 Montaudo, Mariastella Scandola Con by Electrospray Ion-Trap Multistage Mass Spectrometry Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5797-5802 2000 distribution mol % of HV units
Solution-grown lamellar
single crystals of bacterial
poly[(R)-3-
hydroxyvalerate] (P([R]-
3HV))
have been prepared in a
mixture of chloroform and
methanol. P([R]-3HV)
Polymer Chemistry crystals were square-
Laboratory, RIKEN shaped
Institute, Hirosawa, Morphology and Crystal Structure of Solution-Grown and gave well-resolved
Wako-shi, Saitama Single Crystals of crystal structure, morphology, electron diffraction
1411 Tadahisa Iwata* and Yoshiharu Doi 351-0198, Japan Poly[(R)-3-hydroxyvalerate] Macromolecules 2000, 33, 5559-5565 2000 electron diffraction diagrams from wh
Monsanto Co., 800 N.

Lindbergh Blvd.,St.
Louis, Missouri 63167
Department of
Biological Sciences,
Shah D.T., Berger P.A., Tran M., Asrar University of Hull, Synthesis of Poly(3-Hydroxybutyrate by Ralstonia eutropha
1412 J., Madden L.A. and Anderson A.J. Hull HU6 7RX, UK in the presence of 13C-labeled ethylene glycol Macromolecules 2000, 33, 6624-6626 2000 no abstract
Adress(es) /
Several types of mcl-PHAs

were produced by
Pseudomonas putida
Institute of KT2442 at pilot and
Biotechnology, ETH- laboratory scales from
Hönggerberg, CH- renewable long-chain fatty
8093 Zürich, acids (LCFAs) and
Switzerland Renewable Long-Chain Fatty Acids for Production of octanoic acid. These and
Institute of Biodegradable other mcl-PHAs
Environmental Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) are now available in
Kellerhals M.B., Kessler B., Witholt B., Sciences, University of at sufficient amounts to carry
1413 Tchouboukov A. and Helmut Brandl Zü rich, Winterthure Laboratory and Pilot Plant Scales Macromolecules 2000, 33, 4690-4698 2000 out applicatio
Unsaturated
Department of biopolyesters, (PHA-DB),
Chemistry, Zonguldak obtained from pure
Karaelmas University, anchovy (hamci),
67100, Zonguldak, hazelnut,
Turkey; and soybean oily acids and the
TU¬ BIú TAK, mixtures of octanoic acid
Marmara Research (in weight ratios of 50/50
Center, Food, Science and 70/30) were
and Technology chlorinated
Institute, Chlorination of Poly(3-hydroxy alkanoates) Containing up to 54 wt % Cl content.
Ali Hakan Arkin, † Baki Hazer,* ,†,‡ and Gebze, 41470, Unsaturated The molecular weights
1414 Mehlika Borcakli ‡ Kocaeli, Turkey Side Chains Macromolecules 2000, 33, 3219-3223 2000 (MW) of the ch
This paper describes the

biosynthesis and
properties of bacterial
poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s
(PHA) with predominantly
Monsanto Co., 800 N. hydroxyl end groups.
Lindbergh Blvd., St. Hydroxy termination is
Louis, Missouri 63167 achieved by the addition
Devang T. Shah, Minhtien Tran, Pierre Department of of low
A. Berger, Poonam Aggarwal, and Biological Sciences, molecular weight diols to
Jawed Asrar*, Leigh A. Madden and University of Hull, Hull Synthesis and Properties of Hydroxy-Terminated the culture. It is found that
1415 Alistair J. Anderson HU6 7RX, UK Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s Macromolecules 2000, 33, 2875-2880 2000 low mo
A method has been

developed which utilizes
the experimental results
from pyrolysis-gas
chromatography (Py-GC)
integrated with that from a
Analytical Sciences Monte Carlo simulation to
Laboratory, Michigan characterize the
Division, The Dow microstructure of a
Chemical Company, copolymer chain. The
Midland, Michigan Characterization of a Polymeric Chain by Pyrolysis Gas bridge between Py-GC
1416 Frank Cheng-Yu Wang 48667 Chromatography and Computer Simulation Macromolecules 2000, 33, 2437-2445 2000 and the Mo
Adress(es) /
Centre de Recherches
sur les
Macromolećules Blends of bacterial
Ve´ge´tales (CERMAV- poly(hydroxybutyrate)
CNRS), Universite´ (PHB) with
Joseph Fourier, poly(hydroxyoctanoate)
BP 53, 38041 (PHO) were
Grenoble Cedex 9, prepared by co-dissolving
France; and Institut the two polyesters in
Universitaire de chloroform and casting the
Technologie, mixture. To probe the
De´partement de question
Chimie-Mate´riaux, 39, Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Poly(3-hydroxyoctanoate) of blend miscibility,
Bd Gambetta, 38000 Blends: scanning electron
1417 Alain Dufresne* ,† and Marc Vincendon Grenoble, Fra Morphology and Mechanical Behavior Macromolecules 2000, 33, 2998-3008 2000 microscopy (SEM) obs
4.11 Literatures on polysaccharides
342
343
4.11 Literatures on Polysaccharides.xls - page 344
ID Title Author(s) / Inventor(s) Source / Application Number Address(es) / Applicant(s) Year Keyword(s) Abstract
1 A vortex-bowl disk atomizer system for Champagne CP, Blahuta N, Brion Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Jun Food Research and Development 2000 production, alginate, beads, Using a model system, a concept for the immobilization of microbial
the production of alginate beads in a F, Gagnon C 20;68(6):681-8 Centre, Agriculture Canada, 3600 cultures within alginate beads directly in a 1500-L fermentor with a
1500-liter fermentor. Casavant Blvd., West, Saint- height to diameter ratio of 1.85 is described. The system is comprised
Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3. of a 60-cm diameter bowl fixed to the top of an agitation shaft, where
ChampagneC@em.agr.ca calcium-ion-rich media is continuously recirculated from the bulk
solution to the bowl. The rotation of the shaft and bowl creates a
climbing film (vortex) of solution. An atomizing disk centrally recessed
within the bowl sprays an alginate solution into the climbing film where
the droplets harden into beads. The effect of heat treatment on the
alginate solution on resulting bead properties was examined. The
sterilization operation did not appear to have a major effect on the
alginate bead mechanical properties of firmness and elasticity which
was much more a function of alginate concentration. Beads of various
sizes were produced by the unit. The system was characterized by the
dimensionless numbers Reomega = (omega x rho x D(2))/mu a
2 Production and characterization of a Bhushan B J Appl Microbiol 2000 May;88(5):800- MTCC & Gene Bank, Environmental 2000 production, chitinase, Bacillus sp., An alkalophilic, environmental micro-organism, Bacillus sp. BG-11,
thermostable chitinase from a new 8 Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of has been isolated and characterized. It produced 76 U ml-1 of
alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11. Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, chitinase in liquid batch fermentation after 72 h of incubation at 50
India. bharat@lion.imtech.ernet.in degrees C using chitin-enriched medium. The molecular weight of
purified chitinase was estimated to be 41 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The pH
and temperature optima of chitinase immobilized on chitosan and
calcium alginate were 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively, which were
same as that of free enzyme. The pH and thermostability of
immobilized chitinase were enhanced significantly. The chitinase
immobilized on chitosan was stable between pH 5.0 and 10.0, and the
half-life of chitosan-immobilized enzyme at 70, 80 and 90 degrees C
was 90, 70 and 60 min, respectively. The end-products formed during
the enzyme-substrate reaction were identified by 13C-NMR, and N-
acetyl-D-glucosamine was found to be the major end-product. GlcNAc
(GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3 inhibited the chitinase activity by 32, 25 and
18%, respectively, at a concentr
3 Alginate hydrogel microspheres and Senuma Y, Lowe C, Zweifel Y, Biotechnol Bioeng 2000 Mar Polymer Laboratory, Swiss Federal 2000 alginate, hydrospheres, production Our spinning disk atomization (SDA) can, relative to other existing
microcapsules prepared by spinning Hilborn JG, Marison I 5;67(5):616-22 Institute of Technology Lausanne, CH- techniques, produce micron-sized particles with very narrow size
disk atomization. 1015 Lausanne EPFL, Switzerland. distribution. The aim of this work is to present this technology for the
production of alginate microspheres and microcapsules. We atomized
and gelled aqueous alginate solutions into very narrowly dispersed
microspheres with sizes ranging from 300 to 600 microm. Here, the
interest is to produce, at high rate, particles of a given size with a
narrow size distribution and also to show a new method of
encapsulation using SDA. The viscosity and flow rate contributions in
the drop formation is qualitatively analyzed to show how they affect
droplet size. In addition, a technique for high degree of encapsulation
is presented in which yeast is used as a model system. The
production of yeast-loaded microspheres by SDA shows the potential
of the technique for biotechnology applications. Copyright 2000 John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4 Regulation of alginate biosynthesis in Fakhr MK, Penaloza-Vazquez A, J Bacteriol 1999 Jun;181(11):3478- Department of Microbiology and 1999 exopolysaccharide, alginate, Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the phytopathogen P. syringae
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Chakrabarty AM, Bender CL 85 Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State regulation, production, gene, produce the exopolysaccharide alginate. However, the environmental
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma pseudomonas, aeruginosa, signals that trigger alginate gene expression in P. syringae are
74078, USA. syringae, different from those in P. aeruginosa with copper being a major signal
in P. syringae. In P. aeruginosa, the alternate sigma factor encoded
by algT (sigma22) and the response regulator AlgR1 are required for
transcription of algD, a gene which encodes a key enzyme in the
alginate biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we cloned and
characterized the gene encoding AlgR1 from P. syringae. The
deduced amino acid sequence of AlgR1 from P. syringae showed 86%
identity to its P. aeruginosa counterpart. Sequence analysis of the
region flanking algR1 in P. syringae revealed the presence of argH,
algZ, and hemC in an arrangement virtually identical to that reported
in P. aeruginosa. An algR1 mutant, P. syringae FF5.32, was defective
in alginate production but could be complemented when algR1 was
expressed in trans. The alg
5 Synthesis of the A-band polysaccharide Rocchetta HL, Pacan JC, Lam JS Mol Microbiol 1998 Sep;29(6):1419- Department of Microbiology and 1998/99 pseudomonas, aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of producing various cell-surface
sugar D-rhamnose requires Rmd and 34 Published erratum appears in Mol Canadian Bacterial Diseases polysaccharides, production, cell- polysaccharides including alginate, A-band and B-band
WbpW: identification of multiple AlgA Microbiol 1999 Jan;31(1):397-8 Network, University of Guelph, ON. surface, alginate, lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The D-mannuronic acid residues of
homologues, WbpW and ORF488, in lipopolysaccharides alginate and the D-rhamnose (D-Rha) residues of A-band
Pseudomonas aeruginosa. polysaccharide are both derived from the common sugar nucleotide
precursor GDP-D-mannose (D-Man). Three genes, rmd, gmd and
wbpW, which encode proteins involved in the synthesis of GDP-D-
Rha, have been localized to the 5' end of the A-band gene cluster. In
this study, WbpW was found to be homologous to phosphomannose
isomerases (PMIs) and GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylases (GMPs)
involved in GDP-D-Man biosynthesis. To confirm the enzymatic
activity of WbpW, Escherichia coli PMI and GMP mutants deficient in
the K30 capsule were complemented with wbpW, and restoration of
K30 capsule production was observed. This indicates that WbpW, like
AlgA, is a bifunctional enzyme that possesses both PMI and GMP
activities for the synthesis of GDP-D-Man. No gene encoding a
phosphomannose mutase
6 Effect of nutrients on alginate synthesis Sabry SA, Ghanem KM, Sabra Microbiologia 1996 Dec;12(4):593-8 Department of Botany and 1996 nutrient, alginate, production, The role of nutrients on alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii
in Azotobacter vinelandii and WA Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Azotobacter vinelandii was studied in batch cultures. The largest amount of bacterial alginate
characterization of the produced Alexandria University, Egypt. was obtained in presence of: 0.3 g/l MgSO4.7H2O. 0.4 g/l NaCl, 42
alginate. mg/l CaCl2.2H2O,.4 mg/l KH2PO4, 16 mg/l K2HPO4, 2.5 mg/l
FeSO4.7H2O, 2.9 mg/l H3BO3, 2 mg/l ZnSO4.7H2O, 2 mg/l
Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.3 mg/l CuSO4.5H2O, 0.2 mg/l MnCl2.4H2O.
Alginate production was not enhanced by natural additives or inducing
agents, except for acetate, which increased alginate yield. The pure
alginate contained 0.36% ash and 0.4% protein. It is similar to algal
alginate, but it has an extra acetyl group. It contains 69.5% M-M block,
27.5% M-G block and 3% G-G block.
7 Anaerobic production of alginate by Hassett DJ J Bacteriol 1996 Dec;178(24):7322-5 Department of Molecular Genetics, 1996 pseudomonas, aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced alginate and elevated algD
Pseudomonas aeruginosa: alginate Biochemitsry and Microbiology, production, alginate, anaerob, (encoding GDPmannose 6-dehydrogenase) transcription under strict
restricts diffusion of oxygen. University of Cincinnati College of nitrate anaerobic conditions, especially when using nitrate as a terminal
Medicine, Ohio 45257-0524, USA. electron acceptor. Purified alginate added to bacterial suspensions
hassetdj@ucbeh.san.uc.edu caused a decrease in growth, suggesting that alginate contributes to
oxygen limitation for the organism and likely for patients afflicted with
the inherited autosomal disease cystic fibrosis.
8 Alginates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Schmitt-Andrieu L, Hulen C C R Acad Sci III 1996 Departement de biologie, universite 1996 Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing
a complex regulation of the pathway of Mar;319(3):153-60 de Cergy-Pontoise, France. severe infections, especially in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis.
biosynthesis.[Article in French] Environmental conditions induce the production by the bacteria of a
viscous mucoid exopolysaccharide, called alginate, which is one of
the most important factor of virulence of P. aeruginosa. Alginate is a
linear polymer of beta-1, 4-linked L-guluronic acid and D-mannuronic
acid. The alginate biosynthetic pathway involves genes called alg
which are clustered at the 34 min region of chromosomal DNA of P.
aeruginosa. The key enzyme of alginate biosynthesis, the GDP-
mannose dehydrogenase is encoded by the gene algD. Expression of
algD is positively controlled by several proteins, especially AlgU, a
putative sigma factor homologous to sigma E of E. coli, AlgR and
AlgP, a transactivator and an histone-like respectively. Here, a
scheme of alginate biosynthetic pathway and a model for the alg
genes regulation are described from results published in literature and
from our own interpret
9 Copper as a signal for alginate Kidambi SP, Sundin GW, Palmer Appl Environ Microbiol 1995 Department of Plant Pathology, 1995 copper, CuSO4, alginate Plant-associated pseudomonads are commonly exposed to copper
synthesis in Pseudomonas syringae pv. DA, Chakrabarty AM, Bender CL Jun;61(6):2172-9 Oklahoma State University, Stillwater bactericides, which are applied to reduce the disease incidence
syringae. 74078-9947, USA. caused by these bacteria. Consequently, many of these bacteria have
acquired resistance or tolerance to copper salts. We recently
conducted a survey of 37 copper-resistant (Cur) Pseudomonas spp.,
including P. cepacia, P. fluorescens, P. syringae, and P. viridiflava,
and found that a subset of the P. syringae strains showed a dramatic
increase in exopolysaccharide (EPS) production on mannitol-
glutamate medium containing CuSO4 at 250 micrograms/ml. A
modified carbazole assay indicated that the EPS produced on copper-
amended media contained high levels of uronic acids, suggesting that
the EPS was primarily alginic acid. Uronic acids extracted from
selected strains were further confirmed to be alginate by
demonstrating their sensitivity to alginate lyase and by descending
paper chromatography following acid hydrolysis. Subinhibitory levels
of arsenate, cobalt, lithium, rubidium, molybdenum,
10 Production of purified alginates suitable Klock G, Frank H, Houben R, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1994 Lehrstuhl fur Biotechnologie, 1994 production, alginates, purified Alginate is used as a matrix for immunoisolation of cells and tissues in
for use in immunoisolated Zekorn T, Horcher A, Siebers U, Jan;40(5):638-43 Biozentrum-Am Hubland, University of vivo. We have demonstrated previously that commercial alginates
transplantation. Wohrle M, Federlin K, Wurzburg, Germany. contain various fractions of mitogenic impurities and that they can be
Zimmermann U removed by free flow electrophoresis. The use of purified material is a
necessity in order to reveal the parameters that control
biocompatibility of the implanted material (such as stability, size,
surface charge and curvature, etc.). In this study, we present a
protocol for the chemical purification of alginates on a large-scale.
Beads made from alginates purified by this multi-step chemical
extraction procedure did not induce a significant foreign body reaction
when implanted for 3 weeks either intraperitoneally or beneath the
kidney capsule of Lewis or non-diabetic BB/Gi rats.
11 Synthesis of lipopolysaccharide O side Goldberg JB, Hatano K, Pier GB J Bacteriol 1993 Mar;175(6):1605-11 Channing Laboratory, Department of 1993 lipopolysaccharide, We have cloned a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthetic gene from
chains by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Medicine, Brigham and Women's phosphomanomutase, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 that complements the defect in the
PAO1 requires the enzyme Hospital, Harvard Medical School, production and incorporation of LPS O side chains in the LPS-rough
phosphomannomutase. Boston, Massachusetts 02115-5899. strain AK1012. This gene was characterized by pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis, deletion and restriction mapping of the cloned DNA,
and biochemical analysis of the protein product. The cloned DNA was
found to map to the 7-to-11-min region of the P. aeruginosa
chromosome, and the gene needed for complementation of the LPS-
rough phenotype was contained on a 2.6-kb HindIII-SacI fragment.
This same size restriction fragment contains the alginate gene algC,
which encodes the enzyme phosphomannomutase (PMM) and also
maps to this region of the P. aeruginosa chromosome. The LPS-rough
strain AK1012 was deficient in PMM activity, and this activity was
restored to parental levels when the cloned gene was transferred to
strain AK1012. In addition, the cloned gene could complement the
PMM deficiency in the algC mutant strain 8858,
12 Oxygen-dependent alginate synthesis Leitao JH, Sa-Correia I J Gen Microbiol 1993 Mar;139 ( Pt Laboratorio de Engenharia 1993 alginate, oxygen, production, Alginate production by the highly alginate-producing Pseudomonas
and enzymes in Pseudomonas 3):441-5 Bioquimica, Instituto Superior aeruginosa 8821M was maximal at a dissolved oxygen tension (DOT)
aeruginosa. Tecnico, Lisboa, Portugal. of 5% of air saturation. Lower DOT limited growth and alginate
synthesis. At higher DOT values up to 70% of air saturation, the
specific alginate production rate decreased. Nevertheless, the
molecular mass of the alginate increased at higher aerations, as
indicated by the viscosity of solutions of the isolated biopolymer. The
specific activity of the four enzymes leading to GDP-mannuronic acid
formation, phosphomannose isomerase (PMI), phosphomannomutase
(PMM), GDP-mannose pyrophosphorylase (GMP) and GDP-mannose
dehydrogenase (GMD), increased with DOT of up to 25%. At higher
DOT, however, only GMP and GMD maintained their maximum
values. Changes observed at high oxygen concentrations in the
relative activities of PMI and GMP, which are activities of the same
bifunctional protein, were attributed to the much higher sensitivity of
PMI activity to irreversible oxidative inactivation.
13 Continuous chitosan hydrolyzate Yamasaki Y, Fukumoto I, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1992 Applied Biological Sciences, Faculty 1992 chitosan, alginate, Enterobacter Chitosanolytic enzymes from Enterobacter sp. G-1 were immobilized
production by immobilized Kumagai N, Ohta Y, Nakagawa T, Oct;56(10):1546-51 of Agriculture, Shimane University, on various carriers to continuously hydrolyze chitosan. Four different
chitosanolytic enzyme from Kawamukai M, Matsuda H Matsue, Japan. carriers were tested: FE-3901 (strong basic anion exchange resin,
Enterobacter sp. G-1. ionic binding), glutaraldehyde-treated FE-4612 (weak basic anion
exchange resin, cross-linking), Chitopearl (chitosan beads), and
alginate calcium. Glutaraldehyde-treated FE-4612 and Chitopearl
immobilized more protein than the others. The enzyme immobilized on
FE-3901 had the greatest activity. The activity of enzyme immobilized
on FE-3901 decreased rapidly when exposed to a continuous flow of
1% chitosan. The enzyme immobilized with Chitopearl retained more
than 50% of its original activity after 17 days, and the activity was fully
restored by re-immobilization.
14 Production of alginate beads by Poncelet D, Lencki R, Beaulieu C, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1992 INRS-Sante, Universite du Quebec, 1992 alginate, microspheres, beads, Small diameter alginate beads (microspheres) were formed via
emulsification/internal gelation. I. Halle JP, Neufeld RJ, Fournier A Oct;38(1):39-45 Pointe-Claire, Canada. internal gelation of alginate solution emulsified within vegetable oil.
Methodology. Gelation was initiated by addition of an oil-soluble acid thereby
reducing the pH of the alginate solution and releasing soluble Ca2+
from the citrate complex. Smooth, spherical, micron-sized beads were
formed. The mean diameter ranged from 200 to 1000 microns,
controlled by the reactor impeller design and rotational speed. The
technique has potential for large-scale and continuous applications in
immobilization.
15 Production of exocellular De la Vega MG, Cejudo FJ, Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1991 Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y 1991 polysaccharide, Azotobacter Environmental conditions affect the production of extracellular
polysaccharide by Azotobacter Paneque A Sep;30(3):273-84 Fotosintesis, Universidad de Sevilla- chroococcum, production, polysaccharide by Azotobacter chroococcum ATCC 4412. Production
chroococcum. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones affection, environmental conditions of exocellular polymer from a variety of carbon sources depended on
Cientificas, Spain. the air flow rate. A high sucrose concentration in medium (8%)
markedly favored expopolysaccharide production, which reached 14
g/L in about 72 h. In cell suspensions incubated in the presence of 8%
sucrose in a nitrogen-free medium, biopolymer final concentration of 9
g/L corresponds to 68 g/g biomass. Maximum efficiency of sucrose
conversion into exopolysaccharide peaked at 70% for initial
disaccharide concentration of 6%. High performance liquid
chromatography and gas liquid chromatography of acid hydrolysates
of the exopolymer revealed the presence of mannuronosyl,
guluronosyl, and acetyl residues, but not neutral sugars. The infrared
spectrum corroborated the presence of carboxylate anions and O-
acetyl groups in the exopolymer. Though the presence of more than
one kind of polysaccharide cannot be ruled out, thes
16 Alginate biosynthesis in mucoid Martins LO, Sa-Correia I Enzyme Microb Technol 1991 Laboratorio de Engenharia 1991 alginate, biosynthesis, organisms The Pseudomonas aeruginosa algD gene, encoding GDP-mannose
recombinants of Pseudomonas May;13(5):385-9 Bioquimica, Instituto Superior dehydrogenase (GMD) and cloned at Chakrabarty's Laboratory in the
aeruginosa overproducing GDP- Tecnico, Lisboa, Portugal. expression vector pMMB24 (plasmid pVD211), was mobilized into
mannose dehydrogenase. P.aeruginosa strains 8821 and 8821M. Strain 8821M was a high-
alginate-producing variant, spontaneously obtained from mucoid
strain 8821, with derepressed levels of GMD, a key enzyme in the
regulation of alginate biosynthesis, leading to the irreversible
oxidation of GDP-mannose to GDP-mannuronic acid. A slight increase
in the level of GMD, in both strains harboring the plasmid pVD211 and
batch-grown at 37 degrees C without IPTG induction, led to the
increase of production rate and the final concentration of alginate
produced by control strains harboring the cloning vector. However, the
viscosity of the aqueous solutions prepared with the alginate (3 g l-1)
produced by mucoid strains harboring pVD211 was lower than those
with the alginate produced by the controls (shear rates in the range
0.6-12 s-1). The specific activity of
17 Oxygen-dependent up-regulation of Bayer AS, Eftekhar F, Tu J, Nast Infect Immun 1990 May;58(5):1344-9 Department of Medicine, Harbor- 1990 exopolysaccharide, Pseudomonas We previously showed substantial differences in Pseudomonas
mucoid exopolysaccharide (alginate) CC, Speert DP UCLA Medical Center, Torrance aeruginosa, alginate, regulation, aeruginosa exopolysaccharide production in vitro at oxygen tensions
production in Pseudomonas 90509. production, reflective of the right versus left cardiac circuits in vivo (40 versus 80
aeruginosa. mm Hg, respectively; A. S. Bayer, T. O'Brien, D. C. Norman, and C. C.
Nast, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 23:21-35, 1989). However, those
studies did not specifically confirm this exopolysaccharide to be the
characteristic P. aeruginosa mucoid alginate seen in patients with
cystic fibrosis. With a murine monoclonal antibody prepared against
P. aeruginosa alginate, strongly positive immunofluorescence (IF)
staining of a nonmucoid P. aeruginosa strain (PA-96) was seen after
its exposure in vitro to oxygen tensions (pO2) of approximately 80 mm
Hg; the intensity of the IF staining under these conditions was similar
to that observed with a phenotypically mucoid P. aeruginosa strain
(C1712M) from a cystic fibrosis patient. In contrast, the same
nonmucoid strain (PA-96), after exposure to pO2 of approximately 40
mm Hg, s
18 Alginate production by clinical Anastassiou ED, Mintzas AC, J Clin Microbiol 1987 Apr;25(4):656- 1987 alginate, production, nonmucoid, The slime material from a revertant nonmucoid variant, derived by
nonmucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa Kounavis C, Dimitracopoulos G 9 Pseudomonas serial passage of a heavily mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain
strains. isolated from a patient with bacteremia, was found to contain 16%
uronic acids, 48.5% carbohydrates, 11% protein, and 2% lipids.
Chromatographic analysis by ion exchange chromatography revealed
that this extracellular material consisted of three fractions, one uronic
acid fraction with properties similar to those of the alginate fraction of
the parental strain and two other fractions consisting of neutral sugars
and proteins in approximately a 5:1 ratio. In addition, the slime
material from six other clinical macroscopic nonmucoid P. aeruginosa
strains was found to contain alginate. These results demonstrate that
alginate production in various amounts is a property shared by all P.
aeruginosa strains.
19 Alginate biosynthesis by Pseudomonas Banerjee PC Arch Microbiol 1986 Sep;145(4):408- 1986 Biosynthesis, inhibitors, alginic Biosynthesis of alginic acid in presence of metabolic inhibitors by
aeruginosa: effect of arsenite and other 10 acid resting cells of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa was studied. Among
metabolic inhibitors. the inhibitors tested, arsenite exhibited very interesting results, while
the others showed no remarkable effect. Firstly, arsenite stopped
alginate production from all the substrates during initial hours of
incubation; secondly, degradation of newly synthesized alginates to
smaller molecular weight fragments took place if it was added after a
few hours of incubation with the substrate; and thirdly, uncontrolled
synthesis of alginate started after several hours of inhibition.
Presence of arsenite was needed for the initial inhibitory phase of
alginate synthesis; but once the cells were capable of synthesizing
alginate after initial hours of inhibition, arsenite may be omitted from
the medium.
20 Polysaccharide production and the Couperwhite I, McCallum MF Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1975 Azotobacter vinelandii, During the growth of Azotobacter vinelandii in batch culture in Burk's
possible occurrence of GDP-D- 1975;41(1):25-32 polysaccharide, production, 2% glucose medium supplemented with 50 mg EDTA per litre, water-
mannose dehydrogenase in insoluble capsular polysaccaride material accumulated in cultures
Azotobacter vinelandii. prior to the appearance of water-soluble polysaccharide in the culture
medium. On isolation, hydrolysis and chromatography, both these
polysaccharides were observed to be composed of carbohydrate
monomers having the same chromatographic mobilities as glucose,
rhamnos, guluronic acid and mannuronic acid. The activity of GDP-D-
mannose dehydrogenase recorded in crude cell-free extracts from
Azotobacter vinelandii, when these polysaccharides were produced,
may indicate a close similarity between the biosynthetic pathway of
alginate synthesis in marine Phaeophyceae and this soil
microorganism.
21 A new process for the production of Kim D, Day DF Enzyme Microb Technol 1994 Department of Microbiology, 1994 dextran, fermentation, production A mixed-culture fermentation system was designed for the production
clinical dextran by mixed-culture Oct;16(10):844-8 Louisiana State University, Baton of size-limited dextrans. This process was simpler and more
fermentation of Lipomyces starkeyi and Rouge. economical than traditional methods. It required the establishment of
Leuconostoc mesenteroides. microbial consortia of Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 74054 and
Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 10830. Controlling initial
conditions, growth, and enzyme production by both organisms
controlled the product size. In this process, both strains were grown
separately and then mixed. Dextran fermentation was then allowed to
proceed. At the desired time (and molecular size), the fermentation
was harvested. The optimum pH and temperature for production of
clinical dextran (75,000 MW) were 5.2 (+/- 0.1) and 28 (+/- 0.5)
degrees C, respectively. Varying the ratio of L. mesenteroides to L.
starkeyi in the inoculum did not significantly affect either the final cell
ratios or dextran production.
22 Characterisation of and polysaccharide Marsh PD, West AA, Keevil CW J Med Microbiol 1987 Nov;24(3):259- Bacterial Metabolism Research 1987 glucosyltransferases, Small numbers of bacteria capable of growing on agar supplemented
production by amoxycillin-resistant 62 Laboratory, PHLS Centre for Applied polysaccharide production with amoxycillin 40 mg/L were isolated from the saliva of 9 out of 20
streptococci. Microbiology and Research, adult volunteers in a previous study. All the bacteria were identified as
Salisbury, Wiltshire. Streptococcus sanguis although no strains produced dextran in
conventional tests. However, using a specific assay, all the antibiotic-
resistant strains were found to secrete glucosyltransferases (GTF),
the enzymes that synthesise these extracellular polysaccharides; the
production of GTF-S, the enzyme that synthesizes dextran, was 22-
43% less than that of an antibiotic-sensitive control strain. Enzyme
production by both antibiotic-resistant and sensitive bacteria was
markedly inhibited by dextran primer. The amoxycillin-resistant
bacteria were resistant to other penicillins; their resistance to
erythromycin was variable but they were uniformly sensitive to
cephalothin and clindamycin. As dextran production has been
proposed as a key factor in the colonisation of damaged heart valves
by bacteria such as
23 Studies on production of pullulan by the Sun W, Zhou T, Xie H, Jiang N, Chin J Biotechnol 1999;15(2):121-8 State Key Laboratory of Microbial 1999 pullulan, production, fed-batch The feed-batch fermentaStudies on production of pullulan by the feed
feed batch fermentation. Ren Y Resources, Chinese Academy of batch fermentation. tion of pullulan was investigated based on the
Sciences, Beijing, China. conditions of batch fermentation. The optimal conditions of pullulan
fermentation were determined by the investigation on the effect of
feed mode, initial feed time, intermittent time, and composition of the
feed solution on parameters such as productivity, conversion yield,
biomass, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH of the fermentation broth,
viscosity of the fermentation broth and molecular weight of the
product. Above 70% of conversion yield and 100 kD of average
molecular weight of the product was obtained at the optimal
conditions.
24 Effect of nitrogen source on pullulan West TP, Strohfus B Microbios 1999;99(394):147-59 Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, 1999 pullulan, production, nitrogen Pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 201253 using
production by Aureobasidium pullulans Department of Chemistry and selected nitrogen sources was studied in a medium using corn syrup
grown in a batch bioreactor. Biochemistry, South Dakota State as a carbon source. Independent of the corn syrup concentration
University, Brookings 57007, USA. present, the use of corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy protein as a
nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate did not elevate
polysaccharide production by ATCC 201253 cells grown in an
aerated, batch bioreactor containing 4 litres of medium. Pullulan
production on corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy protein as a
nitrogen source became more comparable as the concentration of
corn syrup was increased. Cell weights after 7 days of growth on any
of the nitrogen sources were similar. The viscosity of the
polysaccharide on day 7 was highest for cells grown on ammonium
sulphate and 12.5% corn syrup. The pullulan content of the
polysaccharide elaborated by ammonium sulphate-grown cells on day
7 decreased as the corn syrup level rose in the medium while the
pullulan content of polysaccharide produced by cells grown on cor
25 Pullulan production by Aureobasidium West TP, Strohfus B Microbios 1996;88(354):7-18 Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, 1996 pullulan production, Pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans strain RP-1 using thin
pullulans grown on ethanol stillage as a Department of Chemistry and stillage from fuel ethanol production as a nitrogen source was studied
nitrogen source. Biochemistry, South Dakota State in a medium using corn syrup as a carbon source. The use of 1% thin
University, Brookings 57007, USA. stillage as a nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate elevated
polysaccharide production by strain RP-1 cells when grown on a
concentration of up to 7.5% corn syrup, independent of yeast extract
supplementation. Dry weights of cells grown in medium containing
ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source were higher than the
stillage-grown cells after 7 days of growth. The viscosity of the
polysaccharide on day 7 was higher for cells grown on thin stillage
rather than ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source. The pullulan
content of the polysaccharide elaborated by ammonium sulphate-
grown cells on day 7 was higher than the pullulan content of
polysaccharide produced by stillage-grown cells regardless of whether
yeast extract was added to the culture medium.
26 Studies on the condition of fermentation Sun W, Zhou T, Xie H, Ren Y, Chin J Biotechnol 1994;10(4):283-90 Institute of Microbiology, Chinese 1994 pullulan production, Studies on optimal conditions for pullulan fermentation based on the
of pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans. Jiang N Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. results obtained from a shaking flask were carried out in a 16-L auto-
controlling fermentor. It found that the optimal DE value of starch
hydrolyzate was 40-50 when 10% starch hydrolysate was used as
carbon source. The optimal concentration of ammonium sulfate in the
medium for fermentation was different from that of the shaking flask.
The fermentation kinetics and effects of seed age, seed volume,
airflow rate, pressure of tank, agitation speed and number of vane
group on the production of pullulan were investigated.
27 Flow injection analysis with immobilized Englbrecht U, Schmidt HL J Chem Technol Biotechnol Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Chemie und 1992 flow injection system, pullulan A flow injection system is described for the parallel determination of
enzymes for process control of pullulan 1992;53(4):397-400 Biochemie, Technische Universitat production, pullulan and glucose during a fermentation of the fungus
production by fermentation. Munchen, Freising-Weihenstephan, Aureobasidium pullulans. The polysaccharide was hydrolyzed by
Germany. pullulanase and amyloglucosidase, immobilized to controlled-pore
glass (CPG). The glucose produced was oxidized by glucose
dehydrogenase and the NADH formed determined photometrically.
The pullulan concentration was calculated from the difference to the
response obtained for free glucose. The calibration curves for
monomer and polymer were both linear between 2 mg dm-3 and 20
mg dm-3. Analysis of one sample for the determination of glucose and
pullulan took about 10 min.
28 Production of pullulan [Article in Behrens U, Lohse R Nahrung 1977;21(3):199-204 1977 pullulan production, optimum Optimum conditions for the production of pullulan by Pullularia
German] conditions pullulans were elaborated by examinating growth and production with
different carbohydrates and mixtures of carbohydrates. With starch
hydrolysates or mixtures of starch and simple sugars, p.e. glucose or
saccharose, better results were achieved than with simple sugars
alone or with starch. Condtions for optimum pullulan production are
fast undisturbed growth, mediated by fast utilizable simple sugars like
glucose followed by a substantial decreased growth rate in which
production occurs, mediated by a sufficient supply of nutrite
substances and a slow utilizable carbohydrate like starch.
29 Production and purification of protease Yang J, Shih I, Tzeng Y, Wang S Enzyme Microb Technol 2000 Mar Department of Food Engineering, Da- 2000 Bacillus subtilis, crustacean waste, A protease-producing microorganism was isolated in northern Taiwan
from a Bacillus subtilis that can 1;26(5-6):406-413 Yeh University, Chang-Hwa, Taiwan chitin production, deproteinization and identified as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. B. subtilis Y-108 thus
deproteinize crustacean wastes*. isolated can be used for deproteinization of crustacean wastes in the
preparation of chitin. For deproteinization tests, liquid phase
fermentation of untreated shrimp shell, crab shell, and lobster shell
wastes with this microbe showed protein removal of 88, 67, and 83%,
respectively. In contrast, the protein removal of the acid treated
wastes was 76, 62, 56%, respectively. The optimized conditions for
protease production was found when the culture was shaken at 30
degrees C for 3 days in 100 ml of medium (phosphate buffer adjusted
to pH 6.0) containing 7% shrimp and crab shell powder (SCSP), 0.1%
K(2)HPO(4), 0.05% MgSO(4), 1.0% arabinose, 1.5% NaNO(3), and
1.5% CaCl(2). Under such conditions, the protease of B. subtilis Y-
108 attained the highest activity. It was as high as 20.2 U/ml. The
protease was purified in a three-step procedure involving ammonium
sulfate precipita
30 Production of a recombinant chitin Tokuyasu K, Kaneko S, Hayashi FEBS Lett 1999 Sep 10;458(1):23-6 National Food Research Institute, 1999 chitin, deacetylase, Escherichia With the aid of a signal sequence of a chitinase from Streptomyces
deacetylase in the culture medium of K, Mori Y Tsukuba, Japan. coli, lividans, a recombinant chitin deacetylase, whose gene originated
Escherichia coli cells. tokuyasu@nfri.affrc.go.jp from a Deuteromycete, Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, was produced
in the culture medium of Escherichia coli cells, existing as a highly
active form without the signal peptide. During the production of the
recombinant chitin deacetylase, both a slight increase in the value of
OD600 nm in the culture medium and a drastic decrease in viable cell
number were observed. When penta-N-acetyl-chitopentaose was
used as the substrate, the recombinant chitin deacetylase had
comparable kinetic parameters to those of the original enzyme from
the fungus. The addition of a C-terminal six histidine sequence to the
recombinant enzyme caused a slight decrease in the kcat value, and
the further addition of a 12 amino acid sequence at its N-terminus
caused a further decrease in the value. This production system
allowed us to easily produce in the culture media the recombinant
chitin deacetylases pos
31 Chitin biosynthesis during Selitrennikoff CP, Allin D, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1976 1976 chitin, biosynthesis, Blastocladiella De novo construction of a chitinous cell wall accompanies
Blastocladiella zoospore germination: Sonneborn DR Feb;73(2):534-8 zoospore Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore germination. At least an order of
evidence that the hexosamine magnitude increase in total hexosamine occurs during germination.
biosynthetic pathway is post- This increase is into polymer (chitin) and occurs on schedule in the
translationally activated during cell presence of cycloheximide. Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-
differentiation. acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), both the end product of hexosamine
biosynthesis and a substrate for chitin biosynthesis, is a potent
inhibitor of the activity of the first pathway-specific enzyme of
hexosamine biosynthesis in zoospore extracts. Certain uridine
nucleotides, not perceptibly influencing the activity of the first enzyme
per se, counteract the inhibitory effects of UDPGlcNAc. The
concentration of UDPGlcNAc in the zoospore is sufficient to act as an
inhibitor of the enzyme, but the amount of UDPGlcNAc is sufficient, by
over an order of magnitude, to account for the chitin synthesized
during germination. Both the production of UDPGlcNAc and its
utilization for chitin synthesis appear to be post
32 Chitin synthase in Mortierella vinacea: Peberdy JF, Moore PM J Gen Microbiol 1975 Oct;90(2):228- 1975 chitin, synthase, Mortierella Chitin synthase of Mortierella vinacea was present in the "microsomal'
properties, cellular location and 36 vinacea fraction (100 000 g precipitate), the 'cell-wall' fraction (2000 g
synthesis in growing cultures. precipitate) and the 'mitochondrial' fraction (10 000 g precipitate). The
properties of the 'microsomal' enzyme were investigated. The pH
optimum was between 5-8 and 6-2, and the temperature optimum was
between 31 and 33 degrees C. The Km for UDP N-acetyl-D-
glucosamine was 1.8 mM. The enzyme was stimulated by Mg2+ and a
slight stimulation was also effected by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine.
Soluble chitodextrins were inhibitory. A pH-dependent, heat-stable
inhibitor of chitin synthase activity was present in the soluble
cytoplasm from the mycelium. The effects of aeration and glucose
concentration on enzyme production in growing cultures were also
investigated; maximum specific activity of chitin synthase was
associated with the cessation of exponential growth.
33 Production and isolation of chitosan White SA, Farina PR, Fulton I Appl Environ Microbiol 1979 1979 production, isolation, chitosan, A method for the lab-scale production and isolation of chitosan
from Mucor rouxii. Aug;38(2):323-8 Mucor rouxii (polyglucosamine) from hyphal walls of Mucor rouxii was developed.
Hyphal wall yields were generally 16 to 22% on a dry cell weight
basis, of which 35 to 40% was glucosamine. Chitosan was readily
extracted from purified, mycelial walls with acetic, formic, and
hydrochloric acids; the last named was the most efficient. The yield of
chitosan isolated ranged from 4 to 8% of the dry weight of the cell wall
material.
34 Theoretical maximum and observed Phillips KR, Lawford HG Can J Microbiol 1983 1983 curdlan, production, yields, As a guide to both strain and process improvement and based on
product yields associated with curdlan Oct;29(10):1270-6 Alcaligenes faecalis, review certain assumptions concerning both glucose and energy metabolism
production by Alcaligenes faecalis. of the process organism, Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes, the
theoretical "maximum" carbon (glucose) substrate to product
conversion efficiency (i.e., product yield) has been estimated for
"curdlan-type" beta(1 leads to 3)-glucan exopolysaccharide production
in batch fermentations. Under nitrogen limitation, which promotes
curdlan biosynthesis (mu = 0), the rate of glucose consumption for
cellular maintenance energy (grams of glucose per gram of cells per
hour) was approximately five times higher than under carbon
limitation. The decrease in the theoretical "maximum" curdlan
conversion efficiency of 74% to the average value of 50-56% was due
primarily to the high maintenance coefficient of the nitrogen-starved
culture.
35 Production of curdlan-type Phillips KR, Pik J, Lawford HG, Can J Microbiol 1983 1983 curdlan, production, batch culture, The biosynthesis of a thermogelable, extracellular homo-beta-(1 leads
polysaccharide by Alcaligenes faecalis Lavers B, Kligerman A, Lawford Oct;29(10):1331-8 coninuous culture, Alcaligenes to 3)-glucan called "curdlan," has been studied in batch and
in batch and continuous culture. GR faecalis, review continuous cultures of Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes. Curdlan
production is associated with the poststationary phase of a nitrogen-
depleted, aerobic batch culture. Exopolymer is not detected in single-
stage, carbon-limited continuous cultures but curdlan can be isolated
from the effluent of a nitrogen-limited chemostat operating at a dilution
rate (D) of less than 0.1 h-1. A spontaneous variant of strain ATCC
21680 was isolated and found to be compatible with long-term,
nitrogen-limited chemostat culture. The specific rate of curdlan
production is approximately four times higher in poststationary batch
cultures than in single-stage continuous fermentations. The product
yield (Yp/S) associated with batch processing (nongrowing cultures) is
approximately 0.5 g curdlan/g glucose, with CO2 being the only
detectable by-product.
36 Special bacterial polysaccharides and Harada T Biochem Soc Symp 1983;48:97-116 1983 bacterial polysaccharides, curdlan, Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which we isolated from
polysaccharases. production, review, Alcaligenes soil, produces a water-soluble and an insoluble extracellular
faecalis polysaccharide. The former (succinoglycan) is composed of glucose,
galactose, pyruvic acid and succinic acid (molar proportions 7:1:1:1)
with (beta 1-3)-, (beta 1-4)- and (beta 1-6)-glucosidic linkages. The
latter (curdlan) is composed entirely of (beta 1-3)-linked D-glucose
and forms a resilient firm gel when heated in suspension. The
organism also produces extracellularly a repeating-unit
octasaccharide of succinoglycan and cyclic (beta 1-2)-D-glucan.
These polymers or oligomers are also produced by many strains of
Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Spontaneous mutation in ability to
produce these polysaccharides or oligosaccharides occurs in these
strains. The structures of succinoglycan, and similar polymers
containing riburonic acid or galactose as the end residue of the side
chain, were elucidated by successive fragmentation with two special
enzymes obtained from Cytophaga arvensicola
37 Spontaneous mutation of Amemura A, Hisamatsu M, Appl Environ Microbiol 1977 1977 curdlan, production, Alcaligenes Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which produces large
polysaccharide production in Harada T Dec;34(6):617-20 faecalis, spontaneous mutation amounts of succinoglucan and small amounts of curdlan, was
Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes genetically unstable and mutated spontaneously to a form producing
10C3. more curdland than succinoglucan when stocked on nutrient agar
slants. The mutation occurred in the absence of cell division when the
cells were incubated in saline and was enhanced by treatment with N-
methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, ethyl methane sulfonate, or
ultraviolet light. Mutant strains were genetically stable and did not
revert spontaneously for at least 1 year when stocked on nutrient agar
slants.
38 Ability of casamino acids to support West TP, Fullenkamp NA Microbios 2000;102(402):89-101 Department of Chemistry and 2000
gellan production by Sphingomonas Biochemistry, South Dakota State
paucimobilis ATCC 31461. University, Brookings 57007, USA.
39 Structures and properties of gellan Fialho AM, Martins LO, Donval Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Centro de Engenharia Biologica e 1999 sphingomonas, gellan The dairy industry produces large quantities of whey as a by-product
polymers produced by sphingomonas ML, Leitao JH, Ridout MJ, Jay AJ, Jun;65(6):2485-91 Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, of cheese production and is increasingly looking for new ways to
paucimobilis ATCC 31461 from lactose Morris VJ, Sa-Correia I 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal. utilize this waste product. Gellan gum is reliably produced by
compared with those produced from Sphingomonas paucimobilis in growth media containing lactose, a
glucose and from cheese whey. significant component of cheese whey, as a carbon source. We
studied and compared polysaccharide biosynthesis by S. paucimobilis
ATCC 31461 in media containing glucose, lactose (5 to 30 g/liter), and
sweet cheese whey. We found that altering the growth medium can
markedly affect the polysaccharide yield, acyl substitution level,
polymer rheological properties, and susceptibility to degradation.
Depression of gellan production from lactose compared with gellan
production from glucose (approximately 30%) did not appear to occur
at the level of synthesis of sugar nucleotides, which are the donors of
monomers used for biosynthesis of the repetitive tetrasaccharide unit
of gellan. The lactose-derived biopolymer had the highest total acyl
content; the glucose
40 Exopolysaccharides produced by Kleerebezem M, van Kranenburg Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1999 Jul- Wageningen Centre for Food 1999 review, polysaccharides, Over the last years, important advances have been made in the study
Lactococcus lactis: from genetic R, Tuinier R, Boels IC, Zoon P, Nov;76(1-4):357-65 Sciences, NIZO food research, Ede, production of the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) by several lactic acid
engineering to improved rheological Looijesteijn E, Hugenholtz J, de The Netherlands. bacteria, including Lactococcus lactis. From different EPS-producing
properties? Vos WM lactococcal strains the specific eps gene clusters have been
characterised. They contain eps genes, which are involved in EPS
repeating unit synthesis, export, polymerisation, and chain length
determination. The function of the glycosyltransferase genes has been
established and the availability of these genes opened the way to EPS
engineering. In addition to the eps genes, biosynthesis of EPS
requires a number of housekeeping genes that are involved in the
metabolic pathways leading to the EPS-building blocks, the nucleotide
sugars. The identification and characterisation of several of these
housekeeping genes (galE, galU, rfbABCD) allows the design of
metabolic engineering strategies that should lead to increased EPS
production levels by L. lactis. Finally, model development has been
initiated in order to
41 Heteropolysaccharides from lactic acid De Vuyst L, Degeest B FEMS Microbiol Rev 1999 Division of Industrial Microbiology, 1999 review, polysaccharides, Microbial exopolysaccharides are biothickeners that can be added to
bacteria. Apr;23(2):153-77 Fermentation Technology and production, lactic acid, bacteria a wide variety of food products, where they serve as viscosifying,
Downstream Processing (IMDO), stabilizing, emulsifying or gelling agents. Numerous
Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit exopolysaccharides with different composition, size and structure are
Brussel (VUB), Belgium. synthesized by lactic acid bacteria. The heteropolysaccharides from
ldvuyst@vub.ac.be both mesophilic and thermophilic lactic acid bacteria have received
renewed interest recently. Structural analysis combined with
rheological studies revealed that there is considerable variation
among the different exopolysaccharides; some of them exhibit
remarkable thickening and shear-thinning properties and display high
intrinsic viscosities. Hence, several slime-producing lactic acid
bacterium strains and their biopolymers have interesting functional
and technological properties, which may be exploited towards different
products, in particular, natural fermented milks. However, information
on the biosynthesis, molecular organization and fermentation
conditions is rather scarce, and the
42 Alginate production by Azotobacter Clementi F Crit Rev Biotechnol 1997;17(4):327- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e 1997 review, alginates, production Although all commercial alginates are today of algal origin, there is
vinelandii. 61 Biotecnologie Agroforestali, interest in the production of alginate-like polymers from bacteria. The
Universita della Basilicata, Potenza, species Azotobacter vinelandii seems to be the best candidate for the
Italy. industrial production of alginate molecules characterized by a
chemical composition, molecular mass and molecular mass
distribution suited to a well defined application, especially required in
the biotechnological, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The
production of alginate by A. vinelandii has been to date widely
investigated both in batch (mainly in the shaken flask scale) and in
continuous cultures. This article summarizes current knowledge on
the structure and properties of alginates and their applications and
presents an overview of up-dated research on the physiology,
genetics and kinetics of the production of alginate by Azotobacter
vinelandii and its rheology, including the results of our recent studies.
43 Bacterial exopolysaccharides--their Sutherland IW Antibiot Chemother 1989;42:50-5 Department of Microbiology, 1989 review, exopolysaccharides, [No abstract available]
nature and production. Edinburgh University, UK polysaccharides, production
44 Special bacterial polysaccharides and Harada T Biochem Soc Symp 1983;48:97-116 1983 review, polysaccharides, bacterial Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes 10C3, which we isolated from
polysaccharases. soil, produces a water-soluble and an insoluble extracellular
polysaccharide. The former (succinoglycan) is composed of glucose,
galactose, pyruvic acid and succinic acid (molar proportions 7:1:1:1)
with (beta 1-3)-, (beta 1-4)- and (beta 1-6)-glucosidic linkages. The
latter (curdlan) is composed entirely of (beta 1-3)-linked D-glucose
and forms a resilient firm gel when heated in suspension. The
organism also produces extracellularly a repeating-unit
octasaccharide of succinoglycan and cyclic (beta 1-2)-D-glucan.
These polymers or oligomers are also produced by many strains of
Agrobacterium and Rhizobium. Spontaneous mutation in ability to
produce these polysaccharides or oligosaccharides occurs in these
strains. The structures of succinoglycan, and similar polymers
containing riburonic acid or galactose as the end residue of the side
chain, were elucidated by successive fragmentation with two special
enzymes obtained from Cytophaga arvensicola
45 Production of microbial Slodki ME, Cadmus MC Adv Appl Microbiol 1978;23:19-54 1978 review, microbial, polysaccharides
polysaccharides.
46 Influence of Zn2+ and Fe3+ on M. Reeslev, B. Jensen Applied Microbiology and Department of General Microbiology, 1995 cultivation aureobasidium Cultivation of Aureobasidium pullulans in medium with a low
polysaccharide production and Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 University of Copenhagen, Solvgade pullulans, pullulan, production concentration of yeast extract (0.4 g/l) led to a decrease in the growth
mycelium/yeast dimorphism of (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 83H, 1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark. rate early in the fermentation as compared to cultivations in medium
Aureobasidium pullulans in batch (electronic version) Abstract Volume Fax:+45-35-322040 with high concentration of yeast extract. When this medium was
cultivations 42 Issue 6 (1995) pp 910-915 supplemented with zinc and iron the cultivation closely resembled that
obtained in medium with high concentration of yeast extract (4.0 g/l).
The culture retained a high growth rate throughout the fermentation
and the initiation of the mycelial to yeast (M-Y) transition and the
exopolysaccharide production was delayed. In a defined medium or in
defined medium without iron only a little exopolysaccharide was
produced and the yeast fraction of the total biomass at the onset of
the stationary phase was 22%-25%. However, cultivation in the
defined medium without zinc resulted in a high production of
exopolysaccharide and an increased intensity of the M-Y transition,
which led to a yeast fraction of 41%.
47 Enhanced production of pigment-free Y. Shabtai, I. Mukmenev Applied Microbiology and Program for Biotechnology, Ben- 1995 pullulan, production A two-stage fermentation process was established for the production
pullulan by a morphogenetically Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B of pigment-free pullulan by the yeast-like fungus Aureobasidium
arrested Aureobasidium pullulans (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Fax: pullulans (ATCC 42023). In the first stage, starting at pH 4.5 with soy
(ATCC 42023) in a two-stage (electronic version) Abstract Volume 972-7-472916 bean oil as the carbon source and glutamate as the nitrogen source, a
fermentation with shift from soy bean oil 43 Issue 4 (1995) pp 595-603 cell mass of about 15 g l-1 dry cell weight was obtained, the
to sucrose population being restricted mainly to the yeast form of the
microorganism (yeast form more than 90% of total cells) and the
formation of pigment in the culture being prevented. Small amounts of
pullulan (less than 2 g l-1) are produced at this phase, and the
viscosity remained low throughout the entire growth stage. When the
oil and glutamate source were nearly exhausted (below 5% of initial
amounts), the cells were shifted to a production stage with sucrose as
the carbon source with continued nitrogen depletion. Production of
pullulan started immediately with no lag period. During 50 h of the
production phase more than 35 g l-1 of pullulan was produced
(productivity approx. 0.7
48 Pullulan fermentation in a reciprocating J. Audet, M. Lounes, J. Thibault Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1996 pullulan, production Abstract Reciprocating plate bioreactors are particularly well suited for
plate bioreactor 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Laval University, Sainte-Foy conducting fermentations which give rise to highly viscous broth. To
0797 (electronic version) Abstract (Quebec), Canada, G1K 7P4 evaluate their performance for polysaccharide fermentations, a series
Volume 15 Issue 4 (1996) pp 209- of pullulan fermentations were performed with a particular emphasis
214 placed on the influence of aeration on both the quantity and quality of
the product. Two experiments were conducted at constant aeration
rates and two others with constant dissolved oxygen concentrations.
For the latter two experiments, the dissolved oxygen concentration
was controlled by manipulating either the aeration flow rate or the
reciprocating frequency of the perforated plates. It was found that, in
general, a higher dissolved oxygen concentration leads to a higher
productivity but the quality of the product, expressed in terms of the
viscosity of the fermentation broth, was nevertheless reduced. It
appears that the optimum yield, in terms of both quantity and quality,
would be achieved at an intermediate dissolved oxygen co
49 The production of exopolysaccharides P. A. Gibbs, R. J. Seviour Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Centre, La 1998 pullulan, production No increases in exopolysaccharide (EPS) yields in Aureobasidium
by Aureobasidium pullulans in Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Trobe University, PO Box 199, pullulans were observed when grown with reduced-shear impellers
fermenters with low-shear (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Bendigo, Victoria, Australia, 3550 instead of standard Rushton turbines in the same vessel. However,
configurations (electronic version) Abstract Volume yields were dramatically reduced when the organism was grown in an
49 Issue 2 (1998) pp 168-174 airlift reactor. This fall in production could be counteracted by
improving fluid circulation through the placement of impellers within
the draught tube, a strategy that resulted in the highest EPS
concentration (approx. 13 g l-1) of all the fermenter configurations
tested.
50 Polysaccharide production: J. Audet, H. Gagnon, M. Lounes, Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1998 Polysaccharide Production, mixing This investigation was undertaken with the objective to compare
Experimental comparison of the J. Thibault 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Laval University, Sainte-Foy devices experimentally the performance of four different mixing devices for the
performance of four mixing devices 0797 (electronic version) Abstract (Quebec), Canada, G1K 7P4 production of the polysaccharide pullulan with Aureobasidium
Volume 19 Issue 1 (1998) pp 45-52 pullulans (2552). Fermentations were performed using identical
bioreactors with respectively an assembly of three Rushton turbines
(RTB), a helical ribbon impeller (HR) and two different reciprocating
plates (RPB1, RPB2). Each mixing vessel had identical geometry and
working volume (18 L). These four fermentations were performed with
an equal level of power input per unit volume (1000 W/m3) and gas
flow rate (0.5 vvm, 9 L/min). For each system, the evolution of
biomass, polysaccharide concentration, dissolved oxygen and
agitation speed or frequency were recorded as a function of time
along with the rheological properties of the culture broths. The type of
mixing device used had a significant impact on the rate of biomass
production and on polysaccharide physical properties. However, the
rate of polysaccharide produc
51 Does the agitation rate and/or oxygen P. A. Gibbs, R. J. Seviour Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Research Centre, La 1996 agitation rate, oxygen saturation, When Aureobasidium pullulans was grown at a number of agitation
saturation influence exopolysaccharide Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Trobe University, PO Box 199, exopolysaccharide, production, rates under batch conditions, exopolysaccharide yields were
production by Aureobasidium pullulans (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Bendigo, Victoria, 3550, Australia. Aureobasidium pullulans dramatically reduced at high rates i.e. at least 750 rpm. Investigations
in batch culture? (electronic version) Abstract Volume Fax: 61 54 447 476 e-mail: R. with gas blending, which allowed pO2 manipulation and control
46 Issue 5/6 (1996) pp 503-510 Seviour@latrobe.edu.au independently of the agitation rate, showed that this yield reduction
was due solely to the high pO2 levels that occurred at these agitation
rates. Thus, polysaccharide production at 1000 rpm could be elevated
by maintaining the pO2 at a low level during the initial phase of the
fermentation. However, both the timing of the pO2 decrease and the
level at which it was maintained were crucial for obtaining yields at
1000 rpm, similar to those observed at low agitation rates.
52 Bacterial alginates: biosynthesis and B. H. A. Rehm (1), S. Valla (2) Applied Microbiology and (1) Institut fuer Mikrobiologie der 1997 alginate, production, biosynthesis, Alginate is a copolymer of -d-mannuronic acid and -l-guluronic acid
applications Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Westfaelischen Wilhelms-Universitaet bacterial (GulA), linked together by 1-4 linkages. The polymer is a well-
(printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Muenster, Corrensstr. 3, D-48149 established industrial product obtained commercially by harvesting
(electronic version) Abstract Volume Muenster, Germany Tel.: +49 251 833 brown seaweeds. Some bacteria, mostly derived from the genus
48 Issue 3 (1997) pp 281-288 9848 Fax: +49 251 833 8388 e-mail: Pseudomonas and belonging to the RNA superfamily I, are also
Rehm@uni-muenster.de (2) UNIGEN, capable of producing copious amounts of this polymer as an
Center for Molecular Biology, exopolysaccharide. The molecular genetics, regulation and
Norwegian University of Science and biochemistry of alginate biosynthesis have been particularly well
Technology, 7005 Trondheim, Norway characterized in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, although the biochemistry of the polymerization process
is still poorly understood. In the last 3 years major aspects of the
molecular genetics of alginate biosynthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii
have also been reported. In both organisms the immediate precursor
of polymerization is GDP-mannuronic acid, and the sugar residues in
this compound are polymerized into mannuronan. This uniform
polymer is then further modified by acetylation.
53 Effect of phosphate and oxygen W. Sabra, A. -P. Zeng, S. Sabry, Applied Microbiology and Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische alginate, production, Alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii was studied in batch
concentrations on alginate production S. Omar, W. -D. Deckwer Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Forschung mbH, Biochemical and continuous cultures under microaerobic conditions. In batch
and stoichiometry of metabolism of (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Engineering Division, Mascheroder culture at a pO2 of 2-3% (air saturation) alginate production was
Azotobacter vinelandii under (electronic version) Abstract Volume Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, enhanced by decreasing the PO3-4 level in the medium. Alginate yield
microaerobic conditions 52 Issue 6 (1999) pp 773-780 Germany e-mail: WDD@GBF.de Fax: from biomass (YP/X) reached the highest value of 0.66 g/g at the
+49-531-6181111 (2) Microbiology lowest phosphate level (100 mg/l), compared to 0.40 g/g and 0.25 g/g
Department, Faculty of Science, at higher phosphate levels (200 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively). In
University of Alexandria, Alexandria, contrast, biomass formation behaved differently and the growth yield
Egypt (YX/S) decreased with decreasing PO43- concentrations. Moreover,
the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the culture was dependent on the
initial phosphate concentration, especially in the phosphate-limited
phase of growth. As the initial phosphate level decreased from 400
mg/l to 100 mg/l, the average RQ value of the culture declined from
1.46 to 0.89. The low RQ value is very close to the theoretical
optimum RQ, calculated to be 0.8 on the basis of the stoichiometry of
the metabolic pat
54 Development of a fermentation process N. Dyrset, K. Q. Lystad, D. W. Applied Microbiology and SINTEF Applied Chemistry, N-7034 1994 alginate, production, lyase A high-cell-density fermentation process for production of an
for production of an alginate G-lyase Levine Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Trondheim, Norway, Fax-no.: 47-7- extracellular alginate lyase from Klebsiella pneumoniae on a defined
from Klebsiella pneumoniae (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 596995 medium has been developed. The process employs a strategy using
(electronic version) Abstract Volume two carbon sources. One low-molecular-mass, low-viscosity carbon
41 Issue 5 (1994) pp 523-530 source (sucrose) with high water solubility is used as the main carbon
source for growth, while the high-molecular-mass and viscous alginate
in low concentration is used as an inducer for enzyme synthesis. The
repression of alginate lyase production by sucrose and the growth
inhibition that we observed at increased levels of ammonia were
circumvented by a computer-assisted fed-batch addition of the carbon
sources (sucrose and alginate) and by supplying nitrogen sources as
ammonia in the pH control. No enzyme production was observed
when dissolved oxygen limited growth at an oxygen uptake rate of
40%-50% of the maximum uptake rate. An optimal composition of the
feeding solution (12.5 g alginate and 587.5 g sucrose l-1) was found
both for the maximu
55 Utilization of a cell-bound Jai-Yul Kong, Hang-Woo Lee, J Mar Biotechnol 6:99-103 (1998) © unknown 1998 A cell-bound polysaccharide (CBP) produced by the marine bacterium
polysaccharide produced by the marine Jong-Wook Hong, Yang-Soon 1998 by Springer-Verlag New York, Zoogloea sp. (KCCM 10036) was used as the adsorbent of metal ions
bacterium Zoogloea sp.: New Kang, Jong-Deog Kim, Myung- Inc. and as a new support for enzyme immobilization. The CBP gel beads
biomaterial for metal adsorption and Woong Chang, Seoung-Kwon showed highly effective adsorbing in Cr, Pb, and Fe ion in solutions.
enzyme immobilization Bae The adsorption rates were above 95% at pH 5.0, 25°C, in 10 mg/liter
of each metal solution. The gel beads formed by the CBP were stable
within the range of pH 4.0-7.0 and at a temperature of 40-55°C. The
optimum pH and temperature of the immobilized glucoamylase by the
CBP gel beads (poly-G) were 5.0 and 45°C, respectively. The
immobilized glucoamylase produced 10.5 mg/liter of glucose from 10
mg/ml of soluble starch.
56 MICROBIAL STRAINS AND HUISMAN, Gjalt, W. , 3370 Brittan Patent, Application METABOLIX, INC., 303 Third Street, 1999 Polysaccharides, production DNA constructs and genetically engineered microbial strains
PROCESSES FOR THE Avenue #18, San Carlos, CA Number:WO1999US0006878 Cambridge, MA 02142-1196, United constructed using these DNA constructs, which produce a nuclease
MANUFACTURE OF BIOMATERIALS 94070-3419, United States of States of America enzyme with specificity for DNA and/or RNA, are provided. These
America BOYNTON, Laura , 5843 strains secrete nuclease into the periplasm or growth medium in an
Darlington Road #3, Pittsburgh, amount effective to enhance productivity and/or recovery of polymer,
PA 15217, United States of and are particularly suited for use in high cell density fermentation
America HOROWITZ, Daniel, M. , processes. These constructs are useful for modifying microbial strains
Apartment No. 206, 435 to improve production and recovery processes for polymers such as
Washington Street, Somerville, intracellular proteins, such as enzymes, growth factors, and cytokines;
MA 02143, United States of for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates; and for producing extracellular
America GERNGROSS, Tillman, polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum, alginates, gellan gum,
U. , 6 Dorrance Place, Hanover, zooglan, hyaluronic acid and microbial cellulose.
NH 03755, United States of
America PEOPLES, Oliver, P. , 27
Radcliffe Road, Arlington, MA
02174, United States of America
57 Sulfated extracellular polysaccharide T. Matsunaga (1), H. Sudo (2), H. (1) Department of Biotechnology, Applied Microbiology and 1996 polysaccharide, production The cyanobacterium, Aphanocapsa halo-phytia MN-11, was
production by the halophilic Takemasa (1), Y. Wachi (1), N. Tokyo University of Agriculture and Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 immobilized in calcium alginate gel and coated on light-diffusing
cyanobacterium Aphanocapsa Nakamura (1) Technology, Koganei, Tokyo 184, (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 optical fibers (LDOF) for sulfated extracellular polysaccharide
halophytia immobilized on light- Japan (2) Thermal and Chemical (electronic version) Abstract Volume production. Results indicated that sulfated extracellular
diffusing optical fibers Laboratory, Mitsubishi Heavy 45 Issue 1/2 (1996) pp 24-27 polysaccharide production depends on the number of immobilized
Industries Ltd., 1-8-1, Sachiura, cells and the light intensity. In addition, the production rate reached
Kanazawa-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa 116.0 mg (mg dry cells)-1 day-1 when the cells that were immobilized
236, Japan on LDOF were incubated under a light intensity of 1380 cd sr m-2 at a
cell concentration of 1.0×108 cells/cm3 gel. Cells immobilized on
LDOF produced about ten times more sulfated extracellular
polysaccharide than those immobilized in calcium alginate beads only
(11.7 mg(mg dry cells)-1 day-1).
58 Bacterial alginates: biosynthesis and B. H. A. Rehm (1), S. Valla (2) (1) Institut fuer Mikrobiologie der Applied Microbiology and 1997 alginate Alginate is a copolymer of -d-mannuronic acid and -l-guluronic acid
applications Westfaelischen Wilhelms- Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 (GulA), linked together by 1-4 linkages. The polymer is a well-
Universitaet Muenster, Corrensstr. 3, (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 established industrial product obtained commercially by harvesting
D-48149 Muenster, Germany Tel.: (electronic version) Abstract Volume brown seaweeds. Some bacteria, mostly derived from the genus
+49 251 833 9848 Fax: +49 251 833 48 Issue 3 (1997) pp 281-288 Pseudomonas and belonging to the RNA superfamily I, are also
8388 e-mail: Rehm@uni- capable of producing copious amounts of this polymer as an
muenster.de (2) UNIGEN, Center for exopolysaccharide. The molecular genetics, regulation and
Molecular Biology, Norwegian biochemistry of alginate biosynthesis have been particularly well
University of Science and characterized in the opportunistic human pathogen Pseudomonas
Technology, 7005 Trondheim, aeruginosa, although the biochemistry of the polymerization process
Norway is still poorly understood. In the last 3 years major aspects of the
molecular genetics of alginate biosynthesis in Azotobacter vinelandii
have also been reported. In both organisms the immediate precursor
of polymerization is GDP-mannuronic acid, and the sugar residues in
this compound are polymerized into mannuronan. This uniform
polymer is then further modified by acetylation at posit
59 Effect of phosphate and oxygen W. Sabra, A. -P. Zeng, S. Sabry, Gesellschaft fuer Biotechnologische Applied Microbiology and 1999 alginate, phosphate, oxygen, Alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii was studied in batch
concentrations on alginate production S. Omar, W. -D. Deckwer Forschung mbH, Biochemical Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Azotobacter vinelandii and continuous cultures under microaerobic conditions. In batch
and stoichiometry of metabolism of Engineering Division, Mascheroder (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 culture at a pO2 of 2-3% (air saturation) alginate production was
Azotobacter vinelandii under Weg 1, D-38124 Braunschweig, (electronic version) Abstract Volume enhanced by decreasing the PO3-4 level in the medium. Alginate yield
microaerobic conditions Germany e-mail: WDD@GBF.de 52 Issue 6 (1999) pp 773-780 from biomass (YP/X) reached the highest value of 0.66 g/g at the
Fax: +49-531-6181111 (2) lowest phosphate level (100 mg/l), compared to 0.40 g/g and 0.25 g/g
Microbiology Department, Faculty of at higher phosphate levels (200 mg/l and 400 mg/l, respectively). In
Science, University of Alexandria, contrast, biomass formation behaved differently and the growth yield
Alexandria, Egypt (YX/S) decreased with decreasing PO43- concentrations. Moreover,
the respiratory quotient (RQ) of the culture was dependent on the
initial phosphate concentration, especially in the phosphate-limited
phase of growth. As the initial phosphate level decreased from 400
mg/l to 100 mg/l, the average RQ value of the culture declined from
1.46 to 0.89. The low RQ value is very close to the theoretical
optimum RQ, calculated to be 0.8 on the basis of the stoichiometry of
the metabolic pa
60 Production of a polysaccharide under RIGHELATO RENTON CLIVE; Pats. Nr. US4110162,BE855083, Tate & Lyle Ltd 1978 polysaccharide Production, Polysaccharide is produced in good yields with good control by
carbon limiting conditions JARMAN TREVOR RODNEY CA1086671, DE2723166, carbon, limitation continuous culture of a polysaccharide-producing strain of
DK235377, FI771705, FR2352880, Azotobacter vinelandii under carbon-limited conditions, preferably with
GB1513061, IT1083007, restricted oxygen uptake, with the advantage that the effluents
JP52145596, JP55042839B, produced are non-polluting having a low biological oxygen demand
LU77433, NL7705898, NO771843, (B.O.D.).
SE7706261
61 Microbiological process for the Pat. Nr. GB2026515 Tate & Lyle Ltd 1980 Polysaccharides, production, A process for the production of polysaccharide consisting of a
production of alginate type alginate, Pseudomonas partially acetylated variable block copolymer of D-mannuronic and L-
polysaccharide guluronic acid residues, comprises cultivating in a nutrient medium
therefor a strain of Pseudomonas, which is non- pathogenic to
humans, and which has been obtained by treating a nonmucoid
species of Pseudomonas, which is non-pathogenic to humans, with a
beta -lactam or aminoglycoside antibiotic whereby a mucoid strain
tolerant to said antibiotic as selected, and isolating from the medium
the polysaccharide produced. Particularly suitable strains may be
derived from P. mendocina, P. tabaci or P. putida. Suitable antibiotics
include the penicillins, eg carboxyalkyl or carboxyaralkyl derivatives of
penicillins, or esters thereof, or 3-halophenyl penicillins. A preferred
antibiotic is carbenicillin (disodium alpha - carboxybenzyl penicillin).
62 Continuous process for the production RIGHELATO RENTON C; Pats. Nr. US4130461, BE855084, Tate & Lyle Ltd 1978 polysaccharides, production, Polysaccharide is produced in high yields by continuous culture of a
of polysaccharide under phosphate DEAVIN LYNDA CA1087123, DE2723165, continuous culture polysaccharide-producing strain of Azotobacter vinelandii under
limiting conditions DK235277, FI771704, FR2352879, phosphate-limited conditions, preferably with restricted oxygen
GB1513104, IT1083006, uptake.
JP1038813C, JP52145595,
JP55030360B, LU77431,
NL7705897, NO771842, SE7706260
63 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION Imrie, F Pat. Nr. US3856625, BE800878, Tate & Lyle Ltd 1974 alginate, polysaccharide, An alginate-type polysaccharide is obtained by the aerobic cultivation
OF POLYSACCHARIDE CA986444, CH591559, DE2329808, production of a bacterium of the species Azotobacter vinelandii in an aqueous
FR2233397, JP49102891, nutrient medium containing sources of carbon, molybdenum, iron,
JP53007519B, JP928683C, mangesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, calcium and phosphate. The
NL7308158 carbon source comprises at least one monosaccharide or
disaccharide. Contrary to normal culture conditions for this bacterium,
for good Polysaccharide production, the phosphate concentration in
the nutrient medium must be 0.1-0.8 millimolar, preferably 0.2-0.6
millimolar; and the pH of the medium must be maintained within the
range of from 7.0 to 8.2, preferably 7.3 to 7.9.
64 Production of high-purity alginate useful ZIMMERMANN ULRICH (DE); Pats. Nr. DE19836960, WO0009566 2000 Production, alginate, algae Production of high-purity alginate comprises: (a) extracting algal
for making capsules of encapsulating BEHRINGER MARCUS (DE) material or crude alginate with a solution of a complexing agent; (b)
implants comprises extraction, sedimenting cell components and particles from the solution with a
sedimentation, filtration and porous binder, (c) filtering the solution; (d) precipitating alginate from
precipitation the solution; and (e) collecting the precipitate. An Independent claim
is also included for an alginate composition consisting of a copolymer
of mannuronic acid (MA) and guluronic acid (GA) with a MA:GA ratio
of 1-90:100 and a molecular weight above 1000 kD.
65 Leuconostoc strains for biosynthesis of NEESER JEAN-RICHARD (CH); Pats. Nr US6004800, AU6901598, Nestec SA (CH) 1999 dextran, strains, production Strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris which provide,
dextran EYER KURT (CH); SCHMID BR9801736, CA2233411, upon culturing, dextran, and the strains include deposited strains
DANIEL (CH); AEBISCHER CN1201039, CZ9801669, CNCM I-1692 and CNCM I-1693.
JUERG (CH); D AMICO NICOLA EP0881283, HU9801263,
(CH); RENIERO ROBERTO (CH); NO982004, NZ330239, PL326483
DE MALEPRADE DOMINIQUE
(CH); LESENS CORINNE (FR)
66 Process for the production of dextran DAY DONAL F (US); KIM DOMAN Pat. Nr. US5229277 UNIV LOUISIANA STATE (US) 1993 dextran, production, polymer A process for the production of dextran polymers of controlled
polymers of controlled molecular size (US) average number molecular weight sizes, and molecular weight size
and molecular size distributions distributions via the mixed culture fermentation of Leuconostoc
mesenteroides and a constitutive mutant microorganism capable of
elaborating the enzyme dextranase, particularly Lipomyces starkeyi
ATCC 74054, in the presence of sucrose. The Leuconostoc
mesenteroides produces the dextran polymer, and the mutant
Lipomyces starkeyi ATCC 74054 concurrently produces dextranase,
an enzyme whose activity reduces the size of the dextran polymers
and permits their growth or reduction in molecular weight size in direct
relation to the temperature and time period regimen imposed as
conditions for the reactions.
67 No title available. Pat.Nr GB634129 0 Dextran, sucrose, fermentation, Dextran for use in pharmaceutical preparations, especially for
degradation to a blood plasma substitute, is made by growing
Leuconostoc meserentoides in refined sucrose media containing as a
growth factor for the micro-organisms the liquid obtained by boiling a
suspension in water of fresh yeast free from autolyzed products, e.g. a
20 per cent w/v suspension, at pH7.5-8 and separating off the cell
residues. The Leuconostoc is preferably a strain obtained by
continuous subculture on a solid sucrose-peptone-agar medium
followed by sub culture in pure sucrose media containing the yeast
extract and ammonium, potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions.
An example of the bulk medium for dextran production is: the
acqueous yeast extract 250ml., microcosmic salt 5g., potassium
dihydrogen phosphate 1g., magnesium sulphate 0.5g., sucrose 100g.,
tap water to 1000ml.
68 A process for the production of dextran. JARL KURT; ENGBLOM CURT Pat. Nr. EP0087404, JP58155097, SORIGONA AB (SE) 1983 dextrane, saccharose, production A process for preparing by means of microorganisms or enzymes,
SE439647, SE8201021 dextrane having a molecular weight suitable for clinical use starting
from a saccharose-containing substrate, wherein it is carried out
continuously with continuous supply of substrate and microorganisms
or enzymes and continuous discharge of dextran-containing reaction
mixture from which the dextran is then recovered.
69 PRODUCTION OF DEXTRAN YAMADA MASAHIKO; INOUE Pat.Nr. JP8173178, JP2933842B2 SHIKISHIMA SEIPAN KK 1996 dextrane, culture conditions, PURPOSE: To obtain dextran useful for a blood plasma substitute,
TOSHIYASU; HARA MASATO; fermentation etc., without being greatly affected by culture conditions by culturing a
TAKAYAMA KENICHIRO variant strain capable of producing a dextransucrase in a culture
medium containing sucrose without using the induction of the sucrose
in the culture medium. CONSTITUTION: A dextransucrase
constituent variant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides for producing
dextran is cultured in a culture medium containing sucrose.
Leuconostoc mesenteroides M209 strain (FERM BP-4903) or
Leuconostoc mesenteroides M898 strain (FERM BP-4904) can be
exemplified as the dextransucrase constituent variant strain.
70 PRODUCTION OF DEXTRAN SHIBATA TAKASHI; others: 01 Pat.Nr. JP7274991 FUJISAWA PHARMACEUT CO LTD 1995 dextran, production, synthase PURPOSE:To directly obtain a dextran having a weight-average
molecular weight higher than that of a starting raw material, useful as
a plasma extender and a raw material for a food in high yield, by
continuously adding a solution of sucrose to a dextran precursor in the
presence of a dextran synthase. CONSTITUTION:A dextran synthase
such as dextransucrase prepared by culturing Leuconostoc
mesenteroides NRRL-B-512 strain in a medium is added to a solution
of sucrose and allowed to stand at pH5.2 at 30 deg.C for 24 hours to
synthesize a dextran precursor comprising a low-molecular dextran
which is an oligosaccharide having 2-10 glycosyl residues. The
dextran synthase is further added to the solution, the solution is
reacted for five hours with a solution of sucrose which is continuously
added. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction solution is
heated to deactivate the enzyme, a low-molecular substance is
removed by an ultrafilter having 10,000 fractionated molecular weight
to give the objective dex
71 PRODUCTION OF DEXTRAN UNNO TAKEHIRO; others: 01 Pat.Nr. JP7289277 NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAKO CO LTD 1995 dextran, inoculation PURPOSE:To efficiently. obtain the subject compound useful for a
blood extender, a plasma substitute, a gel filtering agent, etc., by
culturing a microorganism, belonging to the genus Gluconobacter and
capable of producing dextran in a culture medium containing a starch
partial hydrolyzate, etc., and CaCO3 and then collecting the resultant
product. CONSTITUTION:This method for efficiently producing
dextran is to inoculate a microorganism, belonging to the genus
Gluconobacter and capable of producing the dextran (e.g.
Gluconobacter oxydans ATCC11894 strain) into a culture medium,
containing a starch partial hydrolyzate or its reduced substance as a
carbon source and having a calcium carbonate content within the
range of 0.01-10wt.%, culture the microorganism at 25 deg.C for 4
days under shaking, centrifuge the resultant culture solution, remove
the microbial cell, add 0.1% active carbon to the supernatant, allow
the obtained mixture to stand at 50 deg.C for 30min, carry out the
decoloring treatment, then pas
72 Microbial enhancement of polymer ANTLOGA KATHLEEN MARIE; Pat. Nr. GB2153834,CA1271150, STANDARD OIL CO OHIO 1985 polymer, viscosity A method for increasing the viscosity of a solution of a preformed
viscosity BALL LAWRENCE ERNEST; NO162522B, NO162522C polymer which comprises combining, under conditions favourable to
GRIFFIN WILLIAM MICHAEL microbial growth, (a) an aqueous solution of the preformed polymer;
and (b) a microorganism incapable of de novo synthesis of the
polymer, but capable of increasing the viscosity of the polymer
solution is disclosed. The present invention may be applied, for
example, to oil recovery, water clarification and paper production.
Polymers which may be treated by this method include guar gum,
hydroxypropyl guar gum, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,
hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydexyethyl cellulose, xanthan
gum, scleroglucan, locust bean gum, polyacrylamide, hydrolyzed
polyacrylamide, poly (acrylic acid) and its salts, poly (2-acrylamido-2-
methyl propane sulphuric acid (2 salt, ANPS), poly (acrylic acid-co-
acrylate ester), poly (vinyl pyrrolidane), cellulose sulphate esters, poly
(ethylene oxide), poly (vinyl alcohol), polyamine, poly (vinyl acetate-co-
maleic anhydride) and po
73 High molecular weight pullulan and THORNE LINDA P (US); Pat.Nr. US6010899 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (JP); 2000 pullulan, production A method for obtaining a substantially biologically pure culture strain
method for its production ARMENTROUT RICHARD W SHINETSU BIO INC (US) of Aureobasidium pullulans from a wild type strain by enriching the
(US); POLLOCK THOMAS J (US) collected strain for organisms which grow as fungal yeastlike cells,
growing colonies from isolated yeastlike cells and selecting those
yeastlike cells which exhibit reduced pigmentation. Biologically pure
culture strains obtained by the invention as well as methods for
producing pullulan having decreased pigmentation and/or increased
molecular weight are disclosed.
74 Method for producing pullulan from SUN WANRU (CN); JIANG NING Pat.Nr. CN1216781 INST OF MICROBIOLOGY CHINESE 1999 pullulan, production, fermentation The present invention relates to a new production method of pullulan
fermentation liquor (CN); REN YONG-E (CN) A (CN by using fermentation process. It is characterized by that in the course
of fermentation said method adopts discontinuous or continuous flow
addition of solution containing carbon source and nitrogen source to
produce pullulan, in which the carbon source can use cane sugar or
starch hydrolysate, and the nitrogen source is inorganic nitrogen salt,
etc. The fermentative conversion rate of pullulan produced by said
invented method can be up to above 70% in general, highest is up to
76%, and the mean molecular weight is one hundred thousand
Daltons.
75 Process for the production of pullulan KATO KOSO; SHIOSAKA Pat. Nr. US3912591 HAYASHIBARA BIOCHEM LAB 1975 pullulan, production, saccharides, In the production of pullulan by aerobic, microbial fermentation of
MAKOTO fermentation saccharides, the degree of polymerization, the yield and the culture
period are controlled by adjusting the pH value and the concentration
of phosphate ion in the culture medium.
76 Method for purifying pullulan KATO KOSO; NOMURA TATSUO Pat. Nr. US4004977 HAYASHIBARA BIOCHEM LAB 1977 pullulan, production A method for purifying pullulan which comprises cultivating a strain of
Aureobasidium pullulans in a liquid medium, removing the cells from
the culture broth, precipitating pullulan present in said broth with at
least one solvent selected from the group consisting of alcohols,
esters and ethers respectively with three or more carbon atoms and
ketones with four or more carbon atoms to recover, and then
dehydrating and/or drying the recovered pullulan.
77 High pullulan content product, and its MIYAKE TOSHIO (JP); NOMURA Pat. Nr. EP0586034, A3 HAYASHIBARA BIOCHEM LAB 1994 pullulan, production, Disclosed is a novel high pullulan content product containing pullulan
preparation and uses. TATSUO (JP); OZAKI having an average molecular weight less than 250,000, said product
YOSHIHIDE (JP) being prepared by continuously cultivating a microorganism capable
of producing pullulan in a nutrient culture medium containing a 10-20
w/v % saccharide while controlling the viscosity of the nutrient culture
medium to a level below 30cp. The product can be advantageously
used in a variety of fields such as a viscosity-imparting agent, coating
agent, adhesive, formed product, food product, cosmetic,
pharmaceutical, and material for agriculture, forestry, stock raising
and paper processings, as well as for mining and manufacturing
industries.
78 PRODUCTION OF HIGH-MOLECULAR- NAGURA SHIGEHIRO; others: 01 Pat.Nr. JP5328988 SHIN ETSU CHEM CO LTD 1993 Production, pullulan, molecular PURPOSE:To provide a process for producing pullulan which can
WEIGHT PULLULAN weight give pullulan of high molecular weight and prevent the culture medium
from blackening due to production of black pigments.
CONSTITUTION:In the production of pullulan by culturing a
microorganism capable of producing pullulan, Aureobasidium
pullulans, the culture mixture is heat-treated at 50 to 75 deg.C for 0.3
to 3hrs. The heat treatment inhibits the medium for producing pullulan
from blackening.
79 PRODUCTION OF PULLULAN WITH YOSHIDA MIKIHIKO Pat. Nr. JP57141401 HAYASHIBARA SEIBUTSU KAGAKU 1982 Production, pullulan, molecular PURPOSE:To obtain high-purity pullulan with a narrowed MW
NARROWED MOLECULAR KENKYUSHO KK weight distribution in high yields, by partially decomposing raw pullulan,
WEIGHTDISTRIBUTION fractionating the decomposition product and collecting the fractions
having a weight-average MW/number- average MW ratio of below a
specified value. CONSTITUTION:Raw pullulan is partially
decomposed, the decomposition product is fractionated and the
fractions having a weight-average MW/number-average MW ratio of
below 1.5 are collected. The resulting pullulan fractions ar usually
decolorized and desalted by active carbon, an ion exchange resin,
etc., to obtain the purpose pullulan product. USE:This pullulan
product is used advantageously as a water-soluble high-molecular
standard reagent. For example, in case where it is used in gel filtration
or liquid chromatography, it is suitable to use pullulan with a MW
distribution which is narrowed to such an extent that the reversed
Mw/reversed Mn ratio is about 1.3-1.1. Moreover, the product is useful
as a plasma expander, a blood flow impr
80 Production of xanthan gum by emulsion MAURY LUCIEN G Pat. Nr. US4352882 KELCO BIOSPECIALTIES LTD 1982 xanthan, production, emulsion, Preparation of xanthan gum is effected by dispersing the aqueous
fermentation fermentation xanthamonas culture medium in a water insoluble oil such as a
hydrocarbon or vegetable oil. Such dispersions generate substantially
less viscosity and as a result, fermentation can be carried out to a
higher polymer content with less energy input.
81 PRODUCTION OF XANTHAN GUM NISHI HISAMITSU Pat. Nr. JP58165798 ASAHI DOW KK 1983 xanthan, production, fermentation PURPOSE:Specific compounds such as organic acids, organic bases,
vitamins and others are added to the fermentation medium containing
a carbon source to produce xanthan gum with good viscosity
properties, high heat stability and salt resistance.
CONSTITUTION:The fermentation culture medium containing a
carbon source used in the cultivation of Xanthomonas campestris
NRRL. B-1459 in an aqueous solution containing at least one of
carbon sources, nitrogen sources, phosphate salts, and magnesium
salts along with at least one selected from organic acids, inorganic
bases or vitamins. The culture medium is adjusted in pH to 6.8-7.2,
sterilized and cooled. The cultivation is carried out at 25-30 deg.C
with aeration for 70-95hr and, after completion of fermentation, a small
amount of methanol and water in an amout of 2-5 times the volume of
methanol are added to effect dilution. Then, the mixture is subjected to
centrifugation to remove cell bodies. Xanthan gum is obtained as a
precipitate by adding alcohol and a salt
82 PRODUCTION OF XANTHAN GUM HISAYOSHI KEISUKE; others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP58165797 KOJIN KK 1983 XANTHAN, production, enzyme, PURPOSE:A xanthan gum solution is treated with a small amount of a
WITH HIGH CLARITY specific enzyme to remove cell bodies as contaminants efficiently to
increase the clarity of the product. CONSTITUTION:Lysozyme as an
enzyme is added to a xanthan gum solution of 1-10% gun
concentration by 1-500ppm and the reaction is effected at a pH of 4.0-
9.0 and 25-60 deg.C. At this time, a combination thereof with N-
acetylmuramyl-L-alanine amidase and peptidase may be allowed and
slow agitation is preferred so that the high-viscosity solution is made
uniform during the reaction.
83 IMPROVED PRODUCTION OF NISHI HISAMITSU Pat. Nr. JP61173796 ASAHI CHEM IND CO LTD 1986 xanthan, production PURPOSE:To form xantham gum useful as foods, etc., in an
XANTHAN GUM aggregated state, to carry out its production and recovery efficiently,
by fermenting aerobically Xanthomonas campestris in an aqueous
medium containing both an inorganic salt and an aqueous solvent.
CONSTITUTION:Xanthomonas campestris IFO 13303 is aerobically
fermented in an aqueous medium containing preferably 0.25-0.75wt%
inorganic salt (e.g., CaCl2, etc.) and preferably 15-30vol.% aqueous
organic solvent (e.g., acetone, etc.).
84 Production of xanthan having a low JARMAN TREVOR RODNEY; Pat. Nr. EP0066961 KELCO BIOSPECIALTIES LTD (GB) 1982 xanthan, low, pyruvate Low pyruvate xanthan gum comprising 0.1-1% by weight pyruvate
pyruvate content. PACE GARY WILLIAM (FCC Method) has useful properties for secondary oil recovery. It is
produced by aerobically fermenting an organism of the genus
Xanthomonas in a broth comprising: 1) a chemically defined simple
salts medium comprising sources of nitrogen, sulphur, potassium,
phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and (optionally) iron, said simple
salts medium being substantially free of cobalt, copper, manganese,
zinc and boron; 2) an assimilable carbon source, and 3) a complex
organic material which is a nitrogen source.
85 Inoculation procedure for xanthan gum JARMAN TREVOR RODNEY Pat. Nr. EP0066957 KELCO BIOSPECIALTIES LTD (GB) 1982 Inoculation, xanthan, production, Inoculation of the nutrient medium for production of xanthan gum by
production. fermentation aerobic fermentation is effected at a dilution of 0.5-0.01% using an
inoculum comprising an organism of the genus Xanthomonas, wherein
the total levels of iron, manganese, and zinc in said nutrient medium
are limited such that there is no more than 10 ppm iron, no more than
3 ppm zinc and the ppm ratio of iron : manganese is from 40 : 1 to 2 :
1.
86 Process for xanthan gum production. JARMAN TREVOR RODNEY Pat. Nr. EP0066377 KELCO BIOSPECIALTIES LTD (GB) 1982 Xanthan, production Xanthan gum is produced by an improved process of fermenting an
assimilable carbon source by an organism of the genus Xanthomonas
comprising limiting the trace elements Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and B as
follows:(.) with the proviso that the ratio Re: Mn ranges from 40: 1 to
2: 1.
87 High phosphate process for making low EMPEY RICHARD A; DOMINIK Pat.Nr. US4263399 MERCK & CO INC 1981 xanthan, production A novel process is described for making a low calcium xanthan gum
calcium, smooth flow xanthan gum JURGEN G exhibiting smooth flow properties which comprises the use of high
levels of phosphate in the fermentation medium.
88 No title available. QUINN FRANCIS X (FR); Pat. Nr. DE19547748 INST FRANCAIS DU PETROL (FR) 1996 xanthan, gellan, welan, rhamsan, A method for treating a fermentation must intended for the production
MONOT FREDERIC (FR) scleroglucan, production of exopolysaccharides of microbial origin comprises adding a
surfactant drop by drop, without stirring, to an aqueous solution of the
fermentation must containing the polysaccharide. The polysaccharide
separates into a supernatant phase. It may be, for example, gellan,
welan, rhamsan, scleroglucan or xanthan.
89 PRODUCTION OF XANTHAN GUM WEISROCK WILLIAM P; KLEIN Pat. Nr. CA1153970 STANDARD OIL CO 1983 No abstract available.
FROM A CHEMICALLY DEFINED HARRIET S
MEDIUM
90 Xanthan gum from dairy permeates and POLLOCK THOMAS J (US); Pat. Nr. EP0624651 SHINETSU BIO INC (US); SHINETSU 1994 xanthan, production, dairy, The present invention relates to the unexpected discovery that
other filtered dairy products. ARMENTROUT RICHARD W CHEMICAL CO (JP) permeates xanthan gum can be produced from filtered whey or milk products,
(US) including whey permeates and milk permeates, by a fermentation
process which uses organisms which are capable of converting
lactose to xanthan gum.
91 Process for making cellulase-free KANG KENNETH S Pat. Nr. US4259477 MERCK & CO INC 1981 xanthan, cellulase Cellulase in xanthan gum can be completely destroyed by treating
xanthan gum xanthan gum beer with about 0.08 to 0.1% alkali metal hypochlorite
followed by heat treatment.
92 RECOMBINANT - DNA MEDIATED CAPAGE MICHAEL A; Pat. Nr. EP0326544 (WO8705938) GETTY SCIENT DEV CO (US) 1989 xanthan No abstract available.
PRODUCTION OF XANTHAN GUM. DOHERTY DANIEL H; BETLACH
MICHAEL R; VANDERSLICE
REBECCA W
93 Process for the production of CROS PATRICK Pat.Nr. EP0319372 RHONE POULENC CHIMIE (FR) 1989 Process for the production of biopolymers by fermentation of
polysaccharides. carbohydrates by means of microorganisms. The process consists in
performing the fermentation in an aqueous nutrient medium containing
starch as source of assimilable carbon in the presence of a
saccharification enzyme. Application to the manufacture of xanthan
gum in particular.
94 Preparation of xanthan gum. POLLOCK THOMAS J; THORNE Pat. Nr. EP0287363 SYNTRO CORP (US) 1988 xanthan A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
LINDA a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected
from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing
rifampicinresistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or
(3) exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of
xanthan; and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided
along with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris
strains showing increased xanthan gum production.
95 Process for the fermentative production DEMAIN ARNOLD L; SOUW Pat. Nr. US4245046 MASSACHUSETTS INST 1981 Xanthan, organic acid Xanthan gum is produced by fermentation with the bacterium,
of xanthan gum with organic acids PETER TECHNOLOGY Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, of a nutrient medium
containing a sugar and a stimulatory organic acid which stimulates the
production of xanthan gum. The stimulatory organic acid can be a
source of pyruvic acid, alpha-keto-glutaric acid, succinic acid or
mixtures thereof.
96 Fermentation process for production of WERNAU WILLIAM C Pat. Nr. US4282321 PFIZER 1981 xanthan Increased xanthan concentrations are obtained in Xanthomonas
xanthan fermentations by the gradual addition of a source of assimilable
carbon, preferably glucose, to the aqueous nitrient medium during the
course of the fermentation cycle.
97 Process for the production of xanthan Pat. Nr. GB2008138 Tate & Lyle Ltd 1979 xanthan The conversion efficiency in a continuous fermentation of a strain of
gum, the genus Xanthomonas to produce a polysaccharide is enhanced by
the choice of the carbohydrate carbon source as the growth-limiting
substrate. The process is applied to the production of xanthan gums
by fermentation of x campestris.
98 Method for fermentation production of HONMA TAIRA (JP); NAGURA Pat. Nr. US5580763 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (JP); 1996 xanthan, nitrogen A method for the fermentation production of xanthan gum which
xanthan gum SHIGEHIRO (JP); MUROFUSHI SHINETSU BIO INC (US) comprises the step of carrying out culture by using a water-soluble
KANJI (JP) inorganic nitrogen component alone as the nitrogen source of a
production medium, and by mixing and using the water-soluble
inorganic nitrogen component and a water-insoluble organic nitrogen
component as the nitrogen sources of a seed fermentation medium.
99 Process for the production of a xanthan EYSSAUTIER BRUNO Pat. Nr. FR2606423 SANOFI ELF BIO IND (FR) 1988 xanthan This process for the production of a xanthan gum with high capacity
with high thickening capacity, and for thickening aqueous media consists in rapidly heating the final
applications of this xanthan. broth from carbohydrate fermentation by a bacterium of the genus
Xanthomonas. The heating of the medium is carried out at close to
neutral pH, at a temperature of between 105 DEG C and 120 DEG C
for 30 seconds to 8 minutes before isolating the xanthan.
100 PROCESS FOR PRODUCING PEREIRA ROSEIRO JOSE Pat. Nr. WO9505476 NERA ASSOCIACAO EMPRESARIAL 1995 xanthan, pseudoplastic, organic A process for the activation of the production of xanthan, to give
XANTHAN USING NON- CARLOS (PT); AMARAL DA (PT); AIDA ASSOCIACAO acid pseudoplastic characteristics to solutions and suspensions, through
METABOLIZABLE ORGANIC ACIDS COLACO MARIA TERESA (PT) INTERPROFISSIO (PT); PEREIRA the growth of Xanthomonas bacteria genus in a solution of mineral
ROSEIRO JOSE CARLOS (PT); salts and one or more carbohydrates, by adding linear or branched
AMARAL COLACO MARIA TERESA chained, saturated or unsaturated non-metabolizable organic acids
(PT) (e.g. isobutyric acid, carob extract). This process results in improved
yields up to 25 % higher, and a final product with fewer impurities.
101 Process for production of saline- MUROFUSHI KANJI (JP); Pat Nr. EP0718311 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (JP); 1996 xanthan, A process for saline-solution soluble xanthan gum which comprises
solution soluble xanthan gum NAGURA SHIGEHIRO (JP) SHINETSU BIO INC (US) the steps of precipitating xanthan gum by mixing, with stirring, an
aqueous solution of xanthan gum with an organic solvent which is a
non-solvent to xanthan gum but is hydrophilic, removing liquid from
the precipitated xanthan gum to a liquid content of at most 50%,
disintegrating the cake of xanthan gum after the liquid removal to an
average grain size of from 0.3 to 2 cm in diameter, and drying the
disintegrated xanthan gum by fluidizing the same at a temperature not
exceeding 80 DEG C
102 MICROBIAL STRAINS AND GERNGROSS TILLMAN U; Pat. Nr.WO9950389 METABOLIX INC (US) 1999 biomaterials, production, DNA constructs and genetically engineered microbial strains
PROCESSES FOR THE HOROWITZ DANIEL M; alginates, gellan gum, zooglan, constructed using these DNA constructs, which produce a nuclease
MANUFACTURE OF BIOMATERIALS BOYNTON LAURA; HUISMAN hyaluronic acid, xanthan, microbial enzyme with specificity for DNA and/or RNA, are provided. These
GJALT W; PEOPLES OLIVER P cellulose strains secrete nuclease into the periplasm or growth medium in an
amount effective to enhance productivity and/or recovery of polymer,
and are particularly suited for use in high cell density fermentation
processes. These constructs are useful for modifying microbial strains
to improve production and recovery processes for polymers such as
intracellular proteins, such as enzymes, growth factors, and cytokines;
for producing polyhydroxyalkanoates; and for producing extracellular
polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum, alginates, gellan gum,
zooglan, hyaluronic acid and microbial cellulose.
103 Fermentation process for the BANKS GEOFFREY T (GB); Pat. Nr. US4692408 IMP BIOTECHNOLOGY (GB) 1987 polysaccharide, production, Polysaccharides, such as xanthan gum, are produced by culturing
production of polysaccharides BROWNING PAUL D (GB) xanthan, fermentation microorganisms, e.g. of the Xanthomonas genus, in a two stage
process. In the first stage, growth of the microorganism is favored, e.g.
by using a predetermined quantity of a carbon-containing nutrient
which does not support biosynthesis of the polysaccharide. In the
second stage, the conditions are such that biosynthesis of the
polysaccharide takes place with substantially no growth of the
microorganism, e.g. by adding carbohydrate in the absence of nutrient
required for polysaccharide growth. By this process, the requirement
for oxygen is greatly reduced at the time when the culture medium has
its highest viscosity, thereby minimizing problems of low oxygen
transfer capability in viscous media.
104 Process of using xanthomonas BAUER KEITH A (US); Pat. Nr. US4400467 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA (US) 1983 heteropolysaccharide, xanthan This invention involves the production of heteropolysaccharides such
campestris NRRL B-12075 and NRRL B-KHOSROVI BEHZAD (US) as xanthan gum by the continuous fermentation of suitable nutrient
12074 for making heteropolysaccharide media with new degenerative resistant variants of Xanthomanas
campestris. Fermentation is conducted in a nitrogen, sulfur or
phosphorous limited nutrient medium containing glucose or a minimal
medium plus yeast extract and glutamic acid, in a first fermenter to
enhance cultural growth. After the limiting growth element (nitrogen,
sulfur or phosphorous) has been essentially consumed, the medium
is then transferred to a second fermenter and fermentation continued
while adding a suitable carbohydrate which the bacteria convert into
the heteropolysaccharide product. The process may be modified by
carrying out cultural growth and production of the polysaccharide in
the same fermenter. The bacteria employed were cultured from a
glucose-mineral salts medium fortified with yeast extract or a glucose-
defined minimal medium in which ammonium chloride served as the
sole assimilable n
105 Production of high-pyruvate xanthan CADMUS MARTIN C; KNUTSON Pat. Nr. US4394447 US AGRICULTURE 1983 high pyruvate, xanthan A high-pyruvate xanthan gum, substantially free of insolubles and
gum on synthetic medium JR CLARENCE A undesirable coloration, is produced by fermentation of Xanthomonas
campestris on a carbohydrate-containing nutrient medium having
(NH4)2HPO4 at a level of at least 0.15% as the primary nitrogen
source, and having a total phosphate level of at least about 0.25%.
106 Method for producing a low viscosity WEISROCK WILLIAM P Pat.Nr. US4377637 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA (US) 1983 xanthan, low viscosity In the production of xanthan gum by action of the Xanthomonas
xanthan gum bacteria on a nutrient medium, a low viscosity xanthan gum is
produced by adding sulfate anions in a concentration ranging from
about 0.2 to about 0.5 wt % of the nutrient medium during the culture
of the Xanthomonas bacteria in the nutrient medium. A reduced
viscosity xanthan gum is produced which can be converted to the
normal viscosity xanthan gum.
107 Production of xanthan gum from a WEISROCK WILLIAM P; KLEIN Pat. Nr. US4374929 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA (US) 1983 Xanthan, production, continuous A process is described for the continuous manufacture of xanthan
chemically defined medium introduction HARRIET S culture gum in which continuous culture is conducted under conditions of
nutrient limited growth using relatively inexpensive chemically defined
media containing certain vitamins with or without amino acids. The
process is directed broadly to use of bacteria of the genus
Xanthomonas to produce xanthan gum from the aforesaid media.
108 Semi-continuous method for production WEISROCK WILLIAM P Pat. Nr. US4328308 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA 1982 xanthan, semi-continuous, Xanthan gum is produced by means of semi-continuous fermentation
of xanthan gum using Xanthomanas fermentation using a culture of either Xanthomonas campestris XCP-1 ATCC 31600
campestris ATCC 31600 and or Xanthomonas campestris P-107 ATCC 31602, in a minimal
Xanthomanas campestris ATCC 31602 medium, allowing the system to ferment for a period of about 24
hours, withdrawing a portion of the fermented medium, recovering
xanthan from the withdrawn portion, adding fresh, sterile medium to
the residual medium and repeating the above cycle.
109 Production of polysaccharides of high CROS PATRICK (FR) Pat. Nr. US5610037 RHONE POULENC CHIMIE (FR) 1997 polysaccharide, xanthan, Polysaccharide biopolymers, e.g., xanthan gum, are produced by the
viscosity using xanthomonas fermentation aerobic microbial fermentation of a carbohydrate in an aqueous
campestris and glycoamylase with nutrient medium containing starch as a source of carbon, and wherein
fluidized starch the fermentation is carried out in the presence of a saccharide-
specific amylolytic enzyme.
110 Method for improving specific xanthan WEISROCK WILLIAM P Pat. Nr. US4311796 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA 1982 xanthan In the production of xanthan gum by the action of Xanthomonas
productivity during continuous bacteria on a nutrient medium, the specific productivity of the
fermentation organism employed can be improved by the increase in average cell
concentration through the stepwise increase of growth limiting
nutrients in the medium.
111 Method for improving xanthan yield WEISROCK WILLIAM P Pat. Nr. US4301247 STANDARD OIL CO INDIANA 1981 xanthan, cholate, deoxycholate In the production of xanthan gum by action of Xanthomonas bacteria
on a nutrient medium, the yield of xanthan gum can be improved by
the addition of deoxycholate or cholate to the nutrient medium at the
time of inoculation of the bacteria on the nutrient medium.
112 Process for the fermentative production DEMAIN ARNOLD L; SOUW Pat. Nr. US4245046 MASSACHUSETTS INST 1981 Xanthan, organic acid Xanthan gum is produced by fermentation with the bacterium,
of xanthan gum with organic acids PETER TECHNOLOGY Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459, of a nutrient medium
containing a sugar and a stimulatory organic acid which stimulates the
production of xanthan gum. The stimulatory organic acid can be a
source of pyruvic acid, alpha-keto-glutaric acid, succinic acid or
mixtures thereof.
113 Apparatus and method for the HOMMA TAIRA (JP); Pat. Nr. US5972695 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (JP); 1999 fermenter, xanthan A fermenter for the production of xanthan gum is provided with an
production of xanthan gum MUROFUSHI KANJI (JP); SHINETSU BIO INC (US) upper helical impeller and a lower turbine impeller which are
NAGURA SHIGEHIRO (JP) positioned therewithin, and an agitator shaft for driving these helical
impeller and turbine impeller. The helical impeller consists of a pair of
vertically spaced arms extending from the agitator shaft in opposite
directions and arranged in twisted relationship, and at least one
shearing paddle bridging these arms, and the turbine impeller consists
of a rotating disc having at least one turbine blade attached thereto.
114 Fermentation feedstock DE TROOSTEMBERGH JEAN- )Pat. Nr. EP0609995 CERESTAR HOLDING BV (NL 1994 fermentation, xanthan, mannose, A fermentation process for the production of a product comprising
CLAUDE M (NL); BECK ROLAND feedstock mannose units eg. xanthan gum in which a simple sugar is a
H F DR (BE); DE component of the fermentation feedstock and a part of that sugar is
WANNEMAEKER BENEDICTE L mannose. Preferably the sugar is a mixture of mannose and glucose
T (BE) optionally containing minor amounts of other sugars, the mixture of
mannose and glucose suitably being produced by the epimerisation of
glucose.
115 Method for fermentation production of HONMA TAIRA (JP); NAGURA Pat. Nr. US5580763 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (JP); 1996 xanthan, nitrogen A method for the fermentation production of xanthan gum which
xanthan gum SHIGEHIRO (JP); MUROFUSHI SHINETSU BIO INC (US) comprises the step of carrying out culture by using a water-soluble
KANJI (JP) inorganic nitrogen component alone as the nitrogen source of a
production medium, and by mixing and using the water-soluble
inorganic nitrogen component and a water-insoluble organic nitrogen
component as the nitrogen sources of a seed fermentation medium.
116 Xanthan gum-producing strain of POLLOCK THOMAS J (US); Pat. Nr. US5340743 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (US); 1994 xanthan A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
xanthomonas THORNE LINDA (US) SHINETSU BIO INC (US) a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
from the group consisting of (1) a mutation causing rifampicin-
resistance; (2) a mutation causing bacitracin-resistance; or (3)
exogenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan;
and separating xanthan from the culture medium, is provided along
with specific DNA sequences and Xanthomonas campestris strains
showing increased xanthan gum production.
117 Xanthomonas campestris strain for POLLOCK THOMAS J (US); Pat. Nr. US5279961 SHINETSU CHEMICAL CO (US); 1994 xanthan, xanthomonas, resistance A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
production of Xanthan gum THORNE LINDA (US) SHINETSU BIO INC (US) a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
118 Process for the production of WILKE MICHAELA (DE); Pat. Nr. US4978750 WOLFF WALSRODE AG (DE) 1990 heteropolysaccharide, xanthan, pH Cellulase-free heteropolysaccharides, more especially xanthan, are
heteropolysaccharides having improved SZABLIKOWSKI KLAUS (DE); obtainable by treatment at special pH values, heat treatment,
properties, more especially xanthan BALSER KLAUS (DE) optionally cooling, neutralization and, optionally, subsequent
precipitation in a high-turbulence precipitation bath.
119 Continuous process for the production LAWFORD HUGH G Pat. Nr. US4355106 WESTON GEORGE LTD 1982 The present invention is directed to a two-stage continuous process
of gelable exopolysaccharide for the production of a gelable curdlan-type exopolysaccharide. In the
first stage a stable, curdlan-producing strain of microorganism such as
Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes ATCC 31749 and ATCC 31750,
is grown aerobically in an aerated, agitated culture medium containing
assimilable carbon, nutrients and organic salts. The amount of
nitrogen in the first stage is so limited that the effluent therefrom
contains substantially no inorganic nitrogen. The effluent is introduced
into a second stage in a constant volume fermenter wherein it is mixed
with a nitrogen-free carbohydrate. The resultant mixture is aerated
and mixed at pH 5.5 to 6.5 at a temperature of from 25 DEG to 35
DEG C., the volume and dilution rate in the reactor being selected so
that the residence time of the microorganism in the fermenter does not
exceed an equivalent to the maximum length of time during which the
activity of a batch culture of the microorganism with respec
120 METHOD OF BROWN ALGAE KURNYGINA V T; NEKRASOVA Pat. Nr. RU2132622 FITOLON; TOVARISHCHESTVO S 1999 FIELD: biotechnology. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to processing
PROCESSING V B; NIKITINA T V; OGRANICHENNO of brown algae, namely, laminaria and bady wrack (Fucus vesiculosis)
BELOZERSKIKH O A for preparing lipid concentrates and water-soluble concentrates
enriched with iodine. Milled algae are extracted with an organic
solvent containing 1-6 carbon atoms at ratio raw : extractant = 1:(1-
20). After distillation of solvent lipid and aqueous concentrates are
obtained and separated their. An aqueous extract is dried to obtain
water-soluble concentrate. Method provides the most effectiveness of
extraction of lipid-soluble component of brown algae which are rich
with nonsaturated substances and to use its as a substance for
production of curative-prophylactic additions "Clamin" and "Phytolon".
The powder obtained from water-soluble substances of brown algae
extract is the complex of polysaccharides, mannitol, vitamins, mineral
substances (including that enriched with iodine)that can be used as
the food and prophylactic addition in medicinal, food and chemical-
pharmaceutic
121 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION SANTOS PATRICK FERREIRA Pat. Nr. AU616683 COMMISSARIAT ENERGIE 1991 Polysaccharides, production, No abstract available.
AND EXTRACTION OF DOS; THEPENIER CATHERINE; ATOMIQUE extraction
POLYSACCHARIDES FROM A BARNIER HENRI; GUDIN
PORPHYRIDIUM CRUENTUM CLAUDE
CULTURE AND APPARATUS FOR
PERFORMING THE PROCESS
122 The production of polysaccharides from CASH HOWARD A; JOHAL Pat. Nr. EP0347236, A3 STANDARD OIL CO OHIO (US) 1989 polysaccharides, fungus, A process to produce products, in particular polysaccharides, from
filamentous fungi. SARJIT S filamentous fungi, in an immobilized cell bioreactor wherein the fungus
is fixed and adheres to the surface of a porous, non-particulate
support and aqueous liquid medium is passed through the
immobilized system and product containing medium is recycled or
withdrawn from the system.
123 Water-soluble polysaccharides, CAREL SERGE; PAGE YVES- Pat. Nr. EP0308279 LIPHA (FR) 1989 polysaccharides, water-soluble New water-soluble polysaccharides. These polysaccharides extracted
process for obtaining them, their use as MARIE; VANDERHOVEN from Escherichia coli and from Klebsiella pneumoniae contain less
medicaments and a preparation CHRISTINE; MURRAY NORMAN; than 1% of proteins, less than 0.5% of osamines, from 65 to 75% of
containing them. MONSIGNY MICHEL; neutral oses, from 18 to 27% of uronic acids, from 5 to 9% of pyruvic
DELMOTTE FRANCIS; ROCHE acid in the form of pyruvilidene, and have a molecular mass greater
ANNE-CLAUDE; PETIT CLAIRE than 50,000. They have an immunomodulating activity which makes
them useful in the field of therapeutics.
124 Process for the production of BOUNIOT ALBERT Pat. Nr. US3988313 RHONE POULENC SA 1976 polysaccharides, non-fibrous Polysaccharides produced by fermentation are obtained in a non-
fermentation polysaccharides having a fibrous form by washing the product produced by precipitation from
non-fibrous structure the fermentation medium with an aqueous organic liquid in which the
proportion of organic liquid is high enough to give a washed product
which is not soft, difficult to dry and with a tendency to agglomerate,
but not so high that the washed product, after drying and grinding, has
a fibrous structure, and then drying and grinding the washed
polysaccharide.
125 CULTIVATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC MATSUMOTO KAZUNORI; Pat. Nr. JP11196858 RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF 1999 polysaccharide, photosynthetic, PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for culturing a
MICROORGANISM AND SUDO HIROAKI INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY FOR extracellular photosynthetic microorganism high in utility, generating efficiency of a
PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR THE EARTH; MITSUBISHI HEAVY polysaccharide and utilizing efficiency of a light, and a method for
POLYSACCHARIDE IND LTD producing an extracellular polysaccharide. SOLUTION: This method
for culturing a photosynthetic microorganism comprises using agar-
agar as a comprehensive immobilizing carrier and culturing it to obtain
an N/P ratio in a culturing solution of >=3. In the method for producing
a polysaccharide derived from a microorganism by culturing the
photosynthetic microorganism generating an extracellular
polysaccharide using an immobilizing carrier, agar-agar is used as the
comprehensive immobilizing carrier and the photosynthetic
microorganism is cultured to cause the N/P ratio in the culturing
solution of >=3 to generate the objective extracellular polysaccharide.
126 PRODUCTION OF YUMOTO ISAO Pat. Nr. JP11113591 AGENCY OF IND SCIENCE & 1999 Polysaccharide, Deleya, phb, PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To efficiently obtain a polysaccharide
POLYSACCHARIDE TECHNOL polyhydroxybutyric acid useful as e.g. a food thickening agent, soil modifier such as water-
holding agent, flocculant for e.g. wastewater treatment, by culturing a
strain belonging to the genus Deleya and capable of producing the
aimed polysaccharide followed by collecting the aimed product from
the cultured product. SOLUTION: A strain belonging to the genus
Deleya and capable of producing the aimed polysaccharide (e.g.
Deleya marina L-2 strain: FERM P-16406) is cultured, and the aimed
polysaccharide, along with &beta -polyhydroxybutyric acid produced
by the strain, is collected to obtain the objective polysaccharide useful
as e.g. a food thickening agent, a soil modifier as a water-holding
agent, a flocculant used in wastewater treatment, and at the same
time, obtain &beta - polyhydroxybutyric acid useful for e.g. soft drink
bottles made of a hard and brittle biodegradable polymeric material
having a high melting point (170 deg.C) known as a biodegradable
plastic.
127 Polysaccharide producing process RIGHELATO RENTON C; Pat. Nr. US4234688 Tate & Lyle Ltd 1980 polysaccharide, production, The solution viscosity of a polysaccharide, microbial alginate,
using protease and Azotobacter JARMAN TREVOR R Azotobacter produced by culturing strains of Azotobacter vinelandii, is controlled
by addition of a protease to the culture broth. The protease can be
added during the culture, to obtain a polysaccharide of increased
viscosity. Alternatively or additionally protease can also be added
after culture but before the polysaccharide is isolated from the broth,
for example, to prevent reduction of viscosity during storage. Neutral
and alkaline proteases having activity at around pH 7 are particularly
suitable.
128 Strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae, subsp. PAUL FRANCOIS MARIE Pat. Nr. US5876982 BIOEUROPE (FR) 1999 polysaccharide, L-fucose PCT No. PCT/FR96/00127 Sec. 371 Date Jul. 25, 1997 Sec. 102(e)
pneumoniae, and a process for the BERNARD (FR); PERRY DAVID Date Jul. 25, 1997 PCT Filed Jan. 25, 1996 PCT Pub. No.
production of a polysaccharide FRANK (FR); MONSAN PIERRE WO96/23057 PCT Pub. Date Aug. 1, 1996The present invention
containing L-fucose FREDERIC (FR) discloses a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae
BEC1000 CNCMI-1507 which produces industrially useful quantities
of a polysaccharide containing L-fucose. Also disclosed is a process
of producing the polysaccharide using this strain and mutants thereof.
The polysaccharide has properties which are particularly useful to the
cosmetics industry.
129 NOVEL CELLULOSE-PRODUCING TSUCHIDA TAKAYASU (JP); Pat. Nr. EP0831101 BIO POLYMER RES CO LTD (JP) 1998 cellulose, bacteria Novel cellulose-producing bacteria including one capable of
BACTERIA WATANABE KUNIHIKO (JP); producing of a bacterial cellulose having a weight-average degree of
YANO HISATO (JP); TABUCHI polymerization in terms of polystyrene of 1.6 x 10<4> or above, one
MARI (JP); TAHARA NAOKI (JP); capable of producing a bacterial cellulose containing a small amount
MORINAGA YASUSHI (JP); of the fraction with low degrees of polymerization, one producing a
TAKEMURA HIROSHI (JP); Bingham polysaccharide as a by-product, and one producing a small
TOYOSAKI HIROSHI (JP); amount of water-soluble polysaccharide; a method for the production
YOSHINAGA FUMIHIRO (JP) of bacterial cellulose, which comprises culturing these cellulose-
producing bacteria; and bacterial cellulose thus obtained.
130 PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR UEHARA AKIYOSHI; Pat. Nr. JP9131199 AJINOMOTO CO INC 1997 Lipomyces, Polysaccharide, PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To profitably produce the subject
POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED KAWAHARA YOSHIO; SHIMIZU mannose, glucuronic acid, polysaccharide useful as a soil conditioner, a paper-strengthening
WITH MICROORGANISM OF GENUS SHIGEATSU galactose, trisaccharide agent, etc., by culturing a microorganism belonging to the genus
LIPOMYCES Lipomyces and having an extracellular polysaccharide- producing
ability in a culture medium, maintaining the viscosity of the culture
solution at a specific value or smaller, and (semi)continuously
culturing the microorganism. SOLUTION: This method for producing
the extracellular polysaccharide comprises culturing and multiplying a
microorganism (e.g. Lipomyces starkyi- CBS 1807) belonging to the
genus Lipomyces and having an ability to produce the extracellular
polysaccharide, maintaining the viscosity of the culture solution at
<=150 centipoises, continuously or semi-continuously culturing the
microorganism to produce and accumulate the extracellular
polysaccharide in the culture solution, centrifugally removing the cells
from the culture solution, concentrating the filtrate and subsequently
drying the concentrated filtra
131 Polysaccharide products derived from ABBOTT THOMAS P (US); Pat. Nr. US5567812 US ARMY (US) 1996 Lesquerella fendleri, Previously unrecognized polysaccharide products are extracted from
lesquerella fendleri and methods of CARLSON KENNETH D (US); polysaccharide either whole Lesquerella fendleri seed or commercially processed and
their production KLEIMAN ROBERT (US) oil-extracted seed meal or presscake or other seed material.
Processes used include the steps of: (1) combining the seed material
with an aqueous solution; (2) high speed stirring or sonification of the
resultant seed material for the separation of the polysaccharide from
the seed; and (3) isolation of the polysaccharide from the aqueous
filtrate. The resultant polysaccharides are highly polymeric and
enhance solution viscosities over a wide range of pH, bleaching and
salt conditions.
132 Production of fructan (levan) HAN YOUN W (US); CLARKE Pat. Nr. US5547863 US ARMY (US) 1996 fructan, levan, bacillus polymyxa Soil isolates, identified as strains of Bacillus polymyxa, NRRL B-
polyfructose polymers using bacillus MARGARET A (US) 18475 and NRRL B-18476, produce large quantities of a pure and
polymyxa uniform extracellular polysaccharide fructan (levan), in a sucrose
medium. The levan consists entirely of fructose and the residues
linked by beta , 2-6 fructofuranoside linkage.
133 Polysaccharide, its applications, ist FONTAINE THIERRY (FR); Pat. Nr. US5455343 SANOFI ELF (FR) 1995 pseudomonas, polysaccharide This polysaccharide consists of repeating units which are composed
production by fermentation and the FOURNET BERNARD of a backbone, comprising 2 radicals of D-mannose, 2 of D-glucose, 1
pseudomonas strain which produces it (FR);PLANARD MARIE FRANCE of D-galactose, 1 of D-glucuronic acid, 1 of D-xylose, 1 of L-lyxose
(FR) and 1 of L-fucose, on which pyruvic acid groups may be grafted and of
which certain of the saccharide hydroxyl groups are esterified as
acetate. It can be employed as a viscosity agent for thickening and
gelling.
134 Microbial cellulose modified during BROWN JR R MALCOLM (US) Pat. Nr. US4942128 UNIV TEXAS (US) 1990 microbial cellulose The present invention involves a method of producing cellulose. This
synthesis method comprises inoculating a quantity of nutrient medium
comprising a polysaccharide derivative such as
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) with a cellulose-producing
microorganism. The inoculated medium is then aerobically incubated
to facilitate the production of cellulose. The step of substantially
drying the cellulose may be added for certain products. Substantially
dried cellulose resulting from this procedure is highly absorbent,
tending to retain its absorbent properties during repeated wetting and
drying, and is usable where such absorbency is desired. A subject of
the present invention is a composition of matter consisting essentially
of such cellulose in a native or substantially dried form. Microbial
cellulose produced in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose may be
substantially dried by many means known to those skilled in the art.
This drying may be, for example, by washing with a non-aqueous
hydrophilic solvent or by air-drying.
135 Process for multiplication of EYSSAUTIER BRUNO Pat. Nr. US5017479 SANOFI SA (FR) 1991 microorganisms, growth, Process for obtaining a mass of polysaccharide-producing
polysaccharide-producing polysaccharide microorganisms, consisting in conducting the growth of the
microorganisms and use thereof in a microorganisms in a medium containing an enzyme which hydrolyzes
polysaccharide production process the formed polysaccharide. Application in a process for the production
of polysaccharide in two stages, in which the growth stage takes place
in the presence of an enzyme, particularly for the production of
scleroglucane using sclerotium type fungi.
136 Fermentation process for the EYSSAUTIER BRUNO Pat. Nr. US4940663 SANOFI SA (FR) 1990 xanthan, fermentation process The invention relates to a process for the fermentation of
production of xanthane carbohydrates by bacteria of the genus Xanthomonas for the
production of a polysaccharide of the xanthane type, in which the
source of nitrogen consists of a gelatin with a molecular weight of less
than 5000. Application: preparation of xanthane.
137 Process for the production and BARNIER HENRI (FR); Pat: Nr. US4906746 COMMISSARIAT ENERGIE 1990 porphyridium cruentum, Process for the production and extraction of polysaccharides from a
extraction of polysaccharides from a FERREIRA DOS SANTOS ATOMIQUE polysaccharide, extraction porphyridium cruentum culture and apparatus for performing the
porphyridium cruentum culture and PATRICK F (FR); GUDIN process. This production and extraction process comprises a stage of
apparatus for performing the process CLAUDE (FR); THEPENIER concentrating the polysaccharides consisting of leaving the culture
CATHERINE (FR) medium (1) in a photoreactor (22) exposed to sunlight under stagnant
conditions and at ambient temperature, leading to the formation of a
polysaccharide-rich cream (23) and recovering said cream by
skimming, a stage (24) of heating the concentrate obtained at a
temperature between 60 DEG and 100 DEG C., a stage of separating
the solid and liquid phases formed (26), a stage (30) of precipitating
the polysaccharides contained in the liquid phase and a stage (16) of
drying the precipitate obtained.
138 Production of bacterial polysaccharides ELLWOOD DEREK C (GB); )Pat. Nr. US4696900 SECR DEFENCE BRIT (GB 1987 Xanthomonas, polysaccharide, Polysaccharides are produced by single stage continuous culture of
EVANS CHARLES G T (GB); Xanthomonas bacteria, especially of the Xanthomonas campestris
YEO RICHARD G (GB) group in a chemically-defined culture medium. Cultures have been run
for over 2,000 hours without reduction in the polysaccharide yield. The
physical and chemical properties of the product can be controlled by
selection of the growth limiting substrate (limiting nutrilite) in the
culture medium to give a range of polysaccharides suitable for various
applications.
139 Microbial polysaccharide articles and RING DAVID F (US); NASHED Pat. Nr. US4655758 JOHNSON & JOHNSON PROD INC 1987 polysaccharide, microbial cellulose Laminar polysaccharide structures, e.g., laminar microbial
methods of production WILSON (US); DOW THURMAN (US) cellulosestructures, are disclosed. These structures comprise
(US) densified planiform sheets or laminae that merge into one another and
together define plural regions having reduced polysaccharide
microfibril density. The disclosed laminar polysaccharide structures
are derived by manipulating fibrous polysaccharide pellicles produced
by microorganisms such as those of the genere Acetobacter,
Rhizobium, Agrobacterium, Pseudomonas, Sphaerotilus, and the like.
140 Polysaccharide production using novel JARMAN TREVOR R (GB); Pat: Nr. US4490467 KELCO BIOSPECIALTIES LTD (GB) 1984 Pseudomonas mendocina, A process for producing polysaccharide consisting of a partially
strains of Pseudomonas mendocina HACKING ANDREW J GB) polysaccharide acetylated variable block copolymer of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic
acid residues comprises growing a biologically pure culture of a
Pseudomonas mendocina microorganism selected from the group
consisting of NCIB 11687, 11688, and 11689 in an aqueous nutrient
medium by submerged aerobic fermentation of an assimilable carbon
source and recovering the polysaccharide. Biologically pure cultures
of the organisms are another feature of the invention.
141 Production of an allose-containing TAKEMOTO HISAO (JP); Pat. Nr. US4425431 TOYO SODA MFG CO LTD (JP) 1984 allose, polysaccharide, galactose, A new polysaccharide including allose as a constituent sugar and
polysaccharide IGARASHI TATSUO (JP) Pseudomonas viscogena further characterized by galactose as a major constituent sugar is
described. The polysaccharide is produced extracellularly by
cultivation of Pseudomonas viscogena strains in nutrient medium.
142 Process for culturing a microalga, and CYSEWSKI GERRY R Pat. Nr. US4417415 BATTELLE DEVELOPMENT CORP 1983 Porphyridium cruentum, Porphyridium cruentum is cultured in an enriched seawater medium
extracting a polysaccharide therefrom (US);ANDERSON DANIEL B (US) (US) polysaccharide, extraction, algae using a high initial cell concentration until the productivity of
polysaccharide production by the alga is maximized. The whole
culture is then extracted by making the culture strongly alkaline, and
heat treating it. The culture is cooled, acidified and the polysaccharide
precipitated by addition of a water-miscible organic solvent such as
ethanol. Very high yields of polysaccharide are obtained, in excess of
4.5 grams per liter of culture.
143 Production of microbial polysaccharides KIM LEO (US); ASH STUART G Pat. Nr. US4384044 SHELL OIL CO 1983 polysaccharide, production This invention relates to a process for the production of a
(GB) polysaccharide wherein a microorganism species which produces
polysaccharide (preferably in the stationary phase of the growth cycle)
is supported on a porous, particulate inert support, the pore size being
greater than about 0.5 mu m, to form an immobilized cell system,
aqueous nutrient medium is passed through the immobilized system,
and polysaccharide-containing medium is withdrawn from the system.
The invention provides also for the use of the polysaccharide in the
displacement of fluid from subsurface formations, and an immobilized
cell system for use in the foregoing process.
144 Process for the production of GOVAN JOHN R (GB); JARMAN Pat. Nr. US4235966 TALRES DEV (NL) 1980 Polysaccharide, production A process for the production of polysaccharide consisting of a partially
polysaccharide TREVOR R (GB) acetylated variable block copolymer of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic
acid residues, comprises cultivating in a nutrient medium therefore a
strain of Pseudomonas, which is non-pathogenic to humans, and
which has been obtained by treating a non-mucoid species of
Pseudomonas, which is non-pathogenic to humans, with a beta -
lactam or aminoglycoside antibiotic whereby a mucoid strain tolerant
to said antibiotic was selected, and isolating from the medium the
polysaccharide produced.
145 Process for the production of novel HISATSUKA KENICHI; ISHIYAMA Pat: Nr. US4153508 IDEMITSU KOSAN CO 1979 Polysaccharide, production Polysaccharides forming gels are produced by cultivating a
polysaccharide SABURO; INOUE microorganism such as Arthrobacter carbazolum FERM 2574 in a
AKIRA;TSUMURA OSAMU; suitable medium.
SATO MIKIO
146 Continuous process for the production RIGHELATO RENTON C; Pat: Nr. US4130461 Tate & Lyle Ltd 1978 Azotobacter vinelandii, Polysaccharide is produced in high yields by continuous culture of a
of polysaccharide under phosphate DEAVIN LYNDA Polysaccharide, phosphate- polysaccharide-producing strain of Azotobacter vinelandii under
limiting conditions limitation phosphate-limited conditions, preferably with restricted oxygen
uptake.
147 Production of polysaccharides of high CROS PATRICK (FR) Pat. Nr. US5610037 RHONE POULENC CHIMIE (FR) 1997 xanthan, polysaccharide, Polysaccharide biopolymers, e.g., xanthan gum, are produced by the
viscosity using xanthomonas aerobic microbial fermentation of a carbohydrate in an aqueous
campestris and glycoamylase with nutrient medium containing starch as a source of carbon, and wherein
fluidized starch the fermentation is carried out in the presence of a saccharide-specific
amylolytic enzyme.
148 Microbiological process for the Pat. Nr. GB2026515 TATE & LYLE LTD 1980 polysaccharide, penicillin A process for the production of polysaccharide consisting of a partially
production of alginate type acetylated variable block copolymer of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic
polysaccharide acid residues, comprises cultivating in a nutrient medium therefor a
strain of Pseudomonas, which is non- pathogenic to humans, and
which has been obtained by treating a nonmucoid species of
Pseudomonas, which is non-pathogenic to humans, with a beta -
lactam or aminoglycoside antibiotic whereby a mucoid strain tolerant
to said antibiotic was selected, and isolating from the medium the
polysaccharide produced. Particularly suitable strains may be derived
from P. mendocina, P. tabaci or P. putida. Suitable antibiotics include
the penicillins, eg carboxyalkyl or carboxyaralkyl derivatives of
penicillins, or esters thereof, or 3-halophenyl penicillins. A preferred
antibiotic is carbenicillin (disodium alpha - carboxybenzyl penicillin).
149 NOVEL CELLULOSE-PRODUCING MATSUOKA MASANOBU (JP); Pat. Nr. EP0834555 BIOPOLYMER RES CO LTD (JP) 1998 cellulose, bacteria This invention relates to a microorganism that is capable of producing
BACTERIA TSUCHIDA TAKAYASU (JP); a cellulosic product (referred to hereinafter as a "cellulose-producing
KOJIMA YUKIKO (JP); SETO bacterium") and belongs to a novel subspecies which is substantialy
AKIRA (JP); TONOUCHI NAOTO negative or very slightly positive in oxidation of acetates and lactates.
(JP); YOSHINAGA FUMIHIRO This invention also relates to novel saccharide analog-resistant
(JP) strains, amino acid analog-resistant strains and levan sucrase-
defective strains. Further, this invention relates to a method for the
production of cellulosic material (bacterial cellulose:"BC"), which
comprises culturing these novel bactria and to bacterial cellulose
which may be thus obtained. A larger amount of bacterial cellulose
may be produced by culturing Acetobacter xylinum subsp.
nonacetoxidans, the present resistant strains and the levan sucrase-
defective strains, which have been derived and bred from the
cellulose-producing bacteria, than by culturing the BPR 2001 strain in
the medium containing especially sucrose or glucose as carbon
sources.
150 Microbial production of polyfructose MAYS THOMAS D (US); DALLY Pat. Nr. US4879228 IGI BIOTECHNOLOGY INC (US) 1989 polyfructose, production A water-soluble levan having a weight average molecular weight of
ELLEN L (US) about 10,0000-40 million, preferably about 5-25 million and especially
about 10-20 million which stabilizes a bovine serum albumin colloid
having index (EAI) of about 3-100 determined according to the formula
EAI=2T/OC wherein T is turbidity measured at 500 nm, C is the weight
of emulsified protein per unit volume of the aqueous phase, and O is
the volume fraction of a dispersed oil phase is produced by fermenting
a nutrient growth medium feedstock having a carbon source
consisting essentially of an assimilable sugar selected from the group
consisting of sucrose, raffinose, or a mixture thereof with a
Zymomonas mobilis microorganism capable of converting at least
50% of the fructose value of the sugar to said levan under nutrient
growth conditions which enhance levan production while suppressing
ethanol production. It is useful as a colloid stabilizing agent,
particularly with foods, beverages pharmaceuticals, dentrifices, and
cosmetics.
151 PRODUCTION OF LEVAN KOJIMA ICHIRO; others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP3219889 NIPPON OIL CO LTD 1991 levan, production, Serratia PURPOSE:To obtain the subject substance at an excellent production
rate by culturing a levan-producing bacillus belonging to Serratia
genus. CONSTITUTION:By separation from the soil, a levan-
producing bacillus, Serratia levanicum [Serratia sp.NOC 1219
(FERMP-11171)] having the following mycological properties is
obtained; Shape: rod bacillus having (0.6-0.8)X(1.0-2.0)mu; no
mobility; growth temperature: 8-41 deg.C; growth pH: 4.0-11.5; H2S
production: negative; gas production from glucose: negative, etc. The
obtained bacillus is then inoculated into a culture medium containing a
hydrocarbon source such as an alcohol, a nitrogen source such as
urea, an inorganic salt, etc., such as an Mg salt and aerobically
cultured under aeration-agitation, etc., at pH3.5-9.5, at 20-40 deg.C
for 1-5 days to obtain a cultured material. The resultant cultured
material is diluted using about double amount of water and centrifuged
at about 10000G for about 10min. To the separated supernatant,
isopropanol, etc., is added to obta
152 Increased cellulose production from Tonouchi N, Yanase H, Kojima Y, Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998 Bio-Polymer Research Co., Ltd., 1998 levan, production, acetobacter Cellulose production from sucrose by Acetobacter strains is
sucrose with reduced levan Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, May;62(5):833-6 Kanagawa, Japan. accompanied by the accumulation of a water-soluble polysaccharide,
accumulation by an Acetobacter strain Horinouchi S called levan. To improve cellulose productivity, a levansucrase-
harboring a recombinant plasmid. deficient mutant, LD-2, was derived from Acetobacter strain 757 and
used as a host for the construction of recombinant strains. An LD-2
mutant harboring a plasmid containing the sucrase gene, sucZE3,
from Zymomonas mobilis together with zliS, a gene that encodes a
secretion-activating factor under the control of the Escherichia coli lac
promoter, had sucrase activity and produced much cellulose and little
levan in a medium containing sucrose. In addition, a mutant
levansucrase gene, mutant sacB, from Bacillus subtilis, which
encodes a protein with little levan-forming activity, was generated by
site-directed mutagenesis and introduced into the LD-2 mutant. This
introduction also resulted in the higher cellulose productivity and little
levan.
153 Fructan from Erwinia herbicola. Blake JD, Clarke ML, Jansson PE, J Bacteriol 1982 Sep;151(3):1595-7 1982 levan, fructan, Erwinia Levan production by strains of Erwinia herbicola is common, and this
McNeil KE property has some taxonomic significance for species differentiation
within the "herbicola" group. The extracellular polysaccharide
elaborated by strain 403 was characterized by nuclear magnetic
resonance spectroscopy and methylation analysis. Results showed it
to be a typical bacterial levan.
154 Production of an extracellular levan by Howell A Jr, Jordan HV Arch Oral Biol 1967 Apr;12(4):571-3 1976 extracellular, levan, Odontomyces
Odontomyces viscosus.
155 Ability of casamino acids to support West TP, Fullenkamp NA Microbios 2000;102(402):89-101 Department of Chemistry and 2000 casamino acid, gellan, production, The ability of casamino acids and vitamin-assay casamino acids to
gellan production by Sphingomonas Biochemistry, South Dakota State Sphingomonas support gellan production by Sphingomonas paucimobilis ATCC
paucimobilis ATCC 31461. University, Brookings 57007, USA. 31461 was examined in a medium containing glucose or corn syrup as
the carbon source relative to yeast extract supplementation. When
glucose or corn syrup served as the carbon source, the presence of
yeast extract in the growth medium stimulated gellan production by
strain ATCC 31461 on casamino acids. Using vitamin-assay casamino
acids as the nitrogen source, the addition of vitamins lowered gellan
synthesis by glucose-grown cells regardless of yeast extract
supplementation while gellan elaboration by corn syrup-grown strain
ATCC 31461 cells could only be increased by supplementing vitamins
into medium lacking yeast extract. Independent of carbon source, the
absence of yeast extract in the medium reduced biomass production.
Biomass production by the strain grown on either carbon source was
increased by supplementing vitamins in the medium containing yeast
extract.
156 Structures and properties of gellan Fialho AM, Martins LO, Donval Appl Environ Microbiol 1999 Centro de Engenharia Biologica e 1999 gellan, structure, cheese whey, The dairy industry produces large quantities of whey as a by-product
polymers produced by sphingomonas ML, Leitao JH, Ridout MJ, Jay AJ, Jun;65(6):2485-91 Quimica, Instituto Superior Tecnico, lactose, Sphingomonas of cheese production and is increasingly looking for new ways to
paucimobilis ATCC 31461 from lactose Morris VJ, Sa-Correia I 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal. utilize this waste product. Gellan gum is reliably produced by
compared with those produced from Sphingomonas paucimobilis in growth media containing lactose, a
glucose and from cheese whey. significant component of cheese whey, as a carbon source. We
studied and compared polysaccharide biosynthesis by S. paucimobilis
ATCC 31461 in media containing glucose, lactose (5 to 30 g/liter), and
sweet cheese whey. We found that altering the growth medium can
markedly affect the polysaccharide yield, acyl substitution level,
polymer rheological properties, and susceptibility to degradation.
Depression of gellan production from lactose compared with gellan
production from glucose (approximately 30%) did not appear to occur
at the level of synthesis of sugar nucleotides, which are the donors of
monomers used for biosynthesis of the repetitive tetrasaccharide unit
of gellan. The lactose-derived biopolymer had the highest total acyl
content; the glu
157 Xanthan gum production under several Casas JA, Santos VE, Garcia- Enzyme Microb Technol 2000 Feb Dpt. Ing. Quimica, Fac. CC. Quimicas, 2000 xanthan, molecular structure, Xanthan gum production under several operational conditions has
operational conditions: molecular Ochoa F 1;26(2-4):282-291 Universidad Complutense, Madrid, rheological properties been studied. Temperature, initial nitrogen concentration and oxygen
structure and rheological properties*. Spain mass transfer rate have been changed and average molecular weight,
pyruvilation and acetylation degree of xanthan produced have been
measured in order to know the influence of these variables on the
synthesised xanthan molecular structure. Also, xanthan gum solution
viscosity has been measured, and rheological properties of the
solutions have been related to molecular structure and operational
conditions. The Casson model has been employed to describe the
rheological behaviour. The parameter values of the Casson model,
tau(0) and K(c), have been obtained for each polysaccharide
synthesised under different operational conditions. Both pyruvilation
and acetylation degrees and average molecular weight of xanthan
increase with fermentation time at any operating conditions. Xanthan
molecules with the highest average molecular weight have been
obtained at 25 degrees C. Nevertheless, a
158 Agitator speed and dissolved oxygen Amanullah A, Tuttiett B, Nienow Biotechnol Bioeng 1998 Jan Centre for Bioprocess Engineering, 1998 xanthan fermentations, agitator Agitation speed affects both the extent of motion in Xanthan
effects in xanthan fermentations AW 20;57(2):198-210 School of Chemical Engineering, The speed, oxygen, method fermentation broths because of their rheological complexity and the
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, rate of oxygen transfer. The combination of these two effects causes
Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. the dissolved oxygen concentration and its spatial uniformity also to
change with agitator speed. Separating these complex interactions
has been achieved in this study in the following way. First, the
influence of agitation speeds of 500 and 1000 rpm has been
investigated at a constant nonlimiting dissolved oxygen concentration
of 20% of air saturation using gas blending. Under these controlled
dissolved oxygen conditions, the results demonstrate that the
biological performance of the culture was independent of agitation
speed as long as broth homogeneity could be ensured. With the
development of increasing rheological complexity lending to stagnant
regions at Xanthan concentrations >20 g/L, it is shown that the
superior bulk mixing achieved at 1000 rpm, compared with 500 rpm,
leading to an increased proport
159 Intracellular compounds quantification Garcia-Ochoa F, Santos VE, Biotechnol Bioeng 1998 Jan Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica, 1998 xanthan, flow cytometry The use of flow cytometry (FCM) to quantitatively analyze intracellular
by means of flow cytometry in bacteria: Alcon A 5;57(1):87-94 Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, compounds is studied. FCM is a very useful technique for individual
application to xanthan production by Universidad Complutense, 28040 cell studies in microbial systems, and gives access to information
Xanthomonas campestris. Madrid, Spain. which cannot be obtained in any other way. Nevertheless, it provides
chapu@encmax.sim.ucm.es data in arbitrary units, that is, relative data. This analytical technique
could be employed for kinetic modeling of microbial systems and even
for internal phenomena analysis, but for this purpose, absolute data-
that is concentration of intracellular compounds-must be used. In this
work, relative flow cytometry data are transformed into absolute data
by means of calibrations employing the same fluorochromes with
another technique: spectrofluorymetry. Calibrations of DNA, RNA, and
protein intracellular concentrations are presented for the bacteria,
Xanthomonas campestris. Other analytical methods, based on
biochemical determinations, were also employed to quantify
intracellular compounds, but the results obtained are very poor
compared wi
160 Xanthan gum biosynthesis and Becker A, Katzen F, Puhler A, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1998 Lehrstuhl fur Genetik, Universitat 1998 xanthan, biosynthesis Xanthan gum is a complex exopolysaccharide produced by the plant-
application: a biochemical/genetic Ielpi L Aug;50(2):145-52 Bielefeld, Germany. pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. It
perspective. consists of D-glucosyl, D-mannosyl, and D-glucuronyl acid residues in
a molar ratio of 2:2:1 and variable proportions of O-acetyl and pyruvyl
residues. Because of its physical properties, it is widely used as a
thickener or viscosifier in both food and non-food industries. Xanthan
gum is also used as a stabilizer for a wide variety of suspensions,
emulsions, and foams. This article outlines aspects of the biochemical
assembly and genetic loci involved in its biosynthesis, including the
synthesis of the sugar nucleotide substrates, the building and
decoration of the pentasaccharide subunit, and the polymerization
and secretion of the polymer. An overview of the applications and
industrial production of xanthan is also covered.
161 Enhancing xanthan fermentations by Amanullah A, Satti S, Nienow AW Biotechnol Prog 1998 Mar- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering, 1998 xanthan, fermentation process, This paper is the fourth in a series aimed at improving the
different modes of glucose feeding. Apr;14(2):265-9 School of Chemical Engineering, The feeding understanding and operation of conventional agitated fermenters for
University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, the production of the commercially important gum, Xanthan. In the
Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K. first, reproducible fermentations were established and this protocol
was used in studies of different agitator types and of bulk mixing and
dissolved oxygen concentration in the next two. Here, building on the
previous work, the influence of different glucose feeding strategies on
Xanthan production in a 20-L agitated fermenter under equivalent
conditions of agitation and dissolved oxygen is reported. The
biological performances in three types of fed-batch cultures (a two-
step glucose addition, multiple glucose-pulse feeding and continuous
feeding of glucose) are compared to two batch fermentations with
different initial glucose concentrations. The work confirmed that
improved performance cannot be achieved by increasing the initial
glucose concentration above 50 g/L nor by a single 10 g/L pulse
addition (initial gluco
162 Production and rheological properties Meade MJ, Tanenbaum SW, Can J Microbiol 1995 Department of Environmental and 1995 succinoglycan, Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas sp. ATCC 31260 produced substantial amounts of
of a succinoglycan from Pseudomonas Nakas JP Dec;41(12):1147-52 Forest Biology, State University of wood, production, rehological anionic extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) from a mineral acid
sp. 31260 grown on wood hydrolysates. New York College of Environmental properties hydrolysate of wood, prepared using the "Tennessee Valley
Science and Forestry, Syracuse Authority" process. Partially purified EPS production approached 16.5
13210, USA. g/L (as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide precipitate) when the
pH of the hydrolysate was initially adjusted to 7.5 and amended with
0.05% each of peptone and yeast extract. This EPS, now
characterized as a succinoglycan, is composed of glucose, galactose,
succinate, pyruvate, and acetate. Solutions of this EPS are
pseudoplastic, and under specified conditions, are rheologically
comparable with commercially available xanthan.
163 [Isolation of xanthan from Xanthomonas Lorda GS, Pastor MD, Balatti AP Rev Argent Microbiol 1995 Jul- Dpto. de Quimica, Facultad de 1995 xanthan, Xanthomonas Xanthan production from Xanthomonas campestris was studied by a
campesteris B-1459 in mechanically Sep;27(3):146-55 Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, campesteris B-1459, mechanically mechanically shaken fermentor. Influence of glucose concentration,
agitated fermentors]. [Article in Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, agitated fermentors aeration of culture media, rheology of broths and pH control was
Spanish] Argentina. evaluated. Different aeration conditions based on variation of stirring
rates were assayed. Substrate concentration was determined
according to the Miller method, and polymer production was
performed by the Cadmus method. The higher xanthan levels (i.e.
2.3%) were obtained at 750 rpm, with 1 v/v. min. In such conditions,
viscosity ranges about 7000 cPoise and a low level of dissolved
oxygen were detected in the culture medium. Xanthan production was
influenced by the glucose concentration and the presence of
amaranth within the culture medium. In the processes wherein an
automatic control of pH was performed, the polymer concentration did
not increase regarding to processes involving regular pH evolution.
164 [Xanthan production by Xanthomonas Lorda GS, Pastor MD, Balatti AP Rev Argent Microbiol 1994 Jan- Dpto. de Quimica, Facultad de 1994 xanthan, Xanthomonas The production of xantano from Xanthomonas campestris B-1459 was
campestris B-1459]. [Article in Spanish] Mar;26(1):9-20 Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, campesteris B-1459 analyzed. The experiments were performed in shaked flasks at 250
Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, rpm and 2.5 cm eccentricity. Using a base modified medium it was
Argentina. possible to achieve xantano concentration of 35 g/l in 72 h of process.
The modified medium contained glucose as carbon source, and yeast
extract, meat peptone, malt extract and amaranth meal as growth
factors and nitrogen sources, in a KH2PO4/K2HPO4 buffer.
165 Genetic stability and xanthan gum Martinez-Salazar JM, Palacios Mol Microbiol 1993 Jun;8(6):1053-61 Departamento de Bioingenieria, 1993 xanthan, Xanthomonas, genetic A transposon (Tn5-SC) was constructed that can be used to quantify
production in Xanthomonas campestris AN, Sanchez R, Caro AD, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de stability genetic deletions or amplifications. This transposon was used to
pv. campestris NRRL B1459. Soberon-Chavez G Mexico, Cuernavaca, Morelos. evaluate the genomic stability of Xanthomonas campestris pv.
campestris NRRL B1459 and we found that the genome of this
bacterium is as stable as other Gram-negative bacteria or even more
stable. Homologous recombination between plasmid sequences was
determined in strain NRRL B1459 and was found to occur at a similar
level to that reported for other Gram-negative bacteria. We report
here that in X.c.c. NRRL B1459 there is no straightforward correlation
between the occurrence of genetic rearrangements and frequency of
homologous recombination. These data are discussed with respect to
the reported instability of strain NRRL B1459 for xanthan gum
production.
166 [Production of xanthan gum in Anselmo RJ, Viora S, Carletti S Rev Argent Microbiol 1992 Apr- Universidad Nacional de Lujan, 1992 xanthan production, immobilized The efficiency of xanthan production through surface processes was
immobilized cultures ofXanthomonas Jun;24(2):86-90 Argentina. cultures evaluated. The best porous material was selected first. Thereafter, a
campestris]. [Article in Spanish] comparative study was performed using submerged agitated process
vs other without agitation but containing the selected porous material.
The culture medium used was white potatoes infusion, buffered with
K2HPO4 and supplemented with glucose in diverse concentrations.
Besides, to evaluate a different type of surface process, three
vegetables were valued: Ipomaea batatus, Solanum tuberosum and
Daucus carota, with an without glucose supplement. Larger xanthan
production was achieved with immobilization of X. campestris vs the
conventional method, when the liquid culture medium was used. The
highest yield was obtained when the white potatoes infusion was
supplemented with glucose 2.5%, yielding a conversion of this
saccharide to xanthan up to 58%. When X. campestris was cultured
on fragmented vegetables, the highest xanthan gum yield (5.6g) was
obtained with Solanum tuberosum
167 [Production of xanthan gums]. [Article in Pares EP, Anselmo RJ Rev Argent Microbiol 1991 Apr- Universidad Nacional de Lujan, 1991 xanthan production, xanthomonas Xanthomonas campestris was investigated in 70 samples of infected
Spanish] Jun;23(2):97-100 Argentina. campestris plants in the neighbourhood of Lujan, province of Buenos Aires,
between February and August, 1990. The production of xanthan gum
was determined from 50 strains of Xanthomonas campestris, as well
as the conversion efficiency of substrate concentration into gum and
the number of colony forming units (CFU) of Xanthomonas
campestris/ml of broth culture. The highest number of strains
producing extracellular polysaccharide was obtained from alfalfa.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. alfalfa gave elevated cell concentration
and conversion efficiency of glucose in xanthan gum.
168 A novel bioreactor system for Robinson DK, Wang DI Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987;506:229-41 Department of Chemical Engineering, 1987 bioreactor, method, biopolymer, No abstract available.
biopolymer production. Massachusetts Institute of polysaccharide, polyalcanoate
Technology, Cambridge 02139.
169 [Nitrogen utilization and xanthan Behrens U, Makarskij A, Z Allg Mikrobiol 1977;17(5):339-45 1977 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, In media with mixed nitrogen sources (nitrate plus yeast extract) a
production by Xanthomonas Ambrosius J, Franke R nitrogen three auxic growth is observed. The first growth phase is
campestris]. [Article in German] characterized by preferential utilization of the amino acids of the yeast
autolysate and the utilization of only small amounts of nitrate. During
the second growth phase nitrate is preferentially utilized. In the third
phase there is only growth without dividing of cells and the
accumulation of xanthan takes place. The change from growth by
dividing to growth without dividing means a change from balanced to
unbalanced growth. It is proposed that xanthan production is
connected with unbalanced growth.
170 Studies on production of pullulan by the Sun W, Zhou T, Xie H, Jiang N, Chin J Biotechnol 1999;15(2):121-8 State Key Laboratory of Microbial 1999 pullulan, fed-bach, production The feed-batch fermentation of pullulan was investigated based on the
feed batch fermentation. Ren Y Resources, Chinese Academy of conditions of batch fermentation. The optimal conditions of pullulan
Sciences, Beijing, China. fermentation were determined by the investigation on the effect of
feed mode, initial feed time, intermittent time, and composition of the
feed solution on parameters such as productivity, conversion yield,
biomass, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH of the fermentation broth,
viscosity of the fermentation broth and molecular weight of the
product. Above 70% of conversion yield and 100 kD of average
molecular weight of the product was obtained at the optimal
conditions.
171 Effect of nitrogen source on pullulan West TP, Strohfus B Microbios 1999;99(394):147-59 Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, 1999 pullulan, production, nitrogen, Pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans ATCC 201253 using
production by Aureobasidium pullulans Department of Chemistry and bioreactor selected nitrogen sources was studied in a medium using corn syrup
grown in a batch bioreactor. Biochemistry, South Dakota State as a carbon source. Independent of the corn syrup concentration
University, Brookings 57007, USA present, the use of corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy protein as a
nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate did not elevate
polysaccharide production by ATCC 201253 cells grown in an
aerated, batch bioreactor containing 4 litres of medium. Pullulan
production on corn steep liquor or hydrolysed soy protein as a
nitrogen source became more comparable as the concentration of
corn syrup was increased. Cell weights after 7 days of growth on any
of the nitrogen sources were similar. The viscosity of the
polysaccharide on day 7 was highest for cells grown on ammonium
sulphate and 12.5% corn syrup. The pullulan content of the
polysaccharide elaborated by ammonium sulphate-grown cells on day
7 decreased as the corn syrup level rose in the medium while the
pullulan content of polysaccharide produced by cells grown on
172 Pullulan production by Aureobasidium West TP, Strohfus B Microbios 1996;88(354):7-18 Olson Biochemistry Laboratories, 1996 Pullulan, production , Pullulan production by Aureobasidium pullulans strain RP-1 using thin
pullulans grown on ethanol stillage as a Department of Chemistry and Aureobasidium pullulans, ethanol stillage from fuel ethanol production as a nitrogen source was studied
nitrogen source. Biochemistry, South Dakota State stillage, nitrogen source. in a medium using corn syrup as a carbon source. The use of 1% thin
University, Brookings 57007, USA stillage as a nitrogen source instead of ammonium sulphate elevated
polysaccharide production by strain RP-1 cells when grown on a
concentration of up to 7.5% corn syrup, independent of yeast extract
supplementation. Dry weights of cells grown in medium containing
ammonium sulphate as the nitrogen source were higher than the
stillage-grown cells after 7 days of growth. The viscosity of the
polysaccharide on day 7 was higher for cells grown on thin stillage
rather than ammonium sulphate as a nitrogen source. The pullulan
content of the polysaccharide elaborated by ammonium sulphate-
grown cells on day 7 was higher than the pullulan content of
polysaccharide produced by stillage-grown cells regardless of whether
yeast extract was added to the culture medium.
173 Studies on the condition of fermentation Sun W, Zhou T, Xie H, Ren Y, Chin J Biotechnol 1994;10(4):283-90 Institute of Microbiology, Chinese 1994 pullulan, fermentation, optimal Studies on optimal conditions for pullulan fermentation based on the
of pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans. Jiang N Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. conditions, Aureobasidium results obtained from a shaking flask were carried out in a 16-L auto-
pullulans controlling fermentor. It found that the optimal DE value of starch
hydrolyzate was 40-50 when 10% starch hydrolysate was used as
carbon source. The optimal concentration of ammonium sulfate in the
medium for fermentation was different from that of the shaking flask.
The fermentation kinetics and effects of seed age, seed volume,
airflow rate, pressure of tank, agitation speed and number of vane
group on the production of pullulan were investigated.
174 [Production of pullulan]. [Article in Behrens U, Lohse R Nahrung 1977;21(3):199-204 1977 Optimum conditions, production, Optimum conditions for the production of pullulan by Pullularia
German] pullulan, Pullularia pullulans pullulans were elaborated by examinating growth and production with
different carbohydrates and mixtures of carbohydrates. With starch
hydrolysates or mixtures of starch and simple sugars, p.e. glucose or
saccharose, better results were achieved than with simple sugars
alone or with starch. Condtions for optimum pullulan production are
fast undisturbed growth, mediated by fast utilizable simple sugars like
glucose followed by a substantial decreased growth rate in which
production occurs, mediated by a sufficient supply of nutrite
substances and a slow utilizable carbohydrate like starch.
175 Process for the production of TANNAHILL ALEX L; FINN Pat. Nr. US3878045 CORNELL RES FOUNDATION INC 1975 methylomonas, Disclosed is an improved process for the preparation of a new
heteropolysaccharide by fermentation ROBERT K heteropolysaccharide, methanol heteropolysaccharide by a fermentation process comprising culturing
of methanol a heteropolysaccharide-producing strain of a microorganism of the
genus Methylomonas on an aqueous culture medium containing
methanol as the sole source of assimilable carbon. The concentration
of the product polysaccharide in the fermentation broth is increased,
the fermentation time is shortened, and the properties of the
polysaccharide are improved by the controlled addition of methanol to
the fermentation process near the end of the logarithmic phase of
growth of the bacteria.
176 Algal polysaccharide production CHEN LAWRENCE C M; Pat. Nr. US3879890 CANADIAN PATENTS DEV 1975 alga, polysaccharide production Selected polysaccharides are produced from algal plant tissue by (a)
CRAIGIE JAMES S; separating vegetative parts or spores into (i) gametophytes, or (ii)
MCCANDLESS ESTHER L; tetrasporophytes; (b) vegetatively propagating the separated plant
MCLACHLAN JACK L; NEISH material; (c) harvesting the resulting plant growth; and (d) recovering
DECEASED ARTHUR C; the desired polysaccharides from the harvested material. Different
SHACKLOCK PETER F; specific polysaccharides (e.g., kappa- or lambda-carrageenan) have
WALTER JOHN A been found to be produced by (i) or (ii) above. This method avoids
difficult post-harvest separations and is amenable to controlled
vegetative propagation of the separated plant material under optimum
conditions.
177 PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION IMRIE F Pat. Nr. US3856625 Tate & Lyle Ltd 1974 alginate, sulfate, calcium, An alginate-type polysaccharide is obtained by the aerobic cultivation
OF POLYSACCHARIDE phostphate,carbon, molybdenum, of a bacterium of the species Azotobacter vinelandii in an aqueous
iron, mangesium, potassium, nutrient medium containing sources of carbon, molybdenum, iron,
sodium mangesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, calcium and phosphate. The
carbon source comprises at least one monosaccharide or
disaccharide. Contrary to normal culture conditions for this bacterium,
for good polysaccharide production, the phosphate concentration in
the nutrient medium must be 0.1-0.8 millimolar, preferably 0.2-0.6
millimolar; and the pH of the medium must be maintained within the
range of from 7.0 to 8.2, preferably 7.3 to 7.9.
178 POLYSACCHARIDE AND MURATA HIDEKI (JP); SHIOMI Pat. Nr. EP0569591, A4, B1, B1 STATE OF JAPAN AS 1993 alcaligenes, rhamnose, fucose, The invention provides a polymer comprising a polysaccharide
PRODUCTION THEREOF. MICHIO (JP); YOTSUJI AKIRA REPRESENTED (JP); HAKUTO KK glucose, glucuronic acid, excellent in water absorbency, moisture absorbency, moisture
(JP); ISHINO SHUICHI (JP); (JP); KYOWA HAKKO KOGYO KK rfermentation retentivity and thickening function. The polysaccharide is produced by
NOHATA YASUHIRO (JP); (JP) the fermentation in a natural or synthetic medium using alcaligenes,
SUGIMOTO SEIJI (JP); KURANE and has the following characteristics: (a) it is mainly constituted of
RYUICHIRO (JP) rhamnose, fucose, glucose and glucuronic acid in a molar ratio of (1-
4):2(1-8):(1-4); (b) its elementary analysis gives a carbon content of
36 +/- 3 wt %, a hydrogen content of 7 +/- 1 wt %, an oxygen content
of 56 +/- 4 wt %, and a content of water of crystallization of 9 - 13 %;
(c) it is difficultly soluble in water, soluble in alkali, and insoluble in
methanol, ethanol and acetone; (d) its UV absorption spectrum has
neither an absorption (near 280 nm) characteristic of a protein
(peptide) nor an absorption (near 260nm) characteristic of a nucleic
acid; and (e) its IR absorption spectrum has an absorption pattern
(around 800 -1200 cm<-><1>) characteristic of a polysaccharide.
179 NOVEL POLYSACCHARIDE, NAKAGAWA MASAHIRA (JP); Pat. Nr. WO9533066 NAKAGAWA MASAHIRA (JP); 1995
PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION KAWASHIMA KAORU (JP); KAWASHIMA KAORU (JP); MISAKI
THEREOF, USE THEREOF, AND MISAKI AKIRA (JP); NAKANISHI AKIRA (JP); NAKANISHI OSAMU
AGROBACTERIUM RADIOBACTER OSAMU (JP); OKUMIYA (JP); OKUMIYA TAKESHI (JP);
TNM2 STRAIN TAKESHI (JP); OOISO YOICHI OOISO YOICHI (JP); TAYCA CORP
(JP); SUGIHARA RYOSUKE (JP) (JP); SUGIHARA RYOSUKE (JP)
180 METHOD TO CONTROL AND SINSKEY ANTHONY J (US); Pat. Nr. WO8800948 MASSACHUSETTS INST 1988 Genes, polysaccharide A method for identifying, characterizing, utilizing and modifying a set
PRODUCE NOVEL BIOPOLYMERS EASSON DONALD DAVIDSON TECHNOLOGY of genes which interact to produce a specific polymer. The method is
JR (US); RHA CHOKYUN (US) demonstrated for production of an exocellular polysaccharide
produced by the bacteria Zoogloea ramigera. The isolated
polysaccharide is useful as a viscosity modifier, oil field chemical,
drag reducing agent, dispersant or flocculant. Modification of the
isolated genes, for example, by insertion of a regulatable promoter,
provides a means for alteration of the enzymes responsible for
synthesis of the polysaccharide and its resulting structure.
181 CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF ELLWOOD DEREK CLIFFORD Pat. Nr. WO8601830 SECR DEFENCE BRIT (GB) 1986 nitrogen, Xanthomonas Polysaccharide is produced by a single stage continuous culture of
BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDE (GB); EVANS CHARLES campestris Xanthomonas bacteria, especially of the Xanthomonas campestris
GERVASE THORNGAT (GB); group, in a chemically defined culture medium having a growth limiting
YEO RICHARD GRENVILLE (GB) nutrilite which is a nitrogen source selected from glutamic acid,
asparagine, a glutamate salt or an asparagine salt. During the
continuous process the culture has a mean residence time in the
culture vessel of 16 hr 2/3 or less, preferably between 9 and 16 hr
2/3. The use of glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamate salt or
asparagine salt as the limiting nitrogen nutrilite increases the output of
polysaccharide at mean residence times of 16 hr 2/3 and below, when
compared with the outputs achieved using inorganic nitrogen sources
at the same mean residence times.
182 Water shield polysaccharide gum GUANGHUI XU (CN); WENJUN Pat. Nr. CN1118810 XU WEIJIA (CN) 1996 water shield, bacteria The production technology includes separating bacillus from viscose
producing bacteria and producing SUN (CN) substance on leaf, stem and bud of water shield by using a special
technology for water shield culture medium, and breeding strains having strong ability to produce
polysaccharide gum water shield polysaccharide gum through a series of microbiological
breeding such as purification, rejuvenation, activation, selection and
taming, and cultivating in air-lift fermenting reactor for 28-46 h. to
obtain a large amount of water shield polysaccharide gum whose
viscosity reaches 1000 mpa. S at 20 deg.C. Such product can be used
in medicine, foodstuff additive, suspending agent and sticking agent.
183 POLYSACCHARIDE SOLUTION YINHE WANG XIUYUAN CUI Pat. Nr. CN1051935 MICROORGANISM RESEARCH 1991 bacillus 74-230, yellow monobleb The invention relates to the production method of polysaccharide by
PRODUCTION BY FERMENTATION WENHUA (CN) INSTI C (CN) bacillus, petroleum micro-organism fermentation. It uses the mixed strain of the produced
OF MICROORGANISM vicous short bacillus 74-230 and the wild rape yellow monobleb
bacillus, hydro-carbon kind and carbonhydrate mixed carbon base,
then the micro-organism outside balb polysaccharide are produced by
fermentation. The invented method can reduce the quantity of
carbonhydrate needed and cost. The viscosity of fermentation liquid
reaches more than 10000 centipoise, the transformation rate of
residue is more than 50%. The obtained polysaccharide fermentation
liquid can be directly used in petroleum exploitation. The said
invention provides a micro-organism polysaccharide fermentation
technology for concerned industries of production and application on
the spot, reducing the carbonhydrate comsumption, rapid starting the
fermentation process, and high viscosity fermentation liquid.
184 FERMENTATIVE PRODUCTION OF KURANE RYUICHIRO; others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP4200389 AGENCY OF IND SCIENCE & 1992 PURPOSE:To easily obtain a polysaccharide having stable
POLYSACCHARIDE HAVING WATER- TECHNOL; others: 02 constituent component ratio at a low cost by culturing a bacterial
ABSORPTIVITY, MOISTURE- strain of genus Alcaligenes on a synthetic medium.
ABSORPTIVITY, MOISTURE- CONSTITUTION:A synthetic medium (A) is produced by compounding
RETENTION AND VISCOSITY 1-4wt.% of one or more sugars selected from glucose, fructose,
maltose, etc., 0.01-0.1wt.% of one or more inorganic salts selected
from K or Na phosphate, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, etc.,
10-1,000mg/l of one or more amino acids selected from Arg, Cit, Orn,
Vat, etc., and 0.03-10mg/l of one or more minor metal salts selected
from sulfate, chloride, etc., of Fe, Ca, Mn, etc. Alcaligenes latus B-16
strain (FERM BP-2015) (B) is inoculated to the medium A and
aerobically cultured at 15-40 deg.C and pH4-10 for 1-10 days under
aeration and agitation in deep tank to obtain a cultured product (C).
The objective polysaccharide having water-absorptivity, moisture-
absorptivity, moisture retention and viscosity is produced by treating
the component C by ethanol precipitation proc
185 PRODUCTION OF WATER-SOLUBLE FURUTA HITOSHI; others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP7188301 FUJI OIL CO LTD 1995 water-soluble, polysaccharide, PURPOSE:To efficiently and easily obtain a polysaccharide to be
POLYSACCHARIDE beans suitably formulated in e.g. beverages of low turbidity with no
deterioration over time, by adjusting the pH level of an aqueous
solution of a water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from beans
under an acidic state followed by heat treatment and then separating
and removing the precipitate. CONSTITUTION:An aqueous solution
of a water-soluble polysaccharide extracted from beans under an
acidic state is adjusted to pH6 to <9 and then heat treated, and the
precipitate ' is separated and removed. The beans to be used is
soybean, and cotyledons of their seeds are used. The heat treatment
is conducted by adding a reducing agent or oxidizing agent to the
system; during or prior to the heat treatment, a treatment using a
protease (e.g. pepsin, subtilisin, bromelain, papain) is carried out. A
high-molecular flocculant may be added to the system in separating
and removing the precipitate. The reducing agent is one selected from
sodium hyposulfite, pota
186 PRODUCTION OF HARDLY YOSHIDA TSUKASA; others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP2163101 SANMATSU KOGYO KK 1990 polysaccharide, digestion, low- PURPOSE:To obtain the subject polysaccharide having low calorific
DIGESTIBLE POLYSACCHARIDE calorie value from a sugar which is a hydrolyzed product of starch by heating
and polymerizing the sugar in the presence of a sugar alcohol and a
weak inorganic acid under anhydrous condition and removing bitter-
taste substances and digestible substances from the product.
CONSTITUTION:A sugar (preferably glucose or maltose) produced by
the hydrolysis of starch is polymerized by heating at 150-200 deg.C in
the presence of a sugar alcohol (preferably sorbitol) and a weak
inorganic acid (preferably phosphoric acid) under anhydrous condition
as far as possible and preferably under normal or reduced pressure.
The objective polysaccharide is obtained by removing bitter-taste
substances and digestible substances from the obtained reaction
mixture. The polymerization reaction is carried out preferably in the
presence of 0.1-1wt.% of the weak inorganic acid and >=10wt.% of the
sugar alcohol.
187 Novel polysaccharides, process for NAKAGAWA MASAHIRA (JP); Pat. Nr. EP0613951, A3 TAYCA CORP (JP) 1994 polysaccharides, Azotobacter Disclosed are novel polysaccharides having the following
producing polysaccharides, uses of MISAKI AKIRA (JP); NAKANISHI beijerinckii TNM1, method physicochemical properties: (1) a molecular weight determined by gel
polysaccharides and Azotobacter OSAMU (JP); OKUMIYA filtration chromatography is about 5 x 10<3> to 10 x 10<6>, (2) the
beijerinckii TNM1. TAKESHI (JP); OOISO YOICHI constituent glycoses are D-galacturonic acid, L-rhamnose and D-
(JP); SUGIHARA RYOSUKE (JP) glucose, (3) the constituent glycoses are joined substantially by 1,3-
linkages, and (4) a configuration of D-galacturonic acid is alpha , that
of L-rhamnose is beta and that of D-glucose is alpha . A process for
producing polysaccharides composed of D-galacturonic acid, L-
rhamnose and D-glucose, use of the polysaccharides and a strain for
producing the polysaccharides are also disclosed.
188 PRODUCTION OF TAKIMURA YASUSHI; TAKEI Pat. Nr, JP8131160 Kao Corp 1996 microbial strain, polysaccharide PURPOSE:To obtain the titled compound useful as antitumor agent,
POLYSACCHARIDE HIGHLY AKIRA; HAMA MASAKATSU; NSG-1 etc., in high purity, by culturing a microbial strain capable of producing
PRODUCING CELL AND IKUGA YUTAKA polysaccharide NSG-1, incubating the proliferated cell in a liquid
POLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCING containing a carbohydrate to produce polysaccharide NSG-1 and
CELL separating the product from the reaction liquid. CONSTITUTION:A
microbial strain capable of producing polysaccharide NSG-1 [e.g.
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (IFO 9353), etc.] is cultured in a medium and
the obtained primary seed strain is inoculated and cultured in a
medium to obtain secondary seed strain. The strain is added to a jar
fermenter, cultured in a mass and filtered to obtain cultured cells. The
cell is filled together with a liquid containing a carbohydrate such as
glucose, etc., into a jar fermenter and incubated. The objective
polysaccharide NSG-1 produced in the reaction liquid is separated
therefrom.
189 MUCILAGINOUS POLYSACCHARIDE MURATA TATSUO; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP1121302 HIGASHIMARU SHOYU KK 1989 Ganoderma, beta-1,4-bonds, PURPOSE:To obtain novel polysaccharides, produced by cultivating a
SUBSTANCE AND PRODUCTION glucide, viscosity, emulsifying, strain of the genus Ganoderma and having beta-1,4-bonds in the
THEREOF humecting glucide part and characteristics of increasing viscosity, emulsifying
and humecting, etc. CONSTITUTION:A fungus, belonging to the
genus Ganoderma and capable of producing mucilaginous
polysaccharide substances [Ganoderma.lucidum ITM052 strain
(FERM-P No.9660)] is cultivated in a liquid culture medium consisting
essentially of glucose and yeast extract or glutamine or glutamic acid
and the mucilaginous polysaccharide substance is separated and
collected from the culture fluid. The above-mentioned polysaccharide
substance has a structure of glucide part having at least beta-1,4-
bonds and exhibits the following properties. That is appearance; white
substance exhibiting high viscosity. Solubility; double in warm water
and insoluble in ethanol, methanol and acetone. pH=6.1 in 1%
aqueous solution. Constituent saccharide; glucose and fructose.
Constituent amino acid; serine, glycine, al
190 NEW POLYSACCHARIDE ISHIGAMI YUTAKA; others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP3047801 AGENCY OF IND SCIENCE & 1991 NEW MATERIAL:The compound of formula I [R<1> is acyl; R<2> is -
DERIVATIVE AND PRODUCTION TECHNOL; others: 01 OH, -OM (M is alkali metal), -NH2 or -OR<1>; n is >=2]. USE:Coating
THEREOF material for microcapsule of liposome, etc. PREPARATION:A
polysaccharide of formula II (R<3> is -OH or -OM) [preferably
hyaluronic acid (derivative)] is made to react with a fatty acid of
formula HO-R<1> or its halide.
191 PRODUCTION OF FIBER OR SHEET KOBAYASHI YOSHIO; FUKUOKA Pat. Nr. JP63243399 AGENCY IND SCIENCE TECHN;
EXCELLENT IN WATER RESISTANCE SATOSHI; MATSUO RYUKICHI; NIPPON SYNTHETIC CHEM IND
BASED ON WATER-SOLUBLE KAGEYAMA SATORU;
MARINE ALGAE TYPE TSUTSUMI SHUJI
POLYSACCHARIDE
192 WATER-SOLUBLE HIGHLY VISCOUS OKURA TAKESHI; others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP3124701 POLA CHEM IND INC 1991 stable, water-soluble, PURPOSE:To obtain a stable water-soluble polysaccharide mainly
POLYSACCHARIDE AND IST polysaccharide, glucose, viscous, constituted of glucose, being highly viscous and having an ability to
PRODUCTION gel, Pestalotiopsis, liquid medium form a gel, by culturing a polysaccharide-producing strain of the
genus Pestalotiopsis in a liquid medium and collecting the
polysaccharide from the culture. CONSTITUTION:A polysaccharide-
producing strain belonging to the genus Pestalotiopsis (e.g.
Pestalotiopsis sp. P-104 strain, FERM-P10792) is cultured in a liquid
medium containing 0.1-3wt.% acetate. A water-soluble highly viscous
polysaccharide is obtained by collecting it from the culture. This
polysaccharide is a white fibrous powder, is tasteless and odorless,
has a viscosity of 10000-30000cp when measured in a 1% aqueous
solution, a composition comprising 94-98% glucose and 6-2%
galactose, is insoluble in a general organic solvent, is soluble in
water, a dilute acid and a dilute alkali, shows such color reactions that
it is positive to the anthrone-sulfuric acid reaction, positive to the
Fehling reaction and negative to
193 PRODUCTION OF SONODA YORIKAZU; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP6078781 KUMAMOTO MARINE BIO KENKYU 1994 sulfuric acid- acidic polysaccharide PURPOSE:To obtain the polysaccharide hydrolysate by treating
POLYSACCHARIDE HYDROLYSATE KAIHATSU KYODO KUMIAI porphyran, Acinetobacter. sulfuric acid- acidic polysaccharide porphyran with a porphyran-
WITH MICROORGANISM assimilating microorganism belonging to the genus Acinetobacter.
ASSIMILATING SULFURIC ACID- CONSTITUTION:Sulfuric acid acidic polysaccharide porphyran is
ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE treated with a porphyran-assimilating microorganism (e.g.
PORPHYRAN Acinetobacter SP.KP-47 strain) assimilating and hydrolyzing the
sulfuric acid-acidic porphyran to produce oligosaccharides. The
sulfuric acid-acidic polysaccharide porphyran is rapidly hydrolyzed to
provide the polysaccharide hydrolysates.
194 NEW FRUCTAN AND ITS FUKAYA MASAHIRO; TAKEUCHI Pat. Nr. JP11046786 NAKANO VINEGAR CO LTD 1999 fructan, sucrose, Acetobacter. PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a new fructan having an
PRODUCTION TOSHIHARU; TSUKAMOTO intestinal metabolism-regulating action, a lipid metabolism-improving
YOSHINORI action, a mineral absorption-stimulating action, etc., and useful for
medicines, functional foods, etc. by treating sucrose with the culture
product or cells of a microorganism belonging to the genus
Acetobacter. SOLUTION: A new fructan of the formula. The new
fructan of the formula is an undecasaccharide capable of exhibiting an
intestinal function-regulating action, a lipid metabolism-improving
action, a mineral absorption-stimulating action, etc., and enables to
expect the application of the fructan to medicines, functional foods,
etc. The sugar compound is obtained by treating sucrose with the
culture product, cells or cell treated product of a microorganism
belonging to the genus Acetobacter or Gluconobacter [e.g.
Gluconobacter albidus IFO 3250).
195 Production of fructan (levan) HAN YOUN W (US); CLARKE Pat. Nr. US5547863 US ARMY (US) 1996 Soil isolates, Bacillus polymyxa, Soil isolates, identified as strains of Bacillus polymyxa, NRRL B-
polyfructose polymers using bacillus MARGARET A (US) NRRL B-18475, NRRL B-18476, 18475 and NRRL B-18476, produce large quantities of a pure and
polymyxa extracellular, fructan uniform extracellular polysaccharide fructan (levan), in a sucrose
(levan),sucrose medium medium. The levan consists entirely of fructose and the residues
linked by beta , 2-6 fructofuranoside linkage.
196 Production of fructan NAKAKUKI TERUO; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP61187797 NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAKO KK 1986 Sucrose, Aspergillus, bifidus PURPOSE:Sucrose is treated with cell bodies of an Aspergillus to
bacteria enable practical production with diversification of products which can
be used in proliferation of bifidus bacteria. CONSTITUTION:Cell
bodies of Aspergillus sidwii such as IAM2544 strain which is prepared
by liquid cultivation are added to 10-40wt% sucrose solution in an
amount of 5-20wt% based on the sucrose and the culture is carried
out at a pH of 5.0-6.5 at 60-65 deg.C for production of oligofructan
and at 45 deg.C for high-polymeric fructan as an optimal temperature.
The reaction mixture is filtered with a membrane filter, then,
oligofructan is fractionated by means of a reverse-osmotic membrane.
The fractionated oligofructan is deionized, decolored, concentrated
into a fine powder, while the other high-polymer fructan fractions are
concentrated, precipitated with acetone to give the fructan with a
structure of the formula (n is 1-5 in oligofructan, while n is more than
1,000 in high-polymeric fructan).
197 PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN SUZUKI SHOJI; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP62153301 MITSUBISHI ACETATE CO LTD 1987 carrageenan, polyphosphate PURPOSE:To obtain carrageenan of excellent clarity without
detriment to its gel properties, by adding a polyphosphate to the
system in any one of the production steps of extracting carrageenan
from red algae, filtering the extract and drying it or after the drying
step. CONSTITUTION:Carrageenan which gives a solution of
excellent clarity is obtained by adding a polyphosphate to the system
n any one of the production steps of extracting carrageenan from red
algae with warm water or the like, filtering the extract and drying it or
after the drying step. The amount of the polyphosphate added is
suitably 0.001-50% based on carrageenan. As the polyphosphate, a
linear polyphosphate having at least two phosphorus atoms in the
molecule or a cyclic polymetaphosphate having at least three
phosphorus atoms in the molecule (e.g., sodium hexametaphosphate
or sodium tetrapholyphosphate) is suitable.
198 PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN SUZUKI SHOJI; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP62149703 Mitsubishi Acetate Co LTD 1987 organic acid (salt), carrageenan PURPOSE:To produce carrageenan excellent in clarity of its solution,
by adding an organic acid (salt) to the carrageenan.
CONSTITUTION:0.001-10%, based on carrageenan, organic acid
(e.g., adipic acid) and/or its salt are added to the system in any one of
the steps of adding warm water to red algae, filtration, drying, grinding
and mixing.
199 CARRAGEENAN GEL AND KATO TAKENORI; others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP1240154 1989 carrageenan, potassium alginate PURPOSE:To produce carrageenan gel having excellent melting in
PRODUCTION THEREOF the mouth free from water release at all, by using potassium alginate
in gel production. CONSTITUTION:In production carrageenan gel by
a conventional procedure, >=0.01wt.% potassium alginate is added to
gel mix.
200 PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN ITOU HAJIME; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP59113001 MITSUBISHI ACETATE KK 1984 Chondrus ocellatus Holmes f. PURPOSE:To obtain carrageenan, having good thermal stability, and
crispus, carrageenan capable of giving a transparent solution and gel with a high efficiency,
by adding ammonium chloride to the carrageenan in any stage of
production thereof to give a specific proportion of the ammonium
chloride in the dried carrageenan which is the final product.
CONSTITUTION:A raw material alga, e.g. Chondrus ocellatus Holmes
f. crispus, is extracted at 5-8pH to give a carrageenan extract solution,
which is filtered to adjust the filtrate to 9-12pH. The resultant adjusted
extract solution is if necessary refiltered and dehydrated. Ammonium
chloride is then added to the carrageenan in any above-mentioned
stage to give 0.1-3wt%, based on the dried carrageenan which is the
final product, ammonium chloride. Thus, the aimed carrageenan is
obtained.
201 PRODUCTION OF CARRAGEENAN ITOU HAJIME; others: 02 Pat. Nr. JP59113002 MITSUBISHI ACETATE KK 1984 alga, carrageenan PURPOSE:To obtain carrageenan, having good thermal stability, and
capable of giving a gel having improved sense of eating with a high
efficiency, by extracting a raw material alga with warm water, adding a
hydrous water-miscible organic solvent containing an alkali in a
specific concentration to the resultant extract, and precipitating the
aimed carrageenan. CONSTITUTION:A raw material alga, e.g.
Chondrus ocellatus Holmes f. crispus, is extracted with warm water at
5-8pH, and a hydrous water-miscible organic solvent containing 0.01-
1g equivalent/l alkali is added to the resultant aqueous solution of the
carrageenan preferably at 1:(1-2) mixing ratio between the former
aqueous solution and the latter hydrous organic solvent to precipitate
the carrageenan. The resultant precipitate is usually dried to afford
the aimed product.
202 PRODUCTION OF MATSUNAGA TADASHI; others: Pat. Nr. JP6098786 1994 alginate PURPOSE:To efficiently produce a polysaccharide useful as a food
POLYSACCHARIDE FROM FINE 01 additive, a base material of a medicine, etc., with a high productivity
ALGA while reducing the cost by fixing a fine alga secreting the
polysaccharide outside the body to the surface of a luminous material,
culturing it and collecting the product. CONSTITUTION:A fine alga
secreting a polysaccharide outside the body, e.g. a blue- green algae
Aphanocapsa halophytia is cultured till the stationary phase in a
culture solution prepared by adding Na2HPO4, NaNO3, etc., as a
nutritive salt to a sterilized natural sea water. After collecting the
cultured algae by centrifugation, the concentrated algae are
suspended in a buffer solution and 4wt.% sodium alginate solution is
mixed therewith in a volume ratio of 1:1. A luminous material, e.g. an
optical fiber from which the clad layer is removed is immersed in the
mixture solution and taken out therefrom after about 10sec.
Immediately after take-out, the luminous material is immersed in 0.5N
CaCl2 solution and
203 PRODUCTION OF ITOU HAJIME; others: 02 at. Nr. JP58103502 MITSUBISHI ACETATE KK 1983 PURPOSE:To effect efficient and smooth production of a
POLYSACCHARIDE FROM FINE polysaccharide from its solution with the aid of a hydrophilic organic
ALGA solvent and, to enhance the efficiency of purification and dewatering
of polysaccharide. CONSTITUTION:In the first stage, a hydrophilic
organic solvent (e.g. isopropyl alcohol) is added to an aqueous
polysaccharide solution agitated under high shear conditions in an
amount corresponding to 50-80% of the amount necessary to
precipitate the polysaccharide (e.g., carrageenan, furcellaran, agar).
Thus, there is obtained a uniform solution of a polysaccharide in a
mixed solvent containing the hydrophilic organic solvent and water.
This makes it possible to avoid disadvantages, such as formation of
crumbs due to non-uniformity of the system caused by the addition of
a water-soluble organic solvent in the subsequent stage. Then, in the
second stage, the above solvent is added to said solution, with
agitation, so as to provide the amount of the hydrophilic organic
solvent necessary to precipi
204 CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION OF KOBAYASHI SHOICHI; others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP4370098 NATL FOOD RES INST; others: 01 1992 PURPOSE:To efficiently produce polysaccharide owing to continuous
POLYSACCHARIDE utilization of algae by culturing algae to produce polysaccharide and
then separating polysaccharide and simultaneously repeatedly
culturing these algae. CONSTITUTION:Algae (preferably fine algae of
the genus Spirulina, the genus Nostoc, etc.) having polysaccharide
producing ability are cultured and polysaccharide is produced and
then separated or produced and simultaneously separated. Further,
these algae are repeatedly cultured to continuously produce
polysaccharide. For example, when polysaccharide is produced by
algae of the genus Spirulina, gel-like polysaccharide is attached to
wire net by passing a alga- culturing liquid through wire net having 30
mesh to separate polysaccharide.
205 PRODUCTION OF VISCOUS UOZUMI TAKESHI;others: 03 Pat. Nr. JP4053495 1992 PURPOSE:To improve the production of a viscous polysaccharide
POLYSACCHARIDE useful as a raw material for drugs, foods, etc., by culturing a plant
tissue as a callus thereof in a liquid medium. CONSTITUTION:A part
of the tissue, e.g. leaf, cotyledon or seed, of the Malvaceae plant such
as Hibiscus or Abelmoschus is cultured in a basic medium containing
1-10muM of auxin and 0.01-1muM of cytokinin at 25-30 deg.C to
induce the callus thereof. The callus is subjected to a subculture in an
agar medium containing 1-10muM of auxin and 0.01-5muM of
cytokinin for 2-4 months and the multiplied callus is subjected to a
shaking culture in a liquid medium containing the same concentrations
of the auxin and cytokinin in a dark atmosphere to produce the
objective viscous polysaccharide.
206 PRODUCTION OF SHIMIZU MASAKI;others: 03 JP60042331 TERUMO KK 1985 PURPOSE:To obtain a polysaccharide N9GI having low toxicity and
POLYSACCHARIDE N9GI useful as an antineoplastic agent, by ecoloring and purifying the
colored polysaccharide N9GI obtained from the hot-water extract of
the bark of Melia azadirachta, with a hypohalous acid salt without
lowering the pharmacological activity of the polysaccharide.
CONSTITUTION:The polysaccharide N9GI obtained from the hot-
water extract of the bark of Melia azadirachta has brown color
originated from the bark, and cannot be decolored even by activated
carbon treatment. The polysaccharide is dissolved in water, added
with an aqueous solution of a hypohalous acid salt in an amount of
preferably 0.2-1%, and stirred at room temperature for 2-15min. The
reaction liquid is treated with a dialyzing membrane, etc. to remove
excess hypohalous acid salt, and freeze-dried to obtain white
polysaccharide N9GI. The hypohalous acid salt is preferably
thehypochlorite, hypobromite or hypoiodite of Na or K. The
pharmacological acitivity remains unchanged by the decol
207 Process of producing a {37 DUC NGUYEN- Pat. Nr. US4104123 SANTERRE ORSAN 1978 The method of the invention, to produce a polysaccharide of the
xanthemonas-type{38 {0 CONG;BREHANTJEAN-LOUIS xanthane type, makes use of a strain of Xanthemonas, notably of the
polysaccharide MARIE;PONS BENOIT-JOSEPH; strain no. ATCC 31 176 deposited on Oct. 14, 1975, which is
SECHET MAURICE HENRI cultivated on a medium with 5 to 55 g/l or more of carbohydrates and
comprising at least one amino-acid selected from glutamic acid,
glutamine, arginine, tyrosine, threonine, aspartic acid, asparagine,
proline, leucine tryptophane and other amino-acids giving a
production of polysaccharide at least equal to 50% of that yielded by
corn steep liquor, the total nitrogen of said medium being 0.1 g/l to 5
g/1; the fermentation is carried out at 25 DEG -35 DEG C under
aerobiosis.
208 PRODUCTION OF TAKAHASHI HIROFUMI Pat. Nr. JP53044693 1978 PURPOSE:A specific lactic bacterium is cultured under specified
POLYSACCHARIDE conditions to produce glucan that can be used as starting material for
artificial serum and carcinostatice agent. CONSTITUTION:A
bacterium mold selected from Bacillus leaevolacticus M-4
(ATCC23549), the same M-1(ATCC23493) and the same M-91(FERM-
544) is cultured in a medium containing 1-10wt/v% of sucrose as the
carbon source, nitrogen source and other nutritions at 20-40 deg.C
and a pH4-8 under standing or slight aeration to form and accumulate
a polysaccharide that is of glucose polymer and entirely insoluble in
water together with or solely a fructose polymer that has a molecular
weight of over 20,000,000 and is soluble in water. They are, as it is or
after slightly hydrolyzed with a mineral acid, isolated and purified.
209 PRODUCTION OF AMAMIYA YUMIKO;others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP55037189 SANRAKU INC 1980
POLYSACCHARIDE USING
MICROORGANISM
210 PRODUCTION OF NAKANISHI OSAMU; OISO Pat. Nr. JP8256787 Teika Corp 1996 PURPOSE: To obtain a polysaccharide having good humectancy
POLYSACCHARIDE AND KLEBSIELLA YOICHI; OKUMIYA TAKESHI; unaffected by humidity and film formability, by culturing a
OXYTOCA TNM3 STRAIN SUGIHARA RYOSUKE; polysaccharide-productive Klebsiella oxytoca TNM3 strain or a mutant
KAWASHIMA KAORU thereof and taking the product from the resultant cultured product.
CONSTITUTION: The polysaccharide-productive Klebsiella oxytoca
TNM3 strain (FERM BP-4669) (or a mutant thereof), which has been
found by screening microbes capable of extracellularly producing
polysaccharides in high efficiency and was named so as a new
microbe, is inoculated into a medium and then subjected to
reciprocatingly shaking culture at 28 deg.C for one day, and the
resultant culture fluid is inoculated upon a jar fermenter and cultured
under aerating agitation at 28 deg.C for 86h while keeping the fluid at
pH7, thus obtaining the objective polysaccharide made up of a main
recurring unit having structure expressed by the formula and having
the above advantages.
211 PRODUCTION OF SUGISAWA AKIRA;others: 04 Pat. Nr. JP61239897 HOUSE FOOD IND CO LTD 1986 PURPOSE:To produce a polysaccharide which is dissolved under
POLYSACCHARIDE heating at low concentration, forms gel at normal temperature and
usable in a wide range, obtained by cultivating a specific bacterium
belonging to the genus Bacillus in a given medium.
CONSTITUTION:A bacterium (e.g., Bacillus SP-1) belonging to the
genus Bacillus separated from soil is inoculated into a medium
consisting of a carbon source (e.g., starch), a nitrogen source (e.g.,
urea), an inorganic substance (e.g., NaCl), etc., and cultivated at 5.5-
0.5pH at 15-45 deg.C for several days to form a polysaccharide
having main constituent components consisting of mannose, glucose,
xylose and glucuronic acid. Then, a mold and other solid contents in
the culture mixture are removed and a polysaccharide is separated
and purified.
212 PRODUCTION OF TANAKA MINORU;others: 04 Pat. Nr. JP57194799 SHIYOUWA SANGYO KK 1982 PURPOSE:Bacillus polymyxa is cultured in a medium containing salts
POLYSACCHARIDE and a polysaccharide salt with a specific substitution degree is
collected to obtain a polysaccharide having strong activities of
inhibiting the increase in serum cholesterol and reducing the
atherogenic index. CONSTITUTION:Bacillus polymyxa 271 is
cultured in a medium which is preapred by adding a nitrogen source
such as pepton, corn-steep liquor, yeast extract or urea and salts such
as phosphate or magnesium sulfate to a solution containing 3-5% of
glucose, galactose, lactose or molasses as a carbon source. Then,
the resultant saccharide is substituted with at least one of cations of
alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, transition metal, manganese,
aluminum, zinc or copper and of ammonium by more than 0.2
substitution degree to give the objective polysaccharide.
213 PRODUCTION OF TANAKA MINORU;others: 04 Pat. Nr. JP57194798 SHIYOUWA SANGYO KK 1982 PURPOSE:Bacillus polymyxa 271 is cultured in a medium and
POLYSACCHARIDE saccharide of a specific molecular weight is coolected whereby a
polysaccharide is obtained, which has a strong activity of reducing
atherogenic index and inhibiting the increase in serum cholesterol.
CONSTITUTION:Bacillus polymyxa 271 is inoculated in a medium that
is prepared by adding pepton, corn-steep liquor, yeast extract, urea or
other nitrogen sources and salts such as magnesium sulfate to a
solution containing about 3- 5% of glucose, sucrose, lactose or
molasses as a carbon source and cultured aerobically. The resultant
high-viscosity polysaccharide is precipitated with methanol, subjected
to ultrafiltration to effect the purification and give the objective
polysaccharide of more than 200,000mol.wt. The molecular weight of
the above polysaccharide is required to be more than 200,000 so that
the polysaccharide may have activities of strongly inhibiting the
increase in the serum cholesterol and remarkably reducing the
atherogenic index.
214 MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION BENGUTO ANDERUSU Pat. Nr. JP60002195 PERSTORP AB 1985
OF POLYSACCHARIDE NOORUBERI; NIRUSU
RUUDOBIGU MORIN; RAARUSU
INGUBAARU BIIBERIERU
215 Microbial polysaccharides, process for VOELSKOW HARTMUT (DE); Pat. Nr. US4567140 Hoechst AG (DE) 1986 Polysaccharides are obtained by fermentation using a mixed culture of
their preparation, microorganisms SCHLINGMANN MERTEN (DE) several microorganisms, of which at least one also produces a
suitable for this and use of the polysaccharide in pure culture, which polysaccharides are suitable as
polysaccharides viscosity regulators. A mixed culture of the strains Pseudomonas
maltophilia DSM 2130 and Agrobacterium tumefaciens DSM 2128 is
particularly suitable.
216 POLYSACCHARIDE AND ITS NODA KIYOSHI; others: 06 Pat. Nr. JP6248003 KURORERA KOGYO KK 1994 PURPOSE:To obtain a polysaccharide produced extracellularly by a
PRODUCTION specific kind of green alga, containing a specific amount or more of
galactose, excellent in separability, purification easiness and
producibility, useful as an antineoplastic agent, etc.
CONSTITUTION:This polysaccharide produced extracellularly by a
monocytic green alga belonging to Chlorella contains >=80wt.%,
based on the whole neutral saccharide, o galactose as its purified
state. It is preferable that the objective saccharide corresponding to a
fraction of15000-25000 molecular weight be obtained by culturing this
green alga in a culture fluid and purifying the supernatant of the
resultant culture fluid through ultrafiltration of dialysis.
217 POLYSACCHARIDE A - 1845, Endo Akira, others:01 Pat Nr. JP 4278095 Japan steel works ltd:the 1992 PURPOSE:To provide the subject polysaccharide useful as low
PRODUCTION THEREOF AND calorie dietary fibers for foods, drugs, cosme+G30tics, etc., by
MICROORGANISM PRODUCING THE culturing a polysaccharide A-1845- producing bacterium belonging to
SAME the Streptomyces and subsequently collecting the product from the
cultured solution. CONSTITUTION:A polysaccharide A-1845-
producing bacterium belong to the Strepomyces [e.g. Streptomyces
Sp-A-1854(FERM 12043)] is cultured, and the resultant
polysaccharide A-1846 is collected from the cultured product. The
polysaccharide A-1845 is white, has hexose, uronic acid, pentose,
methylpentose, amino sugar and phosphorus as constituents, has
mannose, galactose, galactwronic acid, xylose, rhamnose, glucose,
fucose, and ribose as constituting saccharides, is soluble in water, is
insoluble in methanol, ethanol, phopanol and acetone, is positive to
an anothrone reaction, negative to a ninhydrin reaction, is acidic, does
not accept the action of amylase, and has a specific rotation power
[alpha]D<24> of +57.0 deg.
218 POLYSACCHARIDE MH-2 AND Minoda Taiji, others: 01 Pat. Nr. JP55120601 Ajinomoto Co inc 1980 PURPOSE:To obtain novel polysaccharide MH-2 useful for food as a
PRODUCTION THEREOF thickener by a method wherein polysaccharide MH-2 is recovered
from culture products of a methane-utilizing polysaccharide MH-2
producing strain. CONSTITUTION:A methane-utilizing
polysaccharide MH-2 producing strain is cultured in the presence of
methane and a produced polysaccharide MH-2 is recovered from the
culture products. As the microorganisum used grows in the presence
of methane as a sole carbon source, methane is used as a carbon
source. But, the growth of the microoranism is promoted by the
presence of carbon dioxide. Hence, a vapor phase consisting of
methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen or air is used. Preferred pH of
the medium is 4.5-8.0. Preferred culture temp. is 35-55 deg.C. A static
culture, a shaking culture or an aeration-stirring culture can be used.
The aeration-strring culture is preferred for the mass production of the
polysaccharide. The concentration of the polysaccharide MH-2 in the
medium is 1-2g/l.
219 Continuous process for the production Lawford Hugh G Pat. Nr. US4355106 Weston George Ltd 1982 The present invention is directed to a two-stage continuous process
of gelable exopolysaccharide for the production of a gelable curdlan-type exopolysaccharide. In the
first stage a stable, curdlan-producing strain of microorganism such as
Alcaligenes faecalis var. myxogenes ATCC 31749 and ATCC 31750,
is grown aerobically in an aerated, agitated culture medium containing
assimilable carbon, nutrients and organic salts. The amount of
nitrogen in the first stage is so limited that the effluent therefrom
contains substantially no inorganic nitrogen. The effluent is introduced
into a second stage in a constant volume fermenter wherein it is mixed
with a nitrogen-free carbohydrate. The resultant mixture is aerated
and mixed at pH 5.5 to 6.5 at a temperature of from 25 DEG to 35
DEG C., the volume and dilution rate in the reactor being selected so
that the residence time of the microorganism in the fermenter does not
exceed an equivalent to the maximum length of time during which the
activity of a batch culture of the microorganism with respec
220 Effects of yeast extract on the S. Guillouet (1), J. H. Choi (2), C. Applied Microbiology and (1) Massachusetts Institute of 1999 zooglan, Zoogloea ramigera Although many studies have examined the influence of culture
production and the quality of the K. Rha (2), A. J. Sinskey (1) Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Technology, Department of Biology, 115SLR, yeast extract conditions on the production and composition of polysaccharides, little
exopolysaccharide, zooglan, produced (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Room68-370, 31 Ames Street, is known about the factors influencing the quality of
by Zoogloea ramigera 115SLR (electronic version) Abstract Volume Cambridge, MA 02139, USA e-mail: exopolysaccharides (EPS). In this work we studied the effect of yeast
51 Issue 2 (1999) pp 235-240 asinskey@mit.edu (2) Massachusetts extract on the production, composition and molecular weight of the
Institute of Technology, Biomaterials EPS zooglan produced by Zoogloea ramigera 115SLR. This
Science and Engineering Laboratory, bacterium was grown on a new completely defined synthetic medium
Room 56-265, 77 Massachusetts and on a medium containing yeast extract. Growth and polysaccharide
Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA production performances were comparable on the two media with a
glucose to exopolysaccharide conversion yield of 35% (g/g). The
polysaccharides produced on these two media have an identical
composition but a different molecular weight and molecular weight
distribution. The yeast extract medium leads to a more homogeneous
polysaccharide solution.
221 Kinetics of Thermoascus aurantiacus N. Roche, A. Durand Applied Microbiology and Plate-forme de predeveloppement en 1996 during solid-state fermentation, The fungal solubilization of cell wall components of sugar-beet pulp,
solid-state fermentation on sugar-beet Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 biotechnologie, Institut National de la fungus, enzymes during solid-state fermentation of Thermoascus aurantiacus, is
pulp - polysaccharide alteration and (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Recherche Agronomique, 17, rue reported here. The extracellular fungal enzyme activities related to the
production of related enzymatic activitie (electronic version) Abstract Volume Sully, 21034, Dijon cedex, France substrate degradation were also studied. In 120 h, more than 60% of
45 Issue 5 (1996) pp 584-588 the main sugar-beet pulp polysaccharides, i.e. pectins, arabinose- and
glucose-containing polysaccharides, were rapidly brought into solution
by the fungus. The slow accumulation of monosaccharides compared
to the fast degradation of the polysaccharides suggested that most of
the released sugars were consumed by the fungus. The analysis of
the enzymes present in the water extracts of the solid-state cultures
proved that the fungus was able to synthesize a complete enzymatic
system required for the hydrolysis of the main sugar-beet pulp
polysaccharides. The highest enzyme activities measured were -
glucosidase and -L-arabinofuranosidase.
222 Production and purification of rhamnose J. M. Serrat (1) (1), G. Caminal Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- (1) Unitat d'Enginyeria Quimica. 1994 rhamnose, Klebsiella sp. I-714 A rhamnose-containing microbial polysaccharide has been produced
from microbial polysaccharide produced (1), F. Godia (1), C. Sola (1), J. 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Institut d'Enginyeria Bioquimica. by Klebsiella sp. I-714. strain. The polysaccharide has been used as a
by Klebsiella sp. I-714 Lopez-Santin (1), D. F. Perry (2), 0797 (electronic version) Abstract Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona. source for the obtention of L-rhamnose. A biotechnological process
P. Monsan (2) Volume 12 Issue 6 (1995) pp 287- 08193-Bellaterra, Spain (1) Present has been developed to purify the hydrolyzed polysaccharide (EPSH),
291 address: XAM, European Space which contains rhamnose, galactose and glucuronic acid. Microbial
Research and Technology Centre, removal of galactose is followed by a continuous chromatographic
Keplerlaan 1. Post Hous 299.2200 separation of glucuronic acid to render pure rhamnose. The technical
Noordwijk, The Netherlands (2) feasibility of the process has been studied, with special emphasis on
BioEurope. 4 Impasse Didier Daurat, microbial inhibitor's removal.
31031 Tolouse, France
223 Amylose-like polysaccharide K. Kirimura (1), S. Yusa (1), S. Applied Microbiology and (1) Department of Applied Chemistry, 1998 Aspergillus niger Yang no. 2 , When 120 mg glucose/ml was used as a carbon source, in shake
accumulation and hyphal cell-surface Rugsaseel (1), H. Nakagawa (1), Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 School of Science and Engineering, shake culture culture Aspergillus niger Yang no. 2 maximally produced only 15.4 mg
structure in relation to citric acid M. Osumi (2), S. Usami (1) (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Waseda University, Ohkubo 3-4-1, citric acid/ml but accumulated 3.0 mg extracellular polysaccharide/ml.
production by Aspergillus niger in (electronic version) Abstract Volume Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan The polysaccharide secreted by mycelia of Yang no. 2 in shake
shake culture 52 Issue 3 (1999) pp 421-428 Fax: +81-3-3232-3889 (2) Department culture was confirmed to be an amylose-like -1,4-glucan by hydrolysis
of Chemical and Biological Sciences, analysis with acid, amylase and glucoamylase. However, in static
Faculty of Science, Japan Women's cultures, such as semi-solid and surface cultures free from physical
University, 2-8-1 Mejiro-dai, Bunkyo- stresses caused by shaking damage, Yang no. 2 produced more citric
ku Tokyo, 112-8681, Japan acid but did not accumulate the polysaccharide. With cultivation time
in shake culture, the amount of extracellular polysaccharide and the
viscosity of the culture broth increased. The increase of shaking
speed caused a remarkable increase in the accumulation of
extracellular polysaccharide, e.g. 11.2 mg extracellular
polysaccharide/ml was accumulated in the medium at a shaking speed
of 200 rpm. The addition of 2.0 mg carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)/ml
as a viscous additive to the medium
224 Effects of yeast extract and glucose on Yang-Ming Lo (1)(2)(3), Shang- Applied Microbiology and (1) Department of Chemical 1997 xanthan, xanthomonas, Although available kinetic data provide a useful insight into the effects
xanthan production and cell growth in Tian Yang (1), David B. Min (2) Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Engineering, The Ohio State campestris, carbon, glucose, of medium composition on xanthan production by Xanthomonas
batch culture of Xanthomonas (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 University, Columbus, Ohio, USA (2) nitrogen, yeast extract campestris, they cannot account for the synergetic effects of carbon
campestris (electronic version) Abstract Volume Department of Food Science and (glucose) and nitrogen (yeast extract) substrates on cell growth and
47 Issue 6 (1997) pp 689-694 Technology, The Ohio State xanthan production. In this work, we studied the effects of the
University, Columbus, Ohio, USA (3) glucose/yeast-extract ratio (G/YE) in the medium on cell growth and
Department of Animal and Food xanthan production in various operating modes, including batch, two-
Sciences, 037 Townsend Hall, stage batch, and fed-batch fermentations. In general, both the xanthan
University of Delaware, Newark, DE yield and specific production rate increased with increasing G/YE in
19717, USA Tel.: (302) 831 1045 Fax: the medium, but the cell yield and specific growth rate decreased as
(302) 831 2822; e-mail: G/YE increased. A two-stage batch fermentation with a G/YE shift
ymlo@udel.edu from an initial low level (2.5% glucose/0.3% yeast extract) to a high
level (5.0% glucose/0.3% yeast extract) at the end of the exponential
growth phase was found to be preferable for xanthan production. This
two-stage fermentation design both provided fast cell growth and gave
225 Xanthan production - effect of agitation H. Umasankar, G. Annadurai, M. Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1995 glucose, xanthan, xanthomonas, Glucose fermentation by Xanthomonas campestris to xanthan was
Chellapandian, M. R. V. Krishnan 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Anna University, Madras 600 025, campestris, fermenter, agitation investigated in a stirred tank fermenter for the effect of agitation on
0797 (electronic version) Abstract India cell growth and product synthesis. In the range investigated for speed
Volume 15 Issue 1 (1996) pp 35-37 between 300 to 500 rpm, these factors registered a rise with
increasing degrees of turbulence, the experiments being carried out
over a span of two days.
226 Influence of nutrients on cell growth and H. Umashankar, G. Annadurai, M. Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Department of Chemical Engineering, 1995 Xanthan, xanthomonas, Xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris was performed in a
xanthan production by Xanthomonas Chellapandian, M. R. V. Krishnan 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Anna University, Madras 600 025, campestris, nutrients, batch batch fermentation study with a view to achieving maximum yields.
campestris 0797 (electronic version) Abstract India fermentation The factors influencing the production - mainly the nutrients, were
Volume 14 Issue 6 (1996) pp 307- investigated. Trace elements such as phosphate and magnesium at
309 6.0 g/l and 0.2 g/l enhanced the yields.
227 Growth and xanthan production of A. Prell, J. Lasik, J. Konic\uek, M. Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of 1995 xanthan, xanthomonas, Growth of X. campestris and production of xanthan were studied in
Xanthomonas campestris depending on Sobotka, J. Sys 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Sciences of the Czech Republic, campestris, Nitrogen several batch fermentations with different starting concentrations of N-
the N-source concentration 0797 (electronic version) Abstract Viden\uska 1083, 142 20 Praha 4, source. The dependencies of growth, productivity and yields on initial
Volume 13 Issue 6 (1995) pp 289- Czech Republic E-mail: N-source concentration were observed. The maximum yields in the
292 prell@biomed.cas.cz course of cultivations were identified.
228 Use of industrial medium components L. De Vuyst, A. Vermeire Applied Microbiology and Department of Chemical Engineering, 1994 xanthan, carbon, nitrogen, Xanthan production is influenced by the type and initial concentration
for xanthan production by Xanthomonas Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Free University of Brussels, Pleinlaan phosphate, citrate, medium, of the carbon and nitrogen source as well as by the phosphate and
campestris NRRL-B-1459 (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium method citrate concentrations added. An optimal and industrially useful
(electronic version) Abstract Volume fermentation medium has been devised. It consists of either glucose
42 Issue 2/3 (1994) pp 187-191 (4.0%), sucrose (4.0%) or sirodex A (2.8%) as a sole carbon source,
corn steep liquor (2.0%) as a combined nitrogen-phosphate source
and additional phosphate (0.1%) and citrate (0.1%) depending on the
application of the xanthan formed.
229 Pullulan content of the ethanol C. J. Israilides (1), A. Smith (2), J. Applied Microbiology and (1) Institute of Technology of 1998 pullulan, agro-industrial waste, Ethanol-precipitated substances after fermentation of various agro-
precipitate from fermented agro- E. Harthill (2), C. Barnett (2), G. Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Agricultural Products, National fermentation, waste industrial wastes by Aureobasidium pullulans were examined for their
industrial wastes Bambalov (3), B. Scanlon (2) (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Agriculture Research Foundation, 1 pullulan content. Grape skin pulp extract, starch waste, olive oil waste
(electronic version) Abstract Volume Sof Venizelou St., Lycovrissi 14123, effluents and molasses served as substrates for the fermentation. A
49 Issue 5 (1998) pp 613-617 Athens, Greece (2) Department of Life glucose-based defined medium was used for comparison purposes.
Sciences, The Nottingham Trent Samples were analysed by an enzyme-coupled assay method and by
University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed
NG11 8NS, UK (3) Higher Institute of amperometric detection after enzymic hydrolysis with pullulanase.
Food and Flavour Industries, 26 Fermentation of grape skin pulp extract gave 22.3 g l-1 ethanol
Maritza Blvd, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria precipitate, which was relatively pure pullulan (97.4% w/w) as
assessed by the coupled-enzyme assay. Hydrolysed starch gave only
12.9 g l-1 ethanol precipitate, which increased to 30.8 g l-1 when the
medium was supplemented with NH4NO3 and K2HPO4; this again
was relatively pure pullulan (88.6% w/w). Molasses and olive oil
wastes produced heterogeneous ethanol-precipitated substances
containing small amounts of pullulan, even whe
230 Optimization of batch fermentation R. S. Karthikeyan, S. K. Rakshit, Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- Biotechnology Research Center, 1995 batchfermentation, dextran, The nutrient medium (containing sucrose, yeast extract and K2HPO4),
conditions for dextran production A. Baradarajan 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Department of Chemical Engineering, conditions, optimum, method temperature and initial pH conditions were optimised for batch dextran
0797 (electronic version) Abstract Indian Institute of Technology, production in shake flask fermentations using a strain of Leuconostoc
Volume 15 Issue 5 (1996) pp 247- Madras 600 036, India mesenteroides NRRL B 512 (F). A 25-1 fractional factorial central
251 composite experimental design was attempted. Multistage Monte
Carlo optimization program was used to maximize the multiple
regression equation obtained. The optimal values of tested variables
for maximal dextran production were found to be: sucrose, 300 g/l;
yeast extract, 10 g/l; K2HPO4, 30 g/l; temperature, 23 °C and initial
pH 8.3 with a predicted dextran yield of 154 g/l.
231 Heteropolysaccharide S-130 Kang; Kenneth S., Veeder; Pat. Nr. US4342866 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1982 heteropolysaccharide, S-130, The new heteropolysaccharide S-130, prepared by fermentation of an
George T. Alcaligenes, ATCC 31555 unnamed Alcaligenes species, ATCC 31555 has valuable properties
as a thickening, suspending and stabilizing agent in aqueous
systems. It is especially useful in formulating oil well drilling fluids and
muds. Its chemical composition is 2.8-7.5% acyl groups, 11.6-14.9%
glucuronic acid; and the neutral sugars mannose, glucose and
rhamnose, in the approximate molar ratio 1:2:2.
232 Deacetylated polysaccharide S-60 Kang; Kenneth S., Colegrove; Pat. Nr. US4326052 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1980 Deacetylated, Polysaccharide, S- Deacetylated Polysaccharide S-60, prepared by deacetylating the
George T., Veeder; George T. 60, Pseudomonas elodea, ATCC polysaccharide S-60 produced by fermentation of Pseudomonas
31461 elodea, ATCC 31461, has valuable properties in both the clarified and
non-clarified form, and is useful as an agar substitute or a shapeable
room deodorant. The non-clarified deacetylated gum contains about
17% protein and principally carbohydrate, which comprises glucuronic
acid (~13% based on wt. gum) and the neutral sugars rhamnose and
glucose in the approximate molar ratio 3:2. The clarified, deacetylated
gum contains mostly carbohydrate and no more than about 2%
protein.
233 Polysaccharide S-60 and bacterial Kang; Kenneth S., Veeder; Pat. Nr. US4326053 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1982 Polysaccharide, S-60, A novel polysaccharide S-60 is disclosed composed of principally
fermentation process for its preparation George T. Pseudomonas elodea carbohydrate, 10-15% protein, and 3-4.5% acetyl groups as the O-
glycosidically linked ester. The carbohydrate portion contains about
11% glucuronic acid (based on wt. gum) and the neutral sugars
rhamnose and glucose, the latter having an approximate molar ratio of
3 to 2. This polysaccharide is produced by a new Pseudomonas
species, P. elodea, in a suitable fermentation medium.
234 Production of heteropolysaccharide by Finn; Robert K. ,Tannahill; Alex L. Pat. Nr.US3923782 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc., 1975 heteropolysaccharide, Disclosed is a new heteropolysaccharide polymer and a method for
fermentation of methanol ,Laptewicz, Jr.; Joseph E. Ithaca, NY Methylomonas producing this polymer by a fermentation process comprising culturing
a heteropolysaccharide-producing strain of a micro-organism of the
genus Methylomonas on an aqueous culture medium containing
methanol as the sole source of assimilable carbon. Several uses for
the heteropolysaccharide are also disclosed such as its use as a drag
reducing agent, a thickening agent, an emulsifier, a soil suspending
agent and a flocculant or deflocculant.
235 Polysaccharide and bacterial Kang; Kenneth Suk , Veeder, III; Pat. Nr. US3933788 Kelco Company, San Diego, CA 1976 heteropolysaccharide, bacteria A process for producing a heteropolysaccharide by a bacterial
fermentation process for ist preparation George T. , Richey; Danny D. fermentation procedure in which a new species of bacteria is
incubated in a fermentation medium which contains a carbon source,
preferably a hydrolyzed starch, a source of magnesium ions, a source
of phosphorous, a source of nitrogen and water with the incubation
taking place at a temperature of about 28° to about 35°C. The
heteropolysaccharide produced by the above fermentation process. A
thickened aqueous media containing an effective quantity of the
heteropolysaccharide to thicken the media.
236 Polysaccharide and bacterial Kang; Kenneth Suk , McNeely; Pat. Nr. US3960832 1976 heteropolysaccharide, bacteria, A process for producing a novel heteropolysaccharide by a bacterial
fermentation process for its preparation William H. carbohydrate, magnesium, fermentation in which a new bacteria is incubated in a final
phosphorus, nitrogen, water fermentation medium containing a suitable carbohydrate source, a
source of magnesium ions, a source of phosphorus and nitrogen, and
water, the incubation taking place at a temperature of about 25 to
35°C. for about 35 to 60 hours. The heteropolysaccharide produced
by the above process are used to thicken aqueous media.
Compositions containing the above polysaccharide in combination
with certain salts containing di- and trivalent metal ions are useful for
example, in drilling fluids, paint compositions, polishes and as
additives for foods.
237 Polysaccharide and bacterial Kang; Kenneth Suk , McNeely; Pat. Nr. US3915800 Kelco Company, San Diego, CA 1975 heteropolysaccharide, bacteria, A process for producing a novel heteropolysaccharide by a bacterial
fermentation process for its preparation William H. carbohydrate, magnesium, fermentation in which a new bacteria is incubated in a final
phosphorus, nitrogen, water fermentation medium containing a suitable carbohydrate source, a
source of magnesium ions, a source of phosphorus and nitrogen, and
water, the incubation taking place at a temperature of about 25° to
35°C. for about 35 to 60 hours. The heteropolysaccharide produced
by the above process. Thickened aqueous medium containing an
effective quantity of the above polysaccharide to thicken the media.
Thickened aqueous medium containing an effective quantity of the
above polysaccharide in combination with certain salts containing di-
and trivalent metal ions. Aqueous gels having specified alkaline pH
and containing the above polysaccharide in combination with certain
salts containing di- and trivalent metal ions. Compositions containing
the above polysaccharide in combination with certain salts containing
di- and trivalent metal ions.
238 Polysaccharide S-60 and bacterial Kang; Kenneth S., Veeder; Pat. Nr. US4377636 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1983 polysaccharide s-60, A novel polysaccharide S-60 is disclosed composed of principally
fermentation process for its preparation George T pseudomonas elodea carbohydrate, 10-15% protein, and 3-4.5% acetyl groups as the O-
glycosidically linked ester. The carbohydrate portion contains about
11% glucuronic acid (based on wt. gum) and the neutral sugars
rhamnose and glucose, the latter having an approximate molar ratio of
3 to 2. This polysaccharide is produced by a new Pseudomonas
species, P. elodea, in a suitable fermentation medium.
239 Bacterial polysaccharide Kang; Kenneth S. , Veeder, III; Pat. Nr. US4247639 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1981 heteropolysaccharide, mannose, A high-viscosity heteropolysaccharide composed of 33% mannose,
George T. glucose, galactose, glucuronic 29% glucose, 21% galactose and 17% glucuronic acid, and containing
acid, acetyl, pyruvate 5.7% acetyl and 4.9% pyruvate.
240 Process for the preparation of Williams; Alan G. Lawson; Pat. Nr. US4298725 Tate & Lyle Limited, United Kingdom 1981 Pseudomonas sp NCIB 11264 A polysaccharide processing useful flow and gel-forming properties is
polysaccharide 9 Christopher J. Wimpenny; Julian (ATCC 31260) prepared by cultivation of Pseudomonas sp NCIB 11264 (ATCC
W. T. 31260). The polysaccharide, which readily can be produced in up to
75% yield by continuous culture, possesses properties which are
similar to those of xanthan and other gums.
241 Deacetylated polysaccharide S-60 Kang; Kenneth S., Colegrove; Pat. Nr. US4385123 Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 1983 Deacetylated, Polysaccharide S- Deacetylated Polysaccharide S-60, prepared by deacetylating the
George T., Veeder; George T. 60, Pseudomonas elodea, ATCC polysaccharide S-60 produced by fermentation of Pseudomonas
31461 elodea, ATCC 31461, has valuable properties in both the clarified and
non-clarified form, and is useful as an agar substitute or a shapeable
room deodorant. The non-clarified deacetylated gum contains about
17% protein and principally carbohydrate, which comprises glucuronic
acid (~13% based on wt. gum) and the neutral sugars rhamnose and
glucose in the approximate molar ratio 3:2. The clarified, deacetylated
gum contains mostly carbohydrate and no more than about 2%
protein.
242 Microbial heteropolysaccharide Cox; Roger B. , Steer; David C. Pat. Nr. US4329448 Lever Brothers Company, New York, 1982 heteropolysaccharide, Biopolymer An heteropolysaccharide known as Biopolymer PS 87 comprises
NY PS 87, glucose, galactose, glucose, galactose, mannose, glucuronic acid and fucose. Biopolymer
mannose, glucuronic acid, fucose PS 87 is pseudoplastic, has a consistency at 20° C. of at least 150
poise and a yield stress value at 20° C. of at least 30 dynes/cm2.
Biopolymer PS 87 is synthesised by a strain of Bacillus polymyxa or a
genetically similar micro-organism and has many domestic and
industrial uses as a suspending agent or thickener.
243 Microbial production of polyfructose Mays; Thomas D. , Dally; Ellen L. Pat. Nr. US4769254 Igene Biotechnology, Inc., Columbia, 1988 levan, microbial production A water-soluble levan having a weight average molecular weight of
MD about 10,000-40 million, preferably about 5-25 million and especially
about 10-20 million which stabilizes a bovine serum albumin colloid
having index (EAI) of about 3-100 determined according to the formula
EAI=2T/OC wherein T is turbidity measured at 500 nm, C is the
weight of emulsified protein per unit volume of the aqueous phase,
and O is the volume fraction of a dispersed oil phase is produced by
fermenting a nutrient growth medium feedstock having a carbon
source consisting essentially of an assimilable sugar selected from
the group consisting of sucrose, raffinose, or a mixture thereof with a
microorganism capable of converting at least 50%. of the fructose
value of the sugar to said levan under nutrient growth conditions
which enhance levan production while suppressing ethanol
production. It is useful as a colloid stabilizing agent, particularly with
foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, dentifrices, and cosmetics.
244 Rifampicin resistant xanthan Pollock; Thomas J. , Thorne; Pat. Nr. US5310677 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1994 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
hyperproducing Xanthomonas Linda Japan Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, rifampicin, bacitracin, resistance a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
campestris strain CA modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected
245 Xanthomonas campestris strain Pollock; Thomas J. , Thorne; Pat. Nr. US5194386 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1993 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
expressing xanthan gum Linda Japan Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, rifampicin, bacitracin, resistance a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
CA modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected
exogQenous genetic information controlling the synthesis of xanthan;
246 Preparation of xanthan gum Pollock; Thomas J. , Thorne; Pat. Nr. US5912151 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1999 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
Linda Japan Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, rifampicin, bacitracin, resistance a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
247 Biologically pure culture of a strain of Pollock; Thomas J. , Thorne; Pat. Nr. US5472870 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1995 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
Xanthomonas compestris ATCC 55429 Linda Japan Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, rifampicin, bacitracin, resistance, a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
CA ATCC 55429 modification in a culture medium, wherein the modification is selected
showing increased xanthan gum production. The strain is preferably
ATCC 55429.
248 Xanthan gum-producing strain of Pollock; Thomas J. , Thorne; Pat. Nr. US5340743 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, 1994 xanthan, xanthomonas campestris, A method of increasing xanthan gum production, comprising culturing
xanthomonas Linda Japan Shin-Etsu Bio, Inc., San Diego, rifampicin, bacitracin, resistance a Xanthomonas campestris strain having a xanthan-increasing
249 XANTHAN GUM USING MILK AS TOOMASU JIEI PORATSUKU, Pat. Nr. JP6319577A2 SHIN ETSU CHEM CO LTD 1994
MATERIAL, PRODUCTION THEREOF RICHIYAADO DABURIYUU
AND FERMENTATION CULTURE AAMENTOROOTO
SOLUTION
250 Leuconostoc strains for biosynthesis of Aebischer; Jurg , Niederscharli, Pat. Nr. US6004800 Nestec S.A., Vevey, Switzerland 1999 dextran, leuconostoc, Strains of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris which provide,
dextran Switzerland D'Amico; Nicola , mesenteroide upon culturing, dextran, and the strains include deposited strains
Treycovagnes, Switzerland De CNCM I-1692 and CNCM I-1693.
Maleprade; Dominique , Vevey,
Switzerland Eyer; Kurt , Thun,
Switzerland Lesens; Corinne ,
Beauvais, France Neeser; Jean-
Richard , Savigny, Switzerland
Reniero; Roberto , Le Mont-
Pelerin, Switzerland Schmid;
Daniel , Lausanne, Switzerland
251 MICROBIAL CHITOSAN AND ITS ONO SUKEJI TOMOMATSU Pat. Nr. JP10316702A2 RENGO CO LTD 1998 chitosan, bacteria, microbial Problem to be solved: To obtain a microbial chitosan having a high
PRODUCTION AKIO SUZUKI JUNICHI molecular weight and conforming to the Food Standards at high
production efficiency by culturing mold belonging to the genus Absidia
in a culture medium under aerobic conditions in which the minimum
dissolved oxygen concentration in the medium in the phase of the
logarithmic growth of the microbes is specified and causticizing the
cultured microbes under heating. Solution: The chitosan-producing
bacteria are those containing a considerable amount of chitosan as a
constituent of cell walls and are desirably mold belonging to the genus
Absidia particularly Absidia coerlea. The carbon source of the medium
is glucose, starch, molasses or the like, and the nitrogen source is
yeast extract, gluten flour, urea an ammonium salt or the like. To
perform the culture, the medium is relatively densely inoculated with
spores or mycelia, and the DO value in the medium in the phase of
the logarithmic growth of the microbes under aerobic conditions under
high
252 Production of xanthan gum and ice- H. Kawahara, H. Obata Applied Microbiology and Department of Biotechnology, Faculty 1997 Xanthomonas, campestris, pv. Xanthomonas campestris pv. translucens IFO13599 could produce
nucleating material from whey by Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 of Engineering, Kansai University, 3-3- Translucens, IFO13599, xanthan xanthan gum (18.5 mg/100 mg, lactose) with lactose as the growth
Xanthomonas campestris pv. (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 35 Yamate-cho, Suita-shi, Osaka 564- gum substrate in spite of a low level of -galactosidase. This productivity
translucens (electronic version) Abstract Volume 8680, Japan Tel.: +81 6 368 0832 corresponded to one-fifth that with glucose. This strain could also
49 Issue 4 (1998) pp 353-358 Fax: +81 6 388 8609 e-mail: produce ice-nucleating material having an ice-nucleating temperature,
kawahara@ipcku.kansai-u.ac.jp T50, of -2.8 °C with xanthan gum in the culture broth. We found that
this strain produced both materials in whey medium from which the
insoluble components had been removed. The production of xanthan
with ice-nucleating material reached a maximum after cultivation for
168 h under optimum conditions. Furthermore, the xanthan obtained
had a low viscosity because of its variant structure revealed, by TLC
and HPLC analyses, to be lacking pyruvic acid. Furthermore, we
concluded that this mixture had considerable potential as a
regeneratic agent, when compared to other regeneratic agents such
as carboxymethylcellulose.
253 Variations in xanthan production by H. Rodriguez (1), L. Aguilar (2), Applied Microbiology and (1) Department of Microbiology, 1997 streptomycin, tetracycline, Mutants resistant to different antibiotics (streptomycin, tetracycline,
antibiotic-resistant mutants of M. LaO (1) Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Cuban Research Institute on ampicillin, penicillin, Xanthomonas ampicillin and penicillin) were obtained from several strains of
Xanthomonas campestris (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Sugarcane By-Products (ICIDCA), campestris, xanthan production Xanthomonas campestris and evaluated for xanthan production. Most
(electronic version) Abstract Volume P.O. Box 4026, CP 11 000, Ciudad of the mutants showed alterations in their polysaccharide production,
48 Issue 5 (1997) pp 626-629 Habana, Cuba Fax: 53 7 338236 e- either increasing, decreasing or totally losing their polymer-production
mail: icidca@ceniai.inf.cu (2) capacity. The existence of two types of antibiotic-resistance
Department of Biochemistry, Cuban mechanisms for the assayed drugs is suggested: one that affects
Research Institute on Sugarcane By- xanthan production and another that does not. Differences in outer-
Products (ICIDCA), Ciudad Habana, membrane protein patterns of mutants that were simultaneously
Cuba altered in antibiotic resistance and xanthan production were found, in
comparison with their parental strains. These findings suggest the
existence of a genetic relationship between antibiotic-resistance
mechanisms and xanthan production. Some of the mutants obtained
showed significant increases in broth viscosity and xanthan
concentration. These results suggest that resistance to streptomycin
and ampicillin can be use
254 Modeling and control of batch O. Georgieva (1), T. Patarinska Bioprocess Engineering ISSN: 0178- (1) Institute of Control and System 1995 batch fermentation, xanthan gum, An approach of model-based control design of batch biotechnological
fermentation processes under (2) 515X (printed version) ISSN: 1432- Research-Bulgarian Academy of Xanthomonas campestris ITS-342, processes combining the advantages of two different analytical
conditions of uncertainty 0797 (electronic version) Abstract Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev St., bl.2, Method descriptions (deterministic and fuzzy model) is proposed. The
Volume 14 Issue 6 (1996) pp 299- Sofia 1113, Bulgaria (2) Center of approach uses the kinetic unstructured model accounting for the basic
306 Systems Engineering and Applied process dependencies. Using the fuzzy optimal decomposition of the
Mechanics Faculty of Applied physiological space into fuzzy regions, a new model is derived as a
Sciences, University Catholic of fuzzy weighted sum of distinct subsystems with unstructured models
Louvain, Batiment Euler, 4-6, describing the process dynamics in the respective region. The
Georges Lemaitre Str., B-1348, proposed model can be considered as a compromise between the
Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium simple fuzzy model (input-output process description) which does not
take into account the analytical process characteristics and the
unstructured deterministic model that is not suitable for the control
design purpose. On-line linearizing control law on the basis of the
developed model is also proposed. The theoretical results are
illustrated for the example of batch xanthan gum fermentation of strain
Xanthomonas campestris ITS-342
255 Effects of substrate limitation on B. O. Solomon (1) (1), A.-P. Zeng Applied Microbiology and (1) Gesellschaft fuer 1994 klebsiella, pneumoniae, substrate Product formation during anaerobic degradation of glycerol by
product distribution and H2/CO2 ratio in (1), H. Biebl (1), A. Okechukwu Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, limitation, effect Klebsiella pneumoniae DSM 2026, under glycerol limitation and
Klebsiella pneumoniae during Ejiofor (1) (2), C. Posten (1), W. (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Biochemical Engineering Division, D- glycerol excess in continuous cultures, has been investigated. Major
anaerobic fermentation of Glycerol D. Deckwer (1) (electronic version) Abstract Volume 38124 Braunschweig, Germany (1) and minor products and by-products as well as gaseous products
42 Issue 2/3 (1994) pp 222-226 Chemical Engineering Department, were measured. The results indicated a positive correlation between
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, specific glycerol uptake and most product formation rates under
Osun State, Nigeria (2) Department of glycerol limitation. The production of 1,3-propanediol, lactate, formate,
Applied Microbiology and Brewing, acetate, succinate and the by-products of anaerobic glycerol
Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka, degradation by K. pneumoniae, acetoin and 2,3-butanediol, was
Anambra State, Nigeria favoured by glycerol excess, while hydrogen generation and ethanol
formation were best under glycerol limitation. It was also found that
under glycerol limitation the rate of hydrogen evolution was generally
higher than the CO2 production rate while under excess glycerol the
reverse was true. Hence, on the basis of the ratio of the specific rates
of evolution of H2 and CO2 (qH2/qCO2), it is possible to infer the
existence of glycerol l
256 Influence of phosphate on rhamnose- J. Farres, G. Caminal, J. Lopez- Applied Microbiology and Departament d'Enginyeria Quimica, 1997 rhamnose, polysaccharide Physiological conditions enhancing rhamnose-containing
containing exopolysaccharide rheology Santin Biotechnology ISSN: 0175-7598 Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, synthesis, Klebsiella I-714 polysaccharide synthesis by Klebsiella I-714 were studied in batch
and production by Klebsiella I-714 (printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 08193 Bellaterra, Spain Fax: 34 3 culture (0.3-l and 2-l bioreactors). The four carbon sources tested,
(electronic version) Abstract Volume 5812013 e-mail: Lopez@uab- sucrose, sorbitol, Neosorb and Cerelose, allowed exopolysaccharide
48 Issue 4 (1997) pp 522-527 eq.uab.es production. Larger amounts of polymer were produced when high
carbon/nitrogen ratios and complex nitrogen sources were used.
Exopolysaccharide synthesis was greatest at 30 °C, which was a
suboptimal growth temperature. A reduction in the phosphate content
of the medium enhanced rhamnose-containing polysaccharide
production. When the initial carbon source concentration was
augmented, byproducts other than exopolysaccharide were formed.
Rhamnose-containing polysaccharide rheology can be modulated by
changing the phosphate content of the medium.
257 Properties of levansucrase from M. A. Perez Oseguera, L. Applied Microbiology and Departamento de Bioingenieria, 1995 levan, sucrase, Bacillus circulans A polysaccharide-producing bacterium was isolated from cane sugar.
Bacillus circulans Guereca, A. Lopez-Munguia Biotechnology SSN: 0175-7598 Instituto de Biotecnologia, It was identified as Bacillus circulans and produced levansucrase at
(printed version) ISSN: 1432-0614 Universidad Nacional Autonoma de pH and temperature optima of 5-7 and 40°C respectively. The enzyme
(electronic version) Abstract Volume Mexico, Apartado Postal 510-3, is extracellular and inducible with sucrose. It possesses initial
45 Issue 4 (1996) pp 465-471 Cuernavaca Morelos 62271, Mexico. hydrolytic and transferase activities that can be altered by modifying
Fax: 52 73 172388 reaction conditions. Levansucrase was recovered from the
fermentation broth by extraction with polyethylene glycol (1500 Da).
Further purification resulted in an enzyme with a molecular mass of 52
kDa and a pI of 4.7. At high sucrose concentration (300 mM), the
transferase activity but not the hydrolase activity were inhibited. Levan
increased the transferase activity but had no effect on the hydrolytic
activity. The levansucrase had high transferase activity with maltose,
galactose and lactose and moderate activity towards sorbitol and
glycerol.
258 Fermenteurs agites sans organes C. G. Dussap; J. B. Gros Bull.Soc.Chim.Fr. 1985, 6 1075- 1985 pneumatical, agitated, gas-liquid, In this work, the possibilities of use of pneumatically agitated gas-
d'agitation mecanique. Application a la 1082. fermentors, method liquid fermentors -bubbles columns and air-lift fermentors- are
production de polysaccharides considered from the following data: power input, mixing time and
exocellulaires hydrodynamics of the liquid phase, aeration (k1a values and
equilibrium oxygen concentrations in the fermentation broth).Two
examples are examinated: the former deals with the comparison
between a stirred tank fermentor and a bubble column filled with
xanthan solutions.The latter concerns alginate production by
Azotobacter vinelandii : a kinetic model is proposed and emphasis is
laid on the fermentors characteristics influence on alginate
productivity.
259 Production of an extracellular Nakata K, Kurane R Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999 Central Research Laboratories, 1999 Ethanol; Flocculation Tests; Klebsiella pneumoniae H12 produced a newly identified extracellular
polysaccharide bioflocculant by Dec, 63:12:2064-8 Mercian Corporation, Fujisawa, Klebsiella pneumoniae; polysaccharide in an ethanol medium with a yield of 3.0 g/l. The molar
Klebsiella pneumoniae. Japan. knakata@mb.infoweb.ne.jp Polysaccharides, composition of the polysaccharide was 56.04% galactose, 25.92%
Bacterial glucose, 10.92% galacturonic acid, 3.71% mannose, and 3.37%
glucuronic acid. The addition of 0.5%-1.5% NaCl increased
production. The polysaccharide flocculated with kaolin clay in
suspension at the concentration of 1 ppm in a 300-ppm solution of
CaCl2. Almost all bacterial species cells aggregated in the
polysaccharide solution. The ability to flocculate with kaolin clay
changed with the pH and with the concentrations of coexisting cation
and anion species. The polysaccharide flocculant may participate in in
vivo bacterial aggregation or adherence to host organisms.
260 Preparation and preliminary Grigorova D, Pavlova K, Panchev Appl Biochem Biotechnol 1999 Sep, Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, 1999 Culture Media; Fermentation; The effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources on the synthesis of
characterization of exopolysaccharides I 81:3:181-91 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; exopolysaccharides by Rhodotorula acheniorum MC were studied.
by yeast Rhodotorula acheniorum MC. Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Nitrogen; The dynamic viscosity of cell-free culture broths during
Polysaccharides; Rhodotorula exopolysaccharide synthesis were measured. The highest values for
the viscosity (10.14 MPa.s) and crude polysaccharide productivity (6.6
g/L) were obtained in a medium supplied with 5% sucrose. Ammonium
sulfate was the most favorable nitrogen source for exopolysaccharide
synthesis. The value of pH played a determinant role, and the
obligatory condition for exopolysaccharide production was low (pH 1.7-
2.0) during the fermentation. The chemical composition and sugar
constituents of the crude exopolysaccharides were determined.
Mannose was the main monosaccharide component, and its
concentration was the highest (69.13%) in the crude
exopolysaccharide synthesized in the medium that included 5%
sucrose as a carbon source.
261 Environmental regulation of Mendrygal KE, González JE J Bacteriol 2000 Feb, 182:3:599-606 Department of Molecular and Cell 2000 Bacterial Proteins; Gene Exopolysaccharide production by Sinorhizobium meliloti is required for
exopolysaccharide production in Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Expression Regulation, Bacterial; invasion of root nodules on alfalfa and successful establishment of a
Sinorhizobium meliloti. Richardson, Texas 75083-0688, USA. Molecular Weight; nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between the two partners. S. meliloti wild-
Phosphoric Acid Esters; type strain Rm1021 requires production of either succinoglycan, a
Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; polymer of repeating octasaccharide subunits, or EPS II, an
Sinorhizobium exopolysaccharide of repeating dimer subunits. The reason for the
meliloti production of two functional exopolysaccharides is not clear. Earlier
reports suggested that low-phosphate conditions stimulate the
production of EPS II in Rm1021. We found that phosphate
concentrations determine which exopolysaccharide is produced by S.
meliloti. The low-phosphate conditions normally found in the soil (1 to
10 microM) stimulate EPS II production, while the high-phosphate
conditions inside the nodule (20 to 100 mM) block EPS II synthesis
and induce the production of succinoglycan. Interestingly, the EPS II
produced by S. meliloti in low-phosphate conditions does not allow the
invasion of alfalfa no
262 Regulation of alginate biosynthesis in Fakhr MK, Peñaloza-Vázquez A, J Bacteriol 1999 Jun, 181:11:3478- Department of Microbiology and 1999 Alginates; Bacterial Proteins ; Both Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the phytopathogen P. syringae
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Chakrabarty AM, Bender CL 85 Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State Base Sequence; Binding produce the exopolysaccharide alginate. However, the environmental
University, Stillwater, Oklahoma Sites;Carbohydrate signals that trigger alginate gene expression in P. syringae are
74078, USA. Dehydrogenases;Cloning, different from those in P. aeruginosa with copper being a major signal
Molecular; Comparative Study; in P. syringae. In P. aeruginosa, the alternate sigma factor encoded
Consensus Sequence ; DNA by algT (sigma22) and the response regulator AlgR1 are required for
Transposable Elements ; DNA- transcription of algD, a gene which encodes a key enzyme in the
Binding proteins; Gene Expression alginate biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, we cloned and
Regulation, Bacterial ; Gene characterized the gene encoding AlgR1 from P. syringae. The
Expression deduced amino acid sequence of AlgR1 from P. syringae showed 86%
Regulation,Enzymologic; Genetic identity to its P. aeruginosa counterpart. Sequence analysis of the
Complementation Test; Molecular region flanking algR1 in P. syringae revealed the presence of argH,
Sequence Data; algZ, and hemC in an arrangement virtually identical to that reported
Mutagenesis,Insertional; Mutation; in P. aeruginosa. An algR1 mutant, P. syringae FF5.32, was defective
Promoter Regions (Genetics) ; in alginate production but could be complemented when algR1 was
Pseudomonas expressed in trans. The alg
263 Alginate production by Azotobacter Clementi F Crit Rev Biotechnol 1997, 17:4:327- Dipartimento di Biologia, Difesa e 1997 Alginates; Azotobacter vinelandii; Although all commercial alginates are today of algal origin, there is
vinelandii. 61 Biotecnologie Agroforestali, Bacterial Proteins; interest in the production of alginate-like polymers from bacteria. The
Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Biocompatible Materials species Azotobacter vinelandii seems to be the best candidate for the
Italy. industrial production of alginate molecules characterized by a
chemical composition, molecular mass and molecular mass
distribution suited to a well defined application, especially required in
the biotechnological, biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. The
production of alginate by A. vinelandii has been to date widely
investigated both in batch (mainly in the shaken flask scale) and in
continuous cultures. This article summarizes current knowledge on
the structure and properties of alginates and their applications and
presents an overview of up-dated research on the physiology,
genetics and kinetics of the production of alginate by Azotobacter
vinelandii and its rheology, including the results of our recent studies.
264 PRODUCTION OF SHIMIZU MASAKI YAMAMOTO Pat. Nr. JP60042330A2 Terumo corp 1985 Melia azadirachta, Purpose: To produce the titled substance useful as an antineoplastic
POLYSACCHARIDE N9GI SHIGEHIRO TAMURA YASUKO POLYSACCHARIDE N9GI agent, in an industrial scale, by extracting the bark of Melia
NOMURA TAKEO azadirachta with hot water, purifying the extract, contacting with a
lectin-immobilized carrier, eluting with methyl-α-D-glucoside,
etc., and dialyzing the eluted solution. Constitution: The bark of Melia
azadirachta is extracted with hot water, and purified by dialysis,
alcohol precipitation, etc. The purified extract liquid is made to contact
with a lactin-immobilized carrier [e.g. ConA-Sepharose (product of
Pharmacia Labs., Inc.)] to adsorb the polysaccharide. The adsorbed
fraction is eluted with methyl-α-D-glucoside or mannoside, and
the eluted solution is dialyzed by water with a membrane having a
fractionation molecular weight of ≤50,000 to obtain the
polysaccharide N9GI from the residual solution. The polysaccharide
N9GI is composed of N9GIa and N9GIb, both of which contain
α- (1,4)-glucan as main chain, and accordingly, the
polysaccharide bonds speci
Appendix 5. EDPs Website Directory
5.1 Websites of Associations
1. www.ics.trieste.it/
2. www.polystyrene.org
Polystyrene packaging council of America is the trade association representing major resin suppliers and
the manufacturers of polystyrene products in US. The website offered online information about the
environment including PS Recycling Program, The Economic Realities of Recycling, Degradability and
Compostability of Packaging Materials (Their opinion is against EDPs).
3. www.polyfoam.com/recycling-news
A Canada based website provides information for polyform manufacturers. Most of the site is under
construction thus can not be read. Main contents include: Historic data and quality policy, Manufacturing
process, Raws materials and Recycling program. Seems no information on EDPs.
Other items are : Packaging, Insulation, Automotive and Tooling .
4. www.unep.or.jp/OGT_DATA/WRAT
To further strengthen UNEP's role in sustainable urban and freshwater basin management, International
Environmental Technology Centre (IETC) was inaugurated in October 1992 in Japan and its offices in
Osaka and Shiga officially opened in April 1994. IETC's main role is to promote the application of
Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) to address urban environmental problems, such as sewage,
air pollution, solid waste and noise, and the management of freshwater basins to developing countries and
countries with economies in transition. Substantial information, indirectly related to EDPs, can be found in
the International Source Book of ESTs for SWM (http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/ESTdir/pub/MSW/index.html).
5. www.ciwmb.ca.gov/plastics
The website of Integrated Waste Management Board, which is one of six agencies under the umbrella of
the California Environmental Protection Agency responsible for managing California's solid waste.
6. www.fpi.org (FPI: Foodservice and Packaging Institute)

Serving the single-use foodservice industry for over 65 years, the Foodservice & Packaging Institute, Inc. is
the material-neutral trade association for manufacturers, suppliers, and distributors of single-use
foodservice products, as well as others associated with the industry.
7. International biopolymer manufacturer association (IBPMA) http://www.ibpma.be/hotlinks.html
8. ORCA - Organic Reclamation & Composting Association (www.orca.be)

ORCA is a world-wide network, promoting the use of biodegradable products, in applications that enhance
quality of performance and functionality or provide added value, environmental or social benefits.
9. ICBT -The International Centre of Biopolymer Technology

Visit the ICBT website, and find out more about: ICBT topics & organisation; The International
Conference on Biopolymer Technology, Coimbra, Portugal, 28-30 September 1999;
10. LIFE Homepage (europa.eu.int/comm/life)

LIFE is Europe-based financial instrument for three major areas of action : Environment, Nature and Third
Countries. While all three areas aim to improve the environment, each has its specific priorities. LIFE dates
back to 1992. The first phase was completed in 1992-1995 and the second phase is now continuing. Before
LIFE, a number of financial instruments provided support to actions in the field of environment. ACE,
MEDSPA, NORSPA are only a few of them.
11. Proterra - International Centre for agro-based materials
408
http://www.agriholland.nl/proterra/about.html
Proterra is an International Centre which develops the market for Agro-based Materials such as
biodegradable polymers, natural cellulose fibers and composites. Proterra's main goal is to stimulate the
application of renewable raw materials in durable goods, packaging and disposables.
12. The Bio/Environmentally Degradable Polymer Society (BEDPS)

http://www.bedps.org/
Founded in 1991 as a non-profit professional society, BEDPS is to encourage research,
education and training and to facilitate information exchange among researchers with diverse interests, both
as they relate to degradable polymers and to environmental aspects of polymers. Primary activities of the
BEDPS fall within the scope of information exchange, communication and education. For example, each
year the BEDPS holds a scientific. Annual meeting which features key invited speakers and an open forum
for submitte papers on a variety of topics. The Society also publishes a quarterly newsletter to "keep in
touch" and to share new developments in the area.
13. BioPolymer Research Center (BPRC) , Univ. of Massachusetts, Lowell

(www.eng.uml.edu/Dept/BPRC/)
It consists of material synthesis, processing and blending, characterization and modeling, In-Lab
Accelerated Simulations and environmental engineering related to EDPs. Not much information available
on this website up to the date of submission of this monthly report.
14. The Composting Council of Canada

www.compost.org
CCC is a national non-profit, member-driven organization with a charter to advocate and
advance composting and compost usage. It serves as the central resource and network for the composting
industry in Canada and, through its members, contributes to the environmental sustainability of the
communities in which they operate.
15. The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their
Disposal (http://www.basel.int/)
It contains online detained and comprehensive information about environmentally sound waste
management, technical, legal and trade issues.
5.2 Search Engines for Books
http://uncweb.carl.org
http://www.amazon.co.uk
http://www.wiley-vch.de
http://www.vsppub.com/
5.3 Search Engines for Patents

http://www.delphion.com/ibm.html
Ex. IBM patent service, all fields search for US-, EP- and PCT-Patents.
http://www.patent-info.ch/en/default.htm
Information search in all fields of patents, patent statistics, patent analysis, trademarks, technology
monitoring, and competitive intelligence
http://www.european-patent-office.org/tws/twsindex.htm
409
5.4 Degradable Polymers
Associations, Companies, Financial/Business, Research (USA)
http://www.ia-usa.org/peudegra.htm , Last update: 02. Dec. 1998,
http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/archive/97/11/003.html
Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery (by Lisa Brannon-Peppas)
Delivery systems, mechanisms, references
http://www.staehelin.ch/biomat/biomat.html
Biodegradable Implants in Sports Medicine: The Biological Base Sections
Abstract/ In Vivo Degradation/ Osseous Replacement/ Biocompatibility and Clinical Classification of
Tissue Response/ Conclusion/ References/ Publishing and Reprint Information
http://www.mli.kvl.dk/foodchem/special/biopack/
Production and application of Biobased Packaging Materials for the food industry
http://www.biomat.net/
Selected internet links related to Biomaterials and some relevant links to biomedical engineering, biology,
medicine and health sciences in general. This Website intends to become a major tool in linking the
biomaterials community worldwide. WWW resources, organizations, research centers, education, meetings,
articles, journals, books, publishers, industry, scientific links
http://dcwww.epfl.ch/igc1/poly-hp.htm
WWW links for polysaccharide
http://www.agriholland.nl/proterra/links.html
For some technical information on materials have a look at: IDEMAT.
5.5 Online Database

http://www.io.tudelft.nl/research/dfs/idemat/index.htm
Online database on mechanical properties of plastics
http://www.labmed.umn.edu/umbbd/index.html
The University of Minnesota Biocatalysis/Biodegradation Database
This database contains information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways for
primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. The goal of the UM-BBD is to provide information on
microbial enzyme-catalyzed reactions that are important for biotechnology.
http://www.agnic.org/agdb/biodeg.html (chargeable)
The BIODEG database contains 5,000 data-value records from experiments testing the biodegradable
properties of more than 700 chemicals. It covers screening studies, biological treatment studies, grab
sample studies, and field experiments. The compiler/provider is Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC),
Environmental Science Center, Merrill Lane, Syracuse, NY 13210.
http://www.aist.go.jp/RIODB/dbefc/index_E.html
National Institute for Resources and Environment is responsible for this page
List of informations
Biodegradationtion of chemicals in sediments -(Updated on '97, July 15.)
Decomposition reaction of chemicals in ambient air -(Opened on '98, August 31.)
Distribution of chemicals in coastal sediment -(Updated on '97, May 21.)
Concentration of chemicals in ambient air -(Opened on '96, October 21.)
Composition of chemicals or isomers at their sources -(Updated on '98, August 24.)
410
Appendix 6. Inventory of Patents
6.1 Photodegradable Polyolefins Patents
Year Pat. No. Title Inventor (s) Author(s)/organisation(s)

1974 US3833401 Degradable polyethylene film INGRAMA A. ARCO POLYMERS INC
1976 US3963791 Process for transforming hydrocarbon CERNIA E., SNAM PROGETTI
polymers into photodegradable GIUFFRE L.,
polymers PASQUON I.,
POZZI V.,
SILVERS A.
1977 US4028480 Photodegradable polymer LE BRASSEUR CHARBONNAGES STE

compositions GENEVIEVE CHIMIQUE
1977 US4042763 Photodegradable resin compositions CLAMPITT B.H., GULF RESEARCH

HAVENS R. H. DEVELOPMENT CO
1977 US4042764 Photodegradable polymeric GRATANI F., MONTEDISON SPA
compositions having high thermal BINAGHI M.
stability containing a halogenated
quinone and a transition metal
compound
1979 US4176145 Photodegradable polymer GUILLET J. E. GUILLET J. E. (CA)

compositions comprising blends of (CA)
polymers with
ketone-containing block or graft
copolymers
1980 JP55045755 Photodegradable macromolecular KAGITANI T. KAGITANI T.

film
1980 JP55157643 Polymer composition KITAMOTO T. NICHIDEN K.
1984 GB2132621 Photodegradable polymer BARTZ K. W. EXXON RESEARCH

composition ENGINEERING CO
1984 US4476255 Photoreactive plastic composition and BAILEY W. J. (US); OWENS ILLINOIS INC (US)
articles degradable by ultraviolet TAYLOR L. J. (US)
radiation and a process for their
manufacture
1985 US4495311 Degradable hydrocarbon polymers HUDGIN D. (US); PRINCETON POLYMER LAB
ZAWADZKI T.(US) (US)
1985 US4519161 Agricultural process using GILEAD D. (IL); GILEAD D. (IL); SCOTT G.
controllably degradable polymer SCOTT G. (GB) (GB)
composition film
1986 EP0181473 Components for cartridge for hunting, FIOCCHI G. FIOCCHI MUNIZIONI SPA (IT)
shooting purposes and the like of
photodegradable synthetic plastic
material.
1987 US4709808 Degradable polymer composition and BALDUFF D. C. OWENS ILLINOIS PLASTIC
articles prepared from same (US); JABARIN S. PROD (US)
A (US)
411
1987 EP0216412 Photodegradant compositions and COORAY B. B. AKZO NV (NL)
photdegradable polymer compositions
made therefrom.
1989 EP0298942 Plastic foil. CARLSSON L., TENO AB (SE)

ERIKSSON R.
1989 JP1014243 Photodegradable film or type YAMAGUCHI M. DENKI KAGAKU KOGYO KK;
1991 US4983651 Degradable plastics GRIFFIN G. J.L. EPRON IND LTD (GB)
(GB)
1992 US5096941 Environmentally degradable HARNDEN R. M. DOW CHEMICAL CO (US)

polyethylene composition
1992 GB2247681 A Photo-degradable plastics material HANCOCK M. ECC INT LTD (GB)
1992 WO9211298 Photodegradable plastic composition CHAPMAN G. ECOSTAR INT LP (US)

(GB); DOWNIE R.
(US)
1993 FR2692583 Procedure for increasing photo- MICHEL M., MEZZA MICHEL (FR);
degradability of plastics - adding BERTHOMIEU B. BERTHOMIEU B.
titanium di:oxide or ferrous stearate
to increase absorption of solar
photons
1994 GB2272902 Photodegradable polyolefin YOUN S. J. JEONG DAELIM IND CO LTD (KR)
composition H. G., KANG T. G.,
SONG B. K.
1994 US5281681 Photodegradable and biodegradable AUSTIN R. (US) EXXON CHEMICAL PATENTS
polyethylene INC (US)
1994 US5334700 Photodegradable and biodegradable AUSTIN R. (US) EXXON CHEMICAL PATENTS
polyethylene INC (US)
2000 CN1240803 Degradable and combustible QIAN Q., CHEN UNIV F. (CN)
polyethylene plastics Q., LI N.
2000 CN1242390 PE raw material with photo LIU X. (CN); LIU JINYING IND CO LTD JILIN
degradable and biodegradable C. (CN) (CN)
properties
6.2 Biodegradable Polyolefins

Year Pat. No. Title Inventor Author(s)/organisation(s)
1977 US4016117 Biodegradable synthetic resin sheet GRIFFIN G. J.L. COLOROLL LTD
material containing starch and a fatty
material
1977 US4021388 Synthetic resin sheet material GRIFFIN G. J.L. COLOROLL LTD
1979 US4133784 Biodegradable film compositions OTEY F.; US AGRICULTURE

prepared from starch and copolymers WESTHOFF R.
of ethylene and acrylic acid
1980 GB2029836 Plastics Based Composition Griffin G. J. L. COLOROLL LTD
412
1980 US4207221 Degradable plastic composition TAYLOR L. J. (US); OWENS ILLINOIS INC (US)
containing unsaturated wax TOBIAS J. W. (US)
1980 JP55157643 Polymer composition KITAMOTO T. NICHIDEN KAGAKU KK
1980 JP55085496 Manufacture of decomposable plant NAKAMURA M., NAKAMURA M., YOSHINO T.,
cultural pot made of structural YOSHINO T., KATSURAI T.
ingredient of organic fertilizer OGAWA I.,
KATSURAI T.
1982 US4337181 Biodegradable starch-based blown OTEY F.; US AGRICULTURE
films WESTHOFF R.
1991 EP0430641 Disposable diaper having fastening SIPINEN ALLAN MINNESOTA MINNING &
means that are degradable JCO MINNESOTA MFG (US)
M (US)
1992 US5091262 Starch filled coextruded degradable KNOTT J. E., REXENE PROD CO (US)
polyethylene film GAGE P.D
1993 US5212219 Degradable plastics GRIFFIN G. J.L. EPRON IND LTD

(GB)
1994 JP6345956 Microbially biodegradable NISHIDA H. TOKUYAMA SODA CO LTD

polyethylene carbonate resin
composition
1995 US5461093 Biodegradable polyethylene YOO Y. D.(KR); YUKONG LTD (KR)

composition chemically bonded with KIM Y. W.(KR);
starch and a process for preparing CHO W.ON-Y.(KR)
thereof
1995 US5461094 Biodegradable polyethylene YOO Y. D.(KR); YUKONG LTD (KR)

composition chemically bonded with KIM Y. W.(KR);
starch and a process for preparing CHO W.Y. (KR)
thereof
1996 KR9605075 Biodegradable polyethylene YU Y. D. (KR); YUKONG CO LTD (KR)

compositions using starch with KIM Y. W.(KR);
polymerisable functional group and CHO W. Y.(KR)
their manufacture
1996 CN1116635 Agricultural controlled light and YONGCHENG YE YONGCHENG YE (CN)

biologic degradable herbicidal
1998 US5811161 Package of paper or paperboard having NICKEL J. L., KORSNAES AB (SE)
a thin extruded polyethylene coating JOEVES H.,
NORDIN R.,
NORDIN B.
2000 CN1244549 Degradable polyethylene mulching ZHAO Z. ZHAO Z. (CN)

capable of killing weeds and its
production process and application
2000 CN1242390 Polyethylene raw material with photo LIU X., LIU C. JINYING IND CO LTD JILIN
degradable and biodegradable (CN)
properties
2000 CN1242390 PE raw material with photo LIU X. (CN); LIU C. JINYING IND CO LTD JILIN
degradable and biodegradable (CN) (CN)
properties
413
6.3 Patents on Packaging, Hygine and Non-pharmaceutical Applications
Year Ref. Title Author(s)/organization(s)

1990 90-317488 Biodegradable film used as wrapping material for foods-obtained Chuko Kasei Kogyo KK
by applying acqueous emulsion of poly(hydroxybutyric/valeric
acid) copolymer on glass plate and heating
1991 91-261627 Biodegradable mouldable material for disposal by burying- Koyama, M.; Suzuki, M. & Tokiwa,
comprises natural high-Mwt substances, e.g. starch thermoplastic Y.
resin and optional filler Agency of Ind. Sc. & Tech. Chuo;
Kagaku Ltd
1991 91-354911 Non-woven fabric composite for hygiene articles, etc. - by Sturm, V. & Utz, K.
extruding layer of molten polymer onto spun-bonded web or AOE Plastic GMBH; BP Chem.
staple fibre web under reduced pressure Plastec. GMBH
1992 92-105979 Decoration, e.g. wreath, or packaging for short-terme use--has Mans, L.H.A.
ribbon made of biodegradable plastic for easy disposal Mans, L.H.A. HOldings
1992 92-222619 Novel microbiologically degradable plastic moulding for Agency of Ind. Sc. & Tech. Chuo;
afforestation---comprises biodegradable aliphatic polyester and Chem. Ind. Co. Ltd.
calcium and/or magnesium carbonate, for disposable outdoor
goods inlcuding cutlery
1992 92-309206 Non-woven material for disposable nappies, bed underlays, etc.-- Emirze, A. Eschwey, H., Giesen-
-comprises thermoplastic spun endless filaments, consists of at Wiese M., Grill, M., Kauschke, M.,
least 50 wt% biologically degradable poly(caprolactone) of Mwt Klein, N. & Seidler, H.
35 000-70 000 Freudenberg FA Carl
1993 93-036358 Biodegradable, liquid-impervious films used as back sheets for Toms, D. & Wnuk, A.J.
nappies, etc.---comprises blend of interpenetrated network of Procter & Gamble Co.
destructured starch and copolymer, prefereably vinyl alcohol
copolymer, and an aliphatic polyester.
1993 93-059674 Paper economy with paper handkerchiefs---involves Weigele, R.
handkerchiefs stored in container that can always be refilled Weigele, R.
1993 93-120869 Separable laminates used as wrapping materials for foods, etc.--- Toppan Printing Co. Ltd
comprise biodegradable plastic layer laminated between layers.
1993 93-182613 Structure having controlled water resistance---comprises a core Brunger, P. & Kemmish, D.J.
material having dry but not wet strength and a coating of a Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
water-resistant biodegradable polymer
1993 93-345009 Liquid-impervious biodegradable films---comprising Adams, J.M., Chang, P.I., McBride,
interpenetrated network of destructured starch with ethylene- R.K. & Ray, C.D.
acrylic acid or -vinyl alcohol copolymer, with aliphatic polyester Tredegar Ind. Inc.
1994 94-000953 Biodegradable carrier for denitrifying bacteria in water Groten, R., Heidecke, G., Mansbart,
purification---made of spun fleece of poly(caprolactone) T. & Siekermann, V.
filaments, optionally belnded with other biodegradable polymer Freudenberg FA Carl
1994 94-018030 Heat-moulding composition---contains starch component, Fleche, G., Gosset, S. & Videau, D.
biodegradable polyester and salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid, Roquette Freres SA
giving biodecomposable water-resistant articles
1994 94-114861 Biodegradable paper container---comprises paper laminate with Toppa Printing Co. Ltd
biodegradable plastic layer
1994 94-201936 Biodegradable packaging material especially for liquid or solid Kammerstetter, H. & Schroeter, J.
foodstuffs---having improved oxygen, aroma and/or water Buck Werke GMBH & Co.
vapour blocking properties
1994 94-249165 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) film product---by melt extrusion onto Waddington S.D.
chilled roller to form film, followed by heating therof to Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
crystallize the polymer
1994 94-338741 Biodegradable fibre preparation used for agricultural and fishery Zeneca Ltd
material, etc.---by melt spinning a mixture of poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoate)
414
1994 94-338742 Biodegradable multifilament used for fishery material--- Zeneca KK
composed of multifilament comprising poly(beta-
hydroxyalkanoate), having good heat resistance
1995 95-067312 Bonding articles together using poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s---which Kemmish, D.J.
are biodegradable, useful in packaging, carton sealing, sanitary Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
towels, disposable nappies, hospital equipment, etc.
1995 95-092171 Laminate manufactured by vacuum deposition of functional Utz, H
layer between two films---using non-metallic transparent material Fraunhofer Ges Foerderung
acting as a barrier and bonding layer, eliminating need for Angewandten
laminating adhesive and allowing recycling
1995 95-117776 Toilet material for pets, giving good biodegrdability---including Suzuki Sogyo KK
deodorant and/or antibacterial agent, biodegradable resin and
optional aromatic materials
1995 95-215202 Manufacturing biodegradable cellulose and/or cellulose acetate Kemmish, J.D., Montador, J.H. &
film having good water barrier properties---comprises applying Kemmist, D.J.
acquieos suspension of at least partly amorphous particles of Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
poly(hydroxyalkanoate) to cellulose and/or cellulose acetate film
and heating
1995 95-162679 Increasing transparency of moulded articles or sheets of Bueler, F.S., Fanelli, R., Treutlein, R.
thermoplatic starch or starch-polymer blend---by treating & Zechner, T.
granulate, articles or sheets with silicone oil, animal or plant fat EMS Inventa AG
or oils or solution of synthetic or natural polymer
6.4 Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Patents

1979 79-15983B Microcapsule and microspherule preparation for Sandoz SA
medicaments, etc.---by addition of phase separation
agent to solution of polymer with solution or dispersion
of active compound at -100 to -40ºC
1979 79-68042B Microshpere production from particle dispersion in Fong, F.W.
polymer solution---by adding phase separation agent at Sandoz Inc.
low temperature
1986 86-049030 Microcapsules for controlled release of regulatory Sandow, J. & Seidel, H.R.
peptide(s)---containing poly(D-3-hydroxy butyric) acid Hoechst AG
as biodegradable carrier
1984 84-301706 Slow release composition for treating acquatic plants--- Dunn, R.L. & Lewis, D.H.
containing herbicide, etc. in strands of polymeric, e.g. Stolle Res. & Dev.
poly(lactic acid), fibre
1986 86-226722 New composite materials useful as hard tissue Dorman, L.C. & Meyers, P.A.
prosthetics---comprise synthetic biodegradable Dow Chem, Co.
polymers and unsintered calcium phosphate
biomaterials, with optional pore-forming agent, and
polymerized in situ.
1986 86-306804 Biodegradable polymer with low free acid content---and Miyaggawa, T. Ogawa, Y., Okada,
used in durg microencapsulation is e.g. hydroxy-acid H. & Yamamoto, M.
ester or poly(cyano-acrylic-ester) Takeda Chem. Ind. Ltd; Wako
Pure Chem. Ind. Ltd
1989 89-066688 Polymer-encapuslated microsphere preparation----by Lewis, D. & Sherman, J.D.
89-150631 adding core material to polymer solution in non-solvent Stolle Res. Dev. Corp.
for core, adding synthetic or vegetable oil and
quenching with second non-solvent.
415
1989 89-146427 Microcapsule production containing soluble protein or Sandow, J.K. & Schmeidel, R.
peptide---using mixure of poly(hydroxybutyric acid) and Hoechst AG
poly(lactide-co-glycolide)
1991 91-324928 Biocompatible microspheres for parenteral Spenlehauer, G. Veillard M. &
administration ---containing biodegradable and Verrechia, T.
biocompatible polymer and surfactant, used for treating Rhone Pulenc Rorer SA
inflammation, infections and cancer
1992 92-060919 Auxiliary material for fixing artificial joint or filling bone Terumo Corp.
defects---comprises biodegradable or bio-absorbable
material and leaves structure to allow formation of fresh
bone
1992 92-176586 Controlled release microparticles containing Canal, T., Carli, F., Lovrecich, M.
polysaccharide gelling agent, etc.---comprising & Lourecich, M.L.
biodegradable polymer, interfacial agent, amphiphilic Vectorpharma Int. SpA
polymer and active substance, especially calcitonin, etc.
1992 92-391146 Synthetic bone-tooth filler for artificial limb and Fuse, T., Machino, H., Matuura,
denture material---comprises water- K., Nijima, K., Otani, S. &
insoluble,biodegradable coating applied to substrate Yanagisawa, S.
with porous surface layer Mitsubishi Kasei Corp.; Res. Dev.
Corp. Japan
1993 93-153559 Dispenser, especially for controlled release of sexual Buschmann, E., Kiessling, U.,
pheromone(s)---used in plant protection, comprises Neumann, U. & Renz, G.
pheromone-impermeable container sealed with BASF AG
pheromone-permeable foil
1993 93-164265 Slow release fertiliser---has multiple alternate coatings of a Nippon Steel Chem. Co.;
biodegradable polymer (I) and a water-soluble polymer (II) Nippon Steel Corp.
1994 94-135531 Particles of crystallizable polymer coated with surfactant of Clauss, J., Goerge, N., Horowitz,
phospholipid to maintain amorphous state---for making D.M., Hunter, B.K. & Sanders,
shaped articles e.g. fibres, for controlled release of J.K.M.
pharmaceutical or agrochemical or for removal of solvent, etc. Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
1994 94-183125 Sustained release microspheres requiring no surgical implant-- Kino, S., Mizuta, H. & Osajima, T.
-contain hydrophobic antipsychotic encapsulated in Yoshimoto Pharm.. Ind. KK
biodegradable polymer, allowing prolonged therapeutic effect
by infrequent administration
1994 94-193872 Preparation of drug-releasing biodegradable compositions Miettinen-Laehde, S.S. & Toermaelae,
used for antibiotics, etc.---by ultrasonically melting P.O.
biodegradable polymer matrix and pharmaceutical substance Oriion-Yhtymae OY
1995 95-041205 Sustained release preparation of water-soluble peptide Kirin Brewery KK
hormone---comprising fine tube with specified diameter made
of waster-insoluble biodegradable, high-Mwt substance,
containing core
1995 95-044929 Biodegradable urethral stent---substantially shorter than the Viherksoski, E.
urethra in which it is totally installed
1995 95-351303 Polymer microspheres useful for drug delivery and targeting, Coombes, A.G., Davis, S.S. &
etc---prepared by mixing solution of water-soluble polymer Schacht, E.
and solution of conjugate of poly(ethylene glycol) and Univ. Ghent
evaporating first solvent
Univ. Nottingham
1995 95-122881 Absorbable polymer composition for surgical and medical Arnold, S.C. Reilly, E.P. &
devices, e.g. sutures---comprises absorbable poly(ester Scopelianos, A.G.
anhydride), polylactone or poly(iminocarbonate) and Ethicon Inc.; Johnson & Johnson
polysuccinimide as bio-absorbable reinforcing filler)
416
1996 96-040269 Degradable multilayer melt-blown microfibre webs used for Joseph, E.G. & Rutherford, D.R.
surgical dressings, etc.---comrpise layers of polyolefin, PCL Minnesota Mining & MFG Co.
and degradable resins
1996 96-201507 Long-term fertiliser rods---consist of a shell made of segments Pluder, K.
of polymer material which biodegrade at different rates and Buna GMBH
are filled with plant nutrients
1996 96-267854 Surgical device, e.g. stample or ligating clip----comprising Arnold, S.C., Reilly, E.P. &
polysuccinimide to increase stiffness of polymer and device Scopelianos, A.G.
can withstand heavy loads. Ethicon Inc.
1996 96-350294 Biodegradable resin composites used as containers for medical Mitsubishi Gas Chem. Co. Ltd
products---comprise poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) and
poly(caprolactone) with specified capillary size
1997 97-044600 Expandable intra-luminal stent----made from sheet materials Willams, M.S.
curled into cylinder having over lapping edges, and Advanced Cardiovascular Systems
incorporating external protrusions which engage apertures to
hold the stent in the expanded condition
1997 97-459058 Membrane for tissue or bone regeneration---contains at least Hutmacher, D. & Kirsch, A.
three layers and is flexible and biocompatible Kirsch, A.
6.5 Microbial, Chemical Methods, Synthesis and Degradation Patents

1991 91-051341 Construction and modification of polyester biopolymers---by Peoples, O.P., Sinskey, A.J. &
introduction of poly(hydroxy-butyrate/alkanoate) genes into Sinskey, A.L.
bacteria or plants Massachusetts Inst. Technology
1991 91-305113 Purification of biodegradable polyester(s)---by re-precipitation Heya, T., Ogawa, Y. & Yamada, M.
from organic solvent with water to remove low-Mwt Takeda Chem. Ind. Ltd
contaminants
1992 92-224054 Block copolyester useful for biodegradable transparent film--- Nippon Kayaku KK
prepared by reacting poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) with 6-
hexanolide in presence of acid catalyst for high purity
1992 92-346704 Poly(hydroxybuthyrate) production---by two stage culturing of Kim, K & Lim, K.
Alcaligenes eutrhophus strain Korea Sunthetic Textile Co
1992 92-398873 Transgenic plants for poly(hydroxyalkanoate) production--- Bright, S.W.J., Byrom, D. & Fentem,
containing genes encoding enzymes catalysing P.A.
poly(hydroxyalkanoate) production Zeneca Ltd; ICI plc
1993 93-058785 Transgenic plants producing poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Dennis, D.E., Poirier, Y. &
polymer(s)---obtained by transformation with DNA encoding Somerville, C.R.
3-ketothiolase, acetoacetyl-coA reductase and PHE synthase Univ. Michigan State; Univ. Madison
James
1993 93-059791 Production of poly(hydroxyalkanoate) polymer(s)----by Liebergesell M & Steinbuchel, A.
culturing Chromatium vinosum of transformants containing C Zeneca Ltd
vinosum PHA biosynthetic genes
1993 93-404052 New hydroxyalkanoate polymer derivatives---with terminal Yalpini, M.
alkenyl or alkyl group, and production of partially degraded
hydroxy alkanoate polymer derivatives
1994 94-012388 Biodegradable block copolymer for packaging, agriculture or Doi, Y.
medical use---obtained by ring-opening polymerization of Sumitomo Metal Ind. Ltd.
lactone(s) in organic solvents, gibing good miscibility to
poly(hydroxybutyrate) and poly(caprolactone)
417
1994 94-199818 New fibre-producing plants expressing heterologous Maliyakal, J. & John, M.
bioplastic, especially poly(hydroxyalkanoate)---contain Monsanto Co.
enzymes involved in bioplastic synthesis under control of
fibre-specific cotton promoter
1994 94-265917 Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) production by ring-opening Hori, Y. Nishishita, T. & Yamaguchi,
polymerization---if beta-butyrolactone in presence of tin A.
compound catalyst Tagasago Int. Corp.;
Takasago Perfumery Co. Ltd
1994 94-545260 Polyester compostion Hammond, T., Liggat, J.J., Montador,
J.H. & Webb, A. Zeneca Ltd
1995 95-012035 Biodegradable resin composition preparation for films or Sumitomo Seika Chem. Co. Ltd
sheets---by blending biodegradable plastic with water-soluble
thermoplastic resin.
1995 95-075207 New block copolymers with hydrophilic and hydrophobic Domb, A.J., Gref, R., Langer, R.,
blocks----covalently bonded to multifunctional compound, Minamitake, Y. & Peracchia, M.T.
used to make particles for controlled and optimal targeted Massachusetts Inst. Technology
delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agens
1995 95-162982 Genetically modified micro-organism producing Buttcher, V., Kossman, J. & Wesh, T.
poly(hydroxyalkanoate)---includes foreign gene for hexosyl Inst. Genbiologische Forschung
transferase to allow use of in expensive sugar substrates, also
producing specific polysaccharide Hoechst-Schering
1995 95-311553 Production of biodegradable, e.g. poly(hydroxy butyrate), Lampe, R.A., Noda, I. & Satkowski,
fibrils for non-wovens---by contacting melted or solvated M.M.
liquid resing mixture with gas low Procter and Gamble Co.
1995 95-367684 Degradation of waste polymers, especially poly(hydroxy fatty Batz, H., Jendrossek, D., Sluka, P. &
acid)s---by incubating in aqueous medium in presence of Steinbuechel, A.
micro-organisms; especially isloate SK37, and/or heating in Boehringer Mannheim GMBH
aqueous alkaline medium
1996 96-160943 Poly(hydroxy acid) production using recombinant bacteria; Liebergesell, M., Pries, A.,
especially Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes spp, containing Thiocapsa Steinbuchel, A. & Valentin, H.
poly(hydroxy acid) synthesase gene) Monsanto Co.
1996 96-486372 Thermoplastic biodegradable ether ester direct production Engelhardt, J., Koch, W., Kramer, H.,
from cellulose----uses quaternary ammonium base in Meister, F. & Michels, C.
etherification with oxiran before esterification with Wolff Walsrode AG
monocarboxylic acid, useful for moulding, film or fibre
1997 97-120248 Thermoplstic biodegradable poly(saccharide ester ester) for Engelhardt, J., Fink, H., Kalbe, J.,
fibres---prepared by esterification of the polysaccharide with Koch, R., Koch, W., Mueller, H.P.,
anhydride and reaction of free carboxyl groups with an Szablikowski, L., Weber, G., Weigel,
epoxide, for heat-sable products P. & Mueller, H.
Wolff Walsrode AG
1997 97-226171 Surface-modified cellulose micro-fibrils for filler in Cavaille, J.Y.N., Chanzy, H.D.,
composite---have hydroxyl functions on surface esterified by Fleury, E. & Sassi, J.F.
at least one organic ompound, containing at least one function Rhone Pulenc Rhodia AG
capable of reacting with hydroxyl groups
418
6.6 Blending, Composition and Plasticizer Patents
1991 91-001725 Destructurized starch and hydrophobic, thermo-plastic Lentz, D.J., Sachetto, J. & Silbiger, J.
polymer blends---have improved dimensional stability, Warner Lambert Co.
humidity resistance and toughness, are biodegradable and
used in capsules, foams, films, etc.
1992 92-024382 Hydroxyalkanoate polymer composition---contains Barham, P.J., Organ, S.J. & Webb, A.
ammonium chloride as nucleating agent, avoiding problems Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
with opacity and improving biodegradability
1992 92-064909 Biodegradable plastic composition---containing Carlson, A., Galvin, T.J. & Webb, A.
microbiologically produced copolymer of 3-hydroxybutyrate Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
1993 93-093341 Biodegradable blend of microbiologically produced Doi, Y. & Kumagai, Y.
poly(hydroxybutyric acid)---with chemically synthesized Sumitomo Metal Ind. Ltd
random compolymer of hydroxybutyric acid optical isomers,
for production of flexible film, sheet, etc.
1993 93-200640 Biodegradable polymer composition---contains PVA and Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK
poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)
1993 93-288377 Compatible for polymer blends---comprises A-B block Ballard, D.G.H. & Buckmann, A.J.P.
copolymer where A is at least 50% alkylene side chains and Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
B is at least 70% hydroxybutyric acid residue side chains
1994 94-083141 Plasticizer for biodegradable, highly crystalline polyester(s)--- Montador, J.H. & Webb. A.
comprising an esterified hydroxy carboxylic acid with Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
multiple ester groups in the molecule
1994 94-183458 Polymer composition---containing an oligomer of a polymer Bal, J.S. & Hammond, T.
selected from poly(hydroxyalkanoate), polylactide, Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
poly(caprolactone) and copolymers
1994 121:135566 Polyesters, e.g. PLA or 3-hydroxybutyric acid/3-valeric acid Montador, J.H. & Webb, A.
copolymer, are plasticized with an ester such as Ac tri-Bu Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
citrate
1995 95-022746 Polyester composition with improved impact strength and Hammond, T., Liggatt, J.J., Montador,
elongation---comprises a biodegradable polyester and a J.H. & Webb, A.
specific plasticizer Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
1995 95-022752 Polyester composition comprising two Liggatt, J.J.
poly(hydroxyalkanoate) compounds---including one in (semi) Zeneca Ltd; Monsanto Co.
crystalline form, as a nucleant, for paper, fabric, hygiene
articles, sustained drug or agrochemical release system,
adhesive, etc.
1995 95-024214 Resin composition used to produce porous biodegradable Hisanaka, T. Kuwaki, T., Matsumura,
film---comprising resin mixture of copolymer of D- H., Muta, Y., Ochi, Y. & Shimada, T.
hydroxybuthyrate and D-hydroxy valerate, poly(epsilon- Zeneca Ltd
caprolactone) and inorganic filer
1995 95-027727 Starch composition for biodegradable sheet--includes Tsutsunaka Plastic Ind. Co. Ltd
biodegradable aliphatic polyester, low-Mwt aliphatic
polyester and reinforcing additives
1995 95-076327 Biodegradable thermoplastic mixture of starch ester and Kakushike, R., Rapthel, I., Reichwald,
poly(alkylene glycol)---using low-Mwt polyether(s) and K., Hermann, C. & Runge, J.
polyester(s) derived from amylopectin starch Buna GMBH
1996 96-343504 Biodegradable composition used as plasticizing or Hagiwara, T., Hongo, H., Hori, Y.,
compatibilizing compound----containing poly(3- Takahashi, Y. & Yamaguchi, A.
hydroxybutyric acid) or copolymer and block copolymer Takasago Int. Corp.; Takasago
having a stereospecifically regular structure Perfumery Co. Ltd
1997 97-414566 Biodegradable emulsion binder for non-woven fibre stock--- Iovine, C.P. & Walton, J.H.
97-70811 containing poly(hydroxybutyrate/ hydroxyvalerate) Nat. Starch & Chem. Investment
copolymer, imparts good mechanical properties and is
readily biodegradable Holding Corp.
419
6.7 Patents on Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Chronological Order
US3036959, 29.05.62, James Noel Baptist, Process for preparating poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid
US3044942, 17.07.62, James Noel Baptist, W.R.Grace & Co, Process for preparating poly-ß-
hydroxybutyric acid
US3107172, 15.10.63, James Noel Baptist, Molded product containig poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid and
method of making
US3121669, 18.02.64, James Noel Baptist, Process for preparating poly-ß-hydroxybutyric acid
US3182036, 04.05.65, James Noel Baptist, Plastized poly-beta-hydroxybutyric acid and process
US3275610, 27.10.66, Vernon F. Coty, Microbial synthesis of polymers
US3553081, 05.01.71, Charles T. Goodbue and James R. Schaeffer, Eastman Kodak Company, Process of
microbiological oxidation
US4138291, 08.08.77, Robert Lafferty, Agroferm AG, Microbial methods
US4101533, 18.07.78, Lafferty Robert(AT); Heinzle Elmar, Agroferm AG, Cyclic carbonic acid esters as
solvents for poly-[{β-hydroxybutyric acid
GB2089823, 30.06.82, ICI PLC (GB), Extraction of poly( beta- hydroxybutyric acid)
US4324907, 13.04.82, Senior Peter James; Wright Leonard F; Alderson Barry, ICI PLC (GB), Extraction
process
US4358583, 09.11.82, Walker John; Whitton Jonathan R, ICI PLC (GB), Extraction of poly( beta -hydroxy
butyric acid)
US4433053, 21.02.84, Hughes Lorenzo (GB); Richardson Kenneth R (GB), ICI PLC (GB), Fermentation
process for the production of poly(beta- hydroxy-butyric acid)
US4786598, 22.11.88, Lafferty Robert(AT); Braunegg Gerhart (AT), Danubia Petrochem Polymere (AT),
Process for the biotechnological preparation of poly-D-(-)3-hydroxybutyric acid
EP0015123, 03.09.80, Holmes Paul Arthur; Wright Leopold Frederick; Alderson Barry; Senoir Peter
James, ICI PLC (GB), A process for the extraction of poly-3-hydroxy-butyric acid from microbial cells
EP0015669, 17.09.80, Powel Keith Adrian; Collonson Barbara Ann; Richardson Kenneth Raymond, ICI
PLC (GB), Microbial process for the production of poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid) and micro-organisms
for use therein.
EP0024810, 11.03.81, Barham Peter John; Selwood Alan, ICI PLC (GB), Production of sharped articles by
removal of solvents from gel of high molecular weight crystalline polymers
EP0046017, 17.02.82, Walker John; Whitton Jonathan Richard; Alderson Barry, ICI PLC(GB), Extraction
of poly(beta-hydroxybutyric acid)
EP0046335, 24.02.82, Holmes Paul Arthur; Jones Eric, ICI PLC(GB), Extraction of poly(beta-
EP0052459, 26.10.82, Holmes Paul Arthur; Wright Leopold Frederick;Collins Stephan Hugh, ICI
PLC(GB), Beta-hydroxybutyrate polymers
420
EP0052460, 26.05.82, Holmes Paul Arthur; Wright Leopold Frederick;Collins Stephan Hugh, ICI PLC
(GB), Polymer blends
US4324907, 13.04.82, Senior Peter James; Wright Leonard F; Alderson Barry, ICI PLC (GB), Extraction
process
EP0052946, 02.06.82, Herman Terence John; Holmes Paul Arthur, ICI PLC (GB), Stabilised polyester
compositions
US4358583, 09.11.82, Walker John; Whitton Jonathan R, ICI PLC (GB), Extraction of poly( beta -hydroxy
butyric acid)
EP0069497, 12.01.83, Holmes Paul Arthur; Wright Leopold Frederick;Collins Stephan Hugh, ICI
PLC(GB), Copolyesters and process for their production
US4393167, 12.07.83, Holmes Paul A (GB); LIM Guan B (GB), ICI PLC (GB), Polymer blends containing
polymer of beta-hydroxybutiric acid and chlorine or nitrile group containig polymer
US4433053, 21.02.84, Hughes Lorenzo (GB); Richardson Kenneth R (GB), ICI PLC (GB), Fermentation
process for the production of poly(beta- hydroxy-butyric acid)
EP0114086, 25.07.84, Richardson Kenneth Raymond, ICI PLC (GB), Production of beta-hydroxybutyrate
polymers
EP0204442, 10.12.86, Senior Peter James; Collins Stephn HUGH; Richardson Kenneth Raymond, ICI
PLC(GB), Copolymer production
EP0274151, 13.07.88, Witholt Bernard;Lageveen Roland, Univ Groningen (NL), A process for producing
polyesters by fermentation.
EP0288908, 02.11.88, Doi Yoshiharu, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co (Jp), Process for production of a
random vopolymer comprising D-(-)-3-hydroxybutirate units and D-(-)-3-hydroxyvalerate
Process for the biotechnological preparation of poly-D-(-)3-hydroxybutiric acid
EP0304293, 22.02.89, Doi Yoshiharu, Mitsubishi Chrm. Ind (JP), Copolyester and process for production
the same
WO8900202, 12.01.89, Peoples Oliver P (US) , Massachusetts Inst Technology (US), Method for
producing novel polyester biopolymers
EP0315875, 17.05.89, Schmiedel Rainer Dr; Sandow Jurgen Kurt DR, Hoechst AG (DE), Process for
prepring biodegradable microcapsules containing peptides and proteins soluble in water and microcapsules
obtained by said process
US4910145, 20.03.90., Holmes Paul A (GB); LIM Guan B (GB), ICI PLC (GB), Separation process
Process for the biotechnological preparation of poly-D-(-)3-hydroxybutiric acid
EP0396289, 07.11.90, Anderson Alistar James (GB); Byrom David (GB); Dawes Edwin Alfred (GB);
Haywood Geoffrey William (GB), ICI PLC(GB), Copolymer production
EP0400855, 05.12.90, Herring John Michael (GB); Webb Andrew (GB), ICI PLC(GB), 3-hydroxybutyrate
polymer composition
421
DE4013293, 07.11.91, Wiethaup Wolfgang ipl Phys Dr; Moeller Knut; Hauser Bernard , Bat cigarettenfab
gmbh (DE), Cigarette filter contg. Irregularly oriented fibres-comprises spun poly-hydroxybutyric acid or
copolymer of hydroxybutyric acid
EP0454075, 30.10.91, Wiethaup Wolfgang ipl Phys Dr; Moeller Knut; Hauser Bernard , Bat cigarettenfab
gmbh (DE), Process for manufacturing cigarette filters
WO9100917, 24.01.91, Peoples Oliver P (US); Sinskey Anthony j (US), Massachusetts Inst Technology
(US), Method for producing novel polyester biopolymers
US5110980, 05.05.92, Ramsay Bruce A (CA); Ramsay Juliana (CA); Berger Eric (FR); Chavarie Claude
(CA); Braunegg Gerhart (AT), Ecole Polytechn (CA), Separation of poly-hydroxyalkanoic acid from
microbial biomass
JP4131196, 01.05.92, Saito Yuji, Taisei Corp (JP), Increase of share of PHb producing microorganisms in
active sludge
JP4156998, 29.05.92, Saito Yuji, Taisei Corp (JP), Method for monitoring PHB storage change of activated
sludge
DE3871840, 16.07.92, Binder-feee delayed- release pharmaceutical granules
DE4036067, 14.05.92, Blauhut Wilfred Dipl Ing (AT) Gierlinger Wolfgang (AT); Strempfl Friedrich Dipl
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6.8 Other Relevant Patents
Title Patent Organization/Author Year Material Application
Soybean protein-based thermoplastic composites for moulded articles US5523293 Iowa State University 1996 soybean protein, packaging
Research Foundation Inc. vegetal protein
Biodegradable compostable plastic and method of making the same US5505830 Planet Polymer Technologies 1996 Cellulose acetate packaging
Inc.
Expanded starch-based products and method of preparation of thereof EP-712883 National Starch & Chemical 1996 starch packaging
Investment Holding Corp.
Incorporated Melt-stable lactide polymer composition and process for manufacture thereof US5981694 Cargill 1999 poly(L-lactide) packaging
Polylactic acid-based implant susceptible of bioresorption containing and antibiotic US05567431 CNRS 1996 poly(L-lactide) implant
Aliphatic polyester polymer blends based on polylactic acid, methods for manufacturing the same, EP-753539 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co. 1997 poly(L-lactide) moulding
and methods for moulding the same Inc., Shimadzu Corp. article
Plasticized polyhydroxyalkanoate compositions and methods for their use in the production of US06127512 Monsanto 2000 PHA packaging
shaped polymeric articles
L,D-polylactide copolymers with controlled morphology US5346966 DuPont 1994 poly(DL-lactide)
copolymer
Composition for sustained release of non-aggregated erythropoietin US5716644 Alkermes, Inc., 1998 poly(glycolide-co- drug delivery
lactide) system
Catalyst-free resorbable homopolymers and copolymers US4960866 Boehringer Ingelheim 1990 polyglycolide, medical
Zentrale polylactide, poly
(glycolide-co-lactide)
Blended polycaprolactone thermoplastic molding composition US05753781 Minnesota Mining and 1998 polycaprolacton packaging
Manufacturing Company
Biodegradable (3-Hydroxyalkanoate) compositions and blends US5625029 Eastman Chemical Company 1997 poly(3- packaging
hydroxybutyrate-co-
3-hydroxyvalerate)
Mixture of predominantly one polyhydroxyalkanoate and a compound which contains at least two US5231148 PCD Polymere G.m.b.H. 1993 PHAs packaging
reactive groups, such as acid and/or alcohol groups, and a polymer prepared by melting the mixture
Biodegradable copolymers USRE036548 The Procter & Gamble 2000 PHAs hygiene
Company products
Molding process for polydioxanone polymers US04490326 Ethicon, Inc. 1984 poly(p-dioxanone)
Surgical suture material and method of making and using same US05695879 B. Braun Surgical GmbH 1997 poly(glycolide-co- medical
trimethylene
carbonate)
Malic acid polymers US04320753 Research Corp. 1982 poly(b-malic acid) medical
Biodegradable polymers, the production thereof and use thereof for producing biodegradable US6114042 BASF Aktiengesellschaft 2000 Ecoflex packaging
moldings
Biodegradable foamable co-polyester compositions US06020393 Eastman Chemical Company 2000 Eastar Bio packaging
435
Degradable polyesters, a mixed culture of microorganisms for degrading these polyesters, and US6121033 University of Nebraska 2000 polyester based on packaging
methods for making these substances glutamic acid
Biodegradable poly (amino acid)s, derivatized amino acid polymers and methods for making same US5929198 Nalco Chemical Company 1999 poly(aspartic acid), preventing
poly(glutamic acid) scale
formation
High molecular weight polyanhydride and preparation there of US04757128 Massachusetts Institute of 1988 polyanhydride, drug delivery
Technology polyorthoester system
Bioerodible polymers for drug delivery in bone US5286763 Massachusetts Institute of 1994 polyanhydride, medical
Technology polyorthoester
Mehtod of producing plasticised polyvinyl alcohol and its use for the preparation of starch-based, US5462981 Novamont SpA 1995 polyvinylalcohol, packaging
biodegradable thermoplastic composition starch
Process for manufacturing solid compositions containing polyethylene oxide and an active US6048547 Seth P., Stamm A. 2000 poly(ethyleneoxide), pharmaceuti
ingredient poly(ethyleneglycol), cal
Acidic amino acid resin EP683177 Mitsubishi Chemical Corp. 1995 protein, lysine and packaging
poly(asparaginic
acid)
Fibers comprising water soluble polyamides and articles constructed therefrom US5869596 Fuller Licensing & Financing, 1999 polyamide diapers
Inc.
Biodegradable, anionic polymers derived from the amino acid L-tyrosine US6120491 The State University Rutgers 2000 polypeptides, L- medical
tyrosine
Decomposable packing material US5512339 Bayer AG 1996 BAK, copolyester packaging
amide
Bioabsorbable triglycolic acid poly(ester-amide)s US6120788 BioAmide Inc. 2000 polyester amide packaging,
medical
Biodegradable mixtures of polyphoshazene and other polymers US6077916 University Park 2000 polyphosphazene drug delivery
system
Polyurethane molding compound and biodegradable filaments manufactured from such molding US5496909 Firma Carl Freudenberg 1996 polyurethane packaging
compound
Lignin-containing polyols and their manufacture and use in the production of polyurethanes DE19545550 BASF AG 1997 polyurethane packaging
436
6.9 Patents in Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
437
6.9 Patents in medical and pharmaceutical applications.xls - page 439
Title PATENT :KIND: DATE Patent assignee Drug delivery Eng. Materials Tissue Eng.
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Diamido-diamine polymer-platinum compounds for tumor treatment, and AU 9871245 : A1 : 19981113
preparation thereof US 5985916 : A : 19991116 Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA DD
WO 9900149 : A1 : 19990107
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Method for enhancing the echogenicity and decreasing the attenuation of AU 9882731 : A1 : 19990119
microencapsulated gases EP 996470 : A1 : 20000503 Acusphere, Inc., USA EM microcapsules
WO 9804292 : A2 : 19980205
WO 9804292 : A3 : 19980514
US 5837221 : A : 19981117
CA 2260938 : AA : 19980205
AU 9733672 : A1 : 19980220
AU 720727 : B2 : 20000608
JP 11505272 : T2 : 19990518
JP 2987212 : B2 : 19991206
BR 9711109 : A : 19990817
CN 1226836 : A : 19990825
EP 957942 : A2 : 19991124 EM microcapsule
Polymer-lipid microencapsulated gases for use as imaging agents NO 9900402 : A : 19990322 Acusphere, Inc., USA (imaging)
WO 9966903 : A2 : 19991229
WO 9966903 : A3 : 20000203
Large porous particles emitted from an inhaler AU 9947068 : A1 : 20000110 Advanced Inhalation Research, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
Diketene acetal-polyol polymers with controlled physical state and
bioerodibility US 5968543 : A : 19991019 Advanced Polymer Systems, Inc., USA EM
US 5939453 : A : 19990817
PEG-poly(ortho ester), PEG-poly(ortho ester)-PEG, and poly(ortho ester)- WO 9962983 : A1 : 19991209
PEG-poly(ortho ester) block copolymers AU 9942204 : A1 : 19991220 Advanced Polymer Systems, Inc., USA EM
WO 9725366 : A1 : 19970717
CA 2242631 : AA : 19970717
AU 9715270 : A1 : 19970801
EP 869986 : A1 : 19981014
BR 9706960 : A : 19991228
Polymers with controlled physical state and bioerodibility JP 2000512322 : T2 : 20000919 Advanced Polymers Systems, Inc., USA EM
EP 911355 : A2 : 19990428
EP 911355 : A3 : 20000301
Resorbable polyesters with reduced hydrolysis time DE 19746403 : A1 : 19990429 Aesculap A.-G. + Co. K.-G., Germany EM
JP 11268116 : A2 : 19991005
JP 2990278 : B2 : 19991213
JP 11320674 : A2 : 19991124
Stretching of aliphatic polyester sheets JP 2990277 : B2 : 19991213 Agency of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Japan EM
WO 9741837 : A2 : 19971113
WO 9741837 : A3 : 19980226
CA 2251987 : AA : 19971113
AU 9728972 : A1 : 19971126
EP 904063 : A2 : 19990331
BR 9709217 : A : 19990810
CN 1226821 : A : 19990825
JP 2000503663 : T2 : 20000328 Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics Inc., USA
Manufacture of microparticles for the controlled-release dosage forms NO 9804808 : A : 19990106 Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. DD microcapsule EM
US 5792477 : A : 19980811
Preparation of extended shelf-life biodegradable, biocompatible US 5916598 : A : 19990629 Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics, Inc. II, USA
microparticles containing a biologically active agent US 6110503 : A : 20000829 Janssen Pharmaceutica DD microcapsule
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AT 154240 : E : 19970615
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CA 2189254 : AA : 19951109
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AU 688506 : B2 : 19980312
EP 758227 : A1 : 19970219
JP 10504017 : T2 : 19980414
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Modulated release from biocompatible polymers AU 704647 : B2 : 19990429 Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics, Inc., USA DD
WO 9907418 : A2 : 19990218
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EP 1003569 : A2 : 20000531
Sterile bioerodible implant device containing a retinoid with improved US 6074661 : A : 20000613
biocompatibility US 6110485 : A : 20000829 Allergan Sales, Inc., USA EM
WO 9814168 : A2 : 19980409
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Dosage form and method for administering drug CN 1231603 : A : 19991013 Alza Corp., USA DD
WO 9736553 : A1 : 19971009
CA 2250760 : AA : 19971009
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EP 907338 : A1 : 19990414 American Cyanamid Co., USA
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Crystalline copolymers their preparation and their use JP 2000508017 : T2 : 20000627 Kramer, Hildegard I. EM
Biodegradable pH/thermosensitive hydrogels for sustained delivery of
biologically active agents WO 2000038651 : A1 : 20000706 Amgen Inc., USA EM
Thermosensitive biodegradable hydrogels for sustained delivery of WO 2000000222 : A1 : 20000106
biologically active agents AU 9949599 : A1 : 20000117 Amgen Inc., USA DD
WO 9846212 : A1 : 19981022
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Biodegradable microparticles for for the sustained delivery of therapeutic AU 9871348 : A1 : 19981111
drugs EP 975334 : A1 : 20000202 Amgen Inc., USA DD
WO 9953943 : A2 : 19991028
Therapeutic angiogenic factors, such as a pleitrophin or midkine protein, WO 9953943 : A3 : 20000120
formulations and methods for their use AU 9934955 : A1 : 19991108 Angiogenix, Incorporated, USA TE
WO 9921908 : A1 : 19990506 Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Can.
Polymeric systems for drug delivery and uses thereof AU 9896176 : A1 : 19990517 University of British Columbia DD EM
US 5788978 : A : 19980804
Injectable pulsatile ivermectin composition BR 9706094 : A : 19990427 Argent. DD microcapsule
Asahi Optical Co., Ltd., Japan
Bone prosthetic sheets and their manufacture JP 2000126280 : A2 : 20000509 Gunze, Ltd. EM
WO 9729145 : A1 : 19970814
AU 9716011 : A1 : 19970828 Asta Medica A.-G., Germany
Copolymers with polyester-polycarbonate blocks containing EP 879258 : A1 : 19981125 Ferruti, Paolo
poly(caprolactone) segments, and use thereof for the preparation of JP 2000505831 : T2 : 20000516 Penco, Maurizio
biodegradable matrixes US 5916998 : A : 19990629 Ranucci, Elisabetta EM
WO 9746265 : A1 : 19971211
AU 9731128 : A1 : 19980105
AU 719419 : B2 : 20000511
EP 906126 : A1 : 19990407
BR 9709639 : A : 19990810
CN 1226178 : A : 19990818
JP 2000511446 : T2 : 20000905
ZA 9704846 : A : 19981202 Astra Aktiebolag, Swed.
NO 9805628 : A : 19990203 Bowald, Staffan
Wound dressing comprising bioresorbable polymers SE 9804184 : A : 19990202 Dvarsater, Gudmund EM
Controlled release liquid delivery compositions with low initial drug burst WO 2000024374 : A1 : 20000504 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA DD
EP 950403 : A2 : 19991020
EP 950403 : A3 : 20000412
Emulsions for in-situ delivery systems JP 11343228 : A2 : 19991214 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA DD
Polymer formulation for prevention of surgical adhesions US 5962006 : A : 19991005 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA EM
Biodegradable polymer encapsulated serotonin receptor antagonist and
method for preparing the same WO 2000035423 : A1 : 20000622 Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc., USA DD
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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uses of these implants WO 9742987 : A1 : 19971120 Kost, Joseph EM
WO 9920253 : A1 : 19990429
SE 9703874 : A : 19990424
SE 512663 : C2 : 20000417
AU 9894670 : A1 : 19990510
EP 1033973 : A1 : 20000913
ZA 9809199 : A : 19990415
Encapsulation method using biodegradable polymers NO 2000002039 : A : 20000613 Bioglan Therapeutics AB, Swed. DD microcapsule
WO 2000004916 : A1 : 20000203
Encapsulation of water soluble peptides AU 9949646 : A1 : 20000214 Biomeasure Incorporated, USA DD microcapsule
Preparation of ionic molecular conjugates of biodegradable polyesters and Biomeasure Incorporated, USA
bioactive peptides WO 2000043435 : A1 : 20000727 Poly-Med DD
WO 9911296 : A2 : 19990311
WO 9911296 : A3 : 19990624
Bioactive and biodegradable composites of polymers and ceramics or AU 9896228 : A1 : 19990322
glasses and method to manufacture such composites EP 1009448 : A2 : 20000621 Bionix Implants Oy, Finland EM
WO 2000048573 : A1 : 20000824
Biodegradable composite material for the production of microcapsules DE 10008880 : A1 : 20000824 Bioserv A.-G., Germany DD microcapsule EM
DE 19614421 : A1 : 19971016
DE 19614421 : C2 : 19991216
Biodegradable bone substitute and implant material and parts manufactured WO 9738741 : A1 : 19971023
therewith AU 9726921 : A1 : 19971107 Biovision Gmbh, Germany TE
Biodegradable polymer material bearing biologically active agents and their
preparation WO 2000050497 : A1 : 20000831 Bioxid Oy, Finland DD
JP 11226110 : A2 : 19990824
Surgical adhesive compositions containing cyanoacrylates and EP 937468 : A2 : 19990825
biodegradable and bioabsorbable polymers US 6103778 : A : 20000815 BMG Co, Ltd., Japan EM
Biodegradable and bioabsorbable bone fixation materials and their JP 11206871 : A2 : 19990803
manufacture EP 933089 : A2 : 19990804 BMG Co, Ltd., Japan EM
WO 9925391 : A2 : 19990527
WO 9925391 : A3 : 19990826
Biodegradable polymer scaffold EP 1030697 : A2 : 20000830 Bonetec Corporation, Can. EM
Biodegradable, biopolymeric bioelectret implant for tissue regeneration WO 9918892 : A1 : 19990422 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA TE
WO 9847445 : A1 : 19981029
Bioerodible polymeric semi-interpenetrating network alloys for surgical US 6071982 : A : 20000606
plates and bone cements EP 1003441 : A1 : 20000531 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA EM
US 5817328 : A : 19981006
WO 9736555 : A1 : 19971009
Material for buffered resorbable internal fixation devices and method for CA 2251472 : AA : 19971009
making it EP 915684 : A1 : 19990519 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA EM
WO 9736555 : A1 : 19971009
Material for buffered resorbable internal fixation devices and method for US 5817328 : A : 19981006
making same EP 915684 : A1 : 19990519 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA EM
Buffered resorbable internal fixation devices for repair of bone fractures WO 9725936 : A1 : 19970724 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA TE
WO 9850018 : A1 : 19981112
Preparation of microsphere drug delivery systems AU 9872019 : A1 : 19981127 Can. DD microcapsules
Method for preparation of polymer microcapsule of insulin, 5- Fu and Chemical Inst., Chinese Academy of Sciences, Peop. Rep.
streptomycin CN 1229646 : A : 19990929 China DD microcapsule
Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Preparation of sustained-release microcapsule injections of hormones CN 1126589 : A : 19960717 Sciences, Peop. Rep. China DD microcapsule
Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of
Release-controlled hormone microsphere injection and its preparation CN 1127634 : A : 19960731 Sciences, Peop. Rep. China DD microcapsule
US 5700485 : A : 19971223
US 5618563 : A : 19970408
CA 2220180 : AA : 19961107
WO 9634599 : A1 : 19961107
AU 9657207 : A1 : 19961121
AU 705737 : B2 : 19990603
EP 825853 : A1 : 19980304
Prolonged nerve blockade by the combination of local anesthetic and JP 11504634 : T2 : 19990427
glucocorticoid US 5922340 : A : 19990713 Children's Medical Center Corp., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9922781 : A2 : 19990514
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AU 9911259 : A1 : 19990524
Biocompatible biodegradable polymers for use as artificial tissue or organ EP 1032435 : A2 : 20000906 Children's Medical Center Corporation, USA TE
WO 9851290 : A2 : 19981119
WO 9851290 : A3 : 19990211 Children's Medical Center Corporation, USA
Local anesthetic formulations AU 9873890 : A1 : 19981208 Brigham and Women's Hospital, Inc. DD
Microparticles with adsorbent surfaces, methods of making same, and uses WO 2000006123 : A1 : 20000210
thereof AU 9952452 : A1 : 20000221 Chiron Corporation, USA DD microcapsule
WO 9930737 : A1 : 19990624
Polymeric microparticles combined with submicron oil-in-water emulsions for AU 9862538 : A1 : 19990705
vaccines US 6086901 : A : 20000711 Chiron Corporation, USA DD microcapsule
WO 9924061 : A1 : 19990520
AU 9913841 : A1 : 19990531
Method for producing IGF-1 sustained-release formulations EP 1028746 : A1 : 20000823 Chiron Corporation, USA DD microcapsule
DE 19932216 : A1 : 20000127
Particles, in particular micro- or nanoparticles, of crosslinked mono- and FR 2780901 : A1 : 20000114
oligosaccharides, their production, and cosmetic, pharmaceutical, or food NL 1012517 : C2 : 20000111
compositions containing them JP 2000038402 : A2 : 20000208 Coletica, Fr. DD microcapsule
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US 6042820 : A : 20000328
AU 9854721 : A1 : 19980717
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Biodegradable targetable microparticle delivery system JP 2000509428 : T2 : 20000725 Connaught Laboratories Ltd., Can. DD microcapsule
CA 2199890 : AA : 19970926
Stents and stent-grafts having enhanced hoop strength and methods of AU 9716507 : A1 : 19971002
making the same EP 797963 : A3 : 19980114 Corvita Corporation, USA EM coating
Biodegradable gas-barrier multilayer poly(vinyl alcohol) film useful for EP 1022127 : A2 : 20000726
ostomy/urostomy bags or pouches JP 2000211075 : A2 : 20000802 Cryovac, Inc., USA EM
Laminates of lactic acid polymers containing biodegradation accelerators,
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Biodegradable products, biodegradable materials and their manufacture JP 10298435 : A2 : 19981110 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc., Japan EM
Biodegradable materials based on lactide-diol-dicarboxylic acid block JP 10033657 : A2 : 19980210

copolymers for medical and pharmaceutical uses and their manufacture US 5955529 : A : 19990921 Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc., Japan DD EM
Biocompatible composites containing calcium phosphate, polyesters, and Dainippon Ink and Chemicals, Inc., Japan
fibers JP 10298108 : A2 : 19981110 Kagaku Gijutsucho Mukizaishitsu Kenkyu sho EM composite
WO 9955760 : A1 : 19991104
FR 2777895 : A1 : 19991029
Noncrosslinked block polyether-polyester, its preparation and use AU 9941361 : A1 : 19991116 Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Switz. EM
WO 9741836 : A1 : 19971113
FR 2748205 : A1 : 19971107
CA 2253377 : AA : 19971113
AU 9727735 : A1 : 19971126 Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Switz.
AU 710539 : B2 : 19990923 Rothen-Weinhold, Alexandra
EP 896527 : A1 : 19990217 Gurny, Robert
Pharmaceutical compositions for the sustained release of insoluble active JP 2000509403 : T2 : 20000725 Orsolini, Piero
principle NO 9805145 : A : 19981104 Heimgartner, Frederic DD
WO 9926556 : A1 : 19990603
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WO 9963967 : A1 : 19991216
Biodegradable intra-vaginal devices AU 9945345 : A1 : 19991230 DEC International N.Z. Limited, N. Z. DD
Polymer-based biodegradable porous shaped implants WO 2000050104 : A1 : 20000831 Degradable Solutions A.-G., Switz. EM
Solid and semisolid formulations for local administration comprising
polylactide-polyglycolide FR 2770134 : A1 : 19990430 Delab, Fr. DD
WO 9738676 : A1 : 19971023
JP 2000508931 : T2 : 20000718
Bioerodible polymeric adhesives for tissue repair EP 1021165 : A1 : 20000726 Depuy Orthopaedics, Inc., USA TE
WO 9731966 : A1 : 19970904
US 5756652 : A : 19980526
CA 2233653 : AA : 19970904
EP 883642 : A1 : 19981216
Poly(ester-anhydrides) and polyester intermediates and their preparation JP 2000505499 : T2 : 20000509 Depuy Orthopaedics, Inc., USA EM
DE 19706621 : A1 : 19980827
Bioresorbable waxlike composition, its use as bone wax, and method for its EP 860171 : A2 : 19980826 Deutsche Institute fuer Textil- und Faserforschung Stuttgart -
preparation EP 860171 : A3 : 19990512 Stiftung des oeffentlichen Rechts, Germany EM
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Sustained-release implants for treatment of dementia, and their manufacture JP 10120553 : A2 : 19980512 Eisai Co., Ltd., Japan DD
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Gas sterilization and degassing of bioabsorbable medical goods JP 2000237289 : A2 : 20000905 Ethicon Inc., Japan EM
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Pharmaceutical preparation containing colloidal polymer-active substance
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Shaped parts, in particular foils, for promotion of osteogenesis in the jaw DE 19830992 : C2 : 20000608 Germany EM
Production of biologically degradable, injection-moldable

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Material composition for tissue formation WO 9947097 : A3 : 19991111 Germany TE
Stabilizing device for a dental implant DE 19741395 : A1 : 19990408 Germany EM
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Porous polyglycolides or polyhydroxy carboxylic acids and their preparation DE 19709763 : A1 : 19980917 Germany EM
Biodegradable composite material for tissue repair WO 2000047245 : A1 : 20000817 Giltech Limited, UK TE
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Suture-coating materials containing .epsilon.-caprolactone polymers and
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Screws for bone connection JP 9276288 : A2 : 19971028 Gunze, Ltd., Japan EM
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Biodegradable .gamma.-butyrolactone copolymers for agricultural and
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Cartilage tissue engineering JP 2000237298 : A2 : 20000905 Isotis B.V., Neth. TE
Device for tissue engineering bone comprising biodegradable thermoplastic EP 891783 : A1 : 19990120
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Thermoplastic fiber net materials coated with biodegradable polymers for
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Biodegradable, injectable oligomer-polymer composition DE 19908753 : A1 : 20000824 Jenapharm G.m.b.H. & Co. K.-G., Germany DD
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Injectable implant EP 938342 : A2 : 19990901 Jenapharm G.m.b.H. und Co. K.-G., Germany EM
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Biodegradable molding compound based on hydroxy carboxylic acid EP 934976 : A3 : 20000202 Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho, Japan
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Process for producing poly(hydroxycarboxylic acids) CA 2223369 : AA : 19980611 Kyowa Yuka Co., Ltd., Japan EM
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Polyester polyether block copolymers for medical use EP 1014998 : A1 : 20000705 Life Medical Sciences Incorporated, USA EM
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Three-dimensional polymer matrixes for tissue engineering and various WO 9909149 : A1 : 19990225
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Microspheres comprising a polymer and a drug dispersed within it US 5718921 : A : 19980217 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD EM
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Bioresorbable compositions for implantable prostheses US 6028164 : A : 20000222 Meadox Medicals, Inc., USA TE
Biodegradable polymeric material that releases nitric oxide for therapeutic
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Biocompatible polyester-polyoxyalkylene block copolymers, manufacturing
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Bioabsorbable surgical sutures comprising aliphatic polyesters JP 10099424 : A2 : 19980421 Mitsubishi Chemical Industries Ltd., Japan EM
Polyester-polyoxymethylene blends and their moldings with good heat and

solvent resistance, moldability, biodegradability, and strength JP 2000017153 : A2 : 20000118 Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan EM
Partially crosslinked poly(amino acid anhydride)-type copolymers for
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Biodegradable polymers as carriers of biologically active substances JP 11279420 : A2 : 19991012 Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan DD EM
Biodegradable formulation JP 11279419 : A2 : 19991012 Mitsui Chemicals Inc., Japan DD
Manufacture of poly(amino acid) particles with narrow particle size
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Manufacture of high-molecular-weight poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) JP 2000186135 : A2 : 20000704 Mitsui Petrochemical Industries, Co., Ltd., Japan EM
Slow-release pharmaceutical compositions JP 9316008 : A2 : 19971209 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., Japan DD microcapsule
Injection molding device for (biodegradable) thermoplastic resins JP 10264207 : A2 : 19981006 Miyama Kasei K. K., Japan EM
Controlled drug delivery system using the conjugation of drug to Mogam Biotechnology Research Institute, S. Korea
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Composition and method for treating glaucoma WO 2000037056 : A2 : 20000629 Oculex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., USA EM
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Pharmaceutical preparation exhibiting antimicrobial activity SK 279067 : B6 : 19980603 Odbor Spravy Majetku Mo, Czech Rep. DD
Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics of aliphatic polyester fibers containing
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Osteobiologics, Inc., USA
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Biodegradable polyphosphazene polymer blends, interpenetrating networks

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Slow-release compositions for chemotherapy CN 1174702 : A : 19980304 Peop. Rep. China DD
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Biomedical polyurethane, its preparation and use WO 9964491 : A1 : 19991216 Polyganics B.V., Neth. EM
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Control of bioabsorption of aliphatic polyesters with .alpha.-hydroxy acids
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Biodegradable lactic acid copolymers with high molecular weight and good
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Preparation of lactide as material for biodegradable poly(lactic acid) from
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Biodegradable lactic acid polymer compositions JP 9296103 : A2 : 19971118 Shimadzu Corp., Japan EM
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Solid particle-forming compositions for treatment of periodontal disease JP 2000095677 : A2 : 20000404 Sunstar, Inc., Japan DD
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Novel microparticles and their preparation and use JP 11269097 : A2 : 19991005 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
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Bioabsorptive shape-memory lactic acid-based polymer stent JP 11137694 : A2 : 19990525 Takiron Co., Ltd., Japan EM
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Biodegradable plugs for artificial joint system JP 10309297 : A2 : 19981124 Takiron Co., Ltd., Japan EM composite
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Biodegradable polymer matrix for tissue repair US 5932539 : A : 19990803 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois, USA EM TE
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Engineering oral tissues US 5885829 : A : 19990323 The Regents of the University of Michigan, USA TE
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Manufacture of biodegradable poly(p-dioxanone) with narrow molecular
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Optical sensor for in situ measurement of analytes AU 9946327 : A1 : 20000124 Torsana Diabetes Diagnostics A/B, Den. EM
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Extraction process for producing poly(DL-lactide-glycolide) microspheres US 5693343 : A : 19971202 United States Dept. of the Army, USA EM microcapsule
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Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics for moldings comprising lactic acid polymer
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Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics of long conjugate fibers from poly(alkylene

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Biodegradable wet-laid nonwoven fabrics with good tensile strength and
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Biodegradable laminated nonwoven fabrics with good tensile strength and
Biodegradable wet-laid nonwoven fabrics with good tensile strength and
Biodegradable laminated nonwoven fabrics and their manufacture JP 9279449 : A2 : 19971028 Unitika Ltd., Japan EM
Biodegradable polyanhydrides derived from dimers of bile acids, and use CA 2202676 : AA : 19981014
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Stereocomplex hydrogels WO 2000048576 : A1 : 20000824 Universiteit Utrecht, Neth. EM
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Pulsed laser ablation to coat drug particles WO 2000028969 : A2 : 20000525 University of Florida, USA DD microcapsule
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Biodegradable composites for implants EP 1005379 : A1 : 20000607 University of Nottingham, UK EM
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Injectable biodegradable block copolymer gels for use in drug delivery EP 1024790 : A1 : 20000809 University of Utah Research Foundation, USA DD
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Biologically active glass-based substrate and biodegradable polymer AU 9888251 : A1 : 19990301 US Biomaterials Corporation, USA TE
Biocompatible crosslinked polymers capable of reacting and crosslinking in
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Compact dosage unit for buccal drug administration WO 2000042959 : A1 : 20000727 USA DD
Microsphere encapsulation of gene transfer vectors US 6048551 : A : 20000411 USA DD microcapsule
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Biodegradable implant material comprising bioactive ceramic EP 1018978 : A1 : 20000719 USA EM composite
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End-capped biocompatible polymers and their use AU 9861699 : A1 : 19980908 USA DD
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Biodegradable osteosynthesis implant EP 980273 : A1 : 20000223 White Spot A.-G., Switz. TE
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Microparticle formulation and method for inhibiting smooth muscle cell Mikos, Antonios G.
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Manufacture of biodegradable, flexible aliphatic polyester copolymers with
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EP 778304 : A2 : 19970611
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Hydrophobic resorbable polyesters for medical use DE 19545327 : A1 : 19970612 Forschung E.V., Germany EM
Method for reducing or preventing post-surgical adhesion formation using
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Biodegradable polymeric microspheres for the prepn. and use of ES 2096521 : A1 : 19970301
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Biodegradable porous molded materials without fillers and their manufacture JP 9136982 : A2 : 19970527 Mitsubishi Rayon Co., Ltd., Japan EM
Apparatus and method for removal of monomers from polylactic acid JP 9104745 : A2 : 19970422 Shimadzu Corp., Japan EM
Biodegradable and bioabsorbable cellular structures for surgical use JP 9075442 : A2 : 19970325 Takiron Co., Ltd., Japan EM
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Preparation of bioresorbable polymer EP 857184 : A1 : 19980812 Perego, Gabriele EM
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Delayed-release microspheres for intracerebral implantation for inhibiting EP 765659 : A1 : 19970402
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Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics of lactic acid polymer long fibers with good
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Biodegradable nonwoven fabrics of lactic acid polymer long fibers with

improved softness and good tensile strength and their manufacture JP 9095850 : A2 : 19970408 Unitika Ltd., Japan EM
JP 9078429 : A2 : 19970325
Biodegradable hygroscopic nonwoven fabrics and their manufacture EP 731198 : A3 : 19981202 Unitika Ltd., Japan EM
JP 9078427 : A2 : 19970325
Biodegradable hygroscopic nonwoven fabrics and their manufacture EP 731198 : A3 : 19981202 Unitika Ltd., Japan EM
Manufacture of biodegradable composite fibers with good moisture Unitika Ltd., Japan
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Thermosensitive biodegradable polymers based on poly(ether-ester) block EP 863745 : A1 : 19980916
copolymers JP 11513985 : T2 : 19991130 Macromed, Inc., USA DD EM
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Polymeric-hydroxyapatite bone composite US 5766618 : A : 19980616 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA EM composite
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Biologically absorbable aliphatic polyether-polyesters and their blends for CN 1154385 : A : 19970716
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Moldable, hand-shapable biodegradable implant material AU 9672591 : A1 : 19970430 Osteobiologics, Inc., USA EM
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Prolonged release of GM-CSF AU 9954017 : A1 : 19991223 American Cyanamid Company DD
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Biodegradable polymer matrixes for sustained delivery of local anesthetic US 5700485 : A : 19971223
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Biodegradable implant manufacture of polymer-based material and a EP 861097 : A1 : 19980902 Toermaelae, Pertti
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3-Phenylthiomethylstyrene derivative-coated polymer stents for endarterial
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WO 9710849 : A1 : 19970327
CA 2231886 : AA : 19970327
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Copolymeric micelle drug compositions for delivery of hydrophobic drugs JP 10512287 : T2 : 19981124 Pai, Chaul Min DD
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JP 9234243 : A2 : 19970909
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CA 2205231 : AA : 19970320
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Osteosynthetic material, composited implant material, and process for NO 9702191 : A : 19970714 Shikinami, Yasuo
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Sustained-release pharmaceutical microcapsules comprising peptides and NO 9603678 : A : 19970305
biodegradable polymers CN 1148956 : A : 19970507 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
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Reactive polymer with biodegradable backbone and its preparation EP 898590 : A1 : 19990303 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc., USA EM
Method and means for cartilage repair CA 2178243 : AA : 19961208 Halpern, Alan A., USA TE
Biodegradable polymer needles for embedding sutures JP 9047457 : A2 : 19970218 Koseki Tomoaki, Japan EM
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Multiblock biodegradable hydrogels for use as controlled release agents for EP 842209 : A2 : 19980520
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Introgene B.V., Neth.
Octoplus B.V.
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A transfection system using poly(organo)phosphazenes complexes with Hennink, Wilhelmus Everhardus
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Drug delivery systems for macromolecular drugs WO 9704747 : A1 : 19970213 Dunn, James M., USA DD
Bioresorbable polycarbonate random copolymer-based fibers, method of
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Chikyu Kankyo Sangyo Gijutsu K, Japan
Biodegradable, flexible polymer compositions JP 9020857 : A2 : 19970121 Rikagaku Kenkyusho
Lactic acid-based resin compositions with good hydrolysis resistance JP 9012688 : A2 : 19970114 Toyo Boseki, Japan EM
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WO 9702810 : A3 : 19970220
CA 2223884 : AA : 19970130
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GB 2317340 : A1 : 19980325
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Polymeric lamellar substrate particles for drug delivery US 6001395 : A : 19991214 Wood, John Michael DD
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Biocompatible and biodegradable nanoparticles designed for proteinaceous JP 11504655 : T2 : 19990427
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Krebs cycle acid polyesters and use thereof EP 830407 : A1 : 19980325 Dynagen, Inc., USA EM
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Method of producing sustained-release preparation JP 10007583 : A2 : 19980113 Misaki, Masafumi DD
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Spray-dried polymeric microparticles containing imaging agents AU 9663780 : A1 : 19961230 Brown University Research Foundation, USA EM imaging
Heat-sealable, multilayer, biodegradable polymer films including poly(lactic Mitsubishi Plastics Ind, Japan
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EP 748634 : A2 : 19961218
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Surgical implant with infection-resistant surface of resorbable material JP 9024093 : A2 : 19970128 B. Braun Surgical Gmbh, Germany DD
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CA 2221784 : AA : 19961212
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EP 831808 : A1 : 19980401 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan
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CN 1187122 : A : 19980708 Muranishi, Hiroya
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Osteogenetic promoting pharmaceutical composition NO 9705636 : A : 19980128 Iwasa, Susumu DD
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Biodegradable moldable surgical material CA 2175285 : AA : 19961208 United States Surgical Corporation, USA EM
WO 9639095 : A1 : 19961212 Yissum Research Development Company of the Hebrew
Preparation of polymeric ocular inserts AU 9657757 : A1 : 19961224 University of Jerusalem, Israel DD
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Intravitreal microsphere drug delivery and method of preparation AU 9659545 : A1 : 19961218 Schepens Eye Research Institute, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
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Controlled release biodegradable micro- and nanospheres containing JP 11503147 : T2 : 19990323
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Method for drug delivery to the pulmonary system US 6071497 : A : 20000606 Pharmaceutical Discovery Corporation, USA DD microcapsule
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Implantable bioresorbable membrane and method for the preparation EP 857072 : A1 : 19980812 Jung, Jong, Pyoung
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Preparation of cellular materials by the solution-precipitating technique for
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CA 2216639 : AA : 19961003
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Medical device treated with a hydrophilic polymer composition JP 11502734 : T2 : 19990309 Aortech Europe Ltd., UK
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CA 2216417 : AA : 19961024
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JP 10510293 : T2 : 19981006
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Polypeptide-containing pharmaceutical forms of administration in the form of EP 814778 : A1 : 19980107
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EP 712421 : A1 : 19960522
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Biodegradable injectable particles for imaging JP 9504308 : T2 : 19970428 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA EM imaging
Lactic acid polymer fibers and their preparation JP 8226016 : A2 : 19960903 Mitsubishi Rayon Co, Japan EM
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Biodegradable polymer implant for fracture nonunions AU 9647574 : A1 : 19961002 Board of Regents, the University of Texas System, USA EM
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Preparation of sustained-release emulsions containing LH-RH-antagonizing AU 9644591 : A1 : 19960814
bioactive peptides and biodegradable polymers JP 8259460 : A2 : 19961008 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
Manufacture of lactic acid-based polymers by ring-opening polymerization of
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EP 722966 : A2 : 19960724
EP 722966 : A3 : 19961023
CA 2167455 : AA : 19960720
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BR 9600160 : A : 19980106
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Bioabsorbable polyalkylene diglycolates CN 1169440 : A : 19980107 Ethicon Inc., USA EM
Liquid polymer delivery system comprising biodegradable, water-insoluble WO 9621427 : A1 : 19960718
polymer AU 9646525 : A1 : 19960731 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA DD
CA 2160314 : AA : 19960413
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Composite sheet materials comprising films and nonwoven fabrics of JP 9169082 : A2 : 19970630
polymers of lactic acid US 5702826 : A : 19971230 Fiberweb Sodoca Sarl, Fr. EM
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Surface-modified nanoparticles and method of making and using them JP 10511957 : T2 : 19981117 USA DD microcapsule
Biodegradable and injectable polymers as sustained-release drug carriers JP 8176016 : A2 : 19960709 University of Miami, USA DD
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Method of controlling pH in the vicinity of biodegradable implants, and WO 9619248 : A3 : 19961114
method of increasing surface porosity AU 9644241 : A1 : 19960710 Board of Regents, the University of Texas System, USA EM
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CA 2178602 : AA : 19960530
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Compositions containing lazaroids and their use for preventing adhesions JP 10511645 : T2 : 19981110 University of Southern California, USA DD
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Controlled-release container with core and outer shell EP 788340 : A1 : 19970813 Daratech Pty. Ltd., Australia DD
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Drug-releasing stent EP 761251 : A1 : 19970312 Kabushikikaisha Igaki Iryo Sekkei, Japan DD
Aminoxyl-containing radical spin labeling in polymers and copolymers US 5516881 : A : 19960514 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc., USA DD
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Preparation process of polyhydroxycarboxylic acid FI 9505175 : A : 19960503 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., Japan EM
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Contrast agents comprising gas-containing polymer microparticles and/or US 5990263 : A : 19991123 Marsden, John Christopher, UK
microballoons for diagnostic applications NO 9700995 : A : 19970506 Nycomed Imaging AS EM imaging
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Absorbable lactide polymer blends US 5705181 : A : 19980106 Ethicon, Inc., USA EM
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Differentially biodegradable biomedical implants JP 10506811 : T2 : 19980707 Otogen Corporation, USA EM
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DE 4440095 : A1 : 19960515
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Surgical suture material comprising glycolide/trimethylene carbonate BR 9505138 : A : 19971021
copolymer US 6011121 : A : 20000104 B. Braun Surgical Gmbh, Germany EM
WO 9607399 : A1 : 19960314
CA 2196184 : AA : 19960314
AU 9533990 : A1 : 19960327
AU 695323 : B2 : 19980813
EP 779806 : A1 : 19970625
CN 1157562 : A : 19970820
BR 9509201 : A : 19971230
EP 1002529 : A1 : 20000524
JP 8217691 : A2 : 19960827
FI 9700952 : A : 19970306
Sustained-release preparation containing metal salt of a peptide NO 9701030 : A : 19970306 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD
WO 9603984 : A1 : 19960215
US 5626862 : A : 19970506
CA 2196304 : AA : 19960215
EP 774964 : A1 : 19970528
JP 10505587 : T2 : 19980602
Controlled local delivery of chemotherapeutic agents for treating solid US 5651986 : A : 19970729 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
tumors US 5846565 : A : 19981208 Johns Hopkins Univ. DD
Lactic acid polymer-based compositions for injection molding JP 8027363 : A2 : 19960130 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Japan EM
JP 8027255 : A2 : 19960130
Manufacture of poly(lactic acid) JP 3024907 : B2 : 20000327 Japan Steel Works Ltd, Japan EM
Biodegradable aliphatic polyesters and their manufacture JP 8003296 : A2 : 19960109 Mitsubishi Kagaku Kk, Japan EM
Poly(lactic acid) compositions JP 8003432 : A2 : 19960109 Mitsubishi Kagaku Kk, Japan EM
WO 9600592 : A2 : 19960111
WO 9600592 : A3 : 19960222
Biodegradable fracture fixation plates and their uses AU 9529521 : A1 : 19960125 Board of Regents, University of Texas System, USA EM
WO 9535097 : A1 : 19951228
CA 2193203 : AA : 19951228
AU 9527436 : A1 : 19960115
AU 689272 : B2 : 19980326
GB 2303551 : A1 : 19970226
GB 2303551 : B2 : 19980422
EP 766554 : A1 : 19970409
JP 9510477 : T2 : 19971021
JP 2963540 : B2 : 19991018
NO 9605403 : A : 19961216
FI 9605068 : A : 19970217
Polymer microparticles for drug delivery US 5869103 : A : 19990209 University of Nottingham, UK DD microcapsule
Immobilization of biologically active materials and diagnostic agents in cross- WO 9532736 : A1 : 19951207
linked poly(organophosphazenes) AU 9526581 : A1 : 19951221 Penn State Research Foundation, USA EM
EP 689807 : A2 : 19960103
Biodegradable mesh-and-film stent EP 689807 : A3 : 19960807 Advanced Cardiovascular Systems, Inc., USA EM
Production of high-molecular-weight poly(lactic acid) US 5470944 : A : 19951128 ARCH Development Corp., USA EM
US 5468505 : A : 19951121
US 5410016 : A : 19950425
CA 2178487 : AA : 19950615
WO 9515747 : A1 : 19950615
AU 9513381 : A1 : 19950627
AU 690949 : B2 : 19980507
EP 732915 : A1 : 19960925
EP 732915 : B1 : 20000809
JP 9509401 : T2 : 19970922
Pharmaceutical gels local delivery of fibrinolysis enhancing agents AT 195250 : E : 20000815 University of Texas System, USA DD
WO 9527482 : A1 : 19951019
CA 2187153 : AA : 19951019
AU 9522230 : A1 : 19951030
Effervescent pharmaceutical formulations containing controlled-release EP 754034 : A1 : 19970122
biodegradable microcapsules JP 9511517 : T2 : 19971118 Elan Corp., PLC, Ire. DD microcapsule
Bioerodible polymers for solid controlled release pharmaceutical
compositions US 5461140 : A : 19951024 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, USA DD EM
Porous prosthetics with biodegradable material-impregnated interstitial WO 9528973 : A1 : 19951102
spaces AU 9523988 : A1 : 19951116 Board of Regents, University of Texas System, USA EM
JP 7216095 : A2 : 19950815
JP 2642869 : B2 : 19970820
Biodegradable multiblock polymers for use as drug delivering matrix US 5548035 : A : 19960820 Sam Yang Co., Ltd., S. Korea EM
WO 9524929 : A2 : 19950921
WO 9524929 : A3 : 19951228
CA 2190121 : AA : 19950921
AU 9521214 : A1 : 19951003
AU 710504 : B2 : 19990923
Polymeric gene delivery system EP 804249 : A2 : 19971105 Brown University Research Foundation, USA DD
US 5456917 : A : 19951010
WO 9423698 : A1 : 19941027
Method for making a bioerodible material for the sustained release of a EP 693923 : A1 : 19960131
medicament and the material made from the method JP 8512288 : T2 : 19961224 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA DD EM
WO 9512629 : A1 : 19950511
EP 726920 : A1 : 19960821
EP 726920 : B1 : 20000823
High molecular weight polyesterpolycarbonates and the use thereof for the JP 9504565 : T2 : 19970506
preparation of bioerosible matrixes for controlled release of drugs US 5698661 : A : 19971216 Mediolanum Farmaceutica S.p.A., Italy EM
Bone cements containing biodegradable polymers, bioceramics, thrombin,
and fibrins JP 7213598 : A2 : 19950815 Terumo Corp, Japan EM TE
WO 9522318 : A1 : 19950824
US 5417982 : A : 19950523
US 5569468 : A : 19961029
AU 9517023 : A1 : 19950904
EP 744940 : A1 : 19961204
EP 744940 : B1 : 19981111
Drugs, vaccines and hormones in polylactide coated microspheres JP 9509161 : T2 : 19970916 Can. DD microcapsule
Nauchno-Issledovatelskij Fiziko-Khimicheskij Institut
im.L.Ya.Karpova, USSR
Institut Khirurgii im.A.V.Vishnevskogo
Vsesoyuznyj Nauchno-Issledovatelskij Institut Sinteticheskikh
Biodegradable polymer fibers for surgical sutures SU 1835296 : A1 : 19930823 Volokon EM
US 5439688 : A : 19950808
US 5134122 : A : 19920728
Process for preparing a controlled-release pharmaceutical composition of CH 681425 : A : 19930331
peptides US 5225205 : A : 19930706 Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S.A., Switz. DD EM
WO 9503356 : A1 : 19950202
US 5543158 : A : 19960806
US 5565215 : A : 19961015
US 5578325 : A : 19961126
EP 712421 : A1 : 19960522
Nanoparticles and microparticles of non-linear hydrophilic-hydrophobic JP 9504308 : T2 : 19970428
multiblock copolymers US 6007845 : A : 19991228 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD microcapsule
WO 9517167 : A1 : 19950629
CA 2156718 : AA : 19950629
AU 9512173 : A1 : 19950710
EP 686030 : A1 : 19951213 GFF Gesellschaft zur Foerderund der Industerieorienten
Immunological response potentiation with biodegradable microparticles CN 1120809 : A : 19960417 Forschung, Switz. DD
WO 9513799 : A1 : 19950526
CA 2176716 : AA : 19950526
AU 9511010 : A1 : 19950606
AU 684324 : B2 : 19971211
EP 729353 : A1 : 19960904
JP 9505308 : T2 : 19970527
EP 998917 : A1 : 20000510
US 5650173 : A : 19970722
US 5654008 : A : 19970805
Preparation of biodegradable microparticles containing a biologically active AU 9736831 : A1 : 19971120
agent AU 697887 : B2 : 19981022 Medisorb Technologies International L.P., USA DD
Preparation of biocompatible and biodegradable polymer conjugates with FR 2707653 : A1 : 19950120
biologically active molecules FR 2707653 : B1 : 19950915 Vetoquinol SA, Fr. DD microcapsule
Biodegradable polycaprolactone-polyether block copolymers and their CN 1087098 : A : 19940525 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Peop.
manufacture CN 1035678 : B : 19970820 Rep. China EM
WO 9511707 : A1 : 19950504
CA 2175049 : AA : 19950504
AU 9480956 : A1 : 19950522
Improved process and device for treating and healing a bone void US 5736160 : A : 19980407 THM Biomedical, Inc., USA TE
WO 9506077 : A2 : 19950302
WO 9506077 : A3 : 19950504
CA 2168012 : AA : 19950302
AU 9476557 : A1 : 19950321
AU 697995 : B2 : 19981022
ZA 9406536 : A : 19960226
EP 719295 : A1 : 19960703
BR 9407370 : A : 19960716
CN 1129947 : A : 19960828
HU 74568 : A2 : 19970128
JP 9501967 : T2 : 19970225
EP 1028137 : A2 : 20000816
NO 9600721 : A : 19960426
FI 9600892 : A : 19960418
AU 9881920 : A1 : 19981210 Sandoz Ltd., Switz.
Polymeric matrices and their uses in pharmaceutical compositions US 6083521 : A : 20000704 Sandoz-Erfindugen Verwaltungsgellshcaft m.b.H. DD EM
WO 9509659 : A1 : 19950413
US 5575815 : A : 19961119
AU 9479671 : A1 : 19950501
AU 703003 : B2 : 19990311
EP 723462 : A1 : 19960731
Local polymeric gel cellular therapy JP 9506011 : T2 : 19970617 USA EM
US 5410016 : A : 19950425
US 5380536 : A : 19950110
US 5468505 : A : 19951121
US 5626863 : A : 19970506
US 5567435 : A : 19961022
Photopolymerizable biodegradable hydrogels as tissue contacting materials US 5986043 : A : 19991116
and controlled-release carriers US 6060582 : A : 20000509 University of Texas, USA EM
WO 9509613 : A1 : 19950413
Controlled-release microspheres AU 9458959 : A1 : 19950501 USA DD microcapsule
WO 9507072 : A2 : 19950316
WO 9507072 : A3 : 19950406
DE 4330958 : A1 : 19950316
DE 4416818 : A1 : 19951116
AU 9476551 : A1 : 19950327
EP 717617 : A1 : 19960626
JP 9502191 : T2 : 19970304
Active principle-containing gas-filled microparticles for ultrasonically NO 9600973 : A : 19960308
controlled release of active principles US 6068857 : A : 20000530 Germany DD
JP 6298917 : A2 : 19941025
JP 2644971 : B2 : 19970825
KR 9615447 : B1 : 19961114
Biodegradable polymers for medical goods and their manufacture US 5476909 : A : 19951219 Sam Yang Co., Ltd., S. Korea EM
US 5349047 : A : 19940920
US 5256762 : A : 19931026
CA 2099999 : AA : 19940115
Polyesters having predetermined monomeric sequence and good physical EP 579173 : A2 : 19940119
properties EP 579173 : A3 : 19940316 United States Surgical Corp., USA EM
DE 4330958 : A1 : 19950316
CA 2171303 : AA : 19950316
WO 9507072 : A2 : 19950316
WO 9507072 : A3 : 19950406
AU 9476551 : A1 : 19950327
EP 717617 : A1 : 19960626
HU 74509 : A2 : 19970128
JP 9502191 : T2 : 19970304
NO 9600973 : A : 19960308
US 6068857 : A : 20000530
Microparticle compositions for release of active agents by ultrasound AU 9877299 : A1 : 19980910 Schering A.-G., Germany DD microcapsule
WO 9502415 : A1 : 19950126
US 5562909 : A : 19961008
CA 2166208 : AA : 19950126
AU 9473261 : A1 : 19950213
AU 691824 : B2 : 19980528
EP 710117 : A1 : 19960508
BR 9407051 : A : 19960813
CN 1128954 : A : 19960814
JP 9500629 : T2 : 19970121
Phosphazene polyelectrolytes as immunoadjuvants WO 9502628 : A1 : 19950126 Virus Research Institute, USA DD
EP 635276 : A1 : 19950125
FR 2707878 : A1 : 19950127
FR 2707878 : B1 : 19970214
AU 9467579 : A1 : 19950202
US 5496872 : A : 19960305
CA 2128463 : AA : 19950122
Adhesive compositions for surgical use comprising sulfur-containing BR 9402861 : A : 19950404
polymers JP 7163650 : A2 : 19950627 Imedex S.A., Fr. EM
WO 9503357 : A1 : 19950202
US 5543158 : A : 19960806
US 5565215 : A : 19961015
EP 710261 : A1 : 19960508
Biodegradable particles for diagnosis and therapy JP 9504042 : T2 : 19970422 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD microcapsule
WO 9501810 : A1 : 19950119
AU 9470789 : A1 : 19950206
AU 692779 : B2 : 19980618
EP 707498 : A1 : 19960424
JP 9500298 : T2 : 19970114
AU 9885153 : A1 : 19981224
Implantable prosthesis containing polymer matrix seeded with fibroblasts AU 722956 : B2 : 20000817 Smith Nephew PLC, UK TE
US 5384333 : A : 19950124
CA 2138474 : AA : 19960620
EP 717999 : A1 : 19960626
AU 677115 : B2 : 19970410
Biodegradable injectable drug delivery polymer AU 9481544 : A1 : 19960711 University of Miami, USA DD
Polymerization of hydroxyalkanoic acids in presence of acetaldehyde JP 6279577 : A2 : 19941004 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Japan EM
WO 9428935 : A1 : 19941222
US 5447725 : A : 19950905
CA 2164933 : AA : 19941222
CA 2164933 : C : 19990112
EP 702567 : A1 : 19960327
CN 1126948 : A : 19960717
Methods and compositions for aiding periodontal tissue regeneration JP 8511528 : T2 : 19961203 Procter and Gamble Co., USA DD EM
EP 633020 : A1 : 19950111
EP 633020 : B1 : 19990915
CA 2127317 : AA : 19950106
NO 9402515 : A : 19950106
AU 9466145 : A1 : 19950112
AU 674077 : B2 : 19961205
FI 9403205 : A : 19950106
CN 1106653 : A : 19950816
JP 8003055 : A2 : 19960109
US 5534269 : A : 19960709
Sustained-release microcapsules containing polypeptides AT 184480 : E : 19991015 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
slow-release pharmaceuticals of water-soluble peptide hormones JP 6321803 : A2 : 19941122 Kirin Brewery, Japan DD
Preparation of lactide polymers using aluminum acetylacetonate catalyst PL 159692 : B1 : 19921231 Polska Akademia Nauk Zaklad Polimerow, Pol. EM
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Porous biodegradable polymeric materials for cell transplantation WO 9425079 : A1 : 19941110 Children's Medical Center Corp. TE
US 5329044 : A : 19940712
US 5473035 : A : 19951205
Glucaric acid monoamides and their use to prepare poly(glucaramides) US 5478374 : A : 19951226 USA EM
WO 9423698 : A1 : 19941027
US 5456917 : A : 19951010
EP 693923 : A1 : 19960131
Sustained-release implant comprising bioerodible polymers JP 8512288 : T2 : 19961224 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA DD
WO 9423699 : A1 : 19941027
CA 2160877 : AA : 19941027
AU 9466373 : A1 : 19941108
Slow-release delivery of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotides from EP 695170 : A1 : 19960207
biodegradable microparticles JP 8511418 : T2 : 19961203 Medisorb Technologies International L.P., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9422424 : A1 : 19941013
Biodegradable, water-permeable membrane for fluid-imbibing pumps AU 9465266 : A1 : 19941024 Alza Corp., USA DD
Sustained-release pharmaceuticals containing peptides JP 6234656 : A2 : 19940823 Takeda Chemical Industries Ltd, Japan DD microcapsule
Preparation of polypeptide-polymer ion conjugates for treatment of wounds JP 6080694 : A2 : 19940322 Ra Hoya Kyansaa Risaachi Fuaun, USA DD EM
Preparation of polyesters with rare earth alkoxides as initiators JP 6157729 : A2 : 19940607 Japan Synthetic Rubber Co Ltd, Japan EM
US 5336505 : A : 19940809
US 5030457 : A : 19910709
Bioerodible polymers useful for the controlled release of therapeutic agents LV 10871 : B : 19960620 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, USA DD EM
WO 9415587 : A2 : 19940721
WO 9415587 : A3 : 19940901
CA 2150574 : AA : 19940721
AU 9459921 : A1 : 19940815
AU 680650 : B2 : 19970807
EP 678018 : A1 : 19951025
JP 8505395 : T2 : 19960611
HU 73188 : A2 : 19960628
PL 174772 : B1 : 19980930
ZA 9400077 : A : 19940811
CN 1115252 : A : 19960124
US 5672659 : A : 19970930
Ionic molecular conjugates of biodegradable polyester and bioactive FI 9503314 : A : 19950705
polypeptides US 5863985 : A : 19990126 Kinerton Ltd., Ire. DD EM
US 5328695 : A : 19940712
US 4906474 : A : 19900306
US 4757128 : A : 19880712
US 4888176 : A : 19891219
US 5356630 : A : 19941018
US 5545409 : A : 19960813
Muscle morphogenic protein and use thereof US 5629009 : A : 19970513 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA TE
GB 2273874 : A1 : 19940706
WO 9415588 : A1 : 19940721
AU 9457017 : A1 : 19940815
EP 676956 : A1 : 19951018
EP 676956 : B1 : 19980304
FI 9503056 : A : 19950620
Preparation of pharmaceuticals in a polymer matrix US 5620697 : A : 19970415 Finland DD
WO 9415640 : A1 : 19940721
CA 2153661 : AA : 19940721
Methods and compositions for the direct concentrated delivery of passive EP 680337 : A1 : 19951108
immunity JP 8508240 : T2 : 19960903 USA DD
FR 2699076 : A1 : 19940617
CA 2111136 : AA : 19940612
AU 9352336 : A1 : 19940623
AU 664504 : B2 : 19951116
DE 4342842 : A1 : 19940721
GB 2274586 : A1 : 19940803
Pharmaceutical dosage form for delivery to periodontal pocket GB 2274586 : B2 : 19960911 Colgate-Palmolive Co., USA DD
WO 9414416 : A1 : 19940707
CA 2153063 : AA : 19940707
AU 9458016 : A1 : 19940719
AU 673885 : B2 : 19961128
EP 676952 : A1 : 19951018
EP 676952 : B1 : 20000712
JP 8505138 : T2 : 19960604
AT 194489 : E : 20000715
ZA 9309470 : A : 19940810
Bioerodible controlled delivery system CN 1094610 : A : 19941109 Instie Vision Inc., USA DD
WO 9414417 : A1 : 19940707
CA 2153064 : AA : 19940707
AU 9458017 : A1 : 19940719
AU 674382 : B2 : 19961219
EP 676953 : A1 : 19951018
EP 676953 : B1 : 19990506
JP 8505139 : T2 : 19960604
AT 179597 : E : 19990515
ZA 9309469 : A : 19940810
Plasticized bioerodible controlled delivery system CN 1094643 : A : 19941109 Insite Vision Inc., USA DD
EP 601799 : A1 : 19940615
AU 9352113 : A1 : 19940616
AU 669939 : B2 : 19960627
LT 3265 : B : 19950525
CA 2110730 : AA : 19940608
NO 9304423 : A : 19940608
FI 9305471 : A : 19940608
WO 9413317 : A1 : 19940623
CN 1096221 : A : 19941214
JP 7097334 : A2 : 19950411
ZA 9309163 : A : 19950607
US 5480868 : A : 19960102
RU 2128055 : C1 : 19990327
US 5668111 : A : 19970916
LV 10927 : B : 19960420
Sustained-release emulsion of LH-RH antagonists US 5972891 : A : 19991026 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD
WO 9415636 : A1 : 19940721
CA 2152949 : AA : 19940721
AU 9458053 : A1 : 19940815
AU 667003 : B2 : 19960229
EP 678035 : A1 : 19951025
JP 8505152 : T2 : 19960604
Vaccine preparations in stable particulate forms US 5902565 : A : 19990511 CSL Ltd., Australia DD
WO 9409760 : A1 : 19940511
US 5399665 : A : 19950321
CA 2127463 : AA : 19940511
EP 619732 : A1 : 19941019 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Biodegradable polymers for cell transplantation JP 7506622 : T2 : 19950720 Children's Hospital EM TE
EP 579503 : A2 : 19940119
EP 579503 : A3 : 19940615
Radiation-curable, urethane-acrylate prepolymers and crosslinked polymers EP 579503 : B1 : 19971105
for wound closure devices US 5674921 : A : 19971007 Ethicon Inc., USA EM
Flexible, elastic and biodegradable film made of polymers based on lactic
acid for medical dressings US 5296229 : A : 19940322 Solvay et Cie., Belg. EM
Sogo Yatsuko Kk, Japan
Aqueous solution of reduced gliadin JP 6107696 : A2 : 19940419 Yamauchi Kyoshi DD EM
WO 9409898 : A1 : 19940511
CA 2126685 : AA : 19931018
EP 625069 : A1 : 19941123
EP 625069 : B1 : 19981230
JP 7502686 : T2 : 19950323
HU 70418 : A2 : 19951030
AT 175132 : E : 19990115
ES 2127835 : T3 : 19990501
CN 1090172 : A : 19940803
US 5648096 : A : 19970715
Method of manufacturing microcapsules FI 9403067 : A : 19940623 Schwarz Pharma AG, Germany DD
Biodegradable polymer implant materials for prevention of post-surgical WO 9408635 : A1 : 19940428
adhesions AU 9453411 : A1 : 19940509 Materials Technology Consultants Ltd., UK EM
WO 9320126 : A1 : 19931014
EP 633905 : A1 : 19950118 Sandoz-Erfindungen Verwaltungsgeselschaft M.B.H., Austria
JP 7505420 : T2 : 19950615 Sandoz-Patent-GmbH
Preparation of biodegradable polycarbonates, and their use as drug carriers US 5849859 : A : 19981215 Sandoz Ltd. EM
EP 595030 : A2 : 19940504
JP 6211648 : A2 : 19940802
Sustained-release multi-core microsphere preparation and method for JP 2911732 : B2 : 19990623
producing the same US 5603961 : A : 19970218 Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Japan DD
WO 9320134 : A1 : 19931014
AU 9339417 : A1 : 19931108
ZA 9302273 : A : 19931126
Acid and base additives for bioerodible polymers to regulate degradation for EP 633907 : A1 : 19950118
sustained-release drug-delivery formulations US 5571525 : A : 19961105 Alza Corp., USA DD EM
WO 9320127 : A1 : 19931014
Poly(orthoesters) and poly(orthocarbonates) for sustained-release drug ZA 9302269 : A : 19931018
delivery having improved stability and bioerosion behavior AU 9339411 : A1 : 19931108 Alza Corp., USA DD EM
CA 2099941 : AA : 19940117
JP 6032732 : A2 : 19940208
JP 2651320 : B2 : 19970910
US 5556642 : A : 19960917
EP 586838 : A1 : 19940316
EP 586838 : B1 : 19971105
AT 159854 : E : 19971115
Method for producing sustained-release microsphere preparation ES 2110544 : T3 : 19980216 Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd., Japan DD
WO 9405265 : A1 : 19940317
EP 659073 : A1 : 19950628
AU 683022 : B2 : 19971030
JP 3007687 : B2 : 20000207
Biodegradable polymer matrixes for sustained delivery of local anesthetics JP 8503695 : T2 : 19960423 Children's Medical Center Corp., USA EM
EP 586238 : A2 : 19940309
EP 586238 : A3 : 19940629
EP 586238 : B1 : 19990107
JP 6192068 : A2 : 19940712
CA 2105374 : AA : 19940303
AT 175345 : E : 19990115
ES 2125953 : T3 : 19990316
US 5575987 : A : 19961119
Sustained-release microcapsules manufactured from aliphatic polyesters US 5716640 : A : 19980210 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
WO 9318070 : A1 : 19930916
ZA 9301594 : A : 19930927
AU 9336423 : A1 : 19931005
AU 670069 : B2 : 19960704
ZA 9301599 : A : 19931228
CN 1084524 : A : 19940330
CN 1038940 : B : 19980701
EP 629214 : A1 : 19941221
EP 629214 : B1 : 19961023
LT 3199 : B : 19950327
LT 3216 : B : 19950425
JP 7505177 : T2 : 19950608
HU 69070 : A2 : 19950828
LV 10294 : B : 19951220
IL 104962 : A1 : 19960131
AT 144540 : E : 19961115
ES 2093413 : T3 : 19961216
CZ 281738 : B6 : 19970115
BR 9306043 : A : 19971118
PL 174125 : B1 : 19980630
RU 2114865 : C1 : 19980710
FI 9404078 : A : 19940905
NO 9403273 : A : 19940905
Noncrosslinked nonpolypeptide polymers for biodegradable medical goods US 5574097 : A : 19961112 Nycomed Imaging AS, Norway EM
Novel biodegradable polyesters DE 4224401 : A1 : 19940127 Pharmatech GmbH, Germany EM
EP 573024 : A1 : 19931208
EP 573024 : B1 : 19980826
Preparation of biodegradable polyesters DE 4218510 : A1 : 19931209 Pharmatech GmbH, Germany EM
WO 9400484 : A1 : 19940106
AU 9345431 : A1 : 19940124
Scar inhibitory factor and use thereof US 5827735 : A : 19981027 USA TE
Institut fuer Polymerenchemie, Germany
Manufacture of biodegradable aliphatic polyesters by ring-opening Berlin-Chemie AG
polymerization in presence of zinc salts DD 301573 : A7 : 19930325 Institut fuer Wirkstofforschung EM
Biodegradable drug delivery system for the prevention and treatment of
osteomyelitis US 5281419 : A : 19940125 Thomas Jefferson University, USA DD
EP 580428 : A1 : 19940126
EP 580428 : B1 : 19971001
AU 9341987 : A1 : 19940127
JP 6293636 : A2 : 19941021
AT 158718 : E : 19971015
CA 2101183 : AA : 19940125
HU 67277 : A2 : 19950328
CN 1088092 : A : 19940622
Pharmaceutical microparticle preparation and production thereof US 5723269 : A : 19980303 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
Manufacture of microcapsules with biodegradable polymer containing
cisplatin JP 5294839 : A2 : 19931109 Bio Material Univers Kk, Japan DD microcapsule
WO 9324154 : A1 : 19931209
US 5518730 : A : 19960521
AU 9344058 : A1 : 19931230
AU 665844 : B2 : 19960118
JP 7507548 : T2 : 19950824
Biodegradable controlled release melt-spun delivery system EP 746342 : A1 : 19961211 Fuisz Technologies, Ltd., USA DD
WO 9325191 : A2 : 19931223
WO 9325191 : A3 : 19940217
FR 2692147 : A1 : 19931217
FR 2692147 : B1 : 19950224
EP 646001 : A1 : 19950405
EP 646001 : B1 : 19970917
Bioresorbable poly(hydroxyacid) microspheres free from surface active JP 8505836 : T2 : 19960625
agents US 5662938 : A : 19970902 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Fr. DD microcapsule
WO 9325221 : A1 : 19931223
AU 9346308 : A1 : 19940104
AU 680422 : B2 : 19970731
EP 644771 : A1 : 19950329
JP 7507806 : T2 : 19950831
AU 9742755 : A1 : 19980115
Pharmaceutical microspheres containing erythropoietin AU 698016 : B2 : 19981022 Alkermes Controlled Therapeutics, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9324097 : A1 : 19931209
FR 2691901 : A1 : 19931210
FR 2691901 : B1 : 19950519
AU 9343309 : A1 : 19931230
ZA 9303946 : A : 19931230
EP 649300 : A1 : 19950426
Use of mixtures of polymers derived from lactic acids in the preparation of EP 649300 : B1 : 19970305
bioresorbable membranes for guided tissue regeneration, particularly in JP 8500981 : T2 : 19960206
periodontology AT 149342 : E : 19970315 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Fr. TE
DE 4219724 : A1 : 19931216
WO 9325241 : A1 : 19931223
EP 644776 : A1 : 19950329
EP 644776 : B1 : 19981202
JP 7507778 : T2 : 19950831
AT 173937 : E : 19981215
ES 2127277 : T3 : 19990416
Use of microcapsules as contrast agents for color Doppler sonography NO 9404806 : A : 19941212 Schering A.-G., Germany EM imaging
EP 537000 : A2 : 19930414
EP 537000 : A3 : 19930804
US 5254345 : A : 19931019
CA 2079988 : AA : 19930412
JP 5214093 : A2 : 19930824
JP 7030177 : B4 : 19950405
JP 7165908 : A2 : 19950627
Poly(orthocarbonate acetal) bioerodible polymers JP 7094548 : B4 : 19951011 Merck and Co., Inc., USA EM
WO 9320138 : A2 : 19931014
WO 9320138 : A3 : 19940217
AU 9339709 : A1 : 19931108
Polymer matrix system containing a partially soluble compound ZA 9302268 : A : 19931111 Alza Corp., USA DD EM
EP 567391 : A1 : 19931027
CA 2093836 : AA : 19931025
ZA 9302661 : A : 19931126
NO 9301431 : A : 19931021
AU 9336990 : A1 : 19931028
A biodegradable .beta.-transforming growth factors delivery system for bone JP 6025009 : A2 : 19940201
regeneration HU 64863 : A2 : 19940328 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., USA EM composite
WO 9317704 : A1 : 19930916
Biodegradable bursting release system EP 641219 : A1 : 19950308 Cambridge Scientific, Inc., USA DD
WO 9317669 : A1 : 19930916
AU 9337353 : A1 : 19931005
AU 673160 : B2 : 19961031
EP 627911 : A1 : 19941214
JP 7507056 : T2 : 19950803
JP 3011768 : B2 : 20000221
Photopolymerizable biodegradable hydrogels as tissue contacting material BR 9306038 : A : 19980113
and controlled-release carriers CA 2117588 : C : 19980825 University of Texas System, USA DD EM
EP 556818 : A1 : 19930825
Polyester-type polyfunctional macromonomer, gel and drug release JP 6016799 : A2 : 19940125
controlling material responsive to changes in temperature US 5417983 : A : 19950523 Sagami Chemical Research Center, Japan DD EM
Manufacture of sustained-release microparticles containing water-soluble
polypeptide hormones JP 5194253 : A2 : 19930803 Kirin Brewery, Japan DD
JP 5039347 : A2 : 19930219
Biodegradable polymers in sustained-release pharmaceuticals JP 2704330 : B2 : 19980126 Taki Kagaku K. K., Japan EM
WO 9315694 : A1 : 19930819
AU 9336192 : A1 : 19930903
AU 667877 : B2 : 19960418
EP 625891 : A1 : 19941130
EP 625891 : B1 : 19970108
Multi-phase bioerodible polymer implant/carrier. JP 7503869 : T2 : 19950427 University of Texas System, USA EM TE
EP 560014 : A1 : 19930915
AU 9331174 : A1 : 19930916
JP 6007423 : A2 : 19940118
Biodegradable film dressing containing thermoplastic polymers CA 2091552 : AA : 19930913 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA EM
US 5179189 : A : 19930112
US 5171812 : A : 19921215
CA 2073561 : AA : 19910720
ZA 9100381 : A : 19920226
WO 9305096 : A1 : 19930318
AU 9226444 : A1 : 19930405
AU 667325 : B2 : 19960321
EP 605536 : A1 : 19940713
JP 7503030 : T2 : 19950330
US 5270419 : A : 19931214
US 5240963 : A : 19930831
US 5317079 : A : 19940531
Fatty acid-terminated polyanhydrides as controlled-release pharmaceutical FI 9401087 : A : 19940428
matrixes NO 9400837 : A : 19940502 Nova Pharmaceutical Corp., USA DD
US 5219980 : A : 19930615
Biodegradable polyesters for medical uses WO 9321253 : A1 : 19931028 SRI International, USA EM
WO 9311805 : A1 : 19930624
AU 9333467 : A1 : 19930719
AU 669148 : B2 : 19960530
EP 625056 : A1 : 19941123
EP 625056 : B1 : 19991020
JP 7502431 : T2 : 19950316
HU 68706 : A2 : 19950728
RO 111200 : B1 : 19960730
US 5622707 : A : 19970422
RU 2128057 : C1 : 19990327
AT 185699 : E : 19991115
ES 2141145 : T3 : 20000316
FI 9402895 : A : 19940818
Composite membranes for the guided regeneration of tissues NO 9402329 : A : 19940817 M.U.R.S.T., Italy TE
WO 9315767 : A1 : 19930819
Implant therapy for bone growth stimulation AU 9336072 : A1 : 19930903 Merck and Co., Inc., USA DD
US 5227412 : A : 19930713
JP 2587664 : B2 : 19970305
Biodegradable and resorbable surgical material and process for preparation EP 349656 : B1 : 19940316 Biomaterials Universe, Inc., Japan
of the same JP 8196616 : A2 : 19960806 Takiron Co., Ltd. EM
US 5206341 : A : 19930427
WO 9310169 : A1 : 19930527
AU 9331282 : A1 : 19930615
Polymers from hydroxy acids and polycarboxylic acids EP 705292 : A1 : 19960410 Southern Research Institute, USA EM
EP 544948 : A1 : 19930609
Intraocular and intraorbital implants for the controlled release of EP 544948 : B1 : 19950927
pharmacological agents ES 2077813 : T3 : 19951201 University of Miami, USA DD
Biodegradable lactic acid polymer-based thermoplastic compositions JP 4335060 : A2 : 19921124 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., Japan EM
DE 4223284 : A1 : 19930128
DE 4223284 : C2 : 19970731
CH 683149 : A : 19940131
WO 9301802 : A1 : 19930204
HU 64234 : A2 : 19931228
BR 9205375 : A : 19940308
CH 683592 : A : 19940415
PL 169387 : B1 : 19960731
RU 2103994 : C1 : 19980210
US 5445832 : A : 19950829
BE 1005696 : A3 : 19931221
BE 1005697 : A5 : 19931221
CA 2074320 : AA : 19930123
CA 2074320 : C : 19990406
CA 2074322 : AA : 19930123
DK 9200938 : A : 19930123
DK 9200939 : A : 19930123
SE 9202212 : A : 19930123
SE 512609 : C2 : 20000410
SE 9202213 : A : 19930123
SE 512670 : C2 : 20000417
NO 9202885 : A : 19930125
NO 9202886 : A : 19930125
GB 2257909 : A1 : 19930127
GB 2257909 : B2 : 19960110
GB 2257973 : A1 : 19930127
GB 2257973 : B2 : 19960228
AU 9220436 : A1 : 19930128
AU 651711 : B2 : 19940728
AU 9220437 : A1 : 19930128
AU 652844 : B2 : 19940908
FR 2679450 : A1 : 19930129
FR 2679450 : B1 : 19950609
FR 2680109 : A1 : 19930212
FR 2680109 : B1 : 19940902
NL 9201309 : A : 19930216
NL 9201310 : A : 19930216
CN 1070344 : A : 19930331
Formulatin of peptide drugs as sustained-release microspheres CN 1054543 : B : 20000719 Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique S. A., Switz. DD
WO 9307861 : A1 : 19930429
US 5288502 : A : 19940222
Multiphase pharmaceutical microspheres AU 9227845 : A1 : 19930521 University of Texas System, USA DD microcapsule
EP 539751 : A1 : 19930505
EP 539751 : B1 : 19980218
AU 9226054 : A1 : 19930429
AU 666676 : B2 : 19960222
AT 163261 : E : 19980315
ES 2114901 : T3 : 19980616
CA 2079831 : AA : 19930429
Biodegradable polymer compositions for implants JP 5305135 : A2 : 19931119 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA DD
EP 537559 : A1 : 19930421
EP 537559 : B1 : 19980121
AU 9226055 : A1 : 19930422
AT 162398 : E : 19980215
ES 2113906 : T3 : 19980516
CA 2079830 : AA : 19930416
JP 5286850 : A2 : 19931102
US 5702716 : A : 19971230
Polymeric compositions useful as controlled-release implants US 5945115 : A : 19990831 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA DD
US 5176907 : A : 19930105
Biocompatible and biodegradable poly (phosphoester-urethane) WO 9303739 : A1 : 19930304 Johns Hopkins University, USA
EP 535937 : A1 : 19930407
EP 535937 : B1 : 19970611
CA 2079509 : AA : 19930402
JP 5194200 : A2 : 19930803
AT 154241 : E : 19970615
US 5651990 : A : 19970729
Prolonged-release microparticles containing biodegradable polymers US 5622657 : A : 19970422 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
JP 4359014 : A2 : 19921211
Manufacture of biodegradable lactide polymers JP 3065384 : B2 : 20000717 Asahi Glass Co., Ltd., Japan EM
WO 9300936 : A1 : 19930121
SE 9101867 : A : 19930111
SE 469109 : B : 19930517
SE 469109 : C : 19930909
CA 2113091 : AA : 19930121
AU 9223314 : A1 : 19930211
A barrier for tissue separation EP 596940 : A1 : 19940518 Medinvent, Swed. EM
DE 4226465 : A1 : 19930211
JP 5042202 : A2 : 19930223
Jaw bone-reproducing bioabsorbable and biodegradable polymer material JP 3071004 : B2 : 20000731 Gunze Ltd., Japan EM
EP 521455 : A2 : 19930107
EP 521455 : A3 : 19930421
Aerosol composition containing a film-forming hydroxycarboxylic acid CA 2072812 : AA : 19930103 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan
polymer JP 5294824 : A2 : 19931109 Osaka Aerosol Industries Corp. DD
Pulsed release of high molecular weight therapeutic agents, such as WO 9300383 : A1 : 19930107
peptides, from bioerodible polymer compositions AU 9222615 : A1 : 19930125 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, Inc., USA DD
WO 9219241 : A1 : 19921112
CA 2102507 : AA : 19921108
AU 9220160 : A1 : 19921221
AU 657973 : B2 : 19950330
JP 6507416 : T2 : 19940825
HU 69390 : A2 : 19950928
EP 720478 : A1 : 19960710
A controlled-release delivery system for smoking cessation containing US 5486362 : A : 19960123
lobeline NO 9303971 : A : 19940107 Dynagen, Inc., USA DD
WO 9222336 : A1 : 19921223
AU 9219757 : A1 : 19930112
AU 657768 : B2 : 19950323
EP 588890 : A1 : 19940330
EP 588890 : B1 : 19970604
JP 6508536 : T2 : 19940929
AT 153861 : E : 19970615
ES 2102507 : T3 : 19970801
NO 9304506 : A : 19940209
Method of producing a microstructure in a bioresorbable element US 5486546 : A : 19960123 GUIDOR AB, Swed. TE
FR 2668707 : A1 : 19920507
FR 2668707 : B1 : 19950524
CH 681425 : A : 19930331
BE 1004923 : A5 : 19930223
GB 2249725 : A1 : 19920520
GB 2249725 : B2 : 19940810
CA 2055115 : AA : 19920515
NL 9101877 : A : 19920601
DE 4136930 : A1 : 19920820
AT 9102235 : A : 19930715
AT 397198 : B : 19940225
SE 9103348 : A : 19920515
SE 506448 : C2 : 19971215
JP 4288021 : A2 : 19921013
controlled-release pharmaceutical composition containing peptide ES 2049617 : A1 : 19940416
derivatives ES 2049617 : B1 : 19970316 Debio Recherche Pharmaceutique, Switz. DD
WO 9219226 : A1 : 19921112
CA 2102507 : AA : 19921108
AU 9221548 : A1 : 19921221
A controlled, sustained-release delivery system for treating drug HU 69390 : A2 : 19950928
dependency US 5486362 : A : 19960123 Dynagen, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9213567 : A1 : 19920820
AU 9216432 : A1 : 19920907
AU 669479 : B2 : 19960613
EP 568651 : A1 : 19931110
Biodegradable polymer blends for drug delivery JP 6508863 : T2 : 19941006 Nova Pharmaceutical Corp., USA DD
WO 9216191 : A1 : 19921001
Swelling agent and biodegradable polymer substances in long-acting EP 576675 : A1 : 19940105
pharmaceutical granule preparations US 5654009 : A : 19970805 Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
WO 9209312 : A1 : 19920611
Porous implant materials containing denatured albumins or biodegradable CA 2074362 : AA : 19920523
polyesters EP 512122 : A1 : 19921111 Toray Industries, Inc., Japan TE
US 5153002 : A : 19921006
CA 2040761 : AA : 19920905
Biocompatible gradient controlled-release implant CA 2055339 : AA : 19921019 University of Montreal, Can. DD
WO 9215282 : A2 : 19920917
CA 2105079 : AA : 19920829
AU 9215752 : A1 : 19921006
AU 652625 : B2 : 19940901
JP 6505661 : T2 : 19940630
EP 724429 : A1 : 19960807
EP 724429 : B1 : 19990707
AT 181825 : E : 19990715
Polymeric microparticles for drug targeting ES 2137947 : T3 : 20000101 Indiana University Foundation, USA DD microcapsule
WO 9215340 : A1 : 19920917
CA 2103541 : AA : 19920905
EP 574474 : A1 : 19931222
EP 574474 : B1 : 19980729
JP 6504702 : T2 : 19940602
AT 168889 : E : 19980815
AU 667048 : B2 : 19960307
AU 9222823 : A1 : 19940331
NO 9303139 : A : 19931103
Bioresorbable implant material comprising plasticized polymers US 5525646 : A : 19960611 Guidor AB, Swed. EM
GB 2246295 : A1 : 19920129
GB 2246295 : B2 : 19940511
FI 9103410 : A : 19920124
EP 473268 : A2 : 19920304
EP 473268 : A3 : 19920916
ZA 9105555 : A : 19920429
CA 2047540 : AA : 19920124
AU 9181238 : A1 : 19920130
AU 655187 : B2 : 19941208
HU 60632 : A2 : 19921028
JP 5032559 : A2 : 19930209
Polypeptide-polymer conjugate continuous-release pharmaceutical US 5320840 : A : 19940614
compositions US 5773581 : A : 19980630 Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK DD
WO 9211843 : A1 : 19920723
ZA 9200088 : A : 19921028
Bioerodible devices and compositions for diffusional release of drugs US 5543156 : A : 19960806 Alza Corp., USA DD
Multiphasic sustained-release microcapsules US 5126147 : A : 19920630 BioSearch, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
EP 486959 : A1 : 19920527
EP 486959 : B1 : 19960828
AT 141788 : E : 19960915
ES 2094781 : T3 : 19970201
JP 4283510 : A2 : 19921008
Pharmaceutical composition of microparticles with controlled release and US 5536508 : A : 19960716
process of preparing it US 5700486 : A : 19971223 Vectorpharma International S.p.A., Italy DD microcapsule
EP 491983 : A1 : 19920701
Biodegradable and resorbable molded article for surgical use EP 491983 : B1 : 19960320 Takiron Co. Ltd., Japan EM
Polyanhydride bioerodible controlled-release implants for administration of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
stabilized growth hormone US 5122367 : A : 19920616 Nova Pharmaceutical Corp. DD
WO 9207555 : A1 : 19920514
AU 9189355 : A1 : 19920526
ZA 9108526 : A : 19920826
US 5620700 : A : 19970415
Drug delivery system for periodontal pocket US 5783205 : A : 19980721 Alza Corp., USA DD
EP 473223 : A1 : 19920304
EP 473223 : B1 : 19950510
IL 99180 : A1 : 19980104
AT 122230 : E : 19950515
ES 2072530 : T3 : 19950716
AU 9182678 : A1 : 19920227
AU 645594 : B2 : 19940120
JP 4230621 : A2 : 19920819
JP 2588328 : B2 : 19970305
CA 2049668 : AA : 19920223
Bioerodible pharmaceutical implants US 5837228 : A : 19981117 Merck and Co., Inc., USA DD
EP 452111 : A2 : 19911016
EP 452111 : A3 : 19920805
EP 452111 : B1 : 19980715
CA 2040141 : AA : 19911014
AT 168391 : E : 19980815
JP 4218528 : A2 : 19920810
Biodegradable high-molecular weight polyesters for the preparation of HU 59943 : A2 : 19920728
microcapsules US 5585460 : A : 19961217 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
Sustained-release pharmaceutical microcapsules JP 4036233 : A2 : 19920206 Biomaterials Universe, Inc., Japan DD microcapsule
WO 9202211 : A1 : 19920220
CA 2088982 : AA : 19920210
AU 9186103 : A1 : 19920302
AU 660290 : B2 : 19950622
EP 542915 : A1 : 19930526
HU 69680 : A2 : 19950928
Sustained-release implant containing core covered by a polymer sheath JP 11508224 : T2 : 19990721 Endocon, Inc., USA DD
Sustained-release pharmaceuticals containing biodegradable carriers JP 3181414 : A2 : 19910807 Osteotech, Inc., USA DD
Sustained-release pharmaceuticals containing biodegradable and
absorbable polymers JP 3287544 : A2 : 19911218 Biomaterials Universe, Inc., Japan DD
WO 9115193 : A1 : 19911017
FR 2660556 : A1 : 19911011
FR 2660556 : B1 : 19940916
EP 523183 : A1 : 19930120
EP 523183 : B1 : 19940202
JP 5507063 : T2 : 19931014
AT 101031 : E : 19940215
Pharmaceutical microspheres containing biocompatible and biodegradable ES 2062786 : T3 : 19941216
surfactants and polymers US 6120805 : A : 20000919 Rhone-Poulenc Rorer S. A., Fr. DD microcapsule
Preparation of bioresorbable polymers free of monomers and solvents for
injection molding, extrusion, and melt-spinning DE 4014974 : A1 : 19911114 Boehringer Ingelheim K.-G., Germany EM
WO 9112882 : A1 : 19910905
FR 2658432 : A1 : 19910823
CA 2053913 : AA : 19910823
EP 469110 : A1 : 19920205
EP 469110 : B1 : 19940727
JP 4505420 : T2 : 19920924
Biocompatible microspheres for the controlled release of water-soluble US 5478564 : A : 19951226
substances and process for preparing them US 5609886 : A : 19970311 Medgenix Group S. A., Belg. DD microcapsule
Preparation of ortho and thio-ortho ester polymer for sustained-release
drugs US 5013821 : A : 19910507 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9109079 : A1 : 19910627
EP 464163 : A1 : 19920108
Use of supercritical fluids to obtain porous sponges of biodegradable EP 464163 : B1 : 19950405
polymers for pharmaceutical implants or drug delivery systems JP 4505775 : T2 : 19921008 Farmitalia Carlo Erba S.r.l., Italy EM
Enteric-coated pharmaceuticals and their preparation JP 3083917 : A2 : 19910409 Biomaterial Universe K. K., Japan DD EM
Chemotherapeutic treatment of bacterial infections with an antibiotic WO 9113595 : A1 : 19910919
encapsulated within a biodegradable polymeric matrix AU 9175589 : A1 : 19911010 United States Dept. of the Army, USA DD microcapsule
DE 4002736 : A1 : 19910801
EP 439846 : A1 : 19910807
EP 439846 : B1 : 19940202
EP 439846 : B2 : 19981028
ES 2062289 : T3 : 19941216
US 5229469 : A : 19930720
CA 2035279 : AA : 19910801
Preparation of biodegradable polymers for the controlled release of JP 4364161 : A2 : 19921216
substances US 5317065 : A : 19940531 Hoechst A.-G., Fed. Rep. Ger. EM
Controlled-release dosage forms with tubular structures WO 9111176 : A1 : 19910808 AKZO N. V., Neth. DD
CA 2024130 : AA : 19910301
Bioerodible polymers useful for the controlled-release pharmaceuticals US 5030457 : A : 19910709 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, Inc., USA DD
Poly(amide anhydride) and poly(imide anhydrides) for biological application US 5010167 : A : 19910423 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA EM
WO 9105001 : A1 : 19910418
US 5028667 : A : 19910702
CA 2066029 : AA : 19910330
AU 9066244 : A1 : 19910428
EP 493529 : A1 : 19920708
EP 493529 : B1 : 19950705
BR 9007686 : A : 19920818
JP 5500982 : T2 : 19930225
JP 2858947 : B2 : 19990217
DD 298247 : A5 : 19920213
ZA 9007797 : A : 19920527
CN 1051367 : A : 19910515
US 5095098 : A : 19920310
US 5028667 : B1 : 19930209
Yttrium and rare earth compound catalysts for lactone polymerization for NO 9201190 : A : 19920326
preparation of biogradable polyesters FI 9201351 : A : 19920327 du Pont de Nemours, E. I., and Co., USA EM
WO 9101126 : A1 : 19910207
CA 2063729 : AA : 19910125
AU 9060718 : A1 : 19910222
AU 653498 : B2 : 19941006
EP 484387 : A1 : 19920513
EP 484387 : B1 : 19940119
JP 5504941 : T2 : 19930729
AT 100308 : E : 19940215
ES 2062540 : T3 : 19941216
Biodegradable system for regenerating the periodontium NO 9200302 : A : 19920124 Atrix Laboratories, Inc., USA EM
EP 398472 : A2 : 19901122
EP 398472 : A3 : 19910918
EP 398472 : B1 : 19941130
JP 3007718 : A2 : 19910114
JP 2855463 : B2 : 19990210
ES 2072976 : T3 : 19950801
CA 2012469 : AA : 19900917
CA 2012469 : C : 19980512
Azo group-containing biodegradable polyurethanes in the large intestine US 5225514 : A : 19930706 Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan DD
US 4999417 : A : 19910312
CA 2029062 : AA : 19920501
Biodegradable polymer compositions EP 483429 : A1 : 19920506 Nova Pharmaceutical Corp., USA EM
EP 414416 : A2 : 19910227
EP 414416 : A3 : 19910703
EP 414416 : B1 : 19970604
US 4997904 : A : 19910305
CA 2022939 : AA : 19910226
AT 154050 : E : 19970615
ES 2104586 : T3 : 19971016
Biodegradable aromatic polyanhydrides with good solubility and uses in JP 3091530 : A2 : 19910417
medical application JP 4170429 : A2 : 19920618 Nova Pharmaceutical Corp., USA EM
EP 419156 : A2 : 19910327
EP 419156 : A3 : 19911016
US 5047464 : A : 19910910
CA 2025480 : AA : 19910321
JP 3128934 : A2 : 19910531
Preparation and uses of bioerodible thermoset polyester elastomers US 5217712 : A : 19930608 Merck and Co., Inc., USA EM
WO 9103510 : A1 : 19910321
US 5030457 : A : 19910709
AU 9064024 : A1 : 19910408
EP 489843 : A1 : 19920617
Biodegradable orthoester polymers useful for the controlled release of JP 5502465 : T2 : 19930428
therapeutic agents LV 10871 : B : 19960620 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, Inc., USA EM
EP 420541 : A2 : 19910403
EP 420541 : A3 : 19920422
CA 2025626 : AA : 19910328
AU 9063643 : A1 : 19910411
AU 633361 : B2 : 19930128
Biodegradable resorbable ureteral stent JP 3205059 : A2 : 19910906 Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., USA EM
Encapsulated osteoprogenitor cells for promoting hard tissue healing WO 9101720 : A1 : 19910221 USA TE
WO 9015586 : A2 : 19901227
WO 9015586 : A3 : 19910321
CA 2056384 : AA : 19901206
CA 2056384 : C : 19980623
EP 476045 : A1 : 19920325
EP 476045 : B1 : 19960828
JP 5503286 : T2 : 19930603
AT 141804 : E : 19960915
Bioerodible polymer composite implants for drug delivery in bone ES 2093647 : T3 : 19970101 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD
WO 9012605 : A1 : 19901101
CA 2031529 : AA : 19901028
EP 422208 : A1 : 19910417 SRI International, USA
Biodegradable composites for internal medical use JP 3505541 : T2 : 19911205 University of Utah DD EM
WO 9013780 : A1 : 19901115
US 5019400 : A : 19910528
CA 2030550 : AA : 19901102
AU 9055309 : A1 : 19901129
AU 621751 : B2 : 19920319
EP 424516 : A1 : 19910502
EP 424516 : B1 : 19921209
JP 3504389 : T2 : 19910926
JP 7039338 : B4 : 19950501
AT 83310 : E : 19921215
Very low temperature casting of controlled release microspheres ES 2037563 : T3 : 19930616 Enzytech, Inc., USA DD microcapsule EM
WO 9009783 : A1 : 19900907
US 5545409 : A : 19960813
Pharmaceutical implants comprising water-soluble bioactive proteins US 5629009 : A : 19970513 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA EM TE
WO 9009166 : A1 : 19900823
US 4990336 : A : 19910205
AU 9051091 : A1 : 19900905
EP 457834 : A1 : 19911127
EP 457834 : B1 : 19940608
Multiphasic sustained-release injectable containing microencapsulated AT 106716 : E : 19940615
biomacromolecular agents ES 2057537 : T3 : 19941016 Biosearch, Inc., USA DD microcapsule
WO 9012603 : A1 : 19901101
US 5041138 : A : 19910820
CA 2051663 : AA : 19901018
CA 2051663 : C : 19960806
AU 9055568 : A1 : 19901116
AU 635025 : B2 : 19930311
EP 469070 : A1 : 19920205
EP 469070 : B1 : 19960911
JP 4505717 : T2 : 19921008
JP 6006155 : B4 : 19940126
AT 142511 : E : 19960915
ES 2095252 : T3 : 19970216
CA 2031532 : AA : 19901026
WO 9012604 : A1 : 19901101
AU 9055691 : A1 : 19901116
AU 636346 : B2 : 19930429
EP 422209 : A1 : 19910417
JP 4501080 : T2 : 19920227
AT 119787 : E : 19950415
Implantation of polymers with attached chondroycte for regeneration of bone ES 2072434 : T3 : 19950716
and cartilage JP 10263070 : A2 : 19981006 USA TE
WO 9007308 : A1 : 19900712
EP 449941 : A1 : 19911009
EP 449941 : B1 : 19940302
JP 3505684 : T2 : 19911212
JP 6083713 : B4 : 19941026
AT 101994 : E : 19940315
ES 2049971 : T3 : 19940501
NO 9102439 : A : 19910621
NO 177035 : B : 19950403
NO 177035 : C : 19950726
DK 171525 : B1 : 19961223
WO 9403121 : A1 : 19940217
EP 773750 : A1 : 19970521
Surgical barrier manufacture from polymers for gingival tissues US 5700479 : A : 19971223 Procordia Oratech AB, Swed. EM
US 4957998 : A : 19900918
Biodegradable polymers containing acetal, carboxy-acetal, ortho ester and WO 9202210 : A1 : 19920220
carboxyortho ester linkages CA 2022817 : AA : 19920208 Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems, Inc., USA EM
WO 9004982 : A1 : 19900517
FI 85223 : B : 19911213
FI 85223 : C : 19920325
AU 8945032 : A1 : 19900528
AU 636311 : B2 : 19930429
EP 442911 : A1 : 19910828
EP 442911 : B1 : 19960417
JP 4502715 : T2 : 19920521
JP 2931004 : B2 : 19990809
AT 136796 : E : 19960515
Biodegradable surgical implants CA 2010274 : AA : 19910816 Biocon Oy, Finland EM
US 4888176 : A : 19891219
US 4906474 : A : 19900306
US 4757128 : A : 19880712
US 5328695 : A : 19940712
Controlled drug delivery using high molecular weight polyanhydrides US 5286763 : A : 19940215 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD
EP 374532 : A2 : 19900627
EP 374532 : A3 : 19910807
EP 374532 : B1 : 19940921
ES 2059683 : T3 : 19941116
IL 92699 : A1 : 19940826
CA 2006106 : AA : 19900622
DK 8906559 : A : 19900623
AU 8947078 : A1 : 19900628
AU 635913 : B2 : 19930408
JP 2212418 : A2 : 19900823
JP 2901673 : B2 : 19990607
Sustained-release pharmaceutical microparticles for delivery to periodontal ZA 8909863 : A : 19901031
pocket US 5500228 : A : 19960319 American Cyanamid Co., USA DD microcapsule
EP 374531 : A2 : 19900627
EP 374531 : A3 : 19910731
EP 374531 : B1 : 19940504
AT 105177 : E : 19940515
ES 2051968 : T3 : 19940701
IL 92700 : A1 : 19940530
CA 2006105 : AA : 19900622
DK 8906558 : A : 19900623
NO 8905167 : A : 19900625
NO 178605 : B : 19960122
NO 178605 : C : 19960502
AU 8947077 : A1 : 19900628
AU 635912 : B2 : 19930408
JP 2184620 : A2 : 19900719
JP 2901674 : B2 : 19990607
Pharmaceutical composition containing antibotics for sustained delivery to ZA 8909857 : A : 19901031
periodontal pockets US 5366733 : A : 19941122 American Cyanamid Co., USA DD microcapsule
US 4950735 : A : 19900821
Biodegradable polyamides US 5068220 : A : 19911126 Sharpoint, L. P., USA EM
US 4938763 : A : 19900703
US 4938763 : B1 : 19950704
BR 8907686 : A : 19910730
JP 4503163 : T2 : 19920611
JP 2992046 : B2 : 19991220
AU 644581 : B2 : 19931216
EP 773034 : A1 : 19970514
IL 91850 : A1 : 19950330
IL 107393 : A1 : 19950629
ZA 8907511 : A : 19910626
NO 9101277 : A : 19910531
US 5278202 : A : 19940111
US 5340849 : A : 19940823
AU 9350677 : A1 : 19940217
AU 666050 : B2 : 19960125
US 5725491 : A : 19980310
US 5733950 : A : 19980331
Biodegradable in-situ forming implants and methods of producing the same US 5990194 : A : 19991123 USA EM
Lactide block copolymers and porphyrin complex catalysts for their JP 2084431 : A2 : 19900326
preparation JP 2525043 : B2 : 19960814 Tokuyama Soda Co., Ltd., Japan EM
Biodegradable, biocompatible, and sustained-release peptide preparations JP 2078629 : A2 : 19900319
containing block copolymers JP 6004540 : B4 : 19940119 Taki Chemical Co., Ltd., Japan DD EM
Manufacture of microspheres sensitive to temperature changes for JP 2045417 : A2 : 19900215
pharmaceutical formulations JP 2727326 : B2 : 19980311 Lion Corp., Japan DD
US 4919929 : A : 19900424
AU 605159 : B2 : 19910110
AU 8776086 : A1 : 19890127
US 4956349 : A : 19900911
US 5242691 : A : 19930907
CA 2072658 : AA : 19910507
WO 9106321 : A1 : 19910516
AU 9066149 : A1 : 19910531
AU 644820 : B2 : 19931223
JP 5501801 : T2 : 19930408
JP 2912451 : B2 : 19990628
EP 593440 : A1 : 19940427
EP 593440 : B1 : 19960821
AT 141513 : E : 19960915
NO 9201748 : A : 19920701
US 5352462 : A : 19941004
CA 2163737 : AA : 19941208
WO 9427623 : A1 : 19941208
AU 9345979 : A1 : 19941220
AU 690521 : B2 : 19980430
BR 9307851 : A : 19960319
EP 707485 : A1 : 19960424
Milk antibody production with shaped polymer microparticles for controlled- NO 9504717 : A : 19960126
release of antigens FI 9505692 : A : 19960124 Stolle Research and Development Corp., USA DD microcapsule
EP 349505 : A2 : 19900103
EP 349505 : A3 : 19900808
EP 349505 : B1 : 19980916
JP 3500139 : T2 : 19910117
JP 2842649 : B2 : 19990106
AU 636570 : B2 : 19930506
EP 754467 : A1 : 19970122
AT 171076 : E : 19981015
ES 2121741 : T3 : 19981216
Polymer sheets for tissue separation in wound heeling ZA 8904694 : A : 19900228 Astra Meditec AB, Swed. EM
US 4904524 : A : 19900227
CA 1325560 : A1 : 19931228
AU 8941777 : A1 : 19900426
AU 612100 : B2 : 19910627
EP 365160 : A2 : 19900425
EP 365160 : A3 : 19911106
EP 365160 : B1 : 19941214
ES 2065392 : T3 : 19950216
DK 8905145 : A : 19900419
JP 2157217 : A2 : 19900618
Manufacture and uses of wet wipes JP 2557987 : B2 : 19961127 Scott Paper Co., USA
WO 8905664 : A1 : 19890629
US 4891263 : A : 19900102
US 5120802 : A : 19920609
US 4916193 : A : 19900410
US 4920203 : A : 19900424
US 4916207 : A : 19900410
EP 390860 : A1 : 19901010
EP 390860 : B1 : 19950412
JP 3502651 : T2 : 19910620
US 5145945 : A : 19920908
US 5066772 : A : 19911119
US 5185408 : A : 19930209
US 5152781 : A : 19921006
US 5256764 : A : 19931026
US 5274074 : A : 19931228
US 5531998 : A : 19960702
Medical devices fabricated from homopolymers and copolymers having US 5412068 : A : 19950502
recurring carbonate units US 5486593 : A : 19960123 Allied-Signal, Inc., USA EM
WO 8905830 : A1 : 19890629
Biodegradable polyurethanes, products based thereon, and polyester polyol NL 8703115 : A : 19890717
prepolymers EP 417095 : A1 : 19910320 Stichting Biomat, Neth. EM
JP 1216917 : A2 : 19890830
Slow-release implants containing pharmaceuticals JP 2702729 : B2 : 19980126 Eisai Co., Ltd., Japan DD
EP 322319 : A2 : 19890628
EP 322319 : A3 : 19890802
EP 322319 : B1 : 19920812
CA 1330421 : A1 : 19940628
JP 2000702 : A2 : 19900105
JP 8022814 : B4 : 19960306
AT 79252 : E : 19920815
ES 2051882 : T3 : 19940701
JP 11189527 : A2 : 19990713
JP 10067650 : A2 : 19980310
Ophthalmic drug implants containing biodegradable polymers JP 2975332 : B2 : 19991110 USA DD
EP 311065 : A1 : 19890412
EP 311065 : B1 : 19940202
DE 3734223 : A1 : 19890420
AT 101035 : E : 19940215
ES 2061589 : T3 : 19941216
DK 8805615 : A : 19890410
FI 8804604 : A : 19890410
NO 8804474 : A : 19890410
NO 176304 : B : 19941205
NO 176304 : C : 19950322
AU 8823522 : A1 : 19890413
AU 609194 : B2 : 19910426
JP 2000117 : A2 : 19900105
JP 2763303 : B2 : 19980611
ZA 8807535 : A : 19900627
IL 87973 : A1 : 19920818
CA 1333770 : A1 : 19950103 Boehringer Ingelheim K.-G., Fed. Rep. Ger.
Implantable biodegradable drug delivery system containing polylactide KR 9706082 : B1 : 19970423 Boehringer Ingelheim International G.m.b.H. DD
DE 3835099 : A1 : 19890427
CH 672887 : A : 19900115
GB 2211091 : A1 : 19890628
GB 2211091 : B2 : 19910213
NL 8802490 : A : 19890501
ES 2009347 : A6 : 19890916
DK 8805714 : A : 19890415
FR 2622105 : A1 : 19890428
FR 2622105 : B1 : 19930514
CA 1332808 : A1 : 19941101
JP 1157920 : A2 : 19890621
Controlled- or sustained-release dosage form containing biodegradable BE 1001687 : A5 : 19900206
polyesters US 5187150 : A : 19930216 Debiopharm S. A., Switz. DD
JP 1096139 : A2 : 19890414 Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, Japan
Biodegradable copolymers for slow release of drugs JP 5046328 : B4 : 19930713 Taki Chemical Co., Ltd. EM
EP 332530 : A1 : 19890913
FR 2628432 : A1 : 19890915
FR 2628432 : B1 : 19901221
Preparation of citric acid-diamine copolymers as carriers for US 5026821 : A : 19910625
pharmaceuticals JP 2022327 : A2 : 19900125 SANOFI, Fr. EM
JP 1156912 : A2 : 19890620
Manufacture of slow-release pharmaceutical microgranules JP 2837675 : B2 : 19981216 Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan DD
JP 1015059 : A2 : 19890119
Manufacture of antithrombotic materials absorbable by the body JP 2508105 : B2 : 19960619 Mitsubishi Kasei Corp., Japan EM
DE 3822459 : A1 : 19890330
DE 3822459 : C2 : 19940707
GB 2209937 : A1 : 19890601
GB 2209937 : B2 : 19910703
AT 8802234 : A : 19930615
AT 397035 : B : 19940125
ZA 8806827 : A : 19890530
CA 1326438 : A1 : 19940125
FR 2620621 : A1 : 19890324
FR 2620621 : B1 : 19930219
DK 8805189 : A : 19890322
AU 8822326 : A1 : 19890323
AU 611944 : B2 : 19910627
ES 2009346 : A6 : 19890916
FI 8804297 : A : 19890322
FI 96919 : B : 19960614
FI 96919 : C : 19960925
NO 8804154 : A : 19890322
NO 178604 : B : 19960122
NO 178604 : C : 19960502
IL 87790 : A1 : 19920525
SE 8803321 : A : 19890322
SE 503406 : C2 : 19960610
NL 8802323 : A : 19890417
BE 1001685 : A5 : 19900206
CH 675968 : A : 19901130
US 5192741 : A : 19930309
JP 1121222 : A2 : 19890512
Sustained/controlled-release pharmaceuticals containing biodegradable JP 7013023 : B4 : 19950215
polymeric carriers and water-insoluble peptides US 5776885 : A : 19980707 Biopharm Developments Ltd. (BPD), UK DD
EP 302582 : A1 : 19890208
EP 302582 : B1 : 19940727
EP 302582 : B2 : 19971217
CA 1302260 : A1 : 19920602
AU 8810992 : A1 : 19890209
AU 611662 : B2 : 19910620
JP 1042420 : A2 : 19890214
BR 8801242 : A : 19890221
ES 2056915 : T3 : 19941016
IL 86221 : A1 : 19920818
Sustained-release microencapsulated peptide hormones IN 173577 : A : 19940604 Southern Research Institute, USA DD microcapsule
WO 8900855 : A1 : 19890209
US 4857311 : A : 19890815
CA 1335858 : A1 : 19950606
AU 8822580 : A1 : 19890301
EP 368912 : A1 : 19900523
EP 368912 : B1 : 19940316
JP 2504158 : T2 : 19901129
Polyanhydrides with improved hydrolytic degradation properties, as matrices JP 7057797 : B4 : 19950621
for sustained-release drugs AT 102833 : E : 19940415 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD EM
EP 301856 : A2 : 19890201
EP 301856 : A3 : 19900725
EP 301856 : B1 : 19950524
US 4894231 : A : 19900116
JP 2500521 : T2 : 19900222
Sustained-release drug delivery systems coated with a barrier substance CA 1332356 : A1 : 19941011
such as silicone oil ES 2074050 : T3 : 19950901 Biomeasure, Inc., USA DD
JP 1108226 : A2 : 19890425
Block copolymers of lactides and films and fibers manufactured from them JP 8002955 : B4 : 19960117 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., Japan EM
EP 295055 : A2 : 19881214
EP 295055 : A3 : 19900502
IL 82834 : A1 : 19901105
US 4826945 : A : 19890502
Bioabsorbable polyester-polyether multiblock polymers or polyester- JP 1195862 : A2 : 19890807
polyether-polyurethane block polymers for surgical articles CA 1329854 : A1 : 19940524 Yissum Research Development Company, Israel EM
EP 314245 : A1 : 19890503
EP 314245 : B1 : 19940608
NL 8702563 : A : 19890516
AT 106913 : E : 19940615
Lactide polymers, their preparation and compositions with biologically active JP 1146924 : A2 : 19890608
substances US 5053485 : A : 19911001 C.C.A. Biochem B. V., Neth. EM
EP 263490 : A2 : 19880413
EP 263490 : A3 : 19900516
EP 263490 : B1 : 19950104
JP 63091325 : A2 : 19880422
JP 7025689 : B4 : 19950322
AU 8779404 : A1 : 19880414
AU 608250 : B2 : 19910328
CA 1315200 : A1 : 19930330
Sustained-release microspheres containing a biodegradable polymer and a ES 2068810 : T3 : 19950501
compound of sugar origin for subcutaneous administration US 4853226 : A : 19890801 Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Japan DD microcapsule
DE 3700128 : A1 : 19880714
JP 63174937 : A2 : 19880719
JP 8025909 : B4 : 19960313
EP 274127 : A2 : 19880713
EP 274127 : A3 : 19900627
EP 274127 : B1 : 19931201
AT 97930 : E : 19931215
Preparation of amino acid acyloxyalkylamide polymers as biodegradable US 4906473 : A : 19900306
matrices for controlled-release drug preparations US 5041291 : A : 19910820 Hoechst A.-G., Fed. Rep. Ger. EM
WO 8806873 : A1 : 19880922
US 4843112 : A : 19890627
AU 8815754 : A1 : 19881010
Bioerodable bone cements containing crosslinked polyester matrix with CA 1324082 : A1 : 19931109
calcium phosphate ceramic and bioresorbable calcium salts US 5085861 : A : 19920204 Beth Israel Hospital Assoc., USA EM composite
Biologically degradable fiber meshes for repairing chest walls in surgical JP 63122459 : A2 : 19880526
operations JP 7041063 : B4 : 19950510 Gunze Ltd., Japan EM
WO 8802262 : A1 : 19880407
Implantable biodegradable polymeric drug delivery system with adjuvant US 4863735 : A : 19890905
activity CA 1323566 : A1 : 19931026 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA DD EM
EP 266119 : A2 : 19880504
EP 266119 : A3 : 19890726
EP 266119 : B1 : 19940720
IL 84167 : A1 : 19910415
CA 1331738 : A1 : 19940830
AU 8779929 : A1 : 19880428
AU 607439 : B2 : 19910307
ES 2056068 : T3 : 19941001
ZA 8707946 : A : 19880629
DK 8705577 : A : 19880425
JP 63190833 : A2 : 19880808
JP 2741728 : B2 : 19980422
CN 1036326 : A : 19891018
CN 1040946 : B : 19981202
IN 170283 : A : 19920307
US 5811128 : A : 19980922
US 6024983 : A : 20000215
CN 1111157 : A : 19951108
US 5814344 : A : 19980929
US 5820883 : A : 19981013
US 5853763 : A : 19981229
Oral delivery of bioactive agents to and through the Peyer's patch by use of US 5942252 : A : 19990824 Southern Research Institute, USA
microencapsulation CN 1205204 : A : 19990120 University of Alabama DD microcapsule
EP 245840 : A2 : 19871119
EP 245840 : A3 : 19890322
EP 245840 : B1 : 19931201
DE 3616320 : A1 : 19871119
DE 3707369 : A1 : 19880915
AT 97929 : E : 19931215
AT 8702581 : A : 19931115
Biodegradable polymers for retarding preparations with controlled release AT 397804 : B : 19940725 Hoechst A.-G., Fed. Rep. Ger. DD EM
WO 8800837 : A2 : 19880211
WO 8800837 : A3 : 19880310
IN 165717 : A : 19891223
AU 8777887 : A1 : 19880224
AU 608531 : B2 : 19910411
EP 259904 : A1 : 19880316
EP 259904 : B1 : 19910612
JP 1500435 : T2 : 19890216
AT 64305 : E : 19910615
US 5087616 : A : 19920211
CA 1323303 : A1 : 19931019
Conjugates containing tumor-specific agents, cytotoxic agents and FI 8801579 : A : 19880406
biodegradable polymeric carriers for selective delivery of cytotoxic drugs to NO 8801473 : A : 19880406
tumor cells and methods of destroying tumor cells using the conjugates DK 8801847 : A : 19880606 Battelle Memorial Institute, Switz. DD EM
WO 8803417 : A1 : 19880519
FI 8604457 : A : 19880504
FI 80605 : B : 19900330
FI 80605 : C : 19900710
ES 2005049 : A6 : 19890216
CA 1297795 : A1 : 19920324
AU 8782357 : A1 : 19880601
AU 606903 : B2 : 19910221
EP 289562 : A1 : 19881109
EP 289562 : B1 : 19930203
JP 1501289 : T2 : 19890511
Bioceramic composites covered with reinforcing fibers for use in bone AT 85225 : E : 19930215
surgery, and their manufacture SU 1769715 : A3 : 19921015 Materials Consultants Oy, Finland EM composite
EP 281482 : A1 : 19880907
AU 8811435 : A1 : 19880908
Polymer blends having a biodegradability rate different from that of the AU 606383 : B2 : 19910207
blend components JP 1013034 : A2 : 19890117 Research Triangle Institute, USA EM
EP 246341 : A1 : 19871125
EP 246341 : B1 : 19900411
Noninflammatory, nontoxic, biodegradable polyanhydride implants, which JP 63031667 : A2 : 19880210
have predictable degradation rates. JP 7096025 : B4 : 19951018 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA EM
EP 257369 : A1 : 19880302
EP 257369 : B1 : 19920415
US 4758435 : A : 19880719
AT 74751 : E : 19920515
ES 2031096 : T3 : 19921201
CA 1297020 : A1 : 19920310
AU 8776724 : A1 : 19880218
AU 599406 : B2 : 19900719
Improved estradiol implant composition and method for preparation ZA 8705897 : A : 19880525 American Cyanamid Co., USA DD
EP 245820 : A2 : 19871119
EP 245820 : A3 : 19910130
EP 245820 : B1 : 19951227
US 4741872 : A : 19880503
AU 8772668 : A1 : 19871119
AU 600723 : B2 : 19900823
AT 132035 : E : 19960115
ES 2080715 : T3 : 19960216
DK 8702446 : A : 19871117
JP 63028445 : A2 : 19880206
JP 2634813 : B2 : 19970730
CA 1309657 : A1 : 19921103
Biodegradable microspheres as a carrier for macromolecules US 5160745 : A : 19921103 University of Kentucky Research Foundation, USA DD
SE 452469 : B : 19871130
SE 452469 : C : 19880310
WO 8707898 : A1 : 19871230
EP 272300 : A1 : 19880629
EP 272300 : B1 : 19941102
JP 63503551 : T2 : 19881222
Process for the manufacture of crosslinked carboxy group-containing JP 7116242 : B4 : 19951213
polysaccharides US 4963666 : A : 19901016 Pharmacia AB, Swed. EM
DE 3616320 : A1 : 19871119
EP 245840 : A2 : 19871119
EP 245840 : A3 : 19890322
EP 245840 : B1 : 19931201
AT 97929 : E : 19931215
US 4835248 : A : 19890530
DK 8702468 : A : 19871116
NO 8702015 : A : 19871116
NO 169133 : B : 19920203
NO 169133 : C : 19920513
JP 62297325 : A2 : 19871224
JP 8032781 : B4 : 19960329
Biologically degradable polymers for controlled release of active materials CA 1297627 : A1 : 19920317 Hoechst A.-G. , Fed. Rep. Ger. EM
BE 905487 : A1 : 19870325
CH 671402 : A : 19890831
DE 3632251 : A1 : 19870430
FR 2590262 : A1 : 19870522
FR 2590262 : B1 : 19920612
GB 2185979 : A1 : 19870805
GB 2185979 : B2 : 19891206
US 4792598 : A : 19881220
Preparation of bis(carboxyphenoxy)(poly)(alkyleneoxy) monomers, their JP 62091527 : A2 : 19870427
polyanhydrides, and their use in sustained release pharmaceuticals US 5091565 : A : 19920225 Sandoz S. A., Switz. DD
EP 226061 : A2 : 19870624
EP 226061 : A3 : 19880720
EP 226061 : B1 : 19940216
High molecular weight bioresorbable polymers and implantation devices, JP 62144663 : A2 : 19870627
especially for promotion of nerve growth JP 5052749 : B4 : 19930806 Allied Corp., USA EM TE
EP 202065 : A2 : 19861120
EP 202065 : A3 : 19871021
EP 202065 : B1 : 19930407
JP 62054760 : A2 : 19870310
JP 2551756 : B2 : 19961106
US 4728721 : A : 19880301
CA 1262005 : A1 : 19890926
AT 87946 : E : 19930415
HU 43488 : A2 : 19871130
HU 196703 : B : 19890130
Preparation of a biodegradable high molecular polymer and its use as a US 4849228 : A : 19890718 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. , Japan
pharmaceutical excipient JP 8169818 : A2 : 19960702 Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. DD microcapsule
EP 192068 : A1 : 19860827
EP 192068 : B1 : 19900523
US 4634720 : A : 19870106
US 4636526 : A : 19870113
AU 8652661 : A1 : 19860828
AU 589393 : B2 : 19891012
CA 1290881 : A1 : 19911015
JP 61193666 : A2 : 19860828
Hard tissue prosthetics US 4698375 : A : 19871006 Dow Chemical Co., USA EM composite
EP 171907 : A1 : 19860219
EP 171907 : B1 : 19890111
EP 171907 : B2 : 19940810
JP 61028521 : A2 : 19860208
JP 6078425 : B4 : 19941005
JP 11001443 : A2 : 19990106
CA 1236641 : A1 : 19880510
CA 1256638 : A1 : 19890627
EP 172636 : A1 : 19860226
EP 172636 : B1 : 19890111
EP 172636 : B2 : 19921111
US 4677191 : A : 19870630
US 4683288 : A : 19870728
AT 39935 : E : 19890115
AT 39936 : E : 19890115
JP 61111326 : A2 : 19860529
JP 6010252 : B4 : 19940209
JP 6049185 : A2 : 19940222 Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. , Japan
Copolymer of lactic acid and glycolic acid JP 7033433 : B4 : 19950412 Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd. EM
NL 8401912 : A : 19860102
EP 168862 : A2 : 19860122
EP 168862 : A3 : 19860827
EP 168862 : B1 : 19920318
JP 61041321 : A2 : 19860227
Biodegradable polymeric substrate loaded with active substance for AT 73649 : E : 19920415 Nederlandse Centrale Organisatie voor Toegepast-
controlled release of the active substance through a membrane US 4965128 : A : 19901023 Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Neth. DD
EP 166596 : A2 : 19860102
EP 166596 : A3 : 19870527
EP 166596 : B1 : 19910313
AU 8543150 : A1 : 19860102
AU 587977 : B2 : 19890907
ZA 8504188 : A : 19860226
IL 75407 : A1 : 19881130
FI 8502374 : A : 19851227
FI 81591 : B : 19900731
FI 81591 : C : 19901112
US 4745160 : A : 19880517
HU 38261 : A2 : 19860528
HU 193994 : B : 19871228
HU 196301 : B : 19881128
AT 61613 : E : 19910315
NO 8502547 : A : 19851227
NO 167752 : B : 19910826
NO 167752 : C : 19911204
DK 8502878 : A : 19851227
JP 61015846 : A2 : 19860123
JP 7051517 : B4 : 19950605
CA 1247271 : A1 : 19881220
ES 544580 : A1 : 19860901
ES 551370 : A1 : 19870416
ES 551371 : A1 : 19870501
ES 551372 : A1 : 19870501
US 4877606 : A : 19891031
NO 9001686 : A : 19851227
NO 175135 : B : 19940530
NO 175135 : C : 19940907
JP 7069929 : A2 : 19950314
JP 7106987 : B4 : 19951115
JP 7069930 : A2 : 19950314
Biodegradable amphipathic copolymers JP 7106988 : B4 : 19951115 Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK DD
DE 3422160 : A1 : 19841220
DE 3422160 : C2 : 19940908
US 4496446 : A : 19850129
GB 2141435 : A1 : 19841219
GB 2141435 : B2 : 19870121
CA 1247041 : A1 : 19881220
DK 8402961 : A : 19841217
DK 160409 : B : 19910311
DK 160409 : C : 19910819
SE 8403239 : A : 19841217
SE 461794 : B : 19900326
SE 461794 : C : 19900719
FI 8402435 : A : 19841217
FI 80213 : B : 19900131
FI 80213 : C : 19900510
AU 8429433 : A1 : 19841220
AU 569891 : B2 : 19880225
JP 60012068 : A2 : 19850122
JP 6024590 : B4 : 19940406
ZA 8404569 : A : 19860226
NO 159238 : B : 19880905
NO 159238 : C : 19881214
BE 899939 : A1 : 19841218
NL 8401926 : A : 19850116
NL 191081 : B : 19940816
NL 191081 : C : 19950116
Modifying a surgical structural element from bioresorbable polymers IL 72205 : A1 : 19880731 American Cyanamid Co. , USA EM
JP 59066425 : A2 : 19840414
Microcapsules production using biodegradable polymers JP 3072097 : B4 : 19911115 Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc., Japan DD microcapsule
WO 8400303 : A1 : 19840202
NL 8202894 : A : 19840216
AU 8317701 : A1 : 19840208
AU 568813 : B2 : 19880114
BR 8307449 : A : 19840717
EP 113739 : A1 : 19840725
EP 113739 : B1 : 19870506
JP 59501301 : T2 : 19840726
JP 63022829 : B4 : 19880513
DK 8401333 : A : 19840229
DK 159997 : B : 19910114
DK 159997 : C : 19910603
US 4915893 : A : 19900410
FI 8401051 : A : 19840315
FI 75609 : B : 19880331
FI 75609 : C : 19880711
NO 8401009 : A : 19840315
NO 158783 : B : 19880725
NO 158783 : C : 19881102
Polyester-containing filament material US 5110852 : A : 19920505 Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Neth. EM
EP 92918 : A2 : 19831102
EP 92918 : A3 : 19850116
EP 92918 : B1 : 19881019
AT 37983 : E : 19881115
AU 8313280 : A1 : 19831027
AU 566010 : B2 : 19871008
ZA 8302601 : A : 19840229
US 4526938 : A : 19850702
IL 68426 : A1 : 19860831
HU 30969 : O : 19840428
HU 198093 : B : 19890728
CA 1246265 : A1 : 19881206
FI 8301368 : A : 19831023
FI 80284 : B : 19900131
FI 80284 : C : 19900510
NO 8301413 : A : 19831024
NO 162368 : B : 19890911
ES 521713 : A1 : 19841201
DK 8301785 : A : 19831023
DK 165458 : B : 19921130
DK 165458 : C : 19930413
JP 58191714 : A2 : 19831109
JP 5017245 : B4 : 19930308
NO 8401544 : A : 19831024
NO 164302 : B : 19900611
NO 164302 : C : 19900919
ES 535112 : A1 : 19851201
US 4942035 : A : 19900717
JP 4210928 : A2 : 19920803
Continuous release formulations JP 7088312 : B4 : 19950927 Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, UK DD
EP 52510 : A2 : 19820526
EP 52510 : A3 : 19820908
EP 52510 : B1 : 19860827
EP 52510 : B2 : 19941019
AU 8177560 : A1 : 19820527
AU 556754 : B2 : 19861120
JP 57118512 : A2 : 19820723
JP 4040329 : B4 : 19920702
ZA 8107973 : A : 19830727
CA 1176565 : A1 : 19841023
IL 64298 : A1 : 19850731
Microencapsulation of water soluble polypeptides AT 21624 : E : 19860915 Syntex (U.S.A.), Inc., USA DD microcapsule
Appendix 7. List of R&D Institutions on EDPs
Research Institute Department Associate Address additional www ref.
Case Western Reserve Institute of Pathology Anderson, J.M. 2085 Adelbert Road, http://www.cwru.edu/med/pathol book 11
University Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA ogy/
Children's Hospital Boston Dept. of Surgery Chaignaud, B.E.; Enders 1161; Longwood Av., book 12
Vacanti, J.P. Boston, MA 02115, USA
Children's Medical Center Atala, A. PCT Int. Appl. WO 9922781 CA
Corporation A2 12 may 1999 130:343055
Clemson University Shalaby, S.W. Clemson, South Carolina bone repair and poly(a- http://www.clemson.edu/ book 11
29634, USA esters)
Fiber and polymer science, Dept. of Textiles and Apparel Chu, C.-C. Ithaca, NY, USA suture materials www.cornell.edu/ book 04/11
Cornell University www.human.cornell.edu/TXA/fa
culty/chu/whois_frame.html
Ethicon, Inc. Jamiolkowski, D.D. Somerville, New Jersey , bone repair and poly(a- book 11
USA esters)
F. Edward Hebert School of Mayer, M.H. Bethesda, Maryland, USA bone fixation devices book 11
Medicine
Georgia Institute of Institute for Bioengineering Nerem, R.M. Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, tissue engineering/ vascular http://www.ibb.gatech.edu/ book 12
Technology and Bioscience USA http://www.bme.gatech.edu/fac
ulty/nerem.htm
Han Yang University Dept. of Chemistry Han, Y.-K. 17 Haegdang dong, PGLA scaffolds for tissue http://www.hanyang.ac.kr/englis
Seongdong-ku, Seoul 133- engineering h/
791, Korea
Lab. For tissue engineering, Dept. of Surgery Atala, A. 300 Longwood Avenue, tissue engineering/ liver http://www.bidmc.harvard.edu/s book 12
Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA urgery/
School of Pharmacy, Dept. of Medicinal Chemistry Domb, A.J. Jerusalem 91120, Israel polyesters/ polyanhydrides/ JBMR 45
Hebrew University drug release
Institute of Physical and Polymer Chemistry Laboratory Doi, Y. Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama polyhydroxyalkanoates
Chemical Research 351-01, Japan
Instituto de Ciencia y Elvira, C.; Lopez Madrid 28006, Spain CA

Tecnologia de Polimeros Bravo, A. 130:342823
Japan Institute of Science School of Materials Science Yui, Nobuhiko 1-1 Asahidai, Tatsunokuchi, polyrotaxanes; drug delivery
and Technology and Technology Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
Johns Hopkins Oncolgy Depts. Of Radiobiology lab.; Yuan, X.; Williams, Baltimore, MD, USA device for release CA
Center Divisionof Radiation Oncology J.A. 131:233451
Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Chemical Engineering Lo, H. Baltimore, MD, USA poly(phosphoesters) book 11
491
Johns Hopkins University Dept. of Biomedical Kadiyala, S> Baltimore, MD, USA poly(phosphoesters) book 11
Engineering
Orthopeadic Biomechanis Dept. of Orthopedics Aro, H.T. Baltimore, MD, USA book 11
Lab., Johns Hopkins
University
Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Biomedical Leong, K.W. Baltimore, MD, USA drug dlivery book 12
School of Medicine Engineering
Johns Hopkins University, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Brem, H. Baltimore, Maryland, USA

School of Medicine Ophtalmology, and oncology
Kansai University Fac. Of Engineering Ouchi, T. Osaka, 564-8680, Japan PLA and poly(depsi-
peptides)
Korea Advanced Institute of Dept. of Biological Sciences Park, Tae Gwan Taejon 305-701, Korea PLGA; drug delivery http://bama.kaist.ac.kr/main.htm
Science and Technology
Kwangju Institute of Science Bae, You Han 1 Oryong-dong, Puk-gu, PEO based hydrogels http://www.kjist.ac.kr/hindex.ht
and Technology Kwangju 500-712, Korea ml
Long Island University Wu, X.S. Brooklyn, USA
Ludwig-Maximilians Dept. of Otorhinolaryngology Kastenbauer, E.; Munich, Germany hyaluronic acid benzyl www.med-muenchen.de JBMR 42
University of Munich Naumann, A.; ester; tissue engineering
Aigner, J.
Malcolm and Dorothy Coutts Coutts, R.D. San Diego Articular cartilage repair book 11
Institute for joint Rec
Massachusetts Institute of Dept. of chemical engineering Langer, R. 77 Massachusetts Avenue, poly(anhydrides) book 11/12
Technology Cambridge, USA
Massachusetts Institute of Ibim, S. Cambridge, USA book 11

Technology
Massachusetts Institute of Dept. of Chemical Engineering Shastri, V.R.; Cambridge, USA polyesters book 09
Technology Langer, R.
Mayo Clinic and foundation Anethesia Research Masters, D.M. Rochester, USA polyanhydrides
Medical college of Dept. of Orthopaedic surgery Laurencin, C. USA poly(anhydrides) book 11
Pennsylvania and
Hahnemann University
National Tsing Hua Dept. of Chemical Engineering Wang, C.H. 101, Section 2 Kuang Fu poly(oxazoline-lactide) http://www.nthu.edu.tw/english/i
University Road, Hsinchu, R.China ndex.html
Oregon Health Sciences Northwest Wound Healing Hollinger, J.O. Portland, USA bone repair and poly(a- www.ohsu.edu book 11/
University Center esters) JBMR 41
492
college of engineering, Dept. of Applied Chemistry Tsunooka, M. 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, book 01
Osaka Prefecture University Osaka 599-8531, Japan
Oxford Bioresearch The Magdalen Centre Cederholm- Oxfort Science Park, Oxford
Laboratory Williams S.A. OX4 4GA, UK
Pennsylvania State Dept. of Chemistry Allcock, H.R. Pennsylvania, USA polyphosphazenes

University
Div, of Electricla and Dept. of Chemical Engineering Lee, Jaeyoung Pohang 790-784, Korea PCL and poly(styrene-co-
Computer Eng., Pohang acrylonitrile)
University of Science and
Technology
Purdue Research Center Chasin, M. Yonkers, New York, USA controlled drug delivery book 11
Purdue University School of Pharmacy Park, K. Robert E. Heine Pharmacie hydrogels book 03
Building, West Lafayette,
IN 47907, USA
Institute of Biosciences and Cox Laboratory for Biomedical Mikos, G. P.O.Box 1892, Houston, poly(propylene fumarate): http://www.rice.edu/ JBMR 46
Bioengineering and De, Rice Engineering Texas 77251-1892, USA polyesters; retinal pigment
University epithelial regeneration;
guided tissue regeneration
Rudgers University Dept. of Chemical and Moghe, P.V. Piscataway, New Jersey porous polyesters/ tissue http://www.rudgers.edu JBMR 43
Biochemical Engineering 08854, USA engineering/ drug delivery
systems
Rudgers University Dept. of Chemistry Kohn, J. Piscataway, NJ 08855-0939, poly(amino acid)

USA
Russian Academy of N.N. Semenov's Institute of Zaikov, G.E./ 4 Kosygin str., Moscow book 02/14
Sciences Chemical Physics or N.M. Gumargalieva, K.Z. 117334, Russia
Emanuel's Inst. Of
Biochemical Physics
State University of New Yu, C. USA Thesis book 01

Jersey-New Brunswick
Center for Advanced Dept. of Chemical Engineering Min, Suk Kee Suwon, Kyungki 440-746, poly(aspartic acid) based http://www.skku.ac.kr/
Functional Polymers, Sung Korea hydrogels
Kyun Kwan University
Syntex Research Sanders, L.M. Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA book 10
Technion-Israel Institute of Dept. of Biomedical Sideman, S.; Haifa 32000, Israel polyesters book 04/13
Technology Engineering Lotan, N.
Technische Universitaet Renner, G. Austria Thesis book 01
Graz
Temple University Crotts, G.H. USA Thesis book 01
493
School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Accavitti-Loper; THT 466, Birmingham, AL http://info.dom.uab.edu/index.ht
University of Alabama M.A. 35294, USA m
University of California Medical Center Kampner, S.L. San Francisco, USA Joint replacement www.ucsf.edu book 06
University of California at Dept. of Orthopedics Chu, C.R. Lajolla, California, USA Articular cartilage repair www.ucsd.edu book 11
San Diego
University of Connecticut Institute of Materials Science Edelman, P.G. Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA www.ims.uconn.edu book 08
University of Connecticut Institute of Materials Science Huang, S.J. Storrs, CT 06269-3136, USA www.ims.uconn.edu/polymer/fa book 08
culty/huang.htm
Polymer Materials Research vakgroep organische chemie Lemmoughi, Y.; Krijgslaan 281 S4bis, Gent, polyphosphazenes http://www.rug.ac.be/index_e.ht book 10
Group;University of Gent Schacht, E. Belgium ml
University of Hamburg Inst. Of Inorganic and Applied Epple, M. Martin Luther King Platz 6, D- Porous polyglycolide/ http://www.chemie.uni- JBMR 43
Chemistry 20146 Hamburg, Germany wound healing/ bone hamburg.de/ac/
regeneration
University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy Thanoo, B.C. Lexington, KY 40536-0082, polyester http://www.uky.edu/Pharmacy/
USA
Bascom Palmer Eye Dept. of Ophtalmology Parel, J.-M.; Miami, Florida 33136, USA Poly(a-hydroxyacids)/ spinal JBMR 42
Institue, University of Miami Gautier, S.M. cord
School of Medicine
University of Michigan Depts. Of Biologic and Ma, P.X.; Zhang, Ann Harbor, MI 48109, USA nanoscale fibrous http://www.bme.umich.edu/ CA
Materials Sciences R. extracellular matrix 131:134571
University of Michigan Depts. of biologic and Mooney, D.J.; Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109- tissue engineering http://www.engin.umich.edu/dep book
Materials Sci. and Chemical Wong, W.H. 2136, USA t/cheme/ 12/JBMR 42
Engineering
University of Montpellier 1 Faculty of Pharmacy Vert, M. 15 avenue Charles Flahault, http://www.univ- book 08
34060 Montpellier, France montp1.fr/CentresDeRecherche
/Pharma/crba.htm
University of Montpellier 1 Faculty of Pharmacy Li, S. 15 avenue Charles Flahault, book 08

34060 Montpellier, France
University of Montreal Fac. Of Pharmacy Hildgen, P.P. Montreal, H3C-3J7, Canada polyester http://www.pharm.umontreal.ca/
Division of Mechanical Mechanical, materials, Rudd, D.C. UK PCT Int. Appl. WO 9911297 http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/sc CA
Engineering, A54University manufacturing engineering A2 11 Mar. 1999 hool4m 130:227736
of Nottingham+A77 and management
Laboratoire de Physio- Faculte de Pharmacie Couvreur, P. URA CNRS 1218, Paris, poly(alkylcyanoacrylates) http://www.u-
Chimie, Pharmacotechnie, France psud.fr/Chatenay/Pharmacie.ns
Bio; University of Paris XI f
University of Puerto Rico Dept. of Chemistry Carrasquillo, K.G.; San Juan hormone delivery; PLGA CA
Griebenow, K. films 130:187092
494
Dept. of Ophtalmology, Health Science Center Garcia, C.A. 6411 Fannin, Houston, PLA-PGA in orthopedics/ http://www.med.uth.tmc.edu/ book 05/
University of Texas Texas 77030, USA tissue regeneration/ retinal JBMR 46
pigment epithelium
transplantation
University of Texas Dept. of Plastic and Miller, M.J. 1515 Holcombe Blvd. Box poly(propylene fumarate)
Reconstructive Surgery 62, Houston, Texas 77030,
USA
University of Twente Dept. of Chemical Engineering Feijen, J. P.O.Box 217, 7500 AE http://pbm.ct.utwente.nl/
and Institute of Biomedical Enschede, The Netherlands
Engineering
Center for Controlled School of medicine Andriano, K.P.; Salt Lake City, Utah, USA Orthopedic http://www.med.utah.edu/som/ book 05
Chemical Delivery, Daniels, A.U.
University of Utah
University of Utah Dept. of Pharmaceutics and Kim, Sung Wan Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, polyesters; drug delivery http://www.pharmaceutics.utah.
Pharmaceutical Chemistry USA edu/kim/personnel/swkim.html
Fac. Of Pharmacy, Dept. of Pharmaceutics Crommelin, D.J.A.; P.O. Box 80.082, 3508 TB http://www.pharm.uu.nl/
University of Utrecht Hennink,W.E. Utrecht, The Netherlands
Walter Reed Army Medical Mayer, M.H. Washington D.C. , USA bone fixation devices book 11
Center
Wilford Hall Medical Center Dept. of Orthopaedic Surgery Yaszemski, M.J. Texas 78236, USA poly(propylene fumarate)
Tampere University of Dept. of Materials Engineering Prof. Pertti P.O.Box 527, FIN-33101 poly(D,L)lacticacid http://www.tut.fi/units/ms/biom/
Technology Törmälä Tampere, Finland
Wuhan University of Institute of Materials Science Fu, J.; Li, S. Wuhan 430070, Peop. Rep. CA
Technology and Engineering China 131:229636
Note:
The book 11/12 in the ref. Colume correspond to those in the table of Appendix 4.7
495

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Appendixes

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... III

APPENDIX 1. COMMONLY USED ABBREVIATIONS.........................................................1

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

abbreviation polymer polymer type

2.1 ISO Standard Tests on Degradable Plastics

2.2 ASTM Environmentally Degradable Plastics Standards

2.3 ASTM Biodegradation Test Methods

ASTM test No. Test environment Test measurement

2.3 ASTM Test Methods for Photo- and Oxidative Degradation

ASTM test No. Test method

ISO test number Test environment Test measurement

2.5 ISO Test Methods for Photo- and Oxidative Degradation

ISO test number Test method

3.1 List of EDPsPproducers in the World

ASIAN PACIFIC BASIN

* Materials soluble in water media

3.2 Database on Trade-marks Manufacturers and Application

3.3 Polymer Producers

Birmingham Polymers Inc.

Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KG

Cargill Dow Polymers LLC

(in polypropylene Ecoten (manufacture Amerplasr (Finland)

Cleanfields Brazilian Company (USA)

Iron salts Probably Ferric Poly Grade Ampercet (USA)

Photodegradable Copolymers of Ecolyte EcoPlastics

Biodegradable polyolefins Physical blend of Bioplast Coloroll (UK)

3.5 EDPs Application Companies

Advanced Tissue Sciences

Atrix Laboratories, Inc.

BIONX Implants, Inc.

BIONX Implants, Ltd.

Instrument Makar, Inc.

Oligosphere® Injectable Microspheres

Smith & Nephew, Inc.

Suretac® Bioabsorbable Fixation

Bioabsorbable TAG® Suture Anchors

Southern BioSystems, Inc.

Sulzer Medica Ltd.

TESco Associates, Incorporated

THM Biomedical, Inc.

abbrev. polymer polymer type brand name/company/application trade name/manufacturer

PGA/TM poly(glycolide-co- copolyester Suretac, Acufex: suture anchor

PDLLA/P poly(DL-lactide-co- copolyester drug delivery system BirminghamPoly. E12(www.bpi-sbs.com)

PHBV poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- polyester, compostable packaging, medical Biomer, Biomer (http://www.biomer.com/)

poly(ortho ester) drug delivery systems Advanced Polymer System

3.7 Major Degradable Polymers, Their Application and Suppliers

abbrev. polymer polymer type application Supplier/manufacture

Globulin globular protein biomedical

Cellulose acetate polysaccharide, cellulose ester tablets

Inulin polysaccharide, plant extract nasal drug delivery Carbomer (http://www.carbomer.com/4semisynth.htm)

Konjak polysaccharide, plant extract food packaging FMC Biopolymer (http://www.fmcbiopolymer.com/en_US),

Starch blends packaging plastic BioPac, Biologische verpackungssysteme GmbH, Austria

endoscopy, Smith & ENDOFIX®; interference screw; suture TMC/PG http://www.sn-e.com/

4.1 General literature on EDPs

4.2 ORCA Publications

4.3 Books on Starch Blends and Graft Polymers of Starch

4.4 Books on Biodegradability Testing

4.5 Major Bibliography for Degradable Polyolefins

Albertsson A-C.: Biodegradable polymer blend of polyethylene and starch, Part 1,

4.6 Major Books for Degradable Polyolefins

TITLE: Degradability, Renewability and Recycling-Key Functions for Future Materials

TITLE: Degradable polymers: Principles and Applications